Complex Numbers Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers Complex Solutions of Equations Operations on Complex Numbers

Identify the number as real, complex, or pure imaginary. 2i

The complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers. They include numbers of the form a + bi where a and b are real numbers. Determine if 2i is a complex number. 2i is a complex number because it can be expressed as 0 + 2i, where 0 and 2 are real numbers. The complex numbers include pure imaginary numbers of the form a + bi where a 0 and b ! 0, as well as real numbers of the form a + bi where b 0. "hoose the correct description#s$ of 2i% complex and pure imaginary.

&xpress in terms of i.

'()
*irst, write + '() as + ' times '().

'() =' ('() )

,ext, write

' ('() )

as the product of two radicals.

' ('() )= '()'

*inally, simplify each radical.

'() '='- i
.rite the number as a product of a real number and i. /implify all radical expressions.

'(

*irst, write + '( as + ' times '(.

'( =(') '(

,ext, write

(') '(

as the product of two radicals.

(') '(
/implify

' '(

' .

' '( =i '(

&xpress in terms of i.

'00
#.or1 out same as abo2e.$ 0 i )

&xpress in terms of i. 00 00 0 i 2

/ol2e the e3uation. x 2=20

Ta1e the s3uare root of both sides. x = 20 4ewrite the s3uare root of the negati2e number. x = i 20 /implify% x= 0 i 0i, + 0i.

The solutions are x

/ol2e the 3uadratic e3uation, and express all complex solutions in terms of i.
x = - x 20
2

*irst, write the e3uation in standard form.

x - x + 20=0
2

5se the 3uadratic formula to sol2e. b 6 b2 + -ac 7a 2a ', b + -, c 20

/ubstitute these 2alues into the 3uadratic formula to get (- ) 6 (- )2 + - ( ' )( 20 ) 2 (' ) /implify the radical expression. x= -8i 7 2 + -i, 2 + -i. 2

9ultiply.

8 8
4ecall that

8=i 8 .

*irst, rewrite + 8 as + ' : 8.

8 8

' (8 )' (8 )

/plit into se2eral radicals.

' (8 )' (8)

' 8 ' 8

/imply each radical, if possible.

' 8 ' 8
9ultiply. ( i )( 8 )( i )( 8)

( i )( 8 )( i )( 8)

i 2 ( 8 8 )=8

Di2ide.

'(2 )-

'(2 )Di2ide.

'<0 <
,otice that the expression in the numerator is imaginary.

'<0=i '<0
Then simplify the radical. i '<0 =0 i < 7
0i < <

4educe the fraction to lowest terms by di2iding out the common factor, < . 0i < < 0i

=dd and simplify. ( <+ 0 i )+( 2 - i )

( <+ 0 i )+( 2 - i )

(+i

9ultiply. ( <+ 8 i )( 0+i )

( <+ 8 i )( 0+i )

-< i +2<

9ultiply. ()+( i )2

()+( i )2

'08 i -0

9ultiply.

( '0+i )( '0i ) ( '0+i )( '0i ) ''

/implify. i '<

/ince '< is odd, rewrite '< as ') + ' and simplify. i>'< i>?')+'@ i>') : i '< ') + ' ') i =i =i i .rite ') as 2#8$. i ') i =i 2( 8) i .rite i 2 (8 ) as power of i 2 . i 2 (8 ) i =( i 2 )8 i 4emember that i 2=' and simplify. ( i 2 )8 i =(')8 i 4emember that a negati2e number raised to an e2en power is positi2e. (')8 i =' i i

/implify. i ;-

i ;- ='

/implify. i '0

i =i

'0

*ind the power of i.

i'<

5se the rule for negati2e exponents. am=

'<

' am
' '< a

Aecause i 2 is defined to be + ', higher powers of i can be found. Barger powers of i can be simplified by using the fact that i - =' . ' ' = - - - '< i i i i i i /ince i - =' ,
' - i i i i i
-

