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Midterm Reviewer in Constitutional Law 2 (Chapters 2-14) 1. Definition of Constitution a!!ordin" to#

Coole$ Constitution is a %od$ of rules and ma&ims in a!!ordan!e with whi!h powers of soverei"nt$ are ha%ituall$ e&er!ised. 'usti!e Mal!olm Constitution is a written instrument ena!ted %$ dire!t a!tion of the people %$ whi!h the fundamental powers of the "overnment are esta%lished( limited and defined( and %$ whi!h those powers are distri%uted amon" the several departments for their safe and useful e&er!ise for the %enefit of the %od$ politi!. 2. )hree (*) +ssential ,arts of a -ritten Constitution# (1) Li%ert$ (2) Constitution of .overnment(*) Constitution of /overei"nt$ *. 0our (4) Re1uisites of 'udi!ial Review# (1) (2) (*) (4) there must %e an a!tual !ase or !ontrovers$ the 1uestion of !onstitutionalit$ must %e raised %$ the proper part$ the !onstitutional 1uestion must %e raised at the earliest possi%le opportunit$ the de!ision of the !onstitutional 1uestion must %e ne!essar$ to the determination of the !ase itself.

4. )hree (*) Rules2 Modes of 3nterpretation of Laws (1) 4er%a Le"is - the words used in the Constitution should %e "iven their ordinar$ meanin" e&!ept where te!hni!al terms are emplo$ed. (2) ratio le"is est anima - where there is am%i"uit$( the words of the Constitution should %e interpreted in a!!ordan!e with the intent of its framers. (*) ut ma"is valeat 1uam pereat - the Constitution is to %e interpreted as a whole. 5. Constitutional ,rovisions in the 6ill of Ri"ht whi!h are self-e&e!utin"# 7. Constitutional ,rovisions in the 6ill of Ri"ht whi!h are not self-e&e!utin"# 8. )wo (2) test for validit$ of poli!e a!tions or measures# (1) L9-0:L ;6'+C)2/u%<e!t- 3nterest of the pu%li! "enerall$ as distin"uished from a parti!ular !lass re1uired e&er!ise (2) L9-0:L M+)=;D2 Means - Means emplo$ed are reasona%l$ ne!essar$ for the a!!omplishment of purpose( and not undul$ oppressive >. Re1uisites for e&er!ise of eminent domain ?. Constitutional provision on sear!h and sei@ure in +n"lish and 0ilipino (9rt. *( /e!. 2) (+n"lish) /e!tion 2. )he ri"ht of the people to %e se!ure in their persons( houses( papers( and effe!ts a"ainst unreasona%le sear!hes and sei@ures of whatever nature and for an$ purpose shall %e inviola%le( and no sear!h warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue e&!ept upon pro%a%le !ause to %e determined personall$ %$ the <ud"e after e&amination under oath or affirmation of the !omplainant and the witnesses he ma$ produ!e( and parti!ularl$ des!ri%in" the pla!e to %e sear!hed and the persons or thin"s to %e sei@ed. ()a"alo") /+A/B;C 2. 9n" Darapatan n" m"a taon"-%a$an na ma"Daroon n" Dapanata"an sa Danilan" sarili( pamamaha$( papeles( at m"a %a"a$-%a"a$ la%an sa hindi maDatwiran" pa"hahalu"ho" at pa"samsam sa ano man" la$unin a$ hindi dapat la%a"in( at hindi dapat ma"la"da n" warrant sa pa"halu"ho" o warrant sa pa"daDip mali%an Dun" ma$ malinaw na dahilan na personal na pa"papas$ahan n" huDom matapos masi$asat an" ma$ha%la at an" m"a testi"on" maihaharap ni$a sa ilalim n" panunumpa

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o patotoo( at ti$aDan" tinutuDo$ an" lu"ar na hahalu"hu"in( at m"a taon" daraDpin o m"a %a"a$ na sasamsamin.

1E. Constitutional provision on due pro!ess and e1ual prote!tion in +n"lish and 0ilipino (9rt. *( /e!. 1) (+n"lish) /e!tion 1. Co person shall %e deprived of life( li%ert$( or propert$ without due pro!ess of law( nor shall an$ person %e denied the e1ual prote!tion of the laws. ()a"alo") /+A/B;C 1. =indi dapat alisan n" %uha$( Dala$aan( or ariarian an" sino man" tao nan" hindi Daparaanan n" %atas( ni pa"Daitan an" sino man" tao n" panta$ na pan"an"ala"a n" %atas.

