2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering

Automatic Generation Control Strategies under CPS Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Weihua Luo
Power Dispatching and Communication Center Liaoning Electric Power Company Limited Shenyang City, China Whluo2000@126.com
Abstractthe paper applied PSO (particle swarm optimization) Algorithm to AGC (automatic generation control) Strategy in interconnected power grid in the CPS (Control Performance Standard) standard. Firstly, analyze PSO, ACE (area controlling error) and CPS. Secondly, apply PSO Algorithm to AGC Strategy. The simulations on the practical power grid have shown that this control strategy is promising due to reducing the number of order effectively, improving the AGC performance, and the guarantees of the frequency quality and the safety operation in power system. Keywords-particle swarm optimization algorithm; control performance standa;, automatic generation control

Yibin Shi
Power Dispatching and Communication Center Liaoning Electric Power Company Limited Shenyang City, China

II.

STUDY PANICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

Kennedy and Eberhart first introduced particle swarm optimization in 1995 as a new heuristic method [2]. The original objective of their research was to mathematically simulate the social behavior of bird flocks and fish schools. The first version of PSO was intended to handle only nonlinear continuous optimization problems. However, many advances in PSO development elevated its capabilities to handle a wide class of science optimization problems. PSO initializes for a group of random particles (random solution). It finds the optimal solution through iteration. A Swarm is a collection of particles. A particle has both a position and a velocity vector [3].
Vt +1 = Vt C1rand ( Pig ,t X t ) C 2 rand ( Pg ,t X t )

I.

INTRODUCTION

As the size of power system getting larger, it is getting more and more difficult to balance load by some experience of dispatcher. Using of AGC (automatic generation control) system to control the power grid frequency and area controlling error (ACE) synthetically has good development potential. North American Electric Reliability Commission (NERC) introduced the control of performance standards CPS in 1996[1]. Nowadays the existing power grid interconnection CPS standards mostly used PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) strategy [7]. The accuracy of the PID strategy in the automatic control method is not enough. However, Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm instructs optimal searching by cooperation and competition of group particles between the groups [2]. It based on the population to retain the overall search strategy and used speed -displacement model. So it is simple and easy to implement. The PSO algorithm gradually shows superiority and great broad prospects in applied research of power grid since it is proposed. The paper presents the PSO algorithm for automatic generation control strategy under the CPS in the interconnected power grid, discusses the PSO algorithm, standard deviation of ACE and CPS in power system. The simulations on the practical power grid have shown that this control strategy is promising due to reducing the number of order effectively, improving the AGC performance, and the guarantees of the frequency quality and the safety operation in power system.
978-0-7695-4031-3/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/iCECE.2010.830 3400

(1) (2)

X t +1 = X t + Vt +1

Kennedy and Eberhart give the PSO equations as follows [4, 5]:
Vt
C2 rand ( Pg ,t X t )

C1rand (P ig ,t Xt )

new position
global best position

Vt
current position

Vt+1
P g ,t Xt P ig ,t Xt

local best position

Figure 1. illustration of PSO equations.

Where: Vt +1 : The particle's new velocity for the next generation. : A measure of how much the particle "trusts" its own exploration. Vt : The particle's current velocity. : Vector addition, C1rand : A uniformly distributed random number from 0 to

C1 . A measure of how much a particle "trusts" its

neighborhood best velocity.

Pig ,t : The neighborhood (from i

to g) best position. " " : The difference of two positions is the velocity that will transform the second position into the first position. X t : The current position. C2 rand : A uniformly distributed random number from 0 to global velocity.

C2 Independent

from C1rand . A measure of how much a particle trusts the

Pg ,t : The global best position. "+ " : The

the error factor of frequency of controlling region; 1 is controlling target value of average deviation of the RMS in interconnected power grid of 1 min annually; n are minutes during the period. Statistical indicator of CPS1 in the period of time is described in the following formula: (6) CPS1 = (2 CF ) 100% The objective function of CPS: Minimal changes when regulate power:
min f () = ci Pg i (k )
t =1 iSG k =1 T t

transformation of a position using the velocity (yields a position). X t +1 : The particles new moved position of the next generation [3]. III. STANDARD OF ACE AND CPS

(7)

= ci ui (k )vi (k ) Ratei

SG :assembly of AGC units; Pgi (k ) : add-subtract generating

capacity of the AGC unit at the k moment; ci :linear economic factors of the AGC unit; T : Calculation of the time; ui (k ) : values of acceleration and deceleration of AGC unit at k moment; vi ( k ) : output restrictions values of the AGC at

t =1 iSG

k =1

A. Standard Deviation of ACE It assumes the two control area systems shown in Fig. 2:
Area A
System capacity:

Area B
System capacity:

k moment; Ratei :the rate of linear conditioning of the AGC.

PA

PB

C.

