MechanicsofLaminated Composite p Structures

NachiketaTiwari IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur

Lecture22 AnalysisofanOrthotropicPly

Introduction
Mostofthecompositematerialsareneither homogeneousnorisotropic isotropic.
Ahomogeneous materialisonewherepropertiesarein thebody, y,i.e.they ydonotdepend p onp positioninbody. y Anisotropic materialisonewherepropertiesaredirection independent.

Compositesareinhomogeneous(orheterogeneous)as wellasnonisotropicmaterials.
Inaninhomogeneous(orheterogeneous)material properties ti of fmaterial t i lvaryfrom f point i tto t point. i t Anonisotropicmaterialisone,wherematerialproperties dependsondirectionofobservation.Thus,amaterials material s modulusmaybedifferentinx,y,andz directions.

Introduction
Considerarectangularslabofisotropicmaterial.
Itthisslabispulledintension,asshowninFig.22.1a,thenitonlyproduces normalstrains.Thesestrainsaretensileinloadingdirection,andcompressive (duetoPoissonseffect)intransversedirection. Further,ifthisslabissubjectedtopureshearstresses,thenasshowninFig. 22.1b,theslabexhibitsp pureshearstraininXYp plane. Theseareimportantcharacteristicofisotropicmaterials,i.e.normalstresses producepurenormalstrains strains,andshearstressesproducepureshearstrains. strains

Introduction
Next,weconsiderarectangularslaboffullyanisotropicmaterial.
Itthisslabispulledintension,asshowninFig.22.2a,thenshearaswellas normalstrainswilldevelopinthebody.Further,ifthisslabissubjectedtopure shearstresses,thenasshowninFig.22.2b,theslabexhibitsnotonlyshear straininXYplane,butalsonormalstrains. Thisisaveryimportantcharacteristicofanisotropicmaterials,i.e.normal stressesproducenormalaswellasshearstrains,andshearstressesproduce normalstrainsinadditiontoshearstrains.

Introduction
Finally,weconsiderarectangularslaboforthotropicmaterial.
Ingeneral general,thismaterialbehavesinwaysverysimilartoanisotropicmaterials. materials Thus,whensubjectedtonormalstresses,itwillnotonlyexhibitnormal strains,butalsoshearstrains. However,theresponseofthesematerialsmimicsthatofisotropicmaterial,if theedgesofslabareparalleltoaspecial setofthreemutuallyperpendicular axes. axes Theexactorientationofthesethreemutuallyperpendicularaxesdependson the h i internal lmaterial i lstructure,and din i caseof funidirectional idi i lcomposites, i on thedirectionoffibers. Theseaxesareknownasnaturalmaterialaxes.Also,theplanesforwhich theseaxesactasnormals areknownasplanesofmaterialsymmetry.Incase ofunidirectionalcompositesthedirectionoffiberisonesuchmaterialaxis, andiscalledlongitudinalaxis.Thedirectionnormaltothelongitudinalaxisis termedtransverseaxis.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Understandingmechanicsofasolidrequiresonetoknowrelationshipsbetween strainsandstresses.Forisotropicsolids,thisrelationshipissimpleand straightforward.Foranisotropicsampleunderpuretensilestressthe relationshipbetweenstressesandstrainsisgivenbelow. t =Et where, ,t andc arestressandstrainindirectionoftension, ,andE isYoungs g modulusofthematerial. Wealsoknowthatduetosuchatensilestressthematerialsampleexperiences contractionintransversedirections,andtheconsequentlateralstraincanbe expressedas: c =t,where isPoissonsratioforthematerial. Further,itisalsoknownthattherelationbetweenshearstress,,andshear strain strain, ,forisotropicsolidsis: =G, whereG ismaterialsshearmodulus,anditcanbeexpressedintermsofE and. Hence,anisotropicmaterialhastwofundamentalelasticconstants,whichrelate stressesandstrains.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Wehavetodevelopsimilarmathematicalrelationshipsbetweenstresses andstrainspresentinanorthotropiclamina. lamina g 22.3,thereareatotalofninedifferenttypes yp ofstresses; AsshowninFig. 11,22,33, 12,13, 21, 23, 31, 32.Here,
11,22,and33 arenormalstresses.Theycanbecompressiveortensileinnature.Their firstsubscriptindicatestheplaneonwhichtheyareacting,andthesecondsubscript indicatethedirectioninwhichtheypointto. 12,13, 21, 23, 31, 32 areshearstresses.Theirfirstsubscriptindicatestheplaneonwhich theyareacting,andthesecondsubscriptindicatethedirectioninwhichtheypointto. Th shear Thus, h stress,12,actsonplane l 1, 1 and di itpoints i i inthe h 2direction. di i In I contrast,shear h stress21,actsonplane2,anditpointsinthe1direction.

