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PHONETICS

1. Studies PHONIC SUBSTANCEthe raw material speech sounds are made of. 2. It is general to all human beings; it deals with the complete range of vocal sounds man can make and perceive, i.e. it is
LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL.

PHONOLOGY
1. Studies the SELECTION and FUNCTION of phonic substance and its ORGANISATION into a given FORM or PATTERN. 2. It is SPECIFIC to each language, which selects certain sounds and organises them into a given system. It is closely connected with the linguistic, ABSTRACT aspect of language, i.e. it is the link between Linguistics and Phonetics. A phonological study of /i/ would indicate when to use it (syllable initial, medial, final) and how it combines with other sounds, i.e. restrictions and regularities. Representation of IDEAL, CITATION or LEXICAL forms, i.e. the UNDERLYING PHONOLOGICAL representations, thought to be analogous to the way pronunciations are stored in the mental lexicon, e.g. /junIvsti/.

3. It is closely connected with physical and 3. physiological activity (e.g. muscular activity, sound waves, etc.), i.e. the MATERIAL aspect of language. For instance, a phonetic study of [i] would indicate how it is articulated tongue movement, vocal fold activity, etc. It works with concrete facts. 4. Representation of PERFORMANCE 4. VARIABLES or SIMPLIFIED forms of pronunciation, i.e. the SURFACE PHONETIC representations, thought to include more phonetic detail than is stored mentally, e.g. [junv>sti]. 5. It is concerned with ALLOPHONES, which are the VARIANTS or REALISATIONS or MEMBERS of each phoneme. Functionally, members of the same phoneme family.

5. It is concerned with PHONEMESsound units which function contrastively in a given language, i.e. those sound units which can produce a difference in meaning. Functionally, a family of sounds which count as the same. 6. It has to do with PHONEMIC (BROAD)
TRANSCRIPTION:

6. It has to do with ALLOPHONIC (NARROW)


TRANSCRIPTION:

[ tHa>It8] [4aId8] [l] [l8 ] [] [a>I] [aI]

/ taItl/ /raId/

/ l/

/aI/

7. ALLOPHONIC TRANSCRIPTION records the actual realisation of each phoneme. It provides a different symbol for each allophone. Used for GENERAL PHONETIC or IMPRESSIONISTIC analyses of unanalysed data. Uneconomical but more precise. 8. Substitution of allophones does not produce changes of meaningonly a foreign accent or another dialect.

7. PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION provides one symbol for each phoneme. More economical. Used when the phonological oppositions of a given language have been worked out. Normally shown in dictionaries. 8. Substitution of phonemes produces changes of meaning.

9. Study of allophones gives us precise 9. Study of phonemes gives us the priorities articulatory descriptions of the target of pronunciation, i.e. those features which language and their mastery leads to a (near) are meaningfully essential (and therefore the native pronunciation. most important to learn first). Their mastery leads to mere intelligibility. 10. Native speakers are normally unconscious of the allophones of their mother tongue. 10. Native speakers are naturally conscious of the phonemes of their mother tongue.

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