INTRODUCTION TO CAD

What is CAD? Integration of CS techniques in engineering design Use of computers(hardware & software)for designing products Numerical method, optimizations etc. 2D/3D drafting 3D modeling for visualization Modeling curves,surfaces,solids,mechanism,assemblies, etc.

 ANALYSIS Stress (deflection analysis,I.e. numerical methods,FEM Simulation of actual use Optimizations Applications CAD/CAM integration Process planning

 DISPLAY VISULIAZITION AIDS Display of model objects Mapping objects onto screen coordinates Surface display,shading Projections Hidden line removal when multiple surfaces are displayed

REQUIREMENTS OF MODELING
Solids are modeled by storing information of constituent surfaces This help in Displaying surfaces(3D) Computing solid properties Modeling by storing info.on bounding curves or by storing their geometric definitions

DATA BASES FOR CAD

Volume
surface delimits Is bounded by

Plane surfaces
Is boundary of Has boundary curve Belongs to

Warped surfaces
Consist of Belongs to

curves
Is chain of Makes up Consist of surface unit precedes succeeds
Has end point

Net of curves

patch

Curve segment
Has starting point
Is the start of
Is the end of

point

LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS

Principal of interactive CG by Newman & sprawl* Geometric modeling by Mortenson* Fundamental of ICG by Foley & van dam Procedural elements of CG by Rogers* Mathematical elements of CG by Rogers and Adams
Principal of CG by Hearn & baker

Computer graphics,A programming approach by Steven & Harrington

 An introduction to FE computations by Hinton

& Owen
An introduction to FE in engineering* by Chandrupatla & Belegundu
Zincowicz (3C) Zincowicz & taylor (4C)

Evaluations
Minors (I and II) 30% Major --- 40% Labs ---- 20 % Quizes --- 10%

DISPLAY DEVICES
Storage tube devices Permanent phosphorescence For erasing entire screen is flooded with a particular voltage Can draw a line from any point to any point CALLIGRAPHIC REFRESH GRAPHICS DISPLAY Picture is refreshed 40-50 times a second

 Display buffer & controller Stores INFO about each entity to be displayed
Display

buffer

controller

Vector/character

generator

CRT

Repeats whole process 40-50 times a second

RASTER REFRESH GRAPHICS DISPLAY

SCREEN IS A MATRIX OF POINTS

Each point (pixel) can be bright/dark Lines & curves as series of bright pixels

 Frame buffer stores a bit for each pixel(I if on, o if off)bit plane Additional bit planes for achieving different gray levels/colors. The programmer modifies the frame buffer And the display controller refreshes the screen on the basis of the frame buffer

INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES

Input devices Analog type:mouse (ball type)

X-y variable Resistance

 Track ball Joy stick Digital type Light pen Light sensitive diode to point the screen Positioned is sensed on basis of when pen senses light

TABLET AND PEN

Grid of wire

Pen emits radio frequency and intensity received by each wire tells the position

HARDCOPY AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Flat bed plotters Pen X-drive motor & Y-drive motor Pen raise & lower mechanism Controller Drum plotter Pen Raise and lower mechanism

 X-drive(for pen) & Y drive(for drum) motors Controller Printers DMP Laser Inkjet