Flow in Porous Media (Compatibility Mode)

The practical applications of the stochastic processes theory are multiple.
This
fact is a consequence of the capacity of this theory that can predict the future
of a dynamic system by use of its history and its actual state. Between the most
famous applications we remember:
- the analysis of all movement sorts starting with those from atomic and
molecular level [4.62-4.62] and finishing with those that describe the high
system evolution such as atmospheric system [4.63-4.64]
- the analysis of dynamic links for networks with stations where the service
time is stochastic distributed (computers networks, Internet networks, etc);
- the analysis of virtual experiences given with a stochastic model [4.65]]
- the analysis of capitals and finances movement [4.66-4.67];
- the analysis and development of all games sorts [4.68
- the optimization and the control of all sorts of dynamic systems [4.68]

Species displacement and transfer in a porous media
- Liquid motion inside the porous media
- Deep bed filtration
Curgeri in sisteme multifazice , Lectia 5, 14.11.2011
- for the pores with radius between 10
-3
-10
-5
m it is
valid the theory of Poiseuille flow; so the mean force
for fluid flow between two planes is expressed by the
pressure difference; this can be a consequence of
differential actions of external and capillary or/and
gravitational forces
-for the pores having mean radius between 10
-6
-10
-
9
m we explain the porous body flow by the Knudsen
theory; a sort of diffusion coefficient that strongly
depends on species dimension shows that this flow
has a separation behaviour (two or more species
moving inside of porous body present different
displacement velocities)
- for the pores or better for the molecular windows,
where we have the characteristic dimension smaller
than 10
-9
m, the movement of one species inside of
porous solid occurs due to the molecular interactions
between the species and the network of porous
body; here for description of species displacement it
is used the theory of the molecular dynamics
An interesting method for the analysis of the species motion inside the porous body can be based on the
observation that this motion occurs as a result of two or more elementary evolutions that are randomly
connected. It is the stochastic way for analysis of specie motion inside the porous body.
Liquid motion inside the porous media.

Between the classic and stochastic methods that are used for the analysis of liquid flow inside the porous
media we have strong liaisons. These liaisons are given by the relations between the parameters of
stochastic and classic models of this flow type. We show here that the analysis of this flow type by using of
stochastic way explains some parameters of deterministic models such as: parameters contained by the
Darcy law ; parameters that appear inside the porous medium flow continuity equation ; parameters used
by the models that explain the flow mechanism inside the porous body.

Apparently the parameters of stochastic models are very much different from those of classic (deterministic)
models where the permeability, the porosity, the pore radius, the tortuosity coefficient of pore, the specific
surface, and the effective species diffusion coefficient represents the most used parameters for porous
media characterisation.
x
x
Figure Fluid motion inside of the uniform porous body
The liquid motion can be described by the motion of
liquid element for direction +x that occurs with the
probability p respectively by the opposite motion ( -x
displacement) where q gives it evolution probability.
Here represents the length portion of pore without
contact with the nearby pores

=

The probability to
have the fluid
element at time
to x position

The probability that
shows the fluid
element at time
to x x position with
an evolution along of
x + for the following
time
+
The probability that
shows the fluid
element at time
to x x + position
with an evolution along
of x for the following
time (4.260)
) , x x ( qP ) , x x ( pP ) , x ( P + + =
A Taylor expansion of ) , x x ( P + and ) , x x ( P are used in last relation at their right ter
2
2 2
x
) , x ( P
2
x
x
) , x ( P x
) q p (
) , x ( P
+


x
x
The multiplication

x
) q p ( , that has a velocity dimension
The ratio

2
x
2
has the dimension of one diffusion coefficient (L
2
T
-1
); it is recognized as dispersion
coefficient (D)
It is not difficult to observe that by this simple stochastic model of liquid flow inside the
porous body we obtain that the net flow velocity (w) and the dispersion coefficient (D), as
models parameters, are determined by the porous body structure.
2
2
x
) , x ( P
D
x
) , x ( P
w
) , x ( P

+

More experimental measurements for flow characterization inside the porous body show that the dispersion
coefficient has not constant value; for more body structures it frequently presents a time or diffusing species
concentration dependency.
More complexes models has been produced for characterization of these situations. One of the first
models that intends to produce a response to this problem is recognized as models of motion with states
having multiple velocities


x
x
With this model the liquid element evolves inside of porous body with random motions having the velocities
m ,.. 1 i , v
i
= .
These random jumps of velocity from a state to other can be explained by random changes of the flow pore
section or by random changes of the flow rate that go in each pore from each pull road coupling of pores from
the porous body
The completion of this description is given by the consideration that accepts a classical states connection. So
here the elementary states connection becomes a Markov type: = =
ij
*
ij ij
a p p .
For this stochastic description the probabilities balance gives the relation:
1,...m i , ) v x ( P p ) , x ( P
i j
m
1 j
ji i
= = +

=
) , x ( P ) , x ( P
x
) , x ( P
v
) , x ( P
j
m
i j , 1 j
ji i
m
i j , 1 j
ij
i
i
i
+
|
\
|

=

= =
Relation (4.265) shows that the time evolution of the fraction of the fluid particles that attain at time the
position x with the velocity
i
v is determined by the following particles types :a) the particles having the
specified velocity
i
v that leave the position x; b) the particles having the specified velocity
i
v that arrive at
position x ; the particles that arrive at position x and change their velocity from
j
v to
i
v .

x
x
For the particular case where we have two evolution states for the fluid velocity ( v v
1
+ = , v v
2
= ) the
general model (4.265) comes to the relations set (4.266). Here the consideration = =
21 12
shows that we
consider the case of the isotropic porous body.
) , x ( P ) , x ( P
x
) , x ( P
v
) , x ( P
2 1
1 1
+

=

) , x ( P ) , x ( P
x
) , x ( P
v
) , x ( P
1 2
2 2
+

=

) , x ( P ) , x ( P ) , x ( P
2 1
+ =
2
2 2
2
2
x
) , x ( P
2
v ) , x ( P
2
1 ) , x ( P
+

Hyperbolic model (new in chemical engineering)
2
2 2
x
) , x ( P
2
v ) , x ( P
=

Parabolic model (clasic in chemical engineering)
0 for x 0
0 for x 0
) 0 , x ( P
f

=
+
0 for x 0
0 for x 1
) 0 , x ( P
f
,

x
x
The solution for the couple of the model equation and the above specified conditions is obtained by using the
Crank observation about the solution existence of an unsteady one dimensional diffusion equation when for
a partly finite medium we have a response to a unitary impulse start

= = =
0 x
x
imp imp imp
d ) , ( P d ) , ( P d ) , ) x ( P ) , x ( P
The particularization of this last expression to the specified problem contains the following observations: a)
, x ( P is normalized having values inside of the interval [0, 1]; b) , x ( P is symmetric with respect to the
plane 0 x = . So we can write:
> =
x
0
imp
0 for x d ) , ( P
2
1
) , x ( P
< + =
0
x
imp
0 for x d ) , ( P
2
1
) , x ( P

The results for the probabilities ) , x ( P are given by the following relations:
=
= >

d )
v 2
exp(
v 2 2
1
) P(x, ; 0 x
2
2
x
0
2 )
v 2
x
( erf
2
1
2
1
dz e
1
2
1
2
z
v 2
x
0
2
2
+ = <
2
v 2
x
( erf
2
1
2
1
) P(x, ; 0 x
Parabolic model
=
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
= >

d
v
1 I
v
1
1
v
1 I
v 2
e
2
1
) P(x, ; 0 x
x
0
2 2
2
1
2 2
2
2 2
2
0
(
(
\
|

\
|
+

+ |
\
|

=

v x 0 for x v
v
I
x v
x v
2 x v
v
I e
2
1
1 n
2 2 2
n
2
n
2 2 2
0
p p
= v for x 0 ) , x ( P f

Hyperbolic model
P(x,)
x/[v
2
/]
0.
5
-2 -1 0 2 1
0.
1
increase
P(x,)
x/[v
2
/]
0.5
-2 -1 0 2 1
0.5
1
increase
exp(-)
Differences between parabolic (up presented) and
hyperbolic (below presented)
) , x ( P
evolution
This discussion, about the deviation of the stochastic model to
the parabolic or to the hyperbolic model for the species
transport inside the porous body, shows that this problem
presents two solutions; the first solution ( frequently used) to
the parabolic model and the second one based on the
hyperbolic model. For some practical methods for porous
body behaviour characterization such as liquid or gaseous
permeation methods, the data interpretation by the
hyperbolic model can be of interest
=