Control Performance Standard2 (CPS2)

Frequency response

Frequency response

L15 And CPS2 are defined as the follows [1]:

L15 = 1.65 15 (10 B )i( 10 Bnet )
CF 2 = 1 ACE15 L15

PT > 0
Generator

(8) (9) (10) (11)

GA

LA

Load

Generator

GB

LB

Load

RA =LA GA

RB = LB G B

R=

Number of int erval that CF 2 > 1 Total number of int ervals

Figure 2. Two control area systems.

There exist the following relations among the deviation of frequency f ( Hz ) , the deviation of interchange PT ( MW ) , the frequency response characteristics K (% MW / Hz ) , and the total system capacity P ( MW ) [1, 8].

CPS 2 = 100(1 R)

ACE15 is the 15-minute average of ACE. B is the error

frequency of the control area, regional power grid. IV.

Bnet is the error frequency of the

APPLY PSO ALGORITHM TO AGC

R + RB f = A KP
PT = K A PA RB K B PB R A KP

(3) (4)

A. Methods In PSO, the coordinates of each particle represent a possible solution associated with two vectors, the position ui ( k ) and

When there is no correlation between the ACE s, the standard deviation of the ACE whole system should become less than the permitted value [9].
B. Control Performance Standard1 (CPS1) CPS1 request for a regional power grids meet equation in a certain period of time (for example, 15 min) [6]: ( ACEAVE min if AVE ) (5) CF =
10 Bi ini12

velocity vi ( k ) vectors. In N-dimensional search space, vectors associated with each particle i [2-5].

U i = [ui1 , ui 2 , , uiN ] and Vi = [vi1 , vi 2 , , viN ] are the two

vik +1 = vik + c1b1 ( pbestik uik ) + c2b2 ( gbest k uik ) (12) k +1 k k +1 ui = ui + vi

Where: ACEAVE min is the average of ACE in one min;

f AVE is the average of frequency deviation in one min; Bi is

Where c1 and c2 are two accelerated constant; b1 and b2 are two randomly generated numbers with a range of [0, 1]; is the inertia weight; k pbest pbest pbest pbestik : pbesti = [ui1 , ui 2 , , uiN ] is the best position particle achieved based on its own experience;

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k gbest gbest gbest gbest k : gbest = [u1 , u2 , , u N ] is the best particle

If: S AGC

max

= 100 MW , VAGC

max

= 30 MW / min

position based on overall swarms experience. The objective function which allocates generators:
or CPS1 200% (13) 100% CPS 1 200%, and ACE L 15

This paper used PSO algorithm and PID algorithm to AGC The result of two algorithms as Table 2:
TABLE II. THE RESULT OF TWO ALGORITHMS

The constraint of AGC adjustment capacity, rate and the power grid frequency.
n S j X j S AGCmax j =1 AGCv j max AGCv j AGCv j min f 0.030 Hz n v j X j VAGCmax j =1

(14)

METHOD ADJUST VOLUME RATE VOLUME PSO 102.6MW 34MW/MIN 31MW/MIN PID 120.1MW Compared the result of two algorithms, it can be found that the adjust capacity of PID is much greater than the demand, the cost is also the largest, PSO can avoid the problems and can find the optimal solution. It compare to PID and PSO by given the different interferences of load in the simulation. The result is as follow:

S AGCmax is the needed adjust capacity of AGC to the regional power grid. X j = 1 represent that a generator participate to
AGC. AGCv j is the adjust AGC rate of the j generator. The change range of f comes from actual requirements.
B. Simulation In the simulation, set decreases linearly with the number of iterations [6, 10, and 12]: min k (15) g = max max g max max and min : the largest and the smallest allowed values

Figure 3.

the CPS1 of PID and PSO to AGC

respectively. g k and g max : the present and the largest number of iteration. Set: max = 0.9 , min = 0.4 , g max = 400 ,

L15 = 50 . c1 = 1.8, c2 = 2.0 .

TABLE I.

PARAMETERS OF AVAILABLE AGC UNITS Rate MW/min 3 3 4 3 2 4 3 5 4 5 2 5 3 5 5 3 Minimum power(MW) 14 14 14 14 14 18 18 18 18 19 19 21 21 21 21 30 Maximum power(MW) 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 32 32 35 35 35 35 60
Figure 4. the ACE of PID and PSO to AGC.

Unit NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Figure 5. the frequency of the regional power grid in PID and PSO method

The simulation examples show that the PSO algorithm can be the optimal solution by compared with the normal method. The PSO does more efficient parallel processing and faster

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convergence by used less adjustable parameters, improving the AGC performance, and the guarantees of the frequency quality. V.

[6]

CONCLUSION

The paper applied PSO Algorithm to AGC Strategy in interconnected power grid in the CPS standard. The simulations on the practical power grid have shown that this method is correct and efficacious. REFERENCES
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