' i

To simplify this 3uotient, multiply both the numerator and denominator by i , the conCugate of i. i i ' ' (i ) = 7 2 7 (' ) i i (i ) i i

Di2ide.
8 +- i 8 - i

4educe.
2+ i 2 i

9ultiply by a form of ' determined by the conCugate of the denominator. 2+i 2+i 2 +i - +- i +i 2 = = 2i 2i 2 +i -i 2 4emember that i 2=' and simplify.
- +- i +i 2 -+ - i +(') = 2 - (' ) -i

- + - i ' ;+ - i = - +' 0

.rite in the form a + bi. ;+ - i ; = + i 0 0 0

Trigonometric (Polar) Form of Complex Numbers The Complex Plane an !ector "epresentation Trigonometric (Polar) Form Con#erting Bet$een Trigonometric an Polar Forms %n %pplication of Complex Numbers to Fractals

Draph the complex number as a 2ector in the complex plane. - < i

In the complex plane, the horiEontal axis is called the real axis, and the 2ertical axis is called the imaginary axis. The real part of the complex number is + -. The imaginary part of the complex number is + <. Draph the ordered pair (-, <) . Draw an arrow from the origin to the point plotted.

.rite the complex number in rectangular form. '8#cos '80F + i sin '80F$

4ewrite the e3uation in the form a + bi. '8#cos '80F + i sin '80F$ a b '8 cos '80F '8 sin '80F '8 cos '80F + #'8 sin '80F$i

/implify. a a a '8 cos '80F #'8$# + '$ + '8

/implify. b b '8 sin '80F '8 : 0

0 + '8 + 0i + '8

'8#cos '80F + i sin '80F$

.rite the complex number in rectangular form. 8#cos#;0F$ + i sin #;0F$$

- ;+ - i

.rite the complex number in rectangular form. '- cis ;'0F

4ewrite the e3uation. '- cis ;'0F '-#cos ;'0F + i sin ;'0F$ '- cos ;'0F + #'- sin ;'0F$i

'-#cos ;'0F + i sin ;'0F$ a b '- cos ;'0F '- sin ;'0F

/implify. a '- cos ;'0F 2 a ='- 2 a =< 2 /implify. b b b '- sin ;'0F 2 '- 2 < 2 '- cis ;'0 =< 2 < 2 i

*ind trigonometric notation. 0 + 0i

*rom the definition of trigonometric form of a complex number, you 1now that 0 + 0i r#cos G + i sin G$. Hour goal is to find r and G. The definition says r = a 2+b 2 for a complex number a + bi. /o, for the complex number 0 + 0i, r = ( 0 )2+(0 )2 . In its reduced form,

(0 )2+(0 )2

0 2 .

5se the 2alue of r to find G. *or a complex number a + bi, a r cos G. *or the complex number 0 + 0i, 0 r cos G and r =0 2 , 0=0 2 cos . /ol2e the e3uation for cos G.
cos = 0 0 2 = ' 2 = 2 2

5sing the e3uation b sin =

r sin G and sol2ing for sin G, you get

0 ' 2 = = . 2 0 2 2

Ilacing the angle in the same 3uadrant as 0 + 0i, G, written as a degree measure, is ;'0F. 0 0i =0 2 ( cos ;'0 + i sin ;'0 )

.rite the complex number + 2 + 2i in trigonometric form r#cos G + i sin G$, with G in the inter2al J0F,;)0F K.

+ 0 + 0i *ind r by using the e3uation r = x 2+ y 2 number x yi. r = (2 )2+(2 )2 7 2 2

for the

5se the 2alue of r to find G. *or a complex number x + yi, x G. 2= 2 2 cos . /ol2e the e3uation for cos G. cos = 2 7 22 ' 2

r cos

/ol2e for G.

 =cos' (

' ) 2

Ilacing the angle in the same 3uadrant as + 0 + 0i, G, written in degree measure, is 220F.