2
v
2
) x (
lim D
2 2
0 , 0 x
For the porous body with constitutive elements of height dimension such as the fixed packed bed, where the
characteristic dimension is that of the packed element (diameter d of the packed body), the frequency of the
velocity change is d / v = (after each passing over a packed body the local fluid velocity v changes its
direction)
Now if we use this value of in the dispersion coefficient we obtain the famous relation 2 D / ) vd ( Pe = = .
The deep bed filtration clarifies some suspensions
with small content in solid by their flowing into length
granular bed formed by fine particles.
During the flowing inside the granular bed, between
one particle from the suspension and one particle
from the granular bed there appear interaction forces
that determine the fixing of the particle from the
suspension to the particle of the bed.
This elementary process occurs in more points
placed between suspension input and its bed exit.
The quantity of the solid retained at one local
section of flow cannot exceed the quantity
determined by the granular bed open spaces hold-up.
When the retained quantity comes near to the
quantity determined by the bed open spaces we
affirm that the bed is clogged
After clogging we regenerate the granular bed by
liquid fluidization when the retained solid goes out
from the bed;

Micro-particle moving
around of the
deposition bed particle
Micro-
particle
input
Flow direction

Porous bed particle
External liquid
boundary layer
Retained
particle
Deposition
trajectory
Non-
deposition
trajectory

Figure 4.34 Micro-particle retention by one element of the fixed bed structure
- the inertial force, the gravitational force, the diffusion force, the laminar flow force, the
electrostatic force, the Van der Waals, the hydrodinamic adhesion force
The filtration coefficient model (Mint model)
This coefficient noted as ) c , (
s s 0
depends on its initial value (
0
) and on the local concentration of the
retained solid around the bed deposition elements (
ss
c ). It is defined as the fraction of the solid retained from
the suspension in an elementary length of the granular bed
dx
1
c
dc
) c , (
vs
vs
ss 0
=

=
ss
f
ss
vs
vs
c
w
1 c
G
A
dx
dc
0 ; c w
c
vs 0 f
ss
= =

0 ; c c w
c
ss vs 0 f
ss
f =


ss
f
vs 0
vs
c
w
c
x
c
=
0
0
2
=
ss
f
vs vs
c
w
c
x
c
0
x
c c
x
c
vs vs
0
vs
2
=
0 c 0 x 0
vs
= =
0 v vs
c c 0 x 0 = =
=
1 n
n
1 n
0
0
0 v
vs
) exp( T
)! 1 n (
) x (
) x exp(
c
c
)! 2 n (
) (
T T
2 n
1 n n
) exp( T
1
=
=

|
|
\
|
+ =
1 i
2 / 1
0 i
2 / i
0
0
0 v
vs
] ) x [( I
x
) x ( (exp
c
c
Dintr-un experiment bazat pe teoria Mint s-a stabilit c pentru un strat filtrant valoarea iniial
a coeficientului de filtrare este 0 = 4 m
-1
, iar valoarea coeficientului de detaare este =
0,057 h
-1
. Pentru un filtru lung de 0,1 m realizat n totalitate din acelai material, calculai
calitatea filtrantului, ca procentaj din valoarea iniial, la nceputul operaiei i dup 6 ore de
lucru.
Numerical application
At process start:
vs
vs
c
x
c
0
=
) exp(
0
0
L
c
c
vs
vs
=
Cu datele numerice
0
= 4 m
-1
, L = 0,1 se obine % 67 67 , 0 ) 1 , 0 4 exp(
0
= = =
vs
vs
c
c
.
n (
0
L)
n-1
(n-1)! ()
n-2
(n-2)! T
n
exp(-)
1 1 1 1 - - - 1,41 0,715 0,670
2 0,4 1 0,4 1 1 1 0,41 0,715 0,079
3 0,16 2 0,08 0,344 1 0,344 0,066 0,715 0,003
4 0,064 6 0,0107 0,117 2 0,058 0,008 0,715 0,000
( )
|
|
\
|
)! 1 (
1
0
n
L
n
)! 2 (
) (
2
n
n
After six hours:

% 2 , 75 752 , 0
0
= =
vs
vs
c
c
Stochastic modeling
A deep bed stochastic model [4.5] identifies for micro-particle evolution in the
filtration bed two elementary processes:
a) a type I process that considers for micro-particles their motion with the
velocity v v
1
= ; this velocity is induced by the surrounding flowing fluid; this
process type physically corresponds with the non deposition of the micro-particle;
b) a type II process that shows the possibility of the micro-particle to take
the deposition way; from the viewpoint of the motion the velocity of this process
is 0 v
2
= .
The stochastic model accepts a Markov type connection between its two elementary states. So with
12
we
define the transition probability from the type I process to type II process. The transition probability from a
type II process to a type I process is
21
. By ) , x ( P
1
and ) , x ( P
2
we note the probability to locate the
micro-particle at the position x and time with a type I evolution respectively with a type II evolution
) , x ( P ) , x ( P
x
) , x ( P
v
) , x ( P
2 21 1 12
1 1
+

