Steel Floor Deck

s
Composite Steel Floor Deck - Slabs

STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

copyright 2012 steel deck institute
C - 2011 Standard for
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE/ STEEL DECK INSTITUTE
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

The Steel Deck Institute has developed the material contained herein. The Institute has made a diligent
effort to present accurate, reliable, and useful information on design of composite steel deck-slabs.
The materials set forth herein are for general information only. They are not a substitute for competent
professional advice. A registered professional engineer should review application of this information to a
specific project. In most jurisdictions, law requires such review. Anyone making use of the informat ion set
forth herein does so at their own risk and assumes any and all resulting liability arising therefore.
The Steel Deck Institute developed this Standard to determine the nominal resistance and composite
stiffness of composite steel deck-slabs. This Standard is intended for use with cold-formed composite steel
deck construction.
The Steel Deck Institute has developed the material contained herein. The Institute has made a diligent
effort to present accurate, reliable, and useful information on design of composite steel deck-slabs.
The materials set forth herein are for general information only. They are not a substitute for competent
professional advice. A registered professional engineer should review application of this information to a
specific project. In most jurisdictions, law requires such review. Anyone making use of the informat ion set
forth herein does so at their own risk and assumes any and all resulting liability arising therefore.
The Steel Deck Institute developed this Standard to determine the nominal resistance and composite
stiffness of composite steel deck-slabs. This Standard is intended for use with cold-formed composite steel
deck construction.
DISCLAIMER
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Standard refects the state-of-the-art pertaining to composite steel deck-slabs. The Steel Deck Institute
acknowledges the valuable contributions of the researchers, designers, and members of the industry that have made
this Standard possible.
Also gratefully acknowledged is the previous work of the Composite Steel Deck Committee of the American
Iron and Steel Institute and the Steel Deck with Concrete Standards Committee of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, who previously developed the legacy Standard for Structural Design of Composite Slabs (ASCE 3).
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

1
1. General
1.1 Scope:
A. This Standard for Composite Steel Floor Deck-Slabs, hereafter referred to as the
Standard, shall govern the materials, design, and erection of composite concrete slabs
utilizing cold formed steel deck functioning as a permanent form and as reinforcement
for positive moment in floor and roof applications in buildings and similar structures.
B. The Appendices shall be part of the Standard.
C. The User Notes, User Note Attachments, and Commentary shall not be part of the
Standard.
User Note: User Notes, User Note Attachments, and Commentary are intended to
provide practical guidance in the use and application of this Standard.
D. Where the Standard refers to designer, this shall mean the entