KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Salem-637 504

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WI%E LESS &OWE% T%'NS(ISSION 'ND GO)E%NING OF ELECT%IC D%I)ES USING (OBILE TECHNOLOGY*

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'BST%'CT
Now a days whole world is more depends upon petroleum products for energy to Drive the motors &vehicle But it will exhaust one day go we have to go for alternate trend. Now we are using electricity for drive the train by passing the power through conductor &some vehicle by using battery. But in this paper we want to explain Wire less power transmission to electric drives and it can governed by using mobile technology. There are various technologies available so for wire less transmission of electricity & the need for a wire less system of energy actual transmission practices is being their discussed to find its possibility in advantageous disadvantageous & economical consideration. This paper is mainly concentrate on

!The most popular concept "nown as tesla theory !The micro wave power transmission #$%T& called solar power satellite !$agnetron &'ectenna &electric drives in vehicle !Billing system according to mobile technology This paper also discusses the possible way to get useful &practical result.

INT%ODUCTION
(n present day we using fossil fuels for drive the vehicle it is toxic to our atmosphere & it will exhaust one day alternate by trend so we need that power is using through

electric power by using batteries & passing conductor But it is not affective for all so we want to go for wire less power transmission to drive the electric drives. &(t is pollution free reduces losses there is no

need

of

conductors.

The

Nicola Tesla suggested an idea of the wireless power transmission and carried out the first W%T experiment in )*66. /e said :This energy will be collected all over the globe preferably in small amounts ranging from a fraction of one to a few horse4powers. ;ne of its chief uses will be the illumination of isolated homes<. /e actually built a gigantic coil which was connected to a high mast of =>>4ft with a ? ft4diameter ball at its top. /e fed ?>> "W power to the Tesla coil resonated at )@> "/0. The '9 potential at the top sphere reached )>> $1. Anfortunately he failed because the transmitted power was diffused to all directions with )@> "/0 radio waves whose wave length was =) "m. To concentrate the transmitted power and to increase transmission efficiency we have to use higher fre2uency than that used by Tesla. (n )6?>s much progress in generating high4power

transmission of power without wires may be one noble alternative for electricity transmission. H-0.o2y o5 W-2ele00 &o#e2 T2a 0m-00-o

(n )*+, -ames .. $axwell predicted the existence of radio waves by means of mathematical model. (n )**, -ohn /. %oynting reali0ed that the %oynting 1ector would play an important role in 2uantifying the electromagnetic energy. (n )*** first succeeded bolstered by in showing $axwell3s theory /einrich /ert0 experimental evidence of radio waves by his spar"4gap radio transmitter. The prediction and 5vidence of the radio wave in the end of )6th century was start of the wireless power transmission. 7t the same period of $archese 8. $arconi and 'eginald 9essenden who are pioneers of communication via radio waves

microwaves of the

)4)>

8/0 and

radio the

wired helicopter in )6+, and to free4flied helicopter in )6+*. (n )6C>s he tried to increase $%T demonstration to helicopter with W. .. Brown

waves was achieved by invention magnetron and high "lystron .7fter World War (( high power by power power efficiency of radar with with microwave tubes were advanced development to technology. We can concentrate a receiver microwaves. We call the wireless transmission microwaves as microwave power transmission #$%T&.Based on the development of the microwave tubes during the World War (( W. .. Brown started the first $%T research and development in )6+>s. 9irst of all he developed a rectenna rectifying antenna which he named receiving and for rectifying

(ODEL OF THE CONCE&T

microwaves. The efficiency of the first rectenna developed in )6+? was @> B at output ,WD. and ,>B at output CWD. respectively. With the rectenna he succeeded in $%T experiments to

large TECHNOLOGY USED !Wire less power transmitter !'eceiver or 'ectifier !5lectric drives !%ost paid energy meter using mobile technology 6o#e2 .2a 0m-..e2 ). Tesla theory =. $icro wave power transmitter ?. Asing ultrasound ,. Asing laser beam '* W-2ele00 losses.

distance

with

negligible

(IC%OW')E T%'NS(ITTE% 7' .e

&OWE%

a0 5o2 (-42o#a8e &o#e2

T2a 0m-00-o /owever we have to use a phased array antenna for the $%T fromDto moving transmitterDreceiver which include the E%E because we have to control a microwave beam direction accurately and speedy. The phased array is a directive antenna which generate a beam form whose shape and direction by the relative phases and amplitudes of the waves at the individual antenna elements. (t is possible to

