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Technologies

Cellular Frequency Reuse In early mobile radio telephone systems, one high-power transmitter served a large geographic area with a limited number of radio channels. Because each radio channel requires a certain frequency bandwidth (radio spectrum) and there is a very limited amount of radio spectrum available, this dramatically limits the number of radio channels that keeps the low serving capacity of such systems. or e!ample, in "#$%, &ew 'ork (ity had only ") radio channels to support *+* customers and a two-year long waiting list of typically ,,$-- ."/. 0o conserve the limited amount of radio spectrum (ma!imum number of available radio channels), the cellular system concept was developed. (ellular systems allow reuse of the same channel frequencies many times within a geographic coverage area. 0he technique, called frequency reuse, makes it possible for a system to provide service to more customers (called system capacity) by reusing the channels that are available in a geographic area. In large systems such as the systems operating in &ew 'ork (ity and 1os 2ngeles, radio channel frequencies may be reused over ,-- times. 2s systems start to become overloaded with many users, to increase capacity, the system can e!pand by simply adding more radio channels to the base station or by adding more cell cites with smaller coverage areas. 0o minimi3e interference in this way, cellular system planners position the cell sites that use the same radio channel farthest away from each other. 0he distances between sites are initially planned by general 4 signal propagation rules. But it is difficult to account for enough propagation factors to precisely position the towers, so the cell site position and power levels are usually ad5usted later. igure shows that radio channels (frequencies) in a cellular communication system can be reused in towers that have enough distance between them. 0his e!ample shows that radio channel signal strength decreases e!ponentially with distance. 2s a result, mobile radios that are far enough apart can use the same radio channel frequency with minimal interference. 0he acceptable distance between cells that use the same channels are determined by the distance to radius (674) ratio. 0he 674 ratio is the ratio of the distance (6) between cells using the same radio frequency to the radius (4) of the cells. In today8s analog system, a typical 674 ratio is +.%9" a channel used in a cell with a "-mile radius would not interfere with the same channel being reused at a cell +.% miles away. or some of the digital systems (such as 06:2 or ;<:), the reuse factor can be lower than ).-. 2nother technique, called cell splitting, helps to e!pand capacity gradually. (ells are split by ad5usting the power level and7or using reduced antenna height to cover a reduced area. 4educing a coverage area by changing the 4 boundaries of a cell site has the same effect as placing cells farther apart, and allows new cell sites to be added. =owever, the boundaries of a cell site vary with the terrain and land conditions, especially with seasonal variations in foliage. (overage areas can actually increase in fall and winter as the leaves fall from the trees. >hen a cellular system is first established, it can effectively serve only a limited number of callers. >hen that limit is e!ceeded, callers e!perience system busy signals (known as blocking) and their calls cannot be completed. :ore callers can be served by adding more cells with smaller coverage areas that is, by cell splitting. 0he increased number of smaller cells provides more available radio channels in a given area because it allows radio channels to be reused at closer geographical distances. Analog Cellular 0o allow for the conversion from analog systems to digital systems, some cellular technologies allow for the use of dual mode or multi-mode mobile telephones. 0hese handsets are capable of operating on an analog or digital radio channel, depending on whichever is available. :ost dual mode phones prefer to use digital radio channels, in the event both are available. 0his allows them to take advantage of the additional capacity and new features such as short messaging and digital voice quality, as well as offering greater capacity. (ellular systems have several key differences that include the radio channel bandwidth, access technology type ( 6:2, 06:2, and (6:2), data signaling rates of their control channel(s) and power levels. 2nalog cellular systems have very narrow radio channels that vary from "- k=3 to ,- k=3. 6igital systems channel bandwidth ranges from ,- k=3 to ".)* :=3. 2ccess technologies determine how mobile telephones obtain service and how they share each radio channel. 0he data signaling rates determine how fast messages can be sent on control channels. 0he 4 power level of mobile telephones and how the power level is controlled ordinarily determines how far away the mobile telephone can operate from the base station (radio tower). 4egardless of the si3e and type of radio channels, all cellular and ?(<

systems allow for full duple! operation. ull duple! operation is the ability to have simultaneous communications between the caller and the called person. 0his means a mobile telephone must be capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving to the radio tower. 0he radio channel from the mobile telephone to the radio tower is called the uplink and the radio transmission channel from the base station to the mobile telephone is called the downlink. 0he uplink and downlink radio channels are normally separated by +* :=3 to @- :=3. Ane of the key characteristics of cellular systems is their ability to handoff (also called handover) calls from one radio tower to another while a call is in process. =andoff is an automatic process that is a result of system monitoring and short control messages that are sent between the mobile phone and the system while the call is in progress. 0he control messages are so short that the customer usually cannot perceive that the handoff has occurred. 2nalog cellular systems are regularly characteri3ed by their use of analog modulation (commonly : modulation) to transfer voice information. Ironically, almost all analog cellular systems use separate radio channels for sending system control messages. 0hese are digital radio channels. In early mobile radio systems, a mobile telephone scanned the limited number of available channels until it found an unused one, which allowed it to initiate a call. Because the analog cellular systems in use today have hundreds of radio channels, a mobile telephone cannot scan them all in a reasonable amount of time. 0o quickly direct a mobile telephone to an available channel, some of the available radio channels are dedicated as control channels. :ost cellular systems use two types of radio channels, control channels and voice channels. (ontrol channels carry only digital messages and signals, which allow the mobile telephone to retrieve system control information and compete for access. (ontrol channels only carry control information such as paging (alert) and channel assignment messages. Boice channels are primarily used to transfer voice information. =owever, voice channels must also be capable of sending and receive some digital control messages to allow for necessary frequency and power changes during a call. (urrent analog systems serve only one subscriber at a time on a radio channel, so the number of radio channels available influences system capacity. =owever, a typical subscriber uses the system for only a few minutes a day, so on a daily basis, and many subscribers share a single channel. 2s a rule, )- - ,) subscribers share each radio channel .)/, depending upon the average talk time per hour per subscriber. ;enerally, a cell with *- channels can support "--- - "%-- subscribers. 0he basic operation of an analog cellular system involves initiation of the phone when it is powered on, listening for paging messages (idle), attempting access when required and conversation (or data) mode. >hen a mobile telephone is first powered on, it initiali3es itself by searching (scanning) a predetermined set of control channels and then tuning to the strongest one. 6uring the initiali3ation mode, it listens to messages on the control channel to retrieve system identification and setup information. 2fter initiali3ation, the mobile telephone enters the idle mode and waits to be paged for an incoming call and senses if the user has initiated (dialed) a call (access). >hen a call begins to be received or initiated, the mobile telephone enters system access mode to try to access the system via a control channel. >hen it gains access, the control channel sends an initial voice channel designation message indicating an open voice channel. 0he mobile telephone then tunes to the designated voice channel and enters the conversation mode. 2s the mobile telephone operates on a voice channel, the system uses requency :odulation ( :) similar to commercial broadcast : radio. 0o send control messages on the voice channel, the voice information is either replaced by a short burst (blank and burst) message or in some systems, control messages can be sent along with the audio signal. 2 mobile telephone8s attempt to obtain service from a cellular system is referred to as CaccessD. :obile telephones compete on the control channel to obtain access from a cellular system. 2ccess is attempted when a command is received by the mobile telephone indicating the system needs to service that mobile telephone (such as a paging message indicating a call to be received) or as a result of a request from the user to place a call. 0he mobile telephone gains access by monitoring the busy7idle status of the control channel both before and during transmission of the access attempt message. If the channel is available, the mobile station begins to transmit and the base station simultaneously monitors the channel8s busy status. 0ransmissions must begin within a prescribed time limit after the mobile station finds that the control channel access is free, or the access attempt is stopped on the assumption that another mobile telephone has possibly gained the attention of the base station control channel receiver. If the access attempt succeeds, the system sends out a channel assignment message commanding the mobile telephone to tune to a cellular voice channel. >hen a subscriber dials the mobile telephone to initiate a call, it is called CoriginationD. 2 call origination access attempt message is sent to the cellular system that contains the dialed digits, identity information along with other information. If the system allows service, the system will assign a voice channel by sending a voice channel designator message, if a voice channel is available. If the access attempt fails, the mobile telephone waits a random amount of time before trying again. 0he mobile station uses a random number generating algorithm internally to determine the random time to wait. 0he design of the system minimi3es the chance of repeated collisions between different mobile stations which are both trying to access the control channel, since each one waits a different random