11. Re1uirements of 'udi!ial Due ,ro!ess# (1) an impartial and disinterested !ourt !lothed %$ law with authorit$ to hear and determine the matter %efore itF (2) <urisdi!tion lawfull$ a!1uired over the person of the defendant or the propert$ whi!h is the su%<e!t matter of the pro!eedin"F (*) noti!e and opportunit$ to %e heardF (4) <ud"ment to %e rendered after lawful hearin"( and <ud"e must !learl$ e&plain its fa!tual and le"al %ases. 12. Re1uirements of 9dministrative Due ,ro!ess# (1) the respondentsG ri"ht to a hearin"( whi!h in!ludes the ri"ht to present oneGs !ase and su%mit supportin" eviden!e( must %e o%servedF (2) the tri%unal must !onsider the eviden!e presentedF (*) the de!ision must have some %asis to support itselfF (4) there must %e su%stantial eviden!eF (5) the de!ision must %e rendered on the eviden!e presented at the hearin"( or at least !ontained in the re!ord and dis!losed to the parties affe!tedF (7) in arrivin" at a de!ision( the tri%unal must have a!ted on its own !onsideration of the law and the fa!ts of the !ontrovers$ and must not have simpl$ a!!epted the views of a su%ordinateF and (8) the de!ision must %e rendered in su!h manner that respondents would Dnow the reasons for it and the various issues involved

1*. /teps in the amendment or revision of the Constitution# :nder 9rti!le H433 of the 1?>8 Constitution there are three wa$s to propose amendments. (1) )he first step is throu"h proposal. - )he first is %$ Con"ress throu"h a vote of *24 of all its mem%ers. 6$ *24 vote( it is understood to %e *24 of the /enate and *24 of the =ouse of Representatives. (2) )he se!ond method of proposal is throu"h a !onstitutional !onvention. - )he Con"ress ma$( %$ a vote of two-thirds of all its Mem%ers( !all a !onstitutional !onvention( or %$ a ma<orit$ vote of all its Mem%ers( su%mit to the ele!torate the 1uestion of !allin" su!h a !onvention. (*) )he last method of proposal is made %$ the people throu"h initiative. - )his is done throu"h a petition of at least twelve per !entum of the total num%er of re"istered voters( of whi!h ever$ le"islative distri!t must %e represented %$ at least three per !entum of the re"istered voters therein. =owever( no amendment shall %e authori@ed within five $ears followin" the ratifi!ation of the Constitution nor oftener than on!e ever$ five $ears thereafter. 9rt. H433( /e!tion 1. 9n$ 9rt H433( /e!. 2. 9rt H433( /e!. *.

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amendment to( or revision of( this Constitution ma$ %e proposed %$# (1) )he Con"ress( upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Mem%ersF or (2) 9 !onstitutional !onvention. -=9)# 9mendments to the Constitution =;-# dire!tl$ proposed %$ the people throu"h initiative R+I:3R+M+C)/# (1) a petition of at least 12J of the total num%er of re"istered voters( (2) ever$ le"islative distri!t must %e represented %$ at least *J of the re"istered voters therein. -=;# Con"ress -=9)# !all a !onstitutional !onvention =;-# (1) %$ a vote of two-thirds of all its Mem%ers (2) su%mit to the ele!torate the 1uestion of !allin" su!h a !onvention =;-# %$ a ma<orit$ vote of all its Mem%ers

Chapter 1# 3ntrodu!tion Constitutional Law is the stud$ of the maintenan!e of the proper %alan!e %etween authorit$ as represented %$ the three inherent powers of the state and li%ert$ as "uaranteed %$ the %ill of ri"hts. Role of Constitutional Law is to effe!t an e1uili%rium %etween authorit$ and li%ert$. /o that ri"hts are e&er!ised within the frameworD of the law and the laws are ena!ted with due deferen!e to ri"hts. Chapter 2# )he Cature of the Constitution Definition of Constitution Coole$ Constitution is a %od$ of rules and ma&ims in a!!ordan!e with whi!h powers of soverei"nt$ are ha%ituall$ e&er!ised. 'usti!e Mal!olm Constitution is a %$ whi!h the fundamental powers of whi!h those powers are distri%uted e&er!ise for the %enefit of the %od$ written instrument ena!ted %$ dire!t a!tion of the people the "overnment are esta%lished( limited and defined( and %$ amon" the several departments for their safe and useful politi!.

)hree (*) +ssential ,arts of a -ritten Constitution# (1) Li%ert$ (arti!les 33( 333( 34( 4( H333) settin" forth the fundamental !ivil and politi!al ri"hts of the !iti@ens and imposin" limitation on the powers of "overnment as a means of se!urin" the en<o$ment of those ri"hts. (2) Constitution of .overnment (arti!les 43 to H3) outlinin" the or"ani@ation of the "overnment( enumeratin" its powers( la$in" down !ertain rules relative to its administration( and definin" ele!torate. (*) Constitution of /overei"nt$ ( 9rti!le H433) pointin" out the mode or pro!edure in a!!ordan!e with whi!h formal !han"es in the fundamental law ma$ %e %rou"ht a%out. /elf and Con-/elf +&e!utin" provisions /elf-e&e!utin" provision is a rule that %$ itself is dire!tl$ or indire!tl$ appli!a%le without need of statutor$ implementation. (+&# 9rt. * se!. 1 ( 9rt. * se!. 2 ( 9rt. 8 se!. 18) Con-self-e&e!utin" provision is one that remains dormant unless it is a!tivated %$ le"islative implementation. (+&# 9rt.2 se!.4 ( 9rt. 12( /e!. 1E ( 9rt. 4( /e!. *) )hree (*) Rules2 Modes of 3nterpretation of Laws (1) 4er%a Le"is - the words used in the Constitution should %e "iven their ordinar$ meanin" e&!ept where te!hni!al terms are emplo$ed. (2) ratio le"is est anima - where there is am%i"uit$( the words of the Constitution should %e interpreted in a!!ordan!e with the intent of its framers. (*) ut ma"is valeat 1uam pereat - the Constitution is to %e interpreted as a whole. )wo /teps in the amendment or revisions of Constitution# (,roposal and Ratifi!ation)

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,roposal - :nder 9rti!le H433 of the 1?>8 Constitution there are three wa$s to propose amendments. (1) )he first step is throu"h proposal. - )he first is %$ Con"ress throu"h a vote of *24 of all its mem%ers. 6$ *24 vote( it is understood to %e *24 of the /enate and *24 of the =ouse of Representatives. (2) )he se!ond method of proposal is throu"h a !onstitutional !onvention. - )he Con"ress ma$( %$ a vote of two-thirds of all its Mem%ers( !all a !onstitutional !onvention( or %$ a ma<orit$ vote of all its Mem%ers( su%mit to the ele!torate the 1uestion of !allin" su!h a !onvention. (*) )he last method of proposal is made %$ the people throu"h initiative. - )his is done throu"h a petition of at least twelve per !entum of the total num%er of re"istered voters( of whi!h ever$ le"islative distri!t must %e represented %$ at least three per !entum of the re"istered voters therein. =owever( no amendment shall %e authori@ed within five $ears followin" the ratifi!ation of the Constitution nor oftener than on!e ever$ five $ears thereafter. Ratifi!ation :nder arti!le H433( /e!. 4 of the !onstitution provides that an$ amendment to or revision shall %e valid when ratified %$ a ma<orit$ of the votes !ast in a ple%is!ite held not earlier than si&t$ da$s nor later than ninet$ da$s after the approval of su!h !han"e %$ the !on"ress or the !onstitutional !onvention or after the !ertifi!ation %$ the !ommission on +le!tions of the suffi!ien!$ of the petition under /e!. 2. Chapter *# )he Constitution and the Courts 0our (4) Re1uisites of 'udi!ial Review# (1) (2) (*) (4) there must %e an a!tual !ase or !ontrovers$ the 1uestion of !onstitutionalit$ must %e raised %$ the proper part$ the !onstitutional 1uestion must %e raised at the earliest possi%le opportunit$ the de!ision of the !onstitutional 1uestion must %e ne!essar$ to the determination of the !ase itself.
3nvolves a !onfli!t of le"al ri"hts( an assertion of opposite le"al !laims sus!epti%le of <udi!ial ad<udi!ation. )he !ase must not %e moot or a!ademi! or %ased on e&tra-le"al or other similar !onsiderations not !o"ni@a%le %$ a !ourt of <usti!e. Controvers$ must %e one that is appropriate for <udi!ial determination. is one who has sustained or is in immediate dan"er of sustainin" an in<ur$ as a result of the a!t !omplained of.

.en. Rule. Constitutional 1uestion must %e raised at the earliest possi%le opportunit$( su!h that if it is not raised in the pleadin"s( it !annot %e !onsidered at the trial( and( if not !onsidered at the trial( it !annot %e !onsidered on appeal. +&!eptions# (1) 3n !riminal !ases( the !onstitutional 1uestion !an %e raised at an$ time in the dis!retion of the !ourt. (2) 3n !ivil !ases( the !onstitutional 1uestion !an %e raised at an$ sta"e if it is ne!essar$ to the determination of the !ase itself. (*) in ever$ !ase( e&!ept where there is estoppel( the !onstitutional 1uestion !an %e raised at an$ sta"e if it involves the <urisdi!tion of the !ourt.
Courts indul"e the presumption of !onstitutionalit$ and "o %$ the ma&im that to dou%t is to sustain.

Chapter 4# 0undamental ,owers of the /tate ,oli!e ,ower - ,ower of promotin" pu%li! welfare %$ restrainin" and re"ulatin" the use of li%ert$ and propert$. - Most essential( insistent and less limita%le of powers( e&tendin" as it does to all the "reat pu%li! needs. +minent Domain - 3t is the ri"ht( authorit$ or power of the /tate as soverei"n( or of those to whom the power has %een lawfull$ dele"ated to taDe private propert$ for pu%li! use upon o%servan!e of due pro!ess of law and pa$in" for the owner a <ust !ompensation to %e as!ertained a!!ordin" to law. )a&ation

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- 3t is the power %$ whi!h the /tate raises revenue to defra$ the ne!essar$ e&penses of the .overnment. - 3t is the power to demand from the mem%ers of so!iet$ their proportionate share2!ontri%ution in the maintenan!e of the "overnment. - Life%lood of the "overnment
/3M3L9R3)3+/ K 3nherent in the stateF no need for e&press !onstitutional "rant K Ce!essar$ for /tate to %e effe!tive K 9ll involve /tate interferen!e with private propert$ K ,resuppose e1uivalent !ompensation K +&er!ised primaril$ %$ the Le"islature L3M3)9)3;C/ K Ma$ not %e e&er!ised ar%itraril$( to the pre<udi!e of the 6ill of Ri"hts K /u%<e!t at all times to the limitations and re1uirements of the Constitution and ma$ in proper !ases %e annulled %$ the !ourts of <usti!e D300+R+CC+/ ,oli!e ,ower +minent Domain )a&ation Li%ert$ and ,ropert$ ,ropert$ Ri"hts ,ropert$ Ri"hts /tate /tate and ,rivate entities /tate )o destro$ no&ious propert$ or ,ropert$ taDen for pu%li! +arn revenue for the to restrain the no&ious use of use "overnment propert$ the altruisti! feelin" that one 'ust Compensation (0ull and has 0air e1uivalent of propert$ !ontri%uted to the pu%li! "ood taDen) Cot appropriated for pu%li! use 9ppropriated for pu%li! use

9spe!ts Re"ulates +&er!ised %$ ;%<e!tive

Compensation

:sed of ,ropert$

Chapter 5# ,oli!e ,ower )wo (2) test for validit$ of poli!e a!tions or measures# (1) L9-0:L ;6'+C)2/u%<e!t - means that the su%<e!t of the measure is within the s!ope of the poli!e power( that the a!tivit$ or propert$ sou"ht to %e re"ulated affe!ts the pu%li! welfare. 2 3nterest of the pu%li! "enerall$ as distin"uished from a parti!ular !lass re1uired e&er!ise. (2) L9-0:L M+)=;D2 Means %oth the end and the means must %e le"itimate. 2 Means emplo$ed are reasona%l$ ne!essar$ for the a!!omplishment of purpose( and not undul$ oppressive.

Chapter 7# +minent Domain Re1uisites for e&er!ise of +minent Domain# (1) )he e&propriator must enter a private propert$ (2) +ntr$ must %e for more than a momentar$ period (*) +ntr$ must %e under warrant or !olor of le"al authorit$ (4) ,ropert$ must %e devoted to pu%li! use or otherwise informall$ appropriated or in<uriousl$ affe!ted (5) :tili@ation of the propert$ must %e in su!h a wa$ as to oust the owner and deprive him of %enefi!ial en<o$ment of the propert$ 'ust Compensation des!ri%ed as a full and fair e1uivalent of the propert$ taDen from the private owner %$ the e&propriator. Chapter 8# )a&ation )a&ation is su%<e!t to the re1uirements of due pro!ess. +&!ept where the$ are intended pre!isel$ for destru!tion as an instrument of the poli!e power. Due ,ro!ess does not re1uire previous noti!e and hearin" %efore a law pres!ri%in" fi&ed or spe!ifi! ta&ed on !ertain arti!les ma$ %e ena!ted. Dou%le )a&ation additional ta&es are on the same su%<e!t %$ the same ta&in" <urisdi!tion durin" the same ta&in" period and for the same purpose. Limitations

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(1) )a&es must %e uniform (2) 3t must %e applied e1uall$ to all similarl$ situated (*) ,ro"ressive s$stem of ta&ation (%ased !apa!it$ to pa$ ta&es) Due pro!ess of law +1ual prote!tion !lause (4) 3t must %e used for pu%li! purpose

Chapter ># Due ,ro!ess of Law (arts. * se!s. 1 and 14)

/e!tion 1. Co person shall %e deprived of life( li%ert$( or propert$ without due pro!ess of law( nor shall an$ person %e denied the e1ual prote!tion of the laws. /e!. 14 (1) Co person shall %e held to answer for a !riminal offense without due pro!ess of law.

,erson )he due pro!ess !lause prote!ts all persons( natural as well as artifi!ial. Catural persons in!lude %oth the !iti@en and the alien. 9rtifi!ial persons liDe !orporations and partnerships are also !overed %$ the prote!tion %ut onl$ insofar as their propert$ is !on!erned. Deprivation to deprive is to taDe awa$ for!i%l$( to prevent from possessin"( en<o$in" or usin" somethin". it !onnotes denial of the ri"ht to life( li%ert$ or propert$. Life in!ludes the ri"ht of an individual to his %od$ in its !ompleteness( free from dismem%erment( and e&tends to the use of .od "iven fa!ulties whi!h maDe life en<o$a%le. Li%ert$ in!ludes the ri"ht to e&ist and the ri"ht to %e free from ar%itrar$ personal restraint or servitude. 3t in!ludes the ri"ht of the !iti@en to %e free to use his fa!ulties in all lawful wa$s. ,ropert$ is an$thin" that !ome under the ri"ht of ownership and %e the su%<e!t of !ontra!t. 3t represents more than the thin"s a person ownsF it in!ludes the ri"ht to se!ure( use and dispose of them.

'udi!ial Due ,ro!ess - ,ro!edural due pro!ess has its appli!ation in <udi!ial pro!eedin"s( !ivil or !riminal. Re1uirements# (1) impartial !ourt or tri%unal !lothed with <udi!ial power to hear and determine the matter %efore it. (2) <urisdi!tion lawfull$ a!1uired over the person of the defendant and over the propert$ whi!h is the su%<e!t matter of the pro!eedin"F (*) Defendant "iven an opportunit$ to %e heard. (4) 'ud"ment rendered upon after lawful hearin". 9dministrative Due ,ro!ess Re1uirements# (1) )he ri"ht to a hearin"( whi!h in!ludes the ri"ht to present oneGs !ase and su%mit eviden!e in support thereof. (2) the tri%unal must !onsider the eviden!e presented. (*) the de!ision must have somethin" to support itself. (4) the eviden!e must %e su%stantial. (5) the de!ision must %e rendered on the eviden!e presented at the hearin"( or at least !ontained in the re!ord and dis!losed to the parties affe!ted. (7) the tri%unal or %od$ or an$ of its <ud"es must a!t on its or his own independent !onsideration of the law and fa!ts of the !ontrovers$ and not simpl$ a!!ept the views of a su%ordinate in arrivin" at a de!ision. (8) the %oard or %od$ should( in all !ontroversial 1uestions( render its de!ision in su!h a manner that the parties to the pro!eedin" !an Dnow the various issues involved( and the reason for the de!ision rendered. Chapter ?# +1ual ,rote!tion (9rt. * /e!. 1)
/e!tion 1. Co person shall %e deprived of life( li%ert$( or propert$ without due pro!ess of law( nor shall an$ person %e denied the e1ual prote!tion of the laws.

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Re1uirements for a valid Lawful Classifi!ations (1) (2) (*) (4) it it it it must must must must rest on su%stantial distin!tions %e "ermane to the purpose of the law not %e limited to e&istin" !onditions onl$ appl$ e1uall$ to all mem%ers of the same !lass.

Chapter 1E# /ear!hes and /ei@ures ( 9rt.

333( /e!. 2.)

(+n"lish) /e!. 2 )he ri"ht of the people to %e se!ure in their persons( houses( papers and effe!ts a"ainst unreasona%le sear!hes and sei@ures of whatever nature and for an$ purpose( shall %e inviola%le( and no sear!h warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue e&!ept upon pro%a%le !ause to %e determined personall$ %$ the <ud"e after e&amination under oath or affirmation of the !omplainant and the witnesses he ma$ produ!e( and parti!ularl$ des!ri%in" the pla!e to %e sear!hed and the person or thin"s to %e sei@ed. ()a"alo") /+A/B;C 2. 9n" Darapatan n" m"a taon"-%a$an na ma"Daroon n" Dapanata"an sa Danilan" sarili( pamamaha$( papeles( at m"a %a"a$-%a"a$ la%an sa hindi maDatwiran" pa"hahalu"ho" at pa"samsam sa ano man" la$unin a$ hindi dapat la%a"in( at hindi dapat ma"la"da n" warrant sa pa"halu"ho" o warrant sa pa"daDip mali%an Dun" ma$ malinaw na dahilan na personal na pa"papas$ahan n" huDom matapos masi$asat an" ma$ha%la at an" m"a testi"on" maihaharap ni$a sa ilalim n" panunumpa o patotoo( at ti$aDan" tinutuDo$ an" lu"ar na hahalu"hu"in( at m"a taon" daraDpin o m"a %a"a$ na sasamsamin. Re1uirements of a 4alid -arrant

(1) must %e %ased upon pro%a%le !ause (2) pro%a%le !ause must %e determined personall$ %$ the <ud"e (*) the determination must %e made after e&amination under oath or affirmation of the !omplainant and the witnesses he ma$ produ!e. (4) it must parti!ularl$ des!ri%e the pla!e to %e sear!hed and the persons or thin"s to %e sei@ed.
(6ur"os v. Chief of staff) fa!ts and !ir!umstan!es whi!h would lead a reasona%l$ dis!reet and prudent man t %elieve that an offense has %een !ommitted and that the o%<e!ts sou"ht in !onne!tion with the offense are in the pla!e sou"ht to %e sear!hed. !ause is one made %$ the <ud"e to as!ertain whether a warrant of arrest should %e issued a"ainst the a!!used. )he <ud"e must satisf$ himself that %ased on the eviden!e su%mittedF there is ne!essit$ for pla!in" the a!!used under !ustod$ in order not to frustrate the ends of <usti!e. 3f the <ud"e finds no pro%a%le !ause( the <ud"e !annot %e for!ed to issue the arrest warrant. the <ud"e( %efore issuin" the sear!h warrant( must personall$ e&amine in the form of sear!hin" 1uestions and answers( in writin" and under oath the !omplainant and an$ witnesses he ma$ produ!e on fa!ts personall$ Dnown to them( and atta!h to the re!ord their sworn statements to"ether with an$ affidavits su%mitted. des!ri%ed with su!h parti!ularit$ as to ena%le the person servin" the warrant to identif$ them. 0ailure of this re1uirement ma$ result in erroneous or( worse( ar%itrar$ enfor!ement of the warrant.

,roperties /u%<e!t to /ei@ure (1) K ,ropert$ su%<e!t of an offense (2) K /tolen or em%e@@led propert$ and other pro!eeds or fruits of an offenseF (*) K :sed or intended to %e used as a means of !ommittin" an offense

4alid -arrantless /ear!hes and /ei@ures (Rules of Court( Rule 11*( /e!. 5.) - 9rrest without warrantF when lawful.-- 9 pea!e offi!er or a private person ma$( without a warrant( arrest a person# (1) -hen( in his presen!e( the person to %e arrested has !ommitted( is a!tuall$ !ommittin"( or is attemptin" to !ommit an (2) offenseF (*) -hen an offense( has in fa!t <ust %een !ommitted( and he has personal Dnowled"e of fa!ts indi!atin" that the person to %e arrested has !ommitted itF (4) -hen the person to %e arrested is a prisoner who has es!aped from a penal esta%lishment of pla!e where he is servin" final <ud"ment or temporaril$ !onfined while his !ase is pendin"( or has es!aped while %ein" transferred from one !onfinement to another. 4alid warrantless sear!hes are limited (1) !ustoms and sear!hes (2) sear!hes of movin" vehi!les (*) sei@ure of eviden!e in plain view (4) !onsent sear!hes (5) sear!hes in!idental to a lawful arrest (7) stop and frisD. Chapter 11# Li%ert$ of 9%ode and )ravel (art. *( se! 7)

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/e!tion 7. )he li%ert$ of a%ode and of !han"in" the same within the limits pres!ri%ed %$ law shall not %e impaired e&!ept upon lawful order of the !ourt. Ceither shall the ri"ht to travel %e impaired e&!ept in the interest of national se!urit$( pu%li! safet$( or pu%li! health( as ma$ %e provided %$ law .

)he li%ert$ "uaranteed %$ this provision in!ludes (1) freedom to !hoose and !han"e oneLs pla!e of a%ode and (2) freedom to travel %oth within the !ountr$ and outside. ,urpose (1) Ri"ht to !hoose oneGs residen!e (2) to leave it whenever he pleases (*) to travel wherever he wills. Limitations (1) :pon lawful order of the !ourt (2) ri"ht to travel %$ the re1uirements of national se!urit$ (*) pu%li! safet$ or pu%li! health as ma$ %e provided %$ law