2 2 i =2 2 ( cos 220 +i sin 220 )

*ind the trigonometric form. 0 L G M ;)0 ;

*rom the definition of trigonometric form of a complex number, you 1now that ; r#cos G + i sin G$. Hour goal is to find r and G. The definition says r = a 2+b 2 for a complex number a + bi. /o, for the complex number ;, r = ( ; )2+( 0 )2 . In its reduced form,

(; )2+( 0 )2=;

5se the 2alue of r to find G. *or a complex number a + bi, a r cos G. *or the complex number ;, ; r cos G and r ;, so ; ; cos G. /ol2e the e3uation for cos G. ; cos = =' ; =cos' ( ') G, written as a degree measure, is 0F. ; ; #cos 0F + i sin 0F$

.rite the complex number ) #cos (8F + i sin (8F$ in the form a + bi.

To sol2e this problem, first find the cosine of (8F and the sine of (8F. The cosine of (8F is .';('<; , rounded to six decimal places. The sine of (8F is .((02)8 , rounded to six decimal places. ) ( cos (8 +i sin (8 )= ) (0.';('<;+i 0.((02)8) 7 ) 0.';('<;+i ) 0.((02)8 /o, the answer in a + bi form is + 0.8 + 0.( i.

"on2ert the rectangular form (i into trigonometric form. To find r, use the formula r = x 2+ y 2 . In this case, x 0 and y (. (

r = ( 0 )2 +( ( )2 7 r = 0+8' 7 r

/1etch the graph of (i. ,ote that because x is 0, G is a 3uadrantal angle. G (0F

The trigonometric form of the complex number x + yi is r#cos G + i sin G$. /ubstitute the 2alues of r and G into this form to find the trigonometric form of (i. (i ( #cos (0F + i sin (0F$

"on2ert the rectangular form + ; + 0i into trigonometric form.

r = x 2+ y 2 In this case, x + ; and y 0.

r = (; )2+( 0 )2 7 r = (+ 20 7 r ;- 7 r 0.8, rounded to nearest tenth.

To find the degree measure of the and G, use the following formula.
' y ' y = tan ( ) if x N 0 or ='80 +tan ( ) if x M 0. x x

/ince x M 0, use the second formula. y 0 tan '( )= tan ' ( ) x ; O + 0(.0;);F 7 G O + 0(.0;);F =dd '80 to get positi2e angle. G O '2'.0F, rounded to nearest tenth. + ; + 0i 0.8#cos '2'.0F + i sin '2'.0F$

The Pro uct an &uotient Theorems Pro ucts of Complex Numbers in Trigonometric Form

&uotients of Complex Numbers in Trigonometric Form

9ultiply the two complex numbers. ;#cos '-)F + i sin '-)F$ : <#cos '02F + i sin '02F$

;#cos '-)F + i sin '-)F$ : <#cos '02F + i sin '02F$ 2' #cos 2-8F + i sin 2-8F$ "on2ert your answer to a + bi form. 2'#cos 2-8F + i sin 2-8F$ 2' #+ 0.;<-)0)) +i# + 0.(2<'8;80$$ + <.8))<;8) + # + '(.-<08)080$i 4ounding each number to the nearest tenth gi2es the following. ;#cos '-)F + i sin '-)F$ : <#cos '02F + i sin '02F$ + <.( + '(.0i

*ind the following product, and write the product in rectangular form, using exact 2alues. J2#cos )0F + i sin )0F$KJ0#cos '80F + i sin '80F$K

To multiply two complex numbers, use the fact that if they are expressed in polar form r '( cos +i sin ') and r 2 ( cos 2 +sin 2) , there product is r ' r 2 ( cos ( '+ 2 )+i sin ( '+ 2 )) . 9ultiply these two complex numbers. J2#cos )0F + i sin )0F$KJ0#cos '80F + i sin '80F$K #2 : 0$Jcos #)0F + '80F$ + i sin #)0F + '80F$K '0Jcos#2-0F$ + i sin #2-0F$K Determine the exact 2alues of cos 2-0F and sin 2-0F. 4eplace these into the expression and simplify the result. ' ; ' ; '0 ( +i ) 7 '0 ( )+i ( '0 )( ) 2 2 2 2 0 0 ; i

*ind the following product, and write the result in rectangular form using exact 2alues.