time interval before trying again if they have already collided on their first, simultaneous attempt. 0o receive calls, a mobile telephone is notified of an incoming call by a process called paging. 2 page is a control channel message that contains the telephone8s :obile Identification &umber (:I&) or telephone number of the desired mobile phone. >hen the telephone determines it has been paged, it responds automatically with a system access message that indicates its access attempt is the result of a page message and the mobile telephone begins to ring to alert the customer of an incoming telephone call. >hen the customer answers the call (user presses C<E&6D or C021FD), the mobile telephone transmits a service request to the system to answer the call. It does this by sending the telephone number and an electronic serial number to provide the users identity. 2fter a mobile telephone has been commanded to tune to a radio voice channel, it sends mostly voice or other customer information. ?eriodically, control messages may be sent between the base station and the mobile telephone. (ontrol messages may command the mobile telephone to ad5ust its power level, change frequencies, or request a special service (such as three way calling). 0o conserve battery life, a mobile phone may be permitted by the base station to only transmit when it senses the mobile telephone8s user is talking. >hen there is silence, the mobile telephone may stop transmitting for brief periods of time (several seconds). >hen the mobile telephone user begins to talk again, the transmitter is turned on again. 0his is called discontinuous transmission. Digital Mobile Radio 0here are two basic types of systemsG analog and digital. 2nalog systems commonly use : modulation to transfer voice information and digital systems use some form of phase modulation to transfer digital voice and data information. 2lthough analog systems are capable of providing many of the services that digital systems offer, digital systems offer added fle!ibility as many of the features can be created by software changes. 0he trend at the end of the "##-8s was for analog systems to convert to digital systems. 6igital mobile radio systems are often characteri3ed by their type of access technology (06:2 or (6:2). 0he access technology determines how that digital information is transferred to and from the cellular system. 6igital cellular systems can ordinarily serve several subscribers on a single radio channel at the same time. 6epending on the type of system, this can range from , to over )-. 0o allow this, almost all digital cellular systems share the fundamental characteristics of digiti3ing and compressing voice information to accomplish this. 0his allows a single radio channel to be divided into several subchannels (communication channels). Each communication channel can serve a single customer. Because each subscriber typically uses the cellular system for only a few minutes a day, several subscribers can share each one of these communication channels during the day. 2s a rule, )- - ,) subscribers can share each communication channelG so if a digital radio channel has @ communications channels (sub-channels), a cell site with )* radio channels can support +--- to %+-- subscribers. 6igital cellular systems use two key types of communication channels, control channels and voice channels. 2 control channel on a digital system is usually one of the sub-channels on the radio channel. 0his allows digital systems to combine a control channel and one or more voice channels on a single radio channel. 0he portion of the radio channel that is dedicated as a control channel carries only digital messages and signals that allow the mobile telephone to retrieve system control information and compete for access. 0he other sub-channels on the radio channel carry voice or data information. 0he basic operation of a digital cellular system involves initiation of the phone when it is powered on, listening for paging messages (idle), attempting access when required and conversation (or data) mode. >hen a digital mobile telephone is first powered on, it initiali3es itself by searching (scanning) a predetermined set of control channels and then tuning to the strongest one. 6uring the initiali3ation mode, it listens to messages on the control channel to retrieve system identification and setup information. (ompared to analog systems, digital systems have more communication and control channels. 0his can result in the mobile phone taking more time to search for control channels. 0o quickly direct a mobile telephone to an available control channel, digital systems use several processes to help a mobile telephone to find an available control channel. 0heseinclude having the phone memori3e its last successful control channel location, a table of likely control channel locations and a mechanism for pointing to the location of a control channel on any of the operating channels. 2fter a digital mobile telephone has initiali3ed, it enters an idle mode where it waits to be paged for an incoming call or for the user to initiate a call. >hen a call begins to be received or initiated, the mobile telephone enters system access mode to try to access the system via a control channel. >hen it gains access, the control channel sends a digital traffic channel designation message indicating an open communications channel. 0his channel may be on a different time slot on the same frequency or to a time slot on a different frequency. 0he digital mobile telephone then tunes to the designated communications channel and enters the conversation mode. 2s the mobile telephone operates on a digital voice channel, the digital system commonly uses some form of phase

