Ethical Issues in Nursing Research Development of ethical codes and guidelines

1947 Nuremberg Code criteria for research 1. Inform the subjects about the study 2. Qualified to conduct research 3. Based on animal experiments , if possible 4. Avoid injury to research subjects 5. Good of society . Stop the study if problems occur !he Belmont Report three Basic Principles to Research Sub ects! 1. respect for person" the research subjects should have autonomy and self"determination 2. beneficence" research subjects should be protected from harm 3. justice" research subjects should receive fair treatment Elements of Informed "onsent" concerns subject#s participation in research in $hich they have full understandin% of the study before the study be%ins. &t is the principal means for ensurin% that the ri%hts of research subjects are protected. 1. researchers identified and credentials presented 2. subject selection process is described - one of the primary %oal of all researchers is to choose an unbiased sample 3. purpose of the study is described !he purpose of the study should be clearly presented. !he material should be in the preferred lan%ua%e of the potential subjects and at the subjects readin% level for all printed material. !he researcher should be honest in presentin% the purpose of the study. 4. study procedures are discussed 'll aspect of the study should be fully explained. Debriefing" is a meetin% $ith research participants that ensures their understandin% of the reasons and justification for the procedure used in the study. 5. potential ris( are described )ubject must be told of the discomfort either physical or psycholo%ical as a result of participations. . potential benefits are described 'll research that should be conducted must benefit the society, a research that is conducted to satisfy the researcher curiosity is unethical. 7. compensation if any is discussed *onetary compensation should be avoided and all compensations if possible should come from the listed possible benefits of the study. +. alternative procedure if any are disclosed 9. anonymity or confidentiality is assured Anonymity" occurs $hen no one, includin% the researcher, can lin( the subjects $ith the data they provided. Confidentiality" involves protection of the subject#s identity by the researcher. 1,. ri%ht to refuse or to participate or to $ithdra$ from the study $ithout penalty is assured 'll participation in nursin% research must be voluntary. -o form of coercion should be involved and there must be no penalty involve for non participation. 11. offer to ans$er all .uestions is made 12. means of obtainin% study result is presented Documentation of informed consent /onsent can be obtain in a $ritten form 0ral permission may be obtain in a presence of a third subject " ' le%ally authori1ed representatives can %ive consent for subjects $ho are incapable of proper decision ma(in%. #he nurse researcher as patient advocate" responsibility to protect the privacy and the di%nity of the people involve in the research and to protect them from harm. /linical trials are studies conducted to evaluate ne$ treatments, ne$ dru%s, and ne$ or improve medical e.uipment. 'ssent" means that the undera%e child or adolescent freely chooses to participate in the study. Guidelines for "riti$uing the ethical aspect of the stud%

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!he study must be approved by the international revie$ board. 0btain &nformed consent from the subjects. !here is available information about provisions for anonymity or confidentiality. )election process of subjects used must not be biased. )ubjects must not have been coerced into actin% as subjects. 2enefit of participation in the study must out$ei%h the ris( involved. 3rovide the subject the opportunity to as( .uestions about the study and told ho$ to contact the researcher if other .uestions arose. )ubjects must be told ho$ they could %et the results of the study.

Ethics of a Researcher S 4 Scientific &b ective 4 conductive research for a %ood purpose or object for your pt " 4 "ooperation and "onsent. 5o not conduct data6experiment $6o a consent 7le%ally the patient o$ns the chart. 8o$ever the hospital o$ns the chart9 I 4 Integrit% 4 $or(ed hard on the research E 4 E$uitable 4 ac(no$led%in% $or(s or contribution of others N 4 Nobilit% 4 protect the ri%hts of your subjects o Right not to be harmed 7physical, mental, moral harm9 usually done durin% experimental research Ph%sical 'arm( Negligence " undeliberate physical harm "ommission 4 done outside the standard practice of nursin% 7e%. urinary catheter placed on the nose of the pt9 &mission 4 from the very start, you did not do somethin% about it. )oral 'arm Assault 4 mental fear6threat $ithout physical harm Batter% 4 physically you harm the pt :estraint is never an independent nursin% order physical restraint 4 e%. ;ac(et chemical restraint 4 e%. use of psychotropic dru% )oral harm Slander 4 oral defamation *ibel 4 published or placed in the ne$spaper o Right to self+determination o Right to privac% Anon%mit% 4 identity of subject may not be disclosed. 3rivacy of the &nformant 7pt9 e%. conduct a study on 8&< pt. but the pt $ants his name to be $ritten in the ne$spaper as *r. =, *r. > or *r. ? "onfidentialit% 4 information ac.uired must be disclosed. 3rivacy of the information e%. conduct a study on 8&< pt. but the pt $ants the nurse should only (no$ # 4 #ruthfulness 4 put only the data you have collected I 4 Importance 4 importance to the nursin% profession , 4 ,actual 4 facts or data I 4 Ideal 7follo$ the 11 steps of research9 " 4 "ourage