Abstract:The purpose of this experiment to determine the value of viscosity, Reynolds number of castor oil, SAE40 oil, and

SAE-90 oil at room temperature by using stokes law. This was performed by using balls of different diameter, different density of oil and stop watch. The measured viscosity of castor oil, SAE-60 oil, SAE-90 oil is 8.30 respectively is 8.31 poise, 3.04 poise, 2.65 poise respectively. Viscosity of all oils was found to be less than their actual values cause of human error and temperature difference. IntroductionWhen solid object moves through a fluid, a resistance force is exerted by fluid. Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow of fluid at a specified temperature. Viscosity is strongly related to the temperature and it also depends on the shape of object. Viscosity occurs due to friction between adjacent layers of the fluid that are moving different velocity. Theory:The liquid offers a resistive force to the moving solid object in it. This force is known as a drag force. Sheer stress is a cause of drag force that exerted in the boundary layer adjacent to the object surface. Drag force direction always against the motion. Drag force is given by stokes law. Stokes law is valid only for spherical object.

Fd=

6r.

Fd = Drag force = Viscosity coefficient r= Radius of sphere = Terminal Velocity of sphere

There is another force acts on object in a upward direction that exert by fluid. This force is known as a buoyancy force.

Fb = 4/3 f g r3

Fb =

Buoyancy force

f = Density of fluid r= Radius of sphere

g= Gravitational acceleration
As fluid move in downward direction drag force and buoyancy force acts in upward direction and weight of object in downward direction.

Fw =4/3 p g r3 p = Density of sphere object

When the net force is zero in object, then object attains a terminal velocity, so upward force equal to the downward force.

Fw = Fb + Fd. p g 4/3 r3 = f g 4/3 r3 + 6r.

By solving last equation

= 2 (p - f) gr2 /9v NRe = rf/ NRe =

Particle Reynolds Number

Stokes law is valid only when some of the following assumptions are taken into consideration 1. Laminar Flow 2. Spherical Object 3. Homogeneous Material In laminar flow there is no disruption between adjacent layers and fluid flows in parallel layers. In turbulence fluid motion, the resistance result from velocity fluctuation of the fluid and cause of energy loss. The energy loss due to turbulence motion result is from surface drag. PROCEDURE:- For measuring viscosity, density of fluid, density of fluid and dimension of ball is required and since it is known velocity only needs to be measured, as it is required to calculate the viscosity. Velocity can be measured by measuring the time taken by ball to travel a specific distance, marked by the person carrying out the experiment. While dropping the ball in the fluid column make sure that the ball do not touch the wall. When the ball crosses one of the mark timer is started till it reaches the next mark. There are three such intervals for which reading is taken, and average of the readings is taken for calculation. Same procedure is carried out for other two balls of different dimensions.

Result:1. CASTOR OIL Density of liquid = 0.96 (gram/cm3) Density of steel ball = 7.8 (gram/cm3) Obis No. Diameter of ball (mm) 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 Distance between two marks (Cms) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Time travel Between two marks (Sec) 25.4 25.5 25.4 25.6 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.6 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.4 Ultimate settling velocity (Cms/Sec) 1.181 1.176 1.181 1.171 2.830 2.857 2.830 2.830 6.818 6.521 6.666 6.818 Viscosity of fluid (Poise) 7.97 8.00 7.97 8.03 8.22 8.14 8.22 8.22 8.60 8.99 8.80 8.60 Particle Reynolds number 0.34 0.22 0.34 0.22 0.81 0.84 0.81 0.81 3.02 2.75 2.80 2.99

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2. SAE-40 OIL Density of SAE-40 OIL = 0.86 (gram/cm3) Density of steel ball = 7.8 (gram/cm3)

Obs No.

Diameter of ball (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97

Distance between two marks (Cms) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Time travel Between two marks (Sec) 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.01 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6

Ultimate settling velocity (Cms/Sec) 3.409 3.370 3.409 3.329 8.108 7.894 7.894 7.894 17.64 16.66 18.75 18.75

Viscosity of fluid (Poise) 2.80 2.83 2.83 2.86 2.91 2.99 2.99 2.99 3.37 3.57 3.17 3.17

Particle Reynolds number

3. SAE-90 OIL Density of SAE-90 OIL= 0.87(gram/cm3) Density of steel ball = 7.8 (gram/cm3) Obs No. Diameter of ball (mm) 1.59 1.59 1.59 1.59 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 Distance between two marks (Cms) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Time travel Between two marks (Sec) 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.7 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 Ultimate settling velocity (Cms/Sec) 3.94 4.00 4.00 3.89 9.37 9.37 9.09 9.37 21.40 18.75 20.00 18.75 Viscosity of fluid (Poise) 2.41 2.38 2.38 2.44 2.51 2.51 2.59 2.51 2.77 3.17 2.97 3.17 Particle Reynolds number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Actual values of viscosity:Fluid name Castor oil Castor oil Castor oil Temperature (0C) 20 30 40 Viscosity(centistokes) 1017 580 315 Density (gm/cm3) 0.96 0.955 0.95 0 0 0 Vapor Pressure(KPa)

SAE-40 oil 250-500 (centipoise) Average viscosity of Castor oil by stokes law Average viscosity of SAE-40 oil by stokes law Average viscosity of SAE-90 oil by stokes law 8.31 (poise) 3.04 (poise) 2.65 (poise)

Viscosity of all three oil is greater than water (0.01 poise) and lowers than honey (100 poise). All three oils are very useful in lubricant system because of their higher viscosity. Castor oil has most strong

intermolecular force and thicker fluid among all three of them due to higher viscosity of it. Difference between practical value and actual value because of human error and temperature difference. Discussion & Conclusion:Our analysis was based on the assumption that internal drag was negligible, which is valid only when Reynolds number is less than 1.9. Reynolds number can also be measured by using the value of viscosity. Laminar flow occurs for low Reynolds number and turbulent flow occurs for high Reynolds number. Moreover analysis of sheer stress can also be done. Sheer stress arises from parallel component of force vector on fluid that is strongly related to viscosity of fluid. Viscosity of oil influence melting point, density, heat of combustion and lubricity. Viscosity is an important parameter in oil lubricant system. Viscosity of oil also plays a major role in moving parts of the vehicle.