modulation (?:) to send and receive digital information. 2 mobile telephone8s attempt to obtain service from a cellular system is referred to as CaccessD. 6igital mobile telephones compete on the control channel to obtain access from a cellular system. 2ccess is attempted when a command is received by the mobile telephone indicating the system needs to service that mobile telephone (such as a paging message indicating a call to be received) or as a result of a request from the user to place a call. 6igital mobile telephones usually have the ability to validate their identities more securely during access than analog mobile telephones. 0his is made possible by a process called authentication. 2uthentication processes share secret data between the digital mobile phone and the cellular system. If the authentication is successful, the system sends out a channel assignment message commanding the mobile telephone to change to a new communication channel and conversation can begin. 2fter a mobile telephone has been commanded to tune to a radio voice channel, it sends digiti3ed voice or other customer data. ?eriodically, control messages may be sent between the base station and the mobile telephone. (ontrol messages may command the mobile telephone to ad5ust its power level, change frequencies, or request a special service (such as three way calling). 0o send control messages while the digital mobile phone is transferring digital voice, the voice information is either replaced by a short burst (called blank and burst or fast signaling), or else control messages can be sent along with the digiti3ed voice signals (called slow signaling). :ost digital telephones automatically conserve battery life as they transmit only for short periods of time (bursts). In addition to savings through digital burst transmission, digital phones ordinarily have the capability of discontinuous transmission that allows the inhibiting of the transmitter during periods of user silence. >hen the mobile telephone user begins to talk again, the transmitter is turned on again. 0he combination of the power savings allows some digital mobile telephones to have ) to * times the battery life in the transmit mode. 6igital technology increases system efficiency by voice digiti3ation, speech compression (coding), channel coding, and the use of spectrally efficient radio signal modulation. <tandard voice digiti3ation in the ?ublic <witched 0elephone &etwork (?<0&) produces a data rate of %+ kilobits per second (kbps). Because transmitting a digital signal via radio requires about " =3 of radio bandwidth for each bps, an uncompressed digital voice signal would require more than %+ k=3 of radio bandwidth. >ithout compression, this bandwidth would make digital transmission less efficient than analog : cellular, which uses only )*-,- k=3 for a single voice channel. 0herefore, digital systems compress speech information using a voice coder or Bocoder. <peech coding removes redundancy in the digital signal and attempts to ignore data patterns that are not characteristic of the human voice. 0he result is a digital signal that represents the voice audio frequency spectrum content, not a waveform. 2 vocoder characteri3es the input signal. It looks up codes in a code book table that represents various digital patterns to choose the pattern that comes closest to the input digiti3ed signal. 0he amount of digiti3ed speech compression used in digital cellular systems varies. or the I<-",% 06:2 system, the compression is @9". or (6:2, the compression varies from @9" to %+9" depending on speech activity. ;<: systems compress the voice by *9". 2s a general rule, with the same amount of speech coding analysis, the fewer bits used to characteri3e the waveform, the poorer the speech quality. If the comple!ity (signal processing) of the speech coder can be increased, it is possible to get improved voice quality with fewer bits. Boice digiti3ation and speech coding take processing time. 0ypically, speech frames are digiti3ed every )- msec and inputted to the speech coder. 0he compression process, time alignment with the radio channel, and decompression at the receiving end all delay the voice signal. 0he combined delay can add up to *--"-- msec. 2lthough such a delay is not usually noticeable in two-way conversation, it can cause an annoying echo when a speaker- phone is used, or the side tone of the signal is high (so the users can hear themselves). =owever, an echo canceller can be used in the :<( to process the signal and remove the echo. Ance the digital speech information is compressed, control information bits must be added along with e!tra bits to protect from errors that will be introduced during radio transmission. 0he combined digital signal (compressed digiti3ed voice and control information) is sent to the radio modulator where it is converted to a digiti3ed 4 signal. 0he efficient conversion to the 4 signal constantly involves some form of phase shift modulation.

Technologies used in 1G or First generation of Wireless Telecommunication Technology


The following technologies were used in 1G or First generation of Wireless Telecommunication Technology: Advance Mobile Phone System Service (AMPS), Nordic , !adio Mobile Telephone Mobile (NMT), Total Access Communication (TACS).C-NET Telephone System (!TMS) ,Nippon

