Tutorial 3: Cryosurgery

2007 Cornell University BEE453, Professor Ashim Datta Authored y !ineet "a#esh and $ran# %un& 'oft(are) COMSOL 3.3

Tutorial 3: Cryosurgery................................................................................................................................ 1 Problem Specification.................................................................................................................................. 2 Step 1: Specifying the Problem Type....................................................................................................... 4 Step 2: Setting the Grid and creating the Geometry................................................................................. Step 3: !eshing..................................................................................................................................... 1" Step 4: #efining !aterial Properties and $nitial Conditions.....................................................................11 Step %: #efining &oundary Conditions.................................................................................................... 1% Step : Specify Sol'er Parameters......................................................................................................... 1 Step (: Postprocessing.......................................................................................................................... 1) Step ): Sa'e and *+it............................................................................................................................. 22

Problem Specification
This e+ample analy,es the process of cryogenic -art treatment by optimi,ing the temperature and the duration of li.uid /et that is applied to the surface of common -arts. The goal is to destroy as much of the -art as possible -hile damaging as little healthy s0in as possible. $n the follo-ing figure1 the area of application -ith a con'ecti'e boundary is sho-n in red and the ,ero flu+ boundaries are in a.ua.

2+is 3igure 1. Schematic of the normal tissue and -art system1 -here radius of -art is ".""2 m1 depth of s0in is ".""2 m and -idth of s0in is "."") m.

Assumptions: The -art is represented as a semi4spherical protrusion from a flat s0in surface. The geometry can be considered as a+i4symmetric -ith the a+is as sho-n 3igure 1 and can be modeled in t-o dimensions so that the -art becomes a .uarter circle attached to a flat s0in slab. The model assumes homogenous properties and perfectly symmetrical geometry of the -art and s0in. Therefore1 the model used is a+is4symmetric and can be s-ept 3 " degrees around the a+is to obtain a three4 dimensional representation. $n addition1 the s0in is considered to be semi4infinite.

The s0in and the -art areas -ere defined as separate entities. The s0in and -art areas -ere meshed using a pa'ed algorithm due to the cur'ed geometry. The s0e-ness for both the s0in and -art meshes -as minimal.

The treatment is carried out at 415

"

C -ith a heat transfer coefficient of %""" 6 m42 741.

Conductivity and Specific Heat

Conducti'ity and specific heat -ill be modeled by the follo-ing cur'es:

8a9 8b9 3igure 2. Thermal conducti'ity and specific heat as a function of temperature

Step 1: Specifying the Problem Type

The only mode of heat transfer is by conduction. So the problem is a transient conduction problem -ith no con'ection and heat source. So the go'erning e.uation changes to:

T 1 1 T = kr t c p r r r

T + k z z

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1.

Start C:!S:; by double clic0ing on the icon on the #es0top

2.

Select 2+ial Symmetry 82#9 ne+t to Space #imension

3.

Clic0 on C:!S:; !ultiphysics << =eat Transfer << Conduction << Transient 2nalysis. Transient 2nalysis under conduction is selected as -e intend to sol'e a time dependent conduction problem 8*.uation 19.

4. %. .

Clic0 on the Settings Tab Set the >nit system to S$ Clic0 :7. C:!S:; 6indoopens up.

(. ).

>nder 3ile1 clic0 on Sa'e as? Create your o-n folder using your @et$# in the !y #ocuments folder and sa'e your -or0 there. Specify the file name 8e.g. -art.mph9 and sa'e it as .mph file.

Step 2: Setting the

rid and creating the

eometry

The geometry in this case is a rectangle -ith a .uarter circle and is a+i4symmetric. The rectangle and the .uarter circler represent the s0in and the -art respecti'ely. 6e -ill first dra- the rectangle and then the .uarter circle.

Part A: !ectangle
1. Clic0 on #ra- << Specify :b/ects << Aectangle. Aectangle -indo- opens up. 2. Specify -idth as ".""4 and height as ".""2. These are the dimensions of the s0in in m. :nly half of the s0in and -art is considered as it is symmetric. 3. 4. Clic0 on :7. Clic0 on Boom *+tents to fit the geometry in the -indo-. The rectangle is sho-n in the figure.

