Calculations I.

Fuel and Heat Requirement Given that Q for combustion is 35600 kJ/m3, the auto-ignition temperature is found to be 537oC and combustion is assumed to be done at atmospheric pressure. Assuming ideal gas behavior, PV = nRT, per second, and

Assuming 1.2 moles of CH4 enters the combustion chamber (the value chosen is arbitrary; it has been seen to accord in the succeeding calculations), and 85% is transferred to the boiler,

II. Cogenerative Cycle Calculations Boiler outlet temperature and pressure is arbitrarily chosen to be equal to T1 = 350 oC and P1 = 3500 kPa. Thus, H1 = 3168.7 kJ/kg. Properties of the first section are first calculated from isentropic idealities. S1 = S2 = 7.1044 kJ/kgK From interpolation at the same pressure: H2 = 2953.085714 kJ/kg H = -195.6142 kJ/kg H = 0.85*H H2 = 2982.470kJ/kg, S2 = 7.1599 kJ/kgK and T2 = 263.3229oC The same calculation is made for the second turbine section, thus, H5 = 2250.9176kJ/kg, S5 = 7.1044kJ/kgK and T5 = 45.83oC. Because the boiler is isobaric, at stream 8, P8=1500 kPa. Its enthalpy from energy balance around the boiler, H8 = H1 Qin = 734.8570 kJ/kg From interpolation, T8 = 173.5178oC S8 = 2.075245188 kJ/kgK Streams 4 and 7 meet at a point and before it joins to form stream 8 at the boiler inlet conditions. Their intensive properties are assumed to be the same as that of stream 8. S4 = 2.342.075285 kJ/kgK H4 = 734.8570 kJ/kg T4 = 45.83oC S7 = 2.342.075285 kJ/kgK H7 = 734.8570 kJ/kg T7 = 45.83oC

Streams 3 and 6 are connected to streams 4 and 7 by a pump. Assuming isentropic compression, and later dividing by pump efficiency, the intensive properties are then calculated.

S3 = 2.3485 kJ/kgK H3 = 733.8629 T3 = 45.83oC S6 = 2.3485 kJ/kgK H6= 733.8629 T6 = 45.83oC III. Calculations for the absorption-refrigeration cycle The calculations began in finding the stream properties in the absorption refrigeration cycle. Around the throttle: H12 = H11 = 146.6. ( ) ( )

Around the evaporator: Q(d0t) = H2 H1 ( ) ( ) kg/s This mass flow rate is calculated for streams 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. Around the condenser:

Also, stream 13 is saturated vapor at 7oC. Thus, H13 = 2514.4kJ/kg. At the inlet of the heat recovery system, the temperature T9 = 90oC is given, and assumed to be superheated as it enters. At these conditions and assuming that the heat recovery system is isobaric, H9 is then equal to 2668.8675 kJ/kg. Around the heat exchanger, arbitrary temperatures and absorbent solution concentrations are assigned in order to meet cycle conditions. For streams 16 to 15, the absorbent is assumed to be 60% composition, and for stream 17 upon losing water in the regenerator, 70% compositions are assumed. The concentrations are essential because enthalpy and entropy values for absorbent solution require concentrations and temperatures in Duhring diagrams. Their enthalpies are thus calculated using interpolation and in these diagrams. H15 = 116.4199 kJ/kg H16 = 194.0299 kJ/kg H17 = 262.56 kJ/kg In addition. the mass flow rate of streams 14, 15, and 16 are found due to the given concentration and because the mass flow rate of water in streams 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 have been calculated for previously.

ma = 0.5326 kg/s

Mass balance around the absorber gives the mass flow rate of streams 17, 18, and 19. m = 0.3196 kg/s With these values known, an energy balance around the regeneration equipment gives the value needed for Qc, the same value given out by the engine condenser in the cogeneration cycle. The enthalpy is first calculated, finding the mass flow rate of streams 5 and 6 from the aforementioned cycle, and then Qc. Qc = mH m16H16 mH m9H9 m17H17 = 0 m = 0.36199kg/s Qc = An energy balance around the heat exchanger calculates the value of the enthalpy of stream 18, calculation of the other poroperties follows from the Duhring diagram. m(H16-H15)=m(H18-H17) H18 = 391.9099 kJ/kg T18 = 166.9077oC The heat discarded from the absorber may also be calculated by an energy balance around the absorber. Qdiscarded + m14h14 m19H19 +m13H13 = 0 Qdiscarded = 598.9176 kJ Going back to the engine cycle, the mass flow rates of streams 2, 3, and 4 are arbitrarily calculated given the conditions of efficiency of the system, and are adjusted hereby to account for even better efficiencies by changing the steam flow rates, the working fluid of the engine. With formulas and and and intensive properties of all streams known, the total work and heat requirements may be calculated by optimizing both efficiencies and targeting for certain flow rate. To achieve such an efficiency, the optimized mass flow rate of steam in streams 1 and 10 must be equal to 8.6820 kg/s in streams 1 and 8. By mass balance, this will also require a mass flow rate of 8.320 kg/s in streams 2, 3, and 4. The final thermal efficiency calculated is 67.92%, and 83.13% for the utilization factor. The annual fuel requirement given the entry of 1.2 moles of CH4 and a heating value of 2413.84268 kJ/mol (85% heat transfer) is 1451.606063 metric tons. This is calculated by stoichiometry, ,

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The annual CO2 emission is also calculated by stoichiometry. ( )( )( )( )( )

IV. Lost Work The lost work for the turbine and the pump are calculated using these equation ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

Since the turbine has an efficiency of 85% and pump has an efficiency of 70%, these are calculated using the actual values of the work done by the turbine and the work done on the pump, respectively. ( )