Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast: political cartoon artist who took down Boss Tweed Horace Greely:

editior of New York Tribu, founder of liberal republicans Roscoe Conkling: Imperious New York senator and leader of the stalwart faction of Republicans James G. Blaine: Charming but corrupt halfbreed Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884 Samuel Tilden: Millionaire corporation lawyer and reform governor of New York who had directed a campaign to overthrow the notorious Tweed Ring controlling New York City politics and the Canal Ring in Albany, which had bilked the state of millions; narrowly lost to Rutherford B. Hayes in the 1876 presidential election. Charles J. Guiteau: American preacher, writer, and lawyer who was convicted of assassinating U.S. President James A. Garfield, who hadnt given him a government position despite campaign help Hard or Sound Money: soft= In favor of inflation/paper money/silver coins; hard= Currency based on gold Gilded Age; a term given to the period 1865 to 1896 by Mark Twain indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era Bloody-Shirt : The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket Tweed Ring: a symbol of gilded age corruption boss Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic Party and the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery graft and vote buying boss tweet was eventually jailed for his crimes Credit Mobilier Scandal: (72') Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and hired themselves at inflated prices. Newspaper article showed them as a scam and revealed the Vice President as involved. Whiskey Ring: took tax funds and pocketed money, grant writes letter to keep them from getting in trouble in court Resumption Act: took more greenbacks out of circulation (contractions) and could redeem for gold at face value Crime of '73: Congress had discontinued the minting of silver dollars, which led to further inlation during the Panic of 1873 Bland-Allison Act: treasury pledges to buy 2-4 million dollars in silver and to coin it Half-Breed: loyal to Republican leadership but want some reform Compromise of 1877: ended military reconstruction in the South to appease Democrats when Hayes was elected Civil Service Reform: attempts to reform it so jobs would be given to qualified people not friends Pendleton Act: merit-based federal civil service, giving government jobs based on an exam

"Billion Dollar" Congress: gave out pensions to civil war vets, increased gov't purchase of silver, 1st congress to spend a billion Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: 1 Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?

General Grant was not good presidential material but he won because of his military accomplishments (civil war hero). Republicans wanted a war hero to continue military reconstruction in the South. The Era of Good Stealings Know: 2. Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.

Described the corrupt/fetid nature of scam ridden finance and bribery politics in the post-war era A Carnival of Corruption Know: 3. Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.

Jim Fisk and Jay Gould tried to convince (bribe) Grant to stop Treasury selling of gold to increase the prices of gold, but treasury did anyway. The Tweed ring, led by Boss Tweed, ruled NY and bribed several government officials to continue crime. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley

4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? They were disgusted by military reconstruction under Grant admin; he wasn't an ideal candidate because he had insulted the Democratic party. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act

5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Debtors supported greenbacks/silver because they would cause inflation and make debt easier to pay, and miners who had struck silver wanted silver. Creditors opposed them and supported deflationary policies that would make the credits more profitable to them.

Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine

6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues? Fierce competition can be attributed to sectionalism, old civil war rivalry, and differences in moral opinion (often traced to differences in religion). The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: 7. Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?

In the election, Tilden won the popular vote, but was 1 vote shy from winning in the Electoral College. The determining electoral votes would come from three states, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida who had each sent two sets of ballots to Congress, one with the Democrats victorious and the other with the Republicans victorious; there was no winner in these states. It was necessary to find the true political party winner of the states, although it was unknown who would judge the winner of the states because the president of the Senate was a Republican and the Speaker of the House was a Democrat. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: 8. Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?

Ended racial equality, allowed the passing of Jim Crow laws, blacks disenfranchised Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as hostiles. Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. . Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull: American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War George A. Custer : During the Sioux War of 1876-1877 he attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors near the Little Big Horn river in Montana and was completely wiped out. Chief Joseph: Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. Sioux Wars: lasted from 1876-1877. These were clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

Ghost Dance: movement started by Wokova reviving spirituality, cooperation, cleanliness, and honesty amongst tribes Dawes Severalty Act: "reorganization" of indian tribal land, pushed tribal groups onto smaller land Battle of Wounded Knee: U.S. troops surrounded Sioux Indians and killed 200-300 of them, last battle of Indian Wars Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: 1. Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.

Native Americans were pushed further west, or killed by the whites. They were effected by disease and the wars. Eventually pushed into Indian Reserves, and many changed their life style the the Sioux to be more nomadic. Many were forced to convert and submit to the white style of living and morals and religion. Receding Native Americans Know: 2. George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo How was the West "won?"

By exterminating - as a deliberate act of state policy - most of the Native American population and stealing their land. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: 3. Buffalo Bill Cody How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?

After the Civil War, over 15 million bison grazed the western plains. By 1885, fewer than 1000 were left after the bison had been slaughtered for their tongues, hides, or for amusement. Both whites and natives were using the buffalo for a source of food and other things. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. In 1879, the government funded the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania.

Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: 5.. Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?

The discovery of precious metals in the American West led to the increase in westernized movement, and also spurred a more industrialized society in the west. Gaps between political parties widened, as different parties had different views on the values of these precious metals, and the "American dream" became more clear, as many people became prosperous from the metals. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the culture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?

The nomadic Indians' hunting economy collapsed when the buffalo was virtually exterminated in the late 19th century, and native crafts declined as manufactured articles, such as metal utensils and cloth, were introduced. Introduced diseases and warfare with whites reduced Indian populations, and even greater disturbances resulted when the Indians were placed on reservations. Nomadic Indians found cattle a poor replacement for buffalo, and semisedentary groups, who considered cultivation to be women's work, resisted the change in the division of labour brought on by the introduction of the plow. Deprived of their traditional culture, many Indians became demoralized and came to depend on government aid for their subsistence. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: 7. Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?

It was the only solution to the problem of not being able to get the cattle to the railroads. It was also very dangerous, and difficult. The Farmers Frontier Know: 8. Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?

No, The Homestead Act turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation. Many homesteaders were forced to give their homesteads back to the government The Far West Comes of Age Know: 9. Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone What were some milestones in the closing of the West?

The population increased greatly and many national parks like Yellowstone and Yosemite were opened. The Fading Frontier

Know: 10.

Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?

The frontier created freedom, by breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, and calling out new institutions and activities. It spurned manifest destiny and westward expansion, which led to transcontinental railroad and so on. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul. 4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies: funding for specific project or industry from the government Transcontinental Railroad: expansion of the railroad from east to west coast and all over America Cornelius Vanderbilt : American tycoon, businessman, and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. He was also the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history. Jay Gould: (69') Jim Fisk and Jay Gould. Tried to buy out all the gold and raise prices. Tried to keep the treasury closed (lots of bribery and manipulation). Interstate Commerce Commission: created by federal government to regulate railroads Vertical Integration: investing in and controlling ass aspects of an industry Horizontal Integration: creating a monopoly by establishing trusts Trusts: companies in same industry acting together rather than competing J.P. Morgan : Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger Sherman Anti-Trust Act: minimized monopolies and allowed the US government to monitor businesses Yellow Dog Contracts: agreement between employee/employer to not join a labor union or be put on the black list Blacklists: A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses.

Haymarket Square incident: A dynamite bomb threw when Chicago police broke forth to a protest of workers, 1886 - Downfall of the Knights; 8 anarchist bombed while protest occurs, 1 suicide, 4 sentanced to death 3 long terms, let go by Altgeld Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: 1. Land grants What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?

The railroads would often sell the land and make money off the land that was paid for by citizens (their tax money goes to the government, which gave the land grants). They also withheld land from other users until they figured out where their tracks would lay. A benefit was that railroad companies were able to expand further west Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: 2. Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.

The Central Pacific Railroad Company started building in Sacramento and continued east across the Sierra Nevada, while a second company, the Union Pacific Railroad, built westward from the Missouri River, near the IdahoNebraska border (Omaha). The two lines of track met in the middle. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: 3. The Great Northern, James J. Hill Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.