Telephone and Tele"raph (NTT) and later NTACS (Narro#band Total Access Communications System) and $TACS ($apanese Total Access Communication System) Advance Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) The limitations in Improved Telephone System and increase in number of telephony user led to the advent of new concept nown as !dvance "obile #hone System $%ellular radio technology was used in !dvance "obile #hone System$ This technology would accommodate ma&imum users with high 'uality of mobile service$ !dvanced "obile #hone System was allocated with a spectrum bandwidth of () "*+, it wor ed on the principles of seven reuse pattern with cell splitting and sectoring$ %ell Splitting and sectoring were used to increase the cell capacity$ !ll cells were connected to each other and to the "obile Telephone Switching ,ffice by optical fiber$ In this system calls were not connected directly, the calls were transmitted to cell center and "obile Telephone Switching ,ffice$ Single channel consist of two fre'uencies$ Transmissions were done using forward channel -channel used for base to mobile transmission. and reverse channel-channel used for mobile to base transmission. were forward channel was allocated fre'uency ranging from /01 2 /1( "*+ and reverse channel was allocated fre'uency ranging from /3( 2 /(1 "*+$ *ere users were not connected directly, whenever the user dials a telephone number from the mobile unit -mobile unit contains an antenna and transceiver., a send button should be pressed then the phone starts searching the channels for a strongest signals and the call is transmitted to cell site, cell site establishes a connection between the user and "obile Telephone Switching ,ffice -"TS,.$ "TS, processes the call and the call is setup between the users $While the call in still in process the "obile Telephone Switching ,ffice monitors the signal strength and if a greater signal strength in found in ad4acent cell the call is transferred to that cell -This scenario occurs when the user in moving ahead area covered by one cell and nearing to the other cell.$ When the user had moved out completely from the cell the same channel which the user was using before is allotted to a new user$ When same channel is used for different users it is nown as fre'uency reuse$ *ere "TS, is the main part this system, it provides administration over the system, it controls call processing, it co ordinates the wor ing of all cell sites, establish connection with telephone company offices, it maintains co ordination between all cell sites$ It also handles billing activities$ Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 5"T6(7) was analog cellular telephony system which was first operated in Scandinavia on 1st ,ctober 11/1$ 5"T6(7) provided 33) channels using fre'uency band of (7) "*+ $8ach cell in 5"T6(7) was capable of covering a very large area$ The telephone instruments were almost li e other telephone set but were slightly heavier than others$ 5"T was the first full duple& cellular system that provides automated calling and international roaming$ 5"T used F9"!:F99 techni'ue with the downlin "*+ and uplin increase in number of user lead to congestion in the networ fre'uency in the range of (0;6(0<$7 fre'uency in the range of (7; 2 (7<$7 "*+ $5"T was very popular and with the continuous as the number of channels were limited$ These

limitations in resources lead to invent of 5"T61))$ 5"T61)) was introduced in 11/0 in 5ordic countries$ 5"T6 1)) provided much more number of channels as compared to 5"T6(7)$ 5"T61)) operates in the fre'uency range of 1)) "*+$ In 5"T networ 5"T system consisted of four parts 1. "obile Telephone 8&change -"T>. 3. *ome location ?egister -*@?., integrated in "T> or sometimes as a separate node the downlin fre'uency is in the range of 1;7 2 10) "*+ and uplin fre'uency is in the range of /1) 2 117 "*+$ In 5"T networ cell si+es were in the range of 3=m 2 ;) =m$