TESL' TOWE%

The most popular concept "nown is Tesla Theory in which it was firmly believed that Wardenclyffe would permit wireless transmission & reception across

steer

the

direction

of

the

microwave beam. The antenna elements might be dipoles slot antennas or any other type of antenna even parabolic antennas. (n some $%T experiments in

-apan the phased array antenna was adopted to steer a direction of the microwave beam .7ll E%E is designed with the phased array antenna. We consider the phased array antenna for all 9ollowing $%T system. (a$ e.2o $agnetron is a crossed field tube in which E forces electrons emitted from the cathode to ta"e cyclonical path to the anode. The magnetron is self4oscillatory device in which the anode contains a resonant '9 structure. The magnetron has long history from invention by 7. W. /ull in)6=). The practical and efficient magnetron tube gathered world interest only after F. ;"abe proposed the divided anode4type magnetron in )6=*. The magnetron is suitable device for the $%T because of high efficiency and low cost

7nd unsuitable device because of its unstable fre2uency and uncontrollable phase. (f we do not ma"e a phased array to control beam direction electrically $%T system. /owever the the itself magnetron can be applied for the coo"er4type magnetron

cannot be applied for the phased array4type $%T because it is only a generator and The was (t we cannot controlDstabili0e the phase and the amplitude. magnetron noisy coo"er4type considered is as however

device.

confirmed that spurious emissions from the coo"er4type magnetron with a stable D. power supply is low enough and this .an be applied to the $%T system. %ea" levels of higher harmonics are below 4+> dBc and other spurious is below 4)>> dBc.

energy. Major hurdle in this S6a4e 0ola2 6o#e2 The space solar power power transmission is how to improve efficiency of

satellite (SSPS or SPS) that will transmit energy from

converting the solar energy to the electrical energy. Much type of solar cells and other type of energy conversion

space to the Earth has a potential alternative to become an

energy

sources

even though there are many technical and other hurdles to realize it. Basic idea of SSPS is to collect the solar Energy in orbit and send it to ground by Microwave, laser beam or some other way. In case of sending the energy by

system are being developed or proposed. conversion Typical ratio energy the

from

solar energy to the electrical energy is 10% to 30%. Since other Conversion ratios such as

from the electricity to the microwave, from the

microwave, the solar energy must be converted to electrical energy and then converted further to the microwave (see Fig.2).The on-ground

microwave to the electricity are much higher than this conversion conversion solar energy To the electrical energy will mainly decide the size of the space segment (satellite) ratio, ratio from the the

rectifying antenna will receive this microwave beam and

convert it into the electrical

one rectenna element rectifies a few W only. 9or usual phased array antenna mutual coupling and phase distribution are problems to solve. 9or the rectenna array problem is different from that of the array antenna because the rectenna array is connected not in microwave phase but in D. phase. When we connect two rectennas in

%ECEI)E% 9 %ECTIFIE%
%e4.e a %oint4to4point $%T system needs a large receiving area with a rectenna array because one rectenna element receives and creates only a few W. 5specially for the E%E we need a huge rectenna site and a power networ" connected to the existing power networ"s on the ground. ;n contrary there are some $%T with one small applications

series or in parallel they will not operate at their optimum power output and their combined power output will be less than that if operated independently. This is theoretical prediction. (t is caused by characteristic of the '94D. conversion was power efficiency of the and series rectenna elements shown in 9ig. (t experimentally decrease with theoretically reported that the total connection is more than that with parallel connection. (t was further confirmed with simulation and experiments that current

rectenna element such as '94(D. The rectenna will be used as an array for high power $%T because

e2uali0ation in series connection is worse Than voltage e2uali0ation of in the parallel connection. There is the optimum connection rectenna array.

%e4e .

Te41 olo$-e0

o5

Cy4lo.2o Wa8e Co 8e2.e2

(f we would li"e to use a parabolic antenna as a $%T receiver we have to use .yclotron Wave .onverter #.W.& instead of the rectenna. The .W. is a microwave tube to rectify high power microwave directly into D.. The most studied cyclotron wave converter #.W.& comprises an electron gun electric field a in a microwave the region reversed a collector gap of with #or with cavity with uniform transverse interaction symmetrically field and

decreasing to 0ero& static magnetic depressed potential . $icrowave power of an external source is converted by this coupler into the energy of the electron beam rotation the latter is transformed into additional energy of the longitudinal motion of the electron beam by reversed static magnetic

fieldG

then

extracted

by

energy to the road. 7 high efficiency drive system can best utili0e the batteries and effectively reduce the price of owning an 51. Therefore accurate measurement of drive system efficiency is primary concern for the 51 drive system designer.

decelerating electric field of the collector and appeared at the load4 resistance of this collector.