Americans would be connected across the country, which would help travel time, the ability to connect with different types of people, and allow people to get produce and meats from different parts of the country (due to the decreased travel time). People could also begin to move west. Trade with Asia increased. However, railroad construction was laced with scandal and corruption, which hurt Americans financially (ex. Credit Mobilier). Also, the work was very dangerous, and many people were killed on the job. In addition, railroads created many millionaires who could control the public and place large taxes on farmers. Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: 4. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars What technological improvements helped railroads?

More efficient and economical steel rails, standard gauge of track (which reduced need for numerous car changes), the Westinghouse air brake which increased safety, and other safety devices like the telegraph. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones

5.

What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?

Railroads created a huge domestic market for raw materials and manufactured goods and spurred industrialization and urbanization; stimulated mining and agriculture; took farmers to land and goods to people; started cities, created more millionaires, drove creation of time zones. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: 6. Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?

Stock watering (which enabled railroad stock promoters to inflate their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value) as well as other corruption such as bribery Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: 7. Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?

Yes, it prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. Most important, it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to administer and enforce the new legislation. Miracles of Mechanization Know: 8. Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison What factors made industrial expansion possible?

Abundant liquid capital, natural resources like oil and coal, cheap labor in immigrant population, and easier transportation of raw materials and goods thanks to railroads. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?

Used horizontal integration (allying with competitors to monopolize a market), trusts (consolidations of formerly competing companies' stocks into a single enterprise large enough to drive out remaining competitors), and interlocking directorates (placing officers of a larger competitor on the various boards of directors of competitors). The Supremacy of Steel Know: 10. Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process Why was steel so important for industrialization?

The metal ultimately held together the new civilization, from skyscrapers to coal scuttles, while providing it with food, shelter, and transportation. Steel making, notably rails for railroads, typified the dominance of "heavy industry," which concentrated on making "capital goods," as distinct from the production of "consumer goods" such as clothes and shoes. The production of steel also became a major market. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: 11. Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.

After accumulating some capital, Carnegie entered the steel business. By 1900 he was producing one-fourth of the nation's Bessemer steel. Morgan made a legendary reputation for himself by financing the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks (banker's banker). Carnegie, looking to sell his business, bartered with Morgan until they finally came to the agreement of 400 million dollars. Morgan went on to buy other businesses and develop the first 1.4 billion dollar business. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: 12. Kerosene How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?

By ruthlessly employing horizontal integration and trusts to near-monopolize the oil industry with his Standard Oil Company of Ohio. The Gospel of Wealth Know: 13. Social Darwinism How did the wealthy justify their wealth?

Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth (the rich were meant to be rich, and had worked hard to achieve it, so they deserved it). Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: 14. Sherman Anti-Trust Act What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?

Labor unions and strikes. The South in the Age of Industry 15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?

Their success was limited (often by Northerner industrialists) but they found some success with the innovation of the machine made cigarette. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America

16.

Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.

The nation of farmers and independent producers was becoming a nation of wage earners. Industrialization gave women more independence. Brought corruption in economy and politics, widened class divides, connected nation more than ever, increased urbanization (and poor conditions in those urban areas). In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town

17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Job security was so low, workers were so easily replaced, people were always searching for and trying to keep their jobs to support themselves and their families so strikes were usually ineffective and often detrimental to the strikers. Labor Limps Along Know: 18. National Labor Union, Knights of Labor Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.

The National Labor Union Skilled included unskilled and farmers but excluded the Chinese; they didn't try very hard to aid women and blacks. The Knights were created in 1869 as a secret society and sought to include all workers, barred only "nonproducers;" broad goals included economic and social reform, codes for safety and health; they frowned upon industrial warfare and wanted an 8 hour work day. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: 19. Haymarket Square What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?

They became involved in many failing May Day strikes in 1886. In Chicago they were accidentally involved with anarchists when the Haymarket Square Bomb occured in conjunction with a Knights of Labor strike. Another fatal handicap of the Knights was their inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers. The AF of L to the Fore Know: 20. American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop How was the AFL different from previous unions?