Chapter 12# 0reedom of Reli"ion Reli"ion an$ spe!ifi! s$stem of %elief( worship( !ondu!t( et!.( often involvin" a !ode of ethi!s and a philosoph$. - it in!ludes a re<e!tion of reli"ion( a refusal to %elieve in a hereafter or in the suprema!$ of a supernatural person with powers over life and death. Reli"ion in the Constitution
9rti!le 2. /e!tion 7. )he separation of Chur!h and /tate shall %e inviola%le. M the wall of separation %etween !hur!h and state is not a wall of hostilit$. 9rti!le *. /e!tion 5. Co law shall %e made respe!tin" an esta%lishment of reli"ion( or prohi%itin" the free e&er!ise thereof. )he free e&er!ise and en<o$ment of reli"ious profession and worship( without dis!rimination or preferen!e( shall forever %e allowed. Co reli"ious test shall %e re1uired for the e&er!ise of !ivil or politi!al ri"hts. M the rationale of the rule is summed up in the familiar sa$in"( /tron" fen!es maDe "ood nei"h%ors. the idea is to delineate the %oundaries %etween the two institutions and thus avoid en!roa!hments %$ one a"ainst the other %e!ause of a misunderstandin" of the limits of their respe!tive e&!lusive <urisdi!tions. 9rt. 7 /e!. 2> (*) Charita%le institutions( !hur!hes and parsona"es or !onvents appurtenant thereto( mos1ues( non-profit !emeteries( and all lands( %uildin"s( and improvements( a!tuall$( dire!tl$( and e&!lusivel$ used for reli"ious( !harita%le( or edu!ational purposes shall %e e&empt from ta&ation. /e!. 2? (2) Co pu%li! mone$ or propert$ shall %e appropriated( applied( paid( or emplo$ed( dire!tl$ or indire!tl$( for the use( %enefit( or support of an$ se!t( !hur!h( denomination( se!tarian institution( or s$stem of reli"ion( or of an$ priest( prea!her( minister( or other reli"ious tea!her( or di"nitar$ as su!h( e&!ept when su!h priest( prea!her( minister( or di"nitar$ is assi"ned to the armed for!es( or to an$ penal institution( or "overnment orphana"e or leprosarium. M (people v. 0ernande@) it has held that( it does not inhi%it the use of pu%li! propert$ for reli"ious purposes when the reli"ious !hara!ter of su!h use is merel$ in!idental to a temporar$ use whi!h is availa%le indis!riminatel$ to the pu%li! in "eneral.

Chapter 1*# 0reedom of +&pression 9rti!le *. /e!tion 4. Co law shall %e passed a%rid"in" the freedom of spee!h( of e&pression( or of the press( or the ri"ht of the people pea!ea%l$ to assem%le and petition the "overnment for redress of "rievan!es.

Definition of 0reedom of +&pression

-endell ,hilips at on!e the instrument and the "uarant$ and the %ri"ht !onsummate flower of all li%ert$. - this definition !overs freedom of e&pression in "eneral( whi!h em%ra!es a num%er of !o"nate ri"hts all aimed at insurin" the free and effe!tive !ommuni!ation of ideas from mind to mind.

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;ther Ri"hts# - 0reedom of /pee!h - 0reedom of the press - 0reedom of 9ssem%l$ - 0reedom of petition - 0reedom of reli"ion - the ri"ht of asso!iation - the ri"ht to a!!ess to information on matters of pu%li! !on!ern - ri"ht not to %e detained solel$ %e reason of oneGs politi!al %eliefs and aspirations.

+lements of +&pression# (1) 0reedom from previous restraint or !ensorship unlawful !urtailment of the free flow of ideas. - that onl$ ideas a!!epta%le to it are allowed to %e disseminatedF - all others are restri!ted or suppressedF it assumes the unliDel$ role of politi!al( moral( so!ial( and artisti! ar%iter for the people( usuall$ appl$in" onl$ his own su%<e!tive standards in determinin" what is "ood and what is nothin" "ood for them. (2) 0reedom from su%se1uent punishment pre!ludes lia%ilit$ for !ompleted pu%li!ations of views traditionall$ held inno!ent. ;therwise( the prohi%ition on prior restraint would %e meanin"less( as the unrestrained threat of su%se1uent punishment( %$ itself( would %e an effe!tive prior restraint. )hus( opinions on pu%li! issues !annot %e punished when pu%lished( merel$ %e!ause the opinions are novel or !ontroversial( or %e!ause the$ !lash with !urrent do!trines.