;. Aase Station -AS. (. "obile Station -"S. "obile Telephone 8&change -"T>. and *ome location ?egister -*@?. are the main parts of the system which controls the wor ing of the system and provides an interface to the #ublic Switched Telephone 5etwor -#ST5.$ Aase Station -AS. are connected to the "obile Telephone 8&change -"T>. and are used to handle radio communication between the "obile Station -"S.$Aase Station -AS. also controls the radio lin Buality between the calls$ "obile Station -"S. can be installed in vehicles or can be hand6portable which is connected to the nearest Aase Station -AS. over radio$ In 5"T networ the "obile Station -"S. connects to the nearest Aase Station -AS. through radio, this Aase Station -AS. is further connected to "obile Telephone 8&change -"T>. and one "obile Telephone 8&change -"T>. is connected to other "obile Telephone 8&change -"T>. either by direct circuits or by #ST5$ Suppose a #ST5 -#ublic 5etwor . user wants to call a mobile user then the connection has to setup between the "T> -"obile Telephone 8&change. and the #ublic 5etwor or #ST5$ This "T> can also be called as "T> G -Gateway "T>.$ This "T> G contains all the information about other "T> connected to it$ The "T> G will find in which "T> is the "obile Station e&ists -The information about all the mobile station under one "T> is found in subscriber register.$ ,nce the "T> * -*ome "T>. where the mobile station e&ists is found a connection is made between the "T> G and "T> *$ 5ow the ?adio %onnection is setup between the Aase Station -Which is nearest to the "obile Station. and the "T> and the communication can be done$ !s 5T" is a Full 9uple& System both the receiver and the caller can hear and tal to each other simultaneously$ The main disadvantage of 5"T was any one can listen to call with the scanner device as the voice traffic was not encrypted$ In order to avoid this later manufactured scanner were made in such a way that the 5"T bands were inaccessible but again it is easy to reprogram scanner to access the 5"T bands or old scanners which can access 5"T bands were easily available in mar et so the call is not secure$ @ater !nalog encryption techni'ue was included in 5"T networ s which wor ed on principle of two band audio fre'uency inversion$ In this if both the mobile stations supports encryption they can turn it on before spea ing and the audio -conversation. gets encrypted before transmission from mobile station to base Station $ *ere even if the base station does not support encryption the audio can easily be transmitted to the other "obile station$ !nd this encrypted data cannot be listened by scanner thus preventing the listening of calls through scanners$ The encryptions system can easily decrypted using digital devices hence security of data is the ma4or concern$ The main disadvantage of 5"T were low calling capacity , limited spectrum , poor data communication support and lac of privacy$ Total Access Communication System (TACS) T!%S was the first generation analog cellular technology which operates in 1)) "*+ fre'uency and provides 1))) channels$ The main aim of this technology was to accommodate large number of users in a networ -i$e$ it was focusing on capacity instead of coverage.$T!%S is derived from !"#S -!dvance "obile #hone Service. Technology$ It also supported roaming facilities and provides full duple& communication -caller can spea and hear at the same time. $ It was first introduced in Cnited =ingdom and later was used by Ireland and other 8uropean countries$ This system was also used in Dapan named as DT!%S -Dapanese Total !ccess %ommunication System.$ This system was very efficient and economical for the countries with high density of population$ This system re'uired large number of cells which can provide coverage to small town -small area. with less powerful transmitters$ In Cnited =ingdom the uplin /1) "*+ 2 117 "*+ and the 9ownlin fre'uency of T!%S system was in the range of fre'uency was in the range of 1;7 "*+ 2 10) "*+$ The bandwidth of

each channel is of 37 =*+$ In this system two channels were re'uired for a telephone conversation$ So out of 1))) channels, ;)) channels were assigned to Eodafone and ;)) channels were assigned to %ellnet$ ,ut of those ;)) channels which were assigned to both operators 3<< channels were used for speech, 31 channels were control channels and rest 3 channels were guard channels which acts as a guard in between two operators$ Aandwidth was divided using F9"! -Fre'uency 9ivision "ultiple !ccess. Techni'ue which supported

single simple& voice channels$ In telephonic conversion one fre'uency is used for sending and other fre'uency is used for receiving data -Full duple& communication.$ With the increase in popularity of this system more channels were added to it and the system was then -8T!%S.$In 8T!%S additional downlin nown as 8&tended Total !ccess %ommunication System -/1) "*+ 2 117 "*F. -range 11<"*+6 1;; "*+. and uplin

fre'uencies were allocated$;3) additional channels were allocated to both the cellular operators for speech channels$ The main drawbac s of this system were limited capacity because of inefficiencies of analog voice transport and limited services because of analog signaling$ 9ue to these drawbac s 8T!%S was replaced by other more efficient systems li e GS" -Second Generation of wireless telecommunication technology.$ !e%erences Introduction Ay Duha =orhonen Wireless Ay #$ 5icopolitidis !dvanced Wireless Telecommunications Ay @illian Goleniews i$ Wireless "obile Ay : Ei4ay =umar$ "i&ed Security signal E@SI for wireless design: circuits and systems 5etwor s Ay 8mad 5$ Farag, "ohamed I$ 8lmasry telecommunication Ay #atric Traynor,#atric "c9aniel and Thomas @a #orta -For %658TF ?eference ta en from the boo Frit+ DGrn. 9er Telefon6?atgeber -The #hone Guide .6 #age 13( written by %ommunication Systems: From ?F Subsystems to (G 8nabling Technologies Systems Ay =e6@in 9u, "$ 5$ S$ Swamy 9atabase cellular networ %",S essentials: the planning and optimisation:3G:3$7G:;G 2 evolution to (G design communications Ay !4ay ?$ "ishra fre'uency complete global synthesi+er source for Ay D$%raninc & , "ichiel Steyaert$ networ s to ;G mobile communications

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