The A F of L became a union organizing skilled workers, those men who had a craft. Samuel P. Gompers realized a successful union would not succeed if it became a political organization so he concentrated on the "bread and butter" issues--better wages, better working conditions, collective bargaining agreements, hours worked, and safety issues Makers of America: The Knights of Labor

Know: 21.

Mother Jones, Terence Powderly Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?

Like the conservative unions, the Knights maintained that the iniquities of capitalism--"free enterprise" or state-could be legally corrected by the establishment of worker controlled consumers and producers cooperatives. The workers would, in effect, go into business for themselves, out compete, and hopefully price the capitalists out of business . Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?

The Industrial Revolution in America was both good and bad, and therefore is not quanifiable in degrees. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti -immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl. Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley : battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served 30 years as general secretary for NCL Mary Baker Eddy: Church of Christ, Preached that the true practice of Christanity heals sickness William James : harvard scholar- psychology and philosophy Henry George: controversial reformer whose book progress and poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land Horatio Alger: wrote rags-to-riches dime novels Mark Twain: author of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn; coined the term Gilded Age Nativism: superiority of native-born people, hatred of immigrants Philanthropy : charity from rich people, generosity

Social Gospel : used by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch by insisting the churches tackle social problems of the day. Settlement House: Hull House place where immigrants and the poor and women could live Women's Christian Temperance Union : 1874, it was a symbol of purity. It also championed planned parenthood. Eighteenth Amendment: gave women right to vote Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: 1. Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?

Industrial jobs drew people off their farms and into factory centers; Other Attractions=glitter of city lights, electricity, indoor plumbing, telephones, engineering marvels. The perfection of the skyscraper allowed more living space on less land. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?

The New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (instead of western Europe); they included Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Greeks, and Poles; many worshipped in orthodox churches or synagogues. They were largely poor and illiterate, not used to democracy Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?

They left their native countries because Europe seemed to have no room for them, because America seemed so promising, and because they sought religious freedom. Makers of America: The Italians Know: 4. Birds of Passage, padron How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?

They clustered in tightly knit urban communities and worked as industrial laborers Reactions to the New Immigration Know: 5. Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley How did political bosses help immigrants?

They traded jobs and services for votes. They often found housing for immigrants, gave them food and clothing, and helped set up schools, parks, and hospitals in ethnic communities.

Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: 6. Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?

Their welcoming ideal contradicted the recent federal laws which blocked the Chinese and undesirables (such as criminals and paupers) from the nation. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: 7. Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?

Christian socialism pricked the consciences of the middle class for future reform, city programs like YMCA helped needy. Catholic leaders employed growing influence to assist reform movements. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: 8. Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?

Charles Darwins theory on evolution created many rifts in the church. Modernist clergymen were thrown out of office and unbelief was promoted. The Lust for Learning Know: 9 Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?

public education continued its upward climb. the ideal of tax-supported elementary schools, adopted on a nationwide basis before the civil war, was still gathering strength. Americans were accepting the truism that a free government cannot function successfully if the people are shackled by ignorance.1870, more and more states were making at least a grade school education compulsory and this gain helped check the frightful abuses of child labor.1880's and 1890's the spread of high schools developed. before the civil war, it was common to have private schools and tax supported schools were rare. now a grade school education was the birthright of every citizen. Free textbooks being provided by taxpayers, teacher-training schools expanded, kindergartens gained support, New Immigration brought vast new strength to private Catholic parochial schools public schools however excluded millions of adults-->partially remedied by the Chautauqua movement: organizers achieved success through nationwide public lectures, extensive courses of home study. Crowded cities provided better educational facilitiesilliteracy rate fell from 20% to 10.7% Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.

Washington's self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems was labeled "accommodationist" because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy, instead promoting practical education and economic independence. Du Bois demanded complete and immediate equality for blacks in society, economy, and life. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: 11. Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?