;n freedom of spee!h and e&pression are evaluated %$ either or a !om%ination of three (*) test
a. Clear and ,resent Dan"er Rule whi!h rests on the premise that spee!h ma$ %e restrained %e!ause there is su%stantial dan"er that the spee!h will liDel$ lead to an evil the "overnment has a ri"ht to prevent. )his rule re1uires that the evil !onse1uen!es sou"ht to %e prevented must %e su%stantive( e&tremel$ serious and the de"ree of imminen!e e&tremel$ hi"h. %. Dan"erous )enden!$ Do!trine - whi!h permits limitations on spee!h on!e a rational !onne!tion has %een esta%lished %etween the spee!h restrained and the dan"er !ontemplated !. 6alan!e-of-3nterest )est used as a standard when !ourts need to %alan!e !onfli!tin" so!ial values and individual interests( and re1uires a !ons!ious and detailed !onsideration of the interpla$ of interests o%serva%le in a "iven situation of t$pe of situation 9ssem%l$ and ,etition - the ri"ht to pea!ea%l$ assem%le and petition for redress of "rievan!es is( to"ether with freedom of spee!h( of e&pression and of the press( a ri"ht that en<o$ prima!$ in the realm of !onstitutional prote!tion. 0or these ri"hts !onstitute the ver$ %asis of a fun!tional demo!rati! poli!$( without whi!h all the other ri"hts would %e meanin"less and unprote!ted. )est (1) ,urpose )est is also applied in this <urisdi!tion. Ri"ht of 9sso!iation (art. * se!. >) - is espe!iall$ meanin"ful in free so!iet$ %e!ause man is %$ nature "re"arious. 2 - is !omprehended in due pro!ess( parti!ularl$ as it prote!ts the personGs li%ert$.

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)he Ri"ht of the people( in!ludin" those emplo$ed in the pu%li! and private se!tors( to form unions( asso!iations or so!ieties for purposes not !ontrar$ to law shall not %e a%rid"ed. 9!!ess to 3nformation ( art. *( se!. 8) - re"ardin" matters of pu%li! interest is Dept real in several wa$s. ;ffi!ial papers( reports and do!uments( unless held !onfidential and se!ret %$ !ompetent authorit$ in the pu%li! interest( are pu%li! re!ords. 9s su!h( the$ are open and su%<e!t to reasona%le re"ulation( to the s!rutin$ of the in1uirin" reporter or editor. 3nformation o%tained !onfidentiall$ ma$ %e printed without spe!ifi!ation of the sour!eF and that sour!e is !losed to offi!ial in1uir$( unless the revelation is deemed %$ the !ourts( or %$ a =ouse or !ommittee of Con"ress( to %e vital to the se!urit$ of the /tate.

)he ri"ht of the people to information on matters of pu%li! !on!ern shall %e re!o"ni@ed. 9!!ess to offi!ial re!ords( and to do!uments and papers pertainin" to offi!ials a!ts( transa!tions( or de!isions( as well as to "overnment resear!h data used as %asis for poli!$ development( shall %e afforded the !iti@en su%<e!t to su!h limitations as ma$ %e provided %$ law. Chapter 14# 3mpairment Clause Contra!t refers to an$ lawful a"reement on propert$ or propert$ ri"hts( whether real or personal( tan"i%le or intan"i%le. - the a"reement ma$ %e e&e!uted or e&e!utor$. - the parties ma$ %e private persons onl$( natural or artifi!ial( or private persons on the one hand and the "overnment or its a"en!ies on the other hand. - it in!ludes fran!hises or !harters "ranted to private persons or entities( liDe an authori@ation to operate a pu%li! utilit$. Law - in!ludes statutes ena!ted %$ the national le"islature( e&e!utive orders( and administrative re"ulations promul"ated under a valid dele"ation of power( and muni!ipal ordinan!es passed %$ the lo!al le"islative %odies. - it does not in!lude <udi!ial de!isions or ad<udi!ations made %$ administrative %odies in the e&er!ise of their 1uasi-<udi!ial powers. ;%li"ation is the vin!ulum <uris( the ties that %inds the parties to ea!h other. - is the law or dut$ whi!h %inds the parties to perform their undertaDin" or a"reement a!!ordin" to its terms and intent. 3mpairment is an$thin" that diminishes the effi!a!$ of the !ontra!t. Cases# 1. /an die"o.(. 2. 9sso!iation of /mall Land ;wners v. /e! of 9R *. Repu%li! v. Castelvi 4. Llado! v. Commissioner of 3nternal Revenue 5. /tonehill v. DioDno 7. 6ur"os v. Chief of /taff 8. 4almonte v. De villa >. Colas!o v. ,ano ?. Mar!os v. Man"lapus 1E. 0ran!is!o v. =ouse of Rep. 11. 9"lipa$ v. Rui@

185 /CR9 *4*2 8>842 ?* /CR9 5E* 2 5> /CR9 **7 14 /CR9 2?2 2E /CR9 *>* 1** /CR9 >EE 18* /CR9 211 1*? /CR9 152 188 /CR9 77? .R C;. 17E271 74 ,hil 2E1

'ul 14( 1?>?

Cov. 1E( 2EE*

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