=

) , x ( P ) , x ( P
) , x ( P
1 12 2 21
2
+ =

0 v vs
c / ) , x ( c
) , x ( P ) , x ( P ) , x ( P
2 1
+ =
Stochastic modeling
0
) , x ( P
) (
x
) , x ( P
v
x
) , x ( P
v
) , x ( P
12 21 21
2
2
2
=

+ +

+

+

By considering the combined variable 2 / v x z = we eliminate the mixed partly differential term from the
equation
+
+
+

+
z
) , 2 / v z ( P
) (
2
v
z
) , 2 / v z ( P
4
v ) , 2 / v z ( P
12 21 2
2 2
2
2
0
) , 2 / v z ( P
) (
12 21
=

+
+
0 ) P(z, x z , 0 x , 0 = = > =
0
P ) P(z, 0 z , 0 x , 0 = > = >
The important values of the jumping frequencies from one state to other characterize, as specific, the common
deep bed filtration. This observation permits the transformation of the above-presented hyperbolic model into
the parabolic model
0
) ,
2
v
z ( P
z
) ,
2
v
z ( P
2
v
z
) ,
2
v
z ( P
) ( 4
v
12 21
12 21
2
2
12 21
2
=

+
+
+
|
|
\
|
+

=
+
+
0 ) P(z, x z , 0 x , 0 = = > =
0
P ) P(z, 0 z , 0 x , 0 = > = >
Stochastic modeling
(
(
(
(
(
+ =
<
+
12 21
2
12 21
12
0 12 21
12
v
v
x
erf 1
2
1
P
) P(x,
, 0
v
x
(
(
(
(
(
>
+
12 21
2
12 21
12
0 12 21
12
v
v
x
erf 1
2
1
P
) P(x,
, 0
v
x
Now we go on and complete the validation of discussed model. As it is known only the experimental
investigation can validate or invalidate one process model. For this concrete case we appeal to the
experimental data for the filtration of a dilute Fe(OH)
3
suspension (no more than 0.1 g Fe(OH)
3
/l ) in a sand
bed with various heights and constitution particle diameters. The considered experiments report the
measurements at constant filtrate flow rate and consist in the time evolution of the Fe(OH)
3
concentration at
the bed exit when at their input the solid concentration remains unchanged
Turbidity(%)%)
%
2
4 6 8 10
H
1

H
2

0
100
Time (h)
The response curves at deep bed filtration
) , 0 ( P / ) , H ( P c / ) , H ( c
vo vs
=
Deep bed filtration
factor
Factor value
Stochastic model parameters

12

21

H [cm]
t=20
0
C
G
v
=20cc/min
d
g
=0.5-0.31mm
C
0
=6.75mg/lFe(OH)
3

2 1.14 326
3 0.592 458.9
5 0.262 420.22
6 17.66 9611.41
t

[
0
C]
H=6cm
G
v
=20cc/min
d
g
=0.5-0.31mm
C
0
=6.75mg/lFe(OH)
3

20 17.95 9805.1
30 2.6 2748.14
35 22.71 1347.5
40 4.337 3028
G
v
[cm
3
/min]
H=6cm
t=30
0
C
d
g
=0.5-0.31mm
C
0
=6.75mg/lFe(OH)
3

20 3.054 3020.66
30 13.34 6698.96
40 62.08 22605.24
50 118.2 42908.68
C
0
[mg/l] Fe(OH)
3

H=6cm
t=30
0
C
d
g
=0.5-0.31mm
G
v
=50cm
3
/min
6.75 111.7 40493
13.49 82.7 28999.5
26.98 34.18 10294.41
d
g
[mm]
H=6cm
C
0
=6.75mg/lFe(OH)
3

T
f
=30
0

G
v
=50cm
3
/min
0.31-0.2 754.98 355456.89
0.5-031 110.65 39773
0.63-0.5 22.409 8795.98
0.85-0.63 23.82 6449.82
The process factors influence on the stochastic models parameters
Stochastic modeling
dg 28 . 256 C 872 . 2 Gv 003 . 3 75 . 67
0 12
+ =
dg 10 023 . 1 C 1268 Gv 1111 10 081 . 3
5
0
4
21
+ =
Firstly it is observable that assumption of height values for
21 12
and parameters is excellently covered by the experimentally
starting data. Secondly, we find out that all process factors
influence the stochastic models parameters values.

Flow in Porous Media (Compatibility Mode)

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The practical applications of the stochastic processes theory are multiple.

Curgeri in sisteme multifazice , Lectia 5, 14.11.2011

After six hours:

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