1. What is a dispersed system? Dispersed phase? Dispersing phase/dispersion medium?

- Disperse system is a two-part system made up of microscopic particles and the medium in which they are suspended. -Dispersed phase undissolved or immiscible drug (suspensoid) distributed throughout the liquid vehicle. Also called the internal phase - Dispersing medium/dispersing phase is the liquid vehicle, to which the insoluble drug is distributed. Also called external phase 2. Are pharmaceutical suspensions and emulsions examples of a dispersed system? Prove your answer. - Yes, suspensions are disperse systems containing finely divided, insoluble drug particles (suspensoids) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a liquid vehicle. And emulsions is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of liquid distributed throughout another liquid, in which it is immiscible. A two-phase system in which one immiscible liquid is intimately dispersed in another liquid (as droplets). 3. Differentiate the following class of dispersions: coarse dispersions, fine dispersions, and colloidal dispersions. - Coarse dispersions are heterogeneous dispersed systems, in which the dispersed phase particles are larger than 1000 nm (4*10-5). Coarse dispersions are characterized by relatively fast sedimentation of the dispersed phase caused by gravity or other forces. Dispersed phase of coarse dispersions may be easily separated from the continuous phase by filtration. - Fine dispersions- A colloidal dispersion is a system in which particles of colloidal size of any nature (e.g. solid, liquid or gas) are dispersed in a continuous phase of a different composition (or state) 4. To which class of dispersions does the following belong? (a) magmas and milk colloidal dispersion (b) suspensions- coarse dispersion (c) gels colloidal dispersion (d) emulsions- colloidal dispersions 5. What is a pharmaceutical suspension? It is a coarse dispersion in which internal phase (therapeutically active ingredient)is dispersed uniformly throughout the external phase

6. List down reasons why some drugs are formulated as suspension. When the drug is insoluble in the delivery vehicle. To mask the bitter taste of the drug. To increase drug stability. To achieve controlled/sustained drug release 7. What are the desired characteristics of a suspension? - The suspended particles should not settle rapidly and sediment produced, must be easily re-suspended by the use of moderate amount of shaking It should be easy to pour yet not watery and no grittiness It should have pleasing odour , colour and palatability Good syringeability It should be physically,chemically and microbiologically stable 8. What is a suspensoid? A colloid solution in which the disperse particles are solid and remain sharply demarcated from the fluid in which they are suspended. 9. What is suspending agent? Give 10 erxamples. The particles in a suspensions are experiencing bombardment constantly with each other owing to the Brownian movement. During this type of inter-particular interaction the particles may circumvent the repulsive force between them and form larger particles which will then settle rapidly. Suspending agents reduce this movement of the particles by increasing the viscosity of the medium. EXAMPLES: Tragacanth, Sodium Alginate, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Bentonite, Guargum, Carbopol 934, Veegum 10. What are the factors which affect the rate of settling of particles in suspensions? > particle size > shape of the particle > temperature > viscosity of the medium > density 11. Why is wetting an important consideration in suspension? The complete wetting out of the primary sized pigments particle helps to enhance the technical performance of a liquid coating that depends very much on interaction between the pigment particles

and the binder system. Dispersing additives, which adsorb on the pigment surface, facilitate liquid/solid interfacial interactions and help to replace the air/solid interface by a liquid medium/solid interface. 12. Between hydrophilic and hydrophobic particle, which one is easily incorporated in a suspension? Hydrophilic solids usually can be incorporated into suspensions without the use of a wetting agent, but hydrophobic materials are extremely difficult to disperse and frequently float on the surface of the fluid owing to poor wetting of the particles or the presence of tiny air pockets on the surface of the solid particles. 13. As a remedy to particles that are not easily incorporated to a suspension formulation (or particles with poor wetting property), what can be added? 14. Are suspension particles affected by the addition of electrolytes? In what way? 15. What is flocculation? Why do suspension particles flocculate anyway? 16. If two oral suspensions, one a flocculated system and the other a deflocculated system are left to stand, how would they look like after a week? Draw/illustrate the outcome. 17. True or False?: (statement A) Sedimentation is faster in highly viscous dispersion medium. (statement B) The bigger the particles, the faster they settle down. (statement C) Viscosity increases as suspensoids increase in concentration. 18. What are the different methods of inducing flocculation? 19. In order to formulate a suspension with deflocculated system, what should be done to prevent problems of agglomeration and settling? The use of structured vehicle to maintain deflocculated particles in suspension. Structured vehicles are pseudoplastic and plastic in nature which are associated with thixotropy act by entrapping the particles so that no settling occurs; when shear is applied reformation of uniform dispersion is facilitated. Hydrophilic colloid type produce optimum physical stability and appearance with flocculated particles than deflocculated (forms compact cakes upon settlement of particles) ones.

The application of the principles of flocculation to produce flocs that easily settle and resuspend with minimum agitation 20. What may happen if suspensions are held in collapsible bags of PET containers? It cannot be held in collapsible bags of PET containers because it can cause leaching

21.To pulverize solids to be used in suspension formulation, what methods can be used? Micronization Method - Involves subjecting the particles in a turbulent air chamber where they collide with each other and fracture obtaining particles with sizes 5 microns and below Spray Drying Method - Produces finely divided particles by spraying a mist of liquid through a heated chamber, drying immediately and collecting the dried powders in a clean receptacle 22. How does a homogenizer work? Trituration Pulverization by intervention Levigation 23. Give examples of commercial products of the following: antacid oral suspensions (at least 5 examples); antibacterial oral suspensions (at least 5); rectal suspensions (as many as you can) On each example identify as well the active ingredient and inactive ingredient/excipient and their use on the formulation. Antacid Oral Suspension Gaviscon: Active: Sodium Alginate, Potassium bicarbonate, Calcium carbonate Inactive: Methyl parahydroxybenzoate and Propyl parahydroxybenzoate Use: treating the classic symptoms of heartburn Gelusil Active: Aluminum hydroxide dried gel, Magnesium hydroxide, Simethicone Use: for heartburn Antibacterial Oral Suspensions Amoxicillin API-amoxicillin trihydrate NonAPI-aspartame Use-infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract Azithromycin API-azithromycin Non API-sucrose and aspartame Use-skin and soft tissue infections Norfloxacin API-norfloxacin, metronidazole Use-mixed diarrhea Doxycycline calcium API-doxycycline calcium Non API-carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylparaben, microcrystalline propylparaben, raspberry flavor, Red 28, simethicone emulsion, sucrose Use-urinary tract infections, acne, gonorrhea and chlamydia, periodontitis Ciprofloxacin Active: Ciprofloxacin Inactive: Sucrose Use: lower respiratory tract infections due to gram negative bacteria Rectal Suspensions Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Enema:

Active: Mesalamine Inactive: Edetate disodium, Potassium acetate, Potassium metabisulfate, purified water and xanthan gum Use: used to treat ulcerative colitis Colocort Hydrocortisone Rectal Suspension: Active: Hydrocortisone Inactive: Sodium hydroxide and methylparaben Use: adjunctive therapy Hydrocortisone Rectal Suspension: Active: Hydrocortisone Use: used to treat hemorrhoids and itching/ swelling in the rectum/anus