#2 cis -0F$#0 cis '00F$

4ewrite. #2 cis -0F$#0 cis '00F$ [ 2 (cos -0 +i sin -0 )][ 0 (cos '00 +i sin '00 )] To multiply two complex numbers, use the fact that if they are expressed in polar form r '( cos +i sin ') and r 2 ( cos 2 +sin 2) , there product is r ' r 2 ( cos ( '+ 2 )+i sin ( '+ 2 )) . 9ultiply these two complex numbers. J2#cos -0F + i sin -0F$KJ0#cos '00F + i sin '00F$K #2 : 0$Jcos#-0F + '00F$ + i sin #-0F + '00F$K '0Jcos#'00F$ + i sin #'00F$K ,otice that you 1now the exact 2alues of cos '00F and sin '00F. 4eplace these into the expression and simplify the result. #2 cis -0F$#0 cis '00F$ ; ' '0 ( )+( '0 )( ) i 2 2 ; ' '0 ( +( ) i ) 7 2 2 0 ;+0 i

*ind the 3uotient and write it in rectangular form using exact 2alues.
20 ( cos '20 +i sin '20 ) 0 (cos '80 +i sin '80 )

To simplify the 3uotient, first use the fact that r ' ( cos '+i sin ') r 2 ( cos 2+i sin 2 ) r' ( cos ( ' 2 )+i sin ( ' 2 )) . r2 - ( cos )0 +i sin )0 )

20 ( cos '20 +i sin '20 ) 0 (cos '80 +i sin '80 )

,ext, write this product in rectangular form by e2aluating the cosine and sine functions. cos + )0F sin + )0F ' 2 ; 2

&xpand the final product. 20 ( cos '20 +i sin '20 ) 0 (cos '80 +i sin '80 ) 2 2 ;i

5se a calculator to perform the indicated operations.

<; (cos '0(+i sin '0( ) ;).0( cos )(+i sin )( )

'.0; + '.2( i #rounded to nearest hundredth$

5se a calculator to perform the indicated operation. Di2e the answer in rectangular form.
( 2 cis )P 2 ) <

5se the fact that )P 2 ( 2 cis ) <

x 2= x x to rewrite the problem. ( 2 cis )P )P )( 2 cis ) < <

5se the product rule. ( 2 cis )P )P )( 2 cis ) < < - cis '2P <

4emember cis G e3uation.

- cis

cos G + i sin G. 4ewrite the right side of the

'2P '2P '2P = - ( cos +i sin ) < < <

5sing a calculator, find the 2alues of cos

- cis '2P = - ( 0.)2;-(0 0.<8'8;' i ) <

'2P <

and sin

'2P . <

9ultiply through by -. - ( 0.)2;-(0 0.<8'8;' i )=2.-(-0 ;.'2<; i

The alternating current in an electric inductor is is 2oltage and Z = R+ X L i is impedance. If

I=

E , where & Z

E =0 ( cos 00 +i sin 00 ) , 4

<, and

X L =- , find the current.