Similarly, Si il l there h arenine i different diff componentsof fstrain i tensor.These Th are: 11,22,33,12,13, 21, 23, 31, 32.Here,firstthreearenormalstrains, whiletheremainingsixaretensorial shearstrains.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Figure22.3:Differenttypesofstrainswhichcanactonaninfinitesimal materialelement.
2 22 1 23 3 32 31 13 21 12 11

33

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Theninestresstensorcomponentsarerelatedinamostgeneralsensewith ninestraincomponentsthroughthefollowingequations.

These esea are enine eequat equations o s o overall. e a .Indices d cesi, ,j,k, ,and a dlcan ca assume assu evalues a uesof o 1, , 2or3.Eijkl isthegeneralizedstiffnesstensor.Thesummationonleftsideis onindicesk,andl.Thus,thereareatotalof81elasticconstantsforafully anisotropicmaterial. material Now,wecanshowfromprincipalofequilibrium,thatthevaluesofcross shearstressesareequal.Thus, 12 =21 , 23 =32 , 31 =13. ThisimpliesthatvaluesofEijkl andEjikl aresame.Thisreducesthenumberof stiffnessconstantsto54.Further,wecanalsoshowthroughprinciplesof geometry,theequalityofcrossshearstrains.Thisfurtherreducesthe numberofelasticconstantsto36.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Hencethestressstrainrelationsforafullyanisotropicmaterialcanbe expressedas:

Now,byfactoringintothermodynamicconsiderationspertainingto symmetryofstrainenergydensityfunction(detailsnotdiscussedhere),it canbeshownthatthestiffnessmatrixasdefinedabovehastobe symmetric.Hence, E1122 =E2211, E1133 =E3311, E1112 =E1211, E1123 =E2311, E1131 =E3111, E2233 =E3321, E2212 =E1222, E2223 =E2322, E2231 =E3122, E3312 =E1233, E3323 =E2333, E3331 =E3133, E1223 =E2312, E1231 =E3112, E2331 =E3123.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Thus,ananisotropicsolidrequiresonly21independentelasticconstants withoutanylossofgenerality. Atthisstage,weintroducethenotionoforthotropy,whichrequires existenceofthreeplanesofmaterialsymmetry.Theexistenceofsucha symmetryimpliesthatnormalstressproduceonlynormalstrains,andshear stressesonlyproduceshearstresses. Mathematically,thisimplies: E1112 =0 E1123 =0 E2212 =0 E2223 =0 E3312 =0 E3323 =0 E1223 =0 E1231 =0

E1131 =0 E2231 =0 E3331 =0 E2331 =0

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Thus,foranorthotropicmaterial,thetotalnumberofelasticconstantsis9. Usingtheseconstants,wecanwritethestressstrainrelationas: i =Qijj i,j =1,2,3,4,5,6. (Eq.22.1) where, Qij isthestiffnessmatrix,i representssixdifferentstresscomponents,and j representsengineeringstrainvector. vector Equation22.1isageneralizedHookesLawfororthotropicsolids.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Equation8.1mayalsoberepresentedas:

Eq .22.2

InEq.22.2,subscripts1,2and3coincidewithorthotropicmaterialaxes. Nowalaminamaybeassumedtohaveonlytwodimensionsasitsthickness isverysmallcomparedtoitsinplanedimensions. dimensions Hence Hence,alltheterms relatedtothicknessdirectionmaybedropped.Thestressstrainrelationship forsuchalaminais:

Eq.22.3

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Finally,forthecasewhenstressesareknowninanorthotropiclamina,and wewishtoknowstrains,wecansimplymultiplybothsidesofEq.22.3by inverseofstiffnessmatrix[Q]. [Q] Thisyieldsusexpressionswhichmaybeused tocalculatestrainsintermsofstressesandacomplianceconstants representedby[S].ThegeneralformofsucharelationisshowninEq.22.4.

Eq 22.4

Inaboveequation,compliancetermsrelatestresstostrain.Theseterms maybeexpressedintermsofstiffnesscoefficientsasshowninEqs.22.5. S11 =Q22/(Q11Q22 Q212), S22 =Q11/(Q11Q22 Q212), ) Eq.22.5 S12 =Q12/(Q11Q22 Q212), (Eq. 8.5) and S66 =1/Q66.

HookesLawforOrthotropicLamina
Similarly,followingequationmaybeusedtofindoutstiffnessconstantsof anorthotropiclamina,ifitscompliancecoefficientswereknown. Q11 =S22/(S11S22 S212), ) Q22 =S11/(S11S22 S212), Eq. 22.6 Q12 =S12/(S11S22 S212), (Eq. ( q. 8.6) and Q66 =1/S66. ItneedstobereiteratedherethatEqs.22.3to22.6areonlyapplicablefora twodimensionalorthotropiclamina. lamina Suchmaterialsrequireonlyfour independentelasticconstants.Forathreedimensionalorthotropiclamina, nineelasticconstantsareneeded. Thus,understandingofthreedimensionalorthotropyinvolvesmore complexity p ycompared p tothatofisotropy pyortwodimensionalorthotropy. py