In the years after the Civil War, college enrollment dramatically increased due to land grants that allowed the development of multipurpose institutions with programs characteristic of the leading twentieth-century universities (elective approach) throughout the country. Plus philanthropy The March of the Mind Know: 12. William James Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s.

Advances in public health and increased philosophy and psychology (William James). Elective selection of courses in higher education. The Appeal of the Press Know: 13. Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?

Cheaper newspapers meant appealing to the masses who could now afford them; content became riddled with sex, scandal, rumor, and human-interest. Apostles of Reform Know: 14. Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?

In magazines, newspapers, and novels, writers promoted social reform, civil-service reform, honesty, and economic growth. Postwar Writing Know: 15. Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.

The literature post-Civil war had fantastic historical context that made it real and effective. Literary Landmarks

Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?

Writers such as Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Bret Harte, William Dean, Howells and Chopin began relating their literary work to some of the realism of an industrial society The New Morality Know: 17. Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?

The antics of the Woodhull sisters and Anthony Comstock exposed to daylight the battle going on in latenineteenth-century America over sexual attitudes and the place of women Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?

Newest leader Carrie Chapman Catt stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the increasingly public world of the city. Women had special responsibility for the health of the family and the education of children, the argument ran. On the farm, women could discharge these responsibilities in the separate sphere of the isolated homestead. But in the city, they needed a voice on boards of public health, police commissions, and school boards. By thus linking the ballot to a traditional definition of women's role, suffragists registered encouraging gains as the new century opened. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: 19. Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?

Women's suffrage, temperance/prohibition, animal protection. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"

Because it shows the blossoming of American artistic culture with many new artists, writers, and the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Business of Amusement

Know: 21.

Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?

Buffalo Bills Wild West Show, going to Ringling Bros Circus, bike riding, going to amusement parks, hanging out in saloons, walking in parks, and going to sporting events like baseball games. Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislatorspass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out. Chapter #23.2 Identifications James A. Garfield : (80-84')Was a Stalwart but then switched to independent (Did not get the nomination in the following election) Chester A. Arthur : 21st President of the United States (188185); succeeded James Garfield upon the latter's assassination. struggled to overcome his reputation, stemming from his beginnings in politics as a politician from the New York City Republican political machine. embraced the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration. Grover Cleveland: Made everyone mad because he was cleaning up corruption. Mugwamps did not think he was going enough. Passed the Interstate Commerce Act and opposed the Bland Allison act. Vetoed pensions for soliders who could not prove they were in the Civil War and signed the Dawed Act Mugwump: Republican civil service reformers that were so unhappy with Blaine that they abandoned their party to support Cleveland. Thomas B. Reed : Republican Party leader who, as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (188991, 1895 99), introduced significant procedural changes (the Reed Rules) that helped ensure legislative control by the majority party in Congress. Pension Act : Pension given to all Civil War Veterans who had served for at least 90 days and were unable to work. Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South Know: 1. Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513.

From 1882-1900, the amount of lynched blacks increased significantly compared to whites, which decreased. But from 1905-1965, the lynching rates for both gradually decrease until nonexistent. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes

Know: 2.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

Railroad workers went on strike after their wages were cut by President Hayes. The strike failed, exposing the weakness of the labor movement. Garfield and Arthur Know: 3. James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act?

The civil-service reform forced politicians to gain support and funds from big-business leaders (marriage of politics and big business) The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884.

Democrats uncovered Mulligan letters that revealed Blaine to be dishonest, while Republicans found out that Cleveland had had an affair and possibly and illegitimate child. Both were arguing points of the respective parties (mudslinging) Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would." He had said though the people support the government the government should not support the people. vetoed act to provide seed, wanted lower tariff. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs?

lower prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies, end to treasury surplus The Billion Dollar Congress Know: 7. Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers.

Disrupts the trading market abroad for American farmers. Drove up prices for farm equipment and decreased prices on American agricultural goods. The Drumbeat of Discontent

Know: 8.

Populists What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence.

An epidemic of nationwide strikes in the summer of 1892 raised the prospect that the Populists could weld together angered farmers Cleveland and Depression Know: 9. Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil?