To find the 3uotient, it is con2enient to write all complex numbers in trigonometric form. & is already in trigonometric form, though you can write it more con2eniently. & 0 cis 00F

"on2ert Q into trigonometric form. To con2ert from rectangular form x + yi to trigonometric form r cis y G, remember r = x 2+ y 2 and tan = . 5se these e3uations x to sol2e for r and G. Q 8.0)2; cis 2(.<--(F #rounded to four decimal places$

/ubstitute in the 2alues for & and Q, and then apply the 3uotient rule. E 0 cis 00 I= = Z 8.0)2; cis 2(.<--( The 3uote of two complex numbers in trigonometric form may be simplified by r ' ( cos '+i sin ') r 2 ( cos 2+i sin 2 ) r' ( cos ( ' 2 )+i sin ( ' 2 )) . r2

0.)202 cis 20.200'F #rounded to four decimal places$ "on2ert bac1 to rectangular form by expanding. 4emember that cis G means cos G + i sin G. 5se a calculator to e2aluate the sine and cosine of 28.'(8)F. 0.)202 cis 20.200'F 0.08 + 0.2' i

'e (oi#re)s Theorem* Po$ers an "oots of Complex Numbers Po$ers of Complex Numbers ('e (oi#re)s Theorem) "oots of Complex Numbers

*ind the following power. .rite the answer in rectangular form. [0 ( cos ;0 +i sin ;0 )]2

To find the powers of a complex number, use De 9oi2reRs theorem. [ 0 ( cos ;0 +i sin ;0 )]2=0 2 ( cos 2 ;0 +i sin 2 ;0 )

20#cos )0F + i sin )0F$ *ind the exact 2alues of cos )0F and sin )0F and simplify. ' ; 20 ( + i ) 2 2 In a + bi form% 20 20 ; + i 2 2

4aise the number to the gi2en power and write the answer in rectangular form. [ '0 ( cis '20 )]
-

5se De 9oi2reRs theorem. [ r ( cos +i sin )]n=r n ( cos n +i sin n ) The modulus

'0 , raised to the power of -, is '00.

The argument '20F, multiplied by -, is -80F. [ '0 ( cis '20 )]

-

'00#cos -80F + i sin -80F$

5se the distributi2e property. '00#cos -80F + i sin -80F$ '00 : cos -80F + '00 : i sin -80F

The product '00 : cos -80F is e3ual to + 00. The product of '00 : sin -80F is e3ual to 00 ; i . =dd. [ '0 ( cis '20 )]
-

00 +00 i ;

*ind the gi2en power. ( - + -i )<

TIS8;%

( - + -i )<

';'0<2 + ';'0<2 i.

*ind the cube roots of '20#cos#0F$ + i sin #0F$$.

*ind the cube roots of '20#cos#0F$ + i sin #0F$$. The number of cube roots of '20#cos#0F$ + i sin #0F$$ is ;. The roots of a complex number with modulus r all ha2e the same ' modulus, '20. n . In this case, r r
' n r

( '20 )

' ;

The n nth roots of a complex number are distinguished by n different arguments. *ind these arguments by using the following formula. = + 21 + k ;)0 = for k = 0,', 2, , n' . n n ;, G 0F, and 1 0, ', and 2. 0F.

In this case n .hen 1 0, T

0 +( 0 )( ;)0 ) ;

That gi2es the complex root 0#cos 0F + i sin 0F$. .hen 1 ', T
0 +( ')( ;)0 ) ;

'20F.

This gi2es the complex root 0#cos '20F + i sin '20F$. .hen 1 2, T
0 +( 2 )( ;)0 ) ;

2-0F.

This gi2es the complex root 0#cos 2-0F + i sin 2-0F$. The complex roots are% 0#cos 0F + i sin 0F$, 0#cos '20F + i sin '20F$, and 0#cos 2-0F + i sin 2-0F$.

*ind the cube roots of 2< cis (0F.

*ind the cube roots of 2<#cos (0F + i sin (0F$. The number of cube roots#cos (0F + i sin (0F$ is ;. The roots of a complex number with modulus r all ha2e the same modulus, r n . In this case, r r
' n ' '

2<.

( 2< ) ; =;

The n nth roots of a complex number are distinguished by n different arguments. *ind these arguments by using the following formula. = + 21 +k ;)0 = for k = 0,', 2, , n' . n n

In this case n

;, G (0F, and 1 0, ', and 2. (0 +( 0 )( ;)0 ) =;0 . .hen 1 0, = ; This gi2es the complex root ;#cos ;0F + i sin ;0F$.
(0 +( ' )( ;)0 ) ='00 . ; This gi2es the complex root ;#cos '00F + i sin '00F$.

.hen 1

0, =

(0 +( 2)( ;)0 ) = 2<0 . ; This gi2es the complex root ;#cos 2<0F + i sin 2<0F$.

.hen 1

0, =

The complex roots are% ;#cos ;0F + i sin ;0F$, ;#cos '00F + i sin '00F$, and ;#cos 2<0F + i sin 2<0F$.

*ind the cube roots of the following complex number. &xpress your answer in RcisR form. Then plot the cube roots. +8

To begin, con2ert + 8 into the polar form of the same number. To express + 8 in polar form, begin by s1etching the graph of + 8 in the complex plane, then find the 2ector with direction G and magnitude r corresponding to the number in rectangular form. y 4emember that r = x 2+ y 2 and tan = . x In the polar form, + 8 8 cis '80.

,ext, find the cube roots. These are the numbers of the form a + bi, where ( a + bi ); is e3ual to + 8. /uppose this complex number is r#cos T + i sin T$. Then you want the third power to be e3ual to 8#cos '80F + i sin '80F$. r ;( cos ; +i sin ; )=8 ( cos '80 +i sin '80 ) /atisfy part of this e3uation by letter r ;=8 . /ol2e this for r. r ;=8 7 r 2

,ext, ma1e nT an angle coterminal with '80F. Therefore, you must

ha2e ; T than n. T

'80F + ;)0F : 1, where 1 is any nonnegati2e integer less

)0F + '20F : 1 0, then T )0F.

Bet 1 ta1e on integer 2alues, starting with 0. If 1 If 1 ', then T '80F.

If 1 2, T ;00F. ,otice that if 1 ;, T )0F + ;)0F, which will be coterminal with )0F, so you would Cust be repeating solutions already found if higher 2alues of 1 were used. The solutions will be 2 cis )0F, 2 cis '80F, and 2 cis ;00F. The three solutions can be graphed as shown below.

*ind the cube roots of the following complex number. Then plot the cube roots. < ;+ <i To begin, con2ert < ;+ <i into the polar form of the same number. To express < ;+ <i in polar form, begin by s1etching the graph of < ;+ <i in the complex plane, then find the 2ector with direction G and magnitude r corresponding to the number in y rectangular form. 4emember that r = x 2+ y 2 and tan = . x In polar form, < ;+ <i '- cis '00.

,ext, find the cube roots. These are the numbers of the form a + bi, where ( a + bi ); is e3ual to < ;+ <i . /uppose this complex number is r#cos T + i sin T$. Then you want the third power to be e3ual to '- cis '00F. r ; #cos ; T + i sin ; T$ '- #cos '00F + i sin '00F$

/atisfy part of this e3uation by letting r ;='- . /ol2e this for r. r ;='- 7
; '

,ext, ma1e n T an angle coterminal with '00F. Therefore, you must ha2e ; T '00F + ;)0F : 1, where 1 is any nonnegati2e integer less than n. T 00F + '20F : 1

,ow let 1 ta1e on integer 2alues, starting with 0. If 1 0, then alpha 00F.

If 1 ', then T

'<0F.

If 1 2, then T 2(0F. ,otice the if 1 ;, T 00F + ;)0F, which will be coterminal with 00F, so you would Cust be repeating solutions already found if higher 2alues of 1 were used. The solutions will be ; '- cis 2(0 .
; ; '- cis 00 , '- cis '<0 , and

*ind all solutions to the e3uation. x ;+0'2 =0

/ince x ;+0'2 =0 , x ;=0'2 . R/ol2ing the e3uationR is e3ui2alent to finding the cube roots of + 0'2. Aegin by writing +0'2 in trigonometric form. In trigonometric form, the modulus is 0'2. *ind the smallest nonnegati2e 2alue G for which + 0'2 The argument, written as a degree measure, is '80F. 0'2 cos G.