&o#e2 Co
ELECT%IC D%I)ES Drive system performance is an essential part of the 51. The drive system is the lin" between the energy stored in the batteries and the transfer of this

e4.-o

The electric vehicle battery4 pac" is used on the dynamometer to provide a high current D. lin". Because a battery can absorb current as well as supply it this dynamometer can effectively test all four 2uadrants of motor

operation. dynamometer

The

present configuration

connects both the load reference and drive system under test to the same battery pac". Therefore during a test power is circulated from one inverter to 7nother. to dissipate $echanical power generated by the drive system under test. Hosses in the drive systems are made up by a parallel4connected @>4 "ilowatt power Eupply. The power supply is always connected while a dynamometer test is running ;therwise the energy stored in the batteries is slowly depleted over the course of a test. This power supply is also used for charge maintenance of the batteries
Ele4.2o -4 e e2$y me.e2

BILLING SYSTE( By using 5nergy meter & Technology of mobile billing system we can find out how much energy is consumed by vehicle & we can collect revenue of that. Billing can be done by either pre paid or post paid li"e mobile according energy. to consumption of

This

configuration

eliminates the need for a load ban"

7'ectenna si0e is more. 7$aintaining difficult. 7/eat reduction will be a serious problem 7;ne of the characteristics of the $%T is to use more intense microwave than that in wireless constant fre2uency of microwave is

(E%ITS
!(t is pollution free !No conductor cost !The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the rid the landscape of wires cables and transmission towers. !There is no transmission & distribution loss. !/igh transmission integrity & low loss #6>46CB efficient& !5nergy management throughout the world. LI(IT'TION 7The concept loo"s to be costly initially.

communication Therefore

systems.

We have to consider $%T safety for human. (n recent years there have been considerable discussions and concerns about the possible effect for human health by '9 and $W radiation. !(n general effect of atmosphere to microwave is 2uite small. There are absorption and scatter by air rain and irregularity of air refraction ratio. (n =.,@ 8/0 and @.* 8/0 the absorption by water vapor and oxygen dominate the effect in the air. 'DDITION'L %E('%'KS/

$any concepts research papers patents are available on wireless transmission of electricity but most research wor" were carried out in isolation so it needs a Ioint collaborative efforts to get very useful results on this advanced technology on power transmission for the benefit of man"ind globally in future. Whatever the future may bring the universal application of these great principles is fully assured and through it may be long in coming. With the opening of first power plant incredulity will give way to wonderment and this to ingratitude as ever before. (f this has had not been happened then today we will be in wonder world of plenty of power using the technology of wireless transmission of electricity.

reality. The electrical energy can be economi 4cally transmitted without wires to any tires 4trial distance. $any researchers innumerous 5xperiments have established observations and

measurements 2ualitative and 2uantit4ative.Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of this invention. Wireless transmission of electricity has tremendous merits li"e high transmission. (ntegrity and How Hoss #6>4 6CBefficient& and can be transmitted to anywhere in the globe and eliminate the need for an inefficient costly and capital investive grid of cables towers and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer and get rid of the landscape of wires cables and transmission towers. (t has negligible reactive demerits power which li"e was

CONCLUSION/
The transmission of power without wires is not a theory or a mere possibility it is now a

found

insignificant

and

J,K Brown W. .. :The /istory of the Development of the 'ectenna< %roc. ;f E%E microwave systems wor"shop at -E.4N7E7 -an. )@4 )* )6*> pp.=C)4=*>.

biologically compatible. (t has a tremendous economic impact to human society. $any countries will benefit from this service. $onthly electric utility billing system much li"e :$obile Technology :of today.

%EFE%ENCES/
J)K Tesla N. :The transmission of electric energy without wires< the thirteenth 7nniversary Number of the 5lectrical World and 5ngineer $arch @ )6>,. J=K Ta"ano T. 7. Eugawara and N. Fano :Eimplification Transmission Techni2ues of the .onstitution of $icrowave Tech. 'ep. of (5(.5 E%E=>>?4>6#E%E=>>,4>=& pp.@)4@* J?KhttpLDDwww.inventionandtechnol ogy.comDxmlD=>>@D,DitM=>>@M,Mfe atM,.xml =>>, 7ntennas of E%E #in -apanese&<