Part ": #uarter Circle

1.

Clic0 on Boom :ut to minimi,e the 'ie-.

2.

Clic0 on the 2nd degree &e,ier cur'e tool.

3.

;eft clic0 on the co4ordinate points 8".""21 ".""291 8".""21 ".""49 and 8"1 ".""49 in that order. Aight clic0 on 8"1 ".""49 to create the segment of the circle sho-n in the figure.

4. %.

Clic0 on the line tool. ;eft clic0 on the co4ordinate points 8".""21 ".""291 8"1 ".""49 and 8"1 ".""29 in that order. Aight clic0 on 8"1 ".""29 to create the triangle sho-n in the figure.

>nder #ra-1 clic0 on create composite ob/ect. Create Composite :b/ect 6indo- opens up.

(.

Type C:1CC:2 in the set formula field. 6e add the segement of the circle and the triangle to create the .uarter circle.

). 5.

>nchec0 7eep interior boundaries. Clic0 :7. The .uarter circle has nobeen created.

Step 3: $eshing
!eshing is di'iding the geometry into small elements. 6e -ill create meshes -ith same mesh density for both the s0in and the -art faces. 1. >nder !esh 8on the top toolbar91 and clic0 on 3ree mesh parameters. 2. Select Subdomain 1 representing the s0in and Subdomain 2 representing the -art1 by left clic0ing and holding the Ctrl 0ey. 3. @e+t to !a+imum element si,e1 type in ."""1 4. Clic0 on Aemesh %. Then clic0 on :7 Dour mesh should no- loo0 li0e the figure belo-.

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Step %: &efining $aterial Properties and 'nitial Conditions

6e are sol'ing for the heat transfer e.uation. The material properties re.uired for the analysis are1 therefore1 thermal conducti'ity1 specific heat and density. The density of the s0in layer is assumed to be 1""" 0gm43 and that of the -art as 1%"" 0gm43. The thermal conducti'ity and specific heat constant are both ta0en to be functions of temperature as specified in 3igure 2. The temperature inside the s0in and the -art is 3("C 8E31" 79 initially. 1. Clic0 on Subdomain Settings? under Physics. 2. Clic0 on Subdomain 1 8s0in9 under Subdomain. 3. @e+t to Thermal Conducti'ity1 type in thermFcond8T9. This tells the program that the thermal conducti'ity is a function of temperature. 6e -ill define this function later. 4. Type 1""" in the density field. %. @e+t to =eat Capacity1 type in

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heatFcap8T9. . Clic0 on the $nit tab and under $nitial Galue1 fill in 31". (. Select 2 8for -art9 under Subdomain in the Physics Tab and repeat steps 34 using 1%"" in the density field and same 'alues in the other fields. ). Clic0 :7

(
(e )ill no) define the functions* therm+cond,T- and heat+cap,T-.

1. >nder :ptions1 clic0 on 3unctions? 2. Clic0 on the @e-... button 3. @e+t to 3unction name: type in thermFcond 4. Chec0 $nterpolation. &y chec0ing this1 -e are directing the sol'er to interpolate 'alues of thermal conducti'ity bet-een different

1 2

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temperatures. %. Select Table ne+t to the >se data from bo+ . Clic0 :7 (. 3ill in the 'alues as sho-n. These appro+imate 'alues are obtained from the graph sho-n in 3igure 28a9. The first column 8under +9 sho-s the 'alues of temperature in 7 and f8+9 represents the corresponding thermal conducti'ity 'alues. ). Clic0 on the @e-? button. This is done to define the function1 heatFcap.