+ 0'2

0'2#cos '80F + i sin '80F$

The number of cube roots of 0'2#cos '80F + i sin '80F$ is ;. The roots of a complex number with modulus r all ha2e the same modulus r n . In this case r
' ' '

0'2.

rn

0'2 ;

Then n nth roots of a complex number are distinguished by n different arguments. Hou can find these arguments by using the following formula. = +;)0 k n for k = 0,', 2,. .. , n ' . ;, G '80F, and 1 0, ', and 2. )0F.

In this case, n .hen 1

0, =

'80 +( ;)0 )( 0 ) ;

This gi2es you the complex root 8#cos )0F + i sin )0F$. .hen 1 0, =
'80 +( ;)0 )( ' ) ;

'80F.

This gi2es you the complex root 8#cos '80F + i sin '80F$. .hen 1 2, = '80 +( 2 )(;)0 ) ; ;00F.

This gi2es you the complex root 8#cos ;00F + i sin ;00F$. The solutions to x ;+0'2 =0 are% 8#cos )0F + i sin )0F$, 8#cos '80F + i sin '80F$, and 8#cos ;00F + i sin ;00F$.

*ind all solutions to the e3uation

x ;+)- =0 .

/ince x ;+)- =0 , x ;=)- . U/ol2ing the e3uationV is e3ui2alent to finding the cube roots of + )-. Aegin by writing + )in trigonometric form. *ind the modulus using

(0 )2 +()- )2

and simplify the radical.

In trigonometric form, the modulus is )-. Hou want to find the smallest nonnegati2e 2alue G for which + )-

)-cos G. The argument, written as a degree measure, is '80F. + ))-#cos'80F + i sin'80F$.

The number of cube roots of )-#cos'80F + i sin'80F$ is ;. The roots of a complex number with modulus r all ha2e the same modulus r n . In this case r )-, so r n
' ' '

)- ;

-.

The n nth roots of a complex number are distinguished by n different arguments. Hou can find these arguments by using the formula = n + 21 +k ;)0 for 1 n n ;, G '80F, and 1 0, ', and 2. 0, = '80 +( 0 )(;)0 ) ; 0,',2,...,n + '. In this case,

.hen 1

)0F.

This gi2es the complex root -#cos )0F + i sin )0F$. ' ; - ( +i ) 2 2 .hen 1 ', = 2 +2i ; '80 +( ')( ;)0 ) ; '80F.

-# + ' + i#0$$ .hen 1

+'80 +( 2 )(;)0 ) ; ;00F.

2, =

This gi2es the complex root -#cos ;00F + i sin ;00F$. ' ; - ( +i ( )) 2 2 2 2i ;

*ind all complex solutions. x - +'0=0

To sol2e this e3uation, first isolate the power on one side of the e3uals sign, and ta1e the fourth root. x - +'0=0 7 x - ='0

To find the fourth root, first write + '0 in polar form. To express + '0 in polar form, begin by s1etching the graph of + '0 in the complex plane, then find the 2ector with direction G and magnitude r that corresponds to the number in rectangular form. y 4emember that r = x 2+ y 2 and tan = . x In polar form, + '0 '0 cis '80

,ow, ta1e the fourth roots. These are the numbers of the form a + bi, where ( a + bi ) - is e3ual to '0 cis '80. /uppose this copmlex number is r(cos T + i sin T$. Then you want the fourth power to be e3ual to + '0, or '0 cis '80F. r - ( cos - +i sin - )='0 ( cos '80 +i sin '80 ) /atisfy part of this e3uation by letting r -='0 . /ol2e this for r.
r -='0 7 r = '0

,ext, ma1e n T an angle coterminal with '80F. Therefore, you must ha2e - T '80F + ;)0F : 1, where 1 is any nonnegati2e integer less than n. T -0 + (01

Bet 1 ta1e on integer 2alues, starting with 0. If 1 If 1 If 1 0, then T ', then T 2, then T -0F. ';0F. 220F, and if 1 ;, then T ;'0F.