Keep tariffs high, implement inflationary policies (silver currency/purchase). Cleveland Breeds a Backlash Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff 10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the forgettable presidents a fair one? Explain.

These presidents ultimately sent our economy downhill and caused a lot of destruction with their greediness and ineptitude. They should be forgotten or remembered for their infamy. Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism Big Picture Themes 1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt. 2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden: invented barbed wire James B. Weaver: presidential nominee of populist party 1892 Oliver H. Kelly: Led Patrons of Husbandry and lobbied governments for legislation to protect farmers Mary Elizabeth Lease: speaker for populist party; She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation. Comstock Lode: first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Long Drive: Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans Homestead Act: Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. Patrons of Husbandry: formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers. Educational and social organization, but under the leadership of Oliver Kelley, this organization began to lobby state and federal governments for legislation that would protect farmers from the effects of big business. Granger Laws: series of laws passed in western states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and rebates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers. Farmers' Alliance: A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy. Populists: Founded 1891 - James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers Jacob S. Coxey: a wealthy Ohio quarry owner turn populist who led a protest group to Washington D.C. to demand that the federal government provide the unemployed with meaningful work (during the depression of 1893). The group was arrested and disbanded peacefully in D.C. movements like this struck fear into American's hearts Williams Jennings Bryan: This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial. Bimetallism: wanting to coin both silver and gold Free Silver : Caused damaged credit due to incapatability with foreign nations. Depression of 1893: Lasted for 4 years. Resulted from overspeculation, caused labor disorder, and increased difficulty of agrarian ways. Cross of Gold Speech : speech given by William Jennings Bryan endorsing free and unlimited silver Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine

1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."

Historians generally agree that the Civil War was the first modern war, meaning the first in which technology and industrial strength played a significant role. Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: 2. Deflation What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?

The farmers of the West became attached to the one-crop economy - wheat or corn - and were in the same lot as the southern cotton farmers. The price of their product was determined in a unprotected world market by the world output. In 1870, the lack of currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go down. Thousands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising ever higher. Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers?

The good soil of the West was becoming poor, and floods added to the problem of erosion. Beginning in the summer of 1887, a series of droughts forced many people to abandon their farms and towns. Farmers were forced to sell their low-priced products in an unprotected world market, while buying high-priced manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. Farmers were also controlled by corporations and processors. Farmers were at the mercy of the harvester trust, the barbed-wire trust, and the fertilizer trust, all of which could control the output and raise prices to high levels. Even though farmers made up the population in 1890, they never successfully organized to restrict production until forced to do so The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: 4. The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver How did the Grange attempt to help farmers?

The Grange in the late 1800's helped farmers by getting them organized in relation to their crops. They helped the farmers figure out what they needed to grow and when they needed to grow certain things to get the best prices. Prelude to Populism Know: 5. The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers?

The Farmers' Alliance operated free mills and gins that small farmers could use. They believed in graduated income taxes, sub-treasures-warehouses, and government ownership of railroads. Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: 6. Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?

The strike was broken by President Cleveland because the railroad workers had stopped the trains, harming commerce in the US. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: 7 Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain.

there were various reasons that lead to McKinley victory against the William Jennings Bryan. Strong background, supporting gold standard during inflation in economy, getting urban, religious and ethnic groups' votes are some aspect that Bryan was missing during 1896 election. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System

8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. It established the identities of political parties: Republican supported business while Democrat supported farmers. Republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: 9. Dingley Tariff Bill Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president?

William McKinley was the 25th President of the United States. He was in office from 1897 to 1901. He served as an effective president possessing many of the characteristics necessary to carry out the job. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: 10. Frederick Jackson Turner Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain

The idea that the American character was shaped only by the western wilderness was wrong. Sure, the railroad expansions, cowboy lifestyles, and precious metal rushes shaped the United States, but it didn't entirely define it. The culture of the United States was also defined in the eastern cities, where many centers of activities occurred.