3 4 %

5. @e+t to 3unction name: type in heatFcap 1". Chec0 $nterpolation. 11. Select Table ne+t to the >se data from bo+ 12. Clic0 :7 13. 3ill in the 'alues as sho-n. These 'alues of specific heat capacity are obtained from the graph sho-n in 3igure 28b9. 3ree,ing

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of the tissue is incorporated in the model by using the specific heat capacity 'alues as gi'en by 3igure 28b9. The latent heat of fusion is ta0en into account by specifying the specific heat as a function of temperature. 14. Clic0 :7

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Step /: &efining "oundary Conditions

The boundary conditions for the problem are sho-n in 3igure1. The cur'ed surface of the -art has a con'ecti'e boundary condition and all other boundaries ha'e ,ero heat flu+ condition 8insulated boundaries9. The default boundary condition in C:!S:; is insulated boundary and so -e need to specify boundary conditions for only the cur'ed surface.

1. >nder Physics1 select &oundary Settings? 2. Select boundary (. This is the -artHs cur'ed surface. 3. Select =eat flu+ under boundary condition. 4. @e+t to =eat transfer coefficient1 input %""". %. @e+t to Tinf input ((.

1 2

. Clic0 :7

1%

Step 0: Specify Solver Parameters

6e no- specify the time integration method for the time dependant problem. 6e use the &ac0-ard *uler time integration scheme -ith a 'ariable time increment for this problem. These are the default 'alues and so -e do not change these.

1. >nder Sol'e1 clic0 on Sol'er Parameters. 2. >nder the General Tab1 select Transient under 2nalysis if it is not already selected 3. Select Time dependent under Sol'er. 4. $n the Times: bo+1 type in ":".1:1%. This tells the sol'er to start at " seconds1 then sa'e the solution e'ery ".1 seconds until it reaches 1% seconds. %. Clic0 :0 . Clic0 on Get $nitial Galue under Sol'e. This step initiali,es the sol'er -ith the 'alue pro'ided -hen the initial conditions -ere specified 8Step 49. (. >nder Sol'e1 clic0 on Sol'er !anager.

). Clic0 on the Sol'e 3or tab. 5. Select T for temperature if -e it is are not already the selected. &y selecting T1 directing sol'er to sol'e for the temperature. 1". Clic0 on the :utput tab. 11. Select T for temperature if -e it is are not already the selected. &y selecting T1 directing program to sa'e the temperature 'alues. 12. Press sol'er Sol'e. sol'es :nce the

Sol'e is pressed1 the transient heat transfer e.uation 8*.uation 19. $t -ill ta0e appro+imately %41" min to sol'e. 6e are no- ready to post process the results.

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Step 1: Postprocessing
Post4processing is 'ie-ing the results obtained on running the simulations of the problem. 6e -ill generate graphs and charts based upon our simulation.

&isplaying the $esh

1. To display the mesh1 simply clic0 on the !esh !ode button. !esh mode can also be selected by clic0ing on !esh << !esh !ode. The mesh is sho-n in the figure belo-.

1 .

1)

Plot Temperature vs. Time at (art 'nterior

6e -ill no- plot the temperature history at point 8".""1%1 ".""39 in the interior of the -art to see hothe temperature 'aries -ith time at that location.

1. >nder Postprocessing1 clic0 on Cross4Section Plot Parameters? 2. Clic0 on the Point tab1 3. !a0e sure Temperature is selected in the Predefined .uantities section. 4. $n Coordinates1 type in ".""1% for r and ".""3 for ,. %. Press :7 The temperature history plot obtained for the point 8".""1%1 ".""39 is sho-n on the ne+t page.

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2"

2btain the surface plot at t31/

6e no- plot the temperature contour in the slab t E1%s. 1. >nder Postprocessing

clic0 on Plot Parameters. 2. 3. Clic0 on the General Tab Chec0 the bo+ for

Surface under Plot Type. 4. @e+t to Solution at time: select 1%. %. . Clic0 on the Surface Tab. Select Temperature ne+t to Predefined .uantities1 if it is not already selected. (. Clic0 on :7.

The contour plot is sho-n on the ne+t page.

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Step 4: Save and 56it

@o-1 before -e end the session -e need to sa'e the files for future use.

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