,otice that if 1 -, then T '80F + ;)0F, which will be coterminal with '80F, so you would Cust be repeating solutions already found if higher 2alues of 1 were used. The solutions will be and '0 cis ;'0F.
'0 cis -0F, '0 cis ';0F, '0 220F,

*ind and graph the cube roots of 2')i.

Aegin by writing 2')i in trigonometric form. The modulus is

(0 )2 +( 2'))2

. /implify the radical.

In trigonometric form, the modulus is 2').

*ind the smallest nonnegati2e 2alue G for which 2')

2') : sin G.

The argument, written as a nonnegati2e degree measure, is (0F. 2')i 2')#cos (0F + i sin (0F$

The number of cube roots of 2')#cos (0F + i sin (0F$ is ;. The roots of a complex number with modulus r all ha2e the same modulus r n . In this case r
' ' '

2'). )

rn

2') ;

The n nth roots of a complex number are distinguished by n different arguments. *ind these arguments by using the following formula. T ?G + ;)0F : 1@ o2er n for 1 ;, G (0F, 1 0, ', 2,...,n + '. 0, ', and 2.

In this case, n .hen 1 = 0,

(0 +( ;)0 )( 0 ) =;0 . ;

This gi2es the complex root )#cos ;0F + i sin ;0F$. .hen 1 T ',

(0 +( ;)0 )( ' ) ='00 . ;

This gi2es the complex root )#cos '00F + i sin '00F$. .hen 1 2, = (0 +( ;)0 )( 2 ) ; 2<0F.

This gi2es the complex root )#cos 2<0F + i sin 2<0F$. These three roots can be written in rectangular form and plotted. P '=( 0.'(), ;.000 ) , P 2=(0.'(), ;.000 ) , and P ;=( 0.000,).000 ) If these are the correct roots, the points will lie on a circle with center at #0,0$ and radius ) #the modulus of the roots$. The three points will di2ide the circumference of the circle in thirds.

*ind and graph the fourth roots of 20). Bisted below are 8 choices lettered from a + h. "hoose the correct solution #s$ by typing the corresponding letters separated by commas. a$ -#cos 0F + i sin 0F$ b$ -#cos (0F + i sin (0F$ c$ -#cos '80F + i sin '80F$ d$ -#cos 2<0F + i sin 2<0F$ e$ -#cos -0F + i sin -0F$ f$ -#cos ';0F + i sin ';0F$ g$ -#cos 220F + i sin 220F$ h$ -#cos ;'0F + i sin ;'0F$

Aegin by writing 20) in trigonometric form. In trigonometric form, the modulus is ( 20)) 2+( 0)2 20). To find the argument, find the smallest nonnegati2e 2alue of G for which 20) 20) : cos G. The argument, written as a nonnegati2e degree measure, is 0F. 20) 20)#cos 0F + i sin 0F$

There are - fourth roots of 20)#cos 0F + i sin 0F$. The roots of a complex number with modulus r all ha2e the same modulus r n . In this case r r =20)
' n ' '

20).

The n nth roots of a complex number are distinguished by n different arguments. *ind these arguments by using the following formula.
= +;)0 k n

for 1

0,',2,...n + '.

In this case, n .hen T 0,

-, G

0F, 1

0, ', 2 and ;.

0 +( ;)0 )( 0 ) -

0F.

This gi2es the complex root -#cos 0F + i sin 0F$. .hen 1 T ', (0F.

0 +( ;)0 )( ') -

This gi2es the complex root -#cos (0F + i sin (0F$. ,ote that T '80F and 2<0F for 1 2 and ; respecti2ely. The final two complex roots are -#cos '80F + i sin '80F$ and -#cos 2<0F + i sin 2<0F$. The graph of the solution set shows all solutions are spaced (0F apart.