TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT
submitted by MAVURAM MADHURI REDDY

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCES IN MATHEMATICS, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTERS

AURORAS DEGREE & PG COLLEGE, CHIKKADAPALLY HYDERABAD - 500 020 DECEMBER 2011

Traffic light control system

Introduction to electronic systems: Electronic goods are integral part of our todays life. From the time we wake up we are depending upon these electronic gadgets. Even our day starts with an electronic gadget.... Alarm clock. We use various electronic gadgets which include very basic items like I already mentioned Alarm clock, basic mobile phone, television set, radio, music system, etc. to high end gadgets like iPad, iPhone or an Android phone, iPod, Laptop, Bluetooth ear piece, GPS navigation systems in automobiles, etc. Many of people don't even know that they are depending on electronics indirectly because electronic equipment are also being used in all kinds of high end engineering products like Automobiles (Anti-lock Braking System, Electronic Stability Program, Automatic parking system, climate control, Air condition control, Electronically controlled fuel injection etc.), Automatic washing machines, vacuum cleaner with artificial intelligence, Intelligent Refrigeration in Refrigerators, etc. These electronics have a vast application in the field of Bio-medical. These electronic gadgets are intelligently communicating with each other by advanced communication and networking technologies like Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.

We can't imagine our modern society without the beauty of electronics and High speed communications. Very vast research has been going on in these areas. Many new products are coming into the market every day. Computer speeds have increased from 4 MHz to 4 GHz. Data-rates have reached 1 Gbps. Transistor size has come down to less than 15 nm. This revolution of Research and development in the field of Electronics and communications continues.

In this project application of basic electronic system which can control TRAFFIC LIGHTS which are very important in controlling the heavy traffic on our busy roads.

Designing of electronic circuits:

Designing of electronic circuits is not as complicated as it looks like, but of course it is little bit tough to understand those circuits which are designed by others. For designing a circuit for a specific application we just need to have Strong foundation in Basic electronics domain (Refer Study materials, Video lectures and WEB lectures for assistance in understanding Basic electronics)

Steps to be followed to Design an electronic circuit for a particular application: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Understanding the problem to be solved Dividing the system into modules Analyzing each module using basic domain knowledge Simulating and verifying the circuit of each module Simulating and verifying the whole system Finalizing the circuit

For simulating the electronic circuits, software like MultiSim, Proteus, Orcad, Pspice, etc. can be used.

These steps have been strictly followed in designing the electronic circuit for traffic light control system.

Understanding the problem: Problem is to design and implement traffic light control system. This majorly requires timer and counter to properly manage the timing and control. Timing is normally met by a square wave of particular frequency. So basically a square wave generator with a variable frequency is required. And the no of square pulses should be counted for the system to act accordingly. By fixing no of pulses required for the signal to toggle, we can construct the system.

Dividing into modules: The control system should be divided into modules for making it simpler for designing. The system is divided into following modules: 1. Timer 2. Counter 3. Analyzer 4. Output Block diagram of the system:

Timer

counter

Output
Analyzing each module:

Analyzer

Timer: Timing of the system is achieved by a series of square pulses at a particular rate or frequency. For this 555 timer IC can be used which generates a square wave at a frequency that is determined by the resistor and capacitor used in the circuit.

555 TIMER: The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dualin-line package. The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 C to +70 C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, 55 C to +125 C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 k resistors used within. IC Picture:

Internal circuit diagram:

Pin Diagram

Pins:

Modes The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width

modulation (PWM) and so on.

Astable: free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based circuit can

then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.

Monostable In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a "one-shot" pulse generator. The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage supply. The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C. The output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

Where t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is in farads, while using the timer IC in monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between the two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.

Bistable In Bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via Pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply grounded. Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a Bistable configuration. Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7 (discharge) is left floating.

Astable In Astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.

In the Astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

The high time from each pulse is given by:

And the low time from each pulse is given by:

Where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads.

This Astable configuration will be used for generating square pulses by choosing resistor and capacitor values to suite the design.

Counter: Counter is used to count the no. of pulses that were generated by the timer. This can be designed by using the 4017 IC.

4017 The HEF4017B is a 5-stage Johnson decade counter with ten spike-free decoded active HIGH outputs (Oo to O9), an active LOW output from the most significant flip-flop (O59), active HIGH and active LOW clock inputs (CP0, CP1) and an overriding asynchronous master reset input (MR). The counter is advanced by either a LOW to HIGH transition at CP0 while CP1 is LOW or a HIGH to LOW transition at CP1 while CP0 is HIGH (see also function table). When cascading counters, the O5-9 output, which is LOW while the counter is in states 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, can be used to drive the CP0 input of the next counter. A HIGH on MR resets the counter to zero (Oo = O5-9 = HIGH; O1 to O9 = LOW) independent of the clock inputs (CP0, CP1). Automatic code correction of the counter is provided by an internal circuit: following any illegal code the counter returns to a proper counting mode within 11 clock pulses. Schmitt-trigger action in the clock input makes the circuit highly tolerant to slower clock rise and fall times.

Pins

CP0 CP1 MR O0 to O9 O5-9

Clock input (LOW to HIGH triggered) Clock input (HIGH to LOW triggered) Master reset input Decoded outputs Carry output (active LOW)

Function table

Analyzer:

Analyzer analyzes the outputs of the counter and determines the signal to the output module. This is designed using OR logic gates. These OR logic gates are realized using 7432 IC which has 4 OR gates in each IC.

OR GATE The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction - it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is HIGH, a LOW output (0) results. In another sense, the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the minimum.

These OR gate circuits are built to investigate high on the output of counter IC. When high on first four pins, traffic is allowed in one direction, if high is on other four pins, traffic is allowed in other direction.

Output module:

Output module is realized using Green, Red and Yellow LEDs which do function as traffic lights.

Simulation:

Each and every module has been simulated successfully using PROTEUS 7 PROFESSIONAL software. After this, the whole circuit has been successfully simulated.

Realization:

The designed and simulated circuit has been realized on a bread board and output has been verified.

Output: Thus, the project of traffic light control system has been successfully finished, submitted and got verified.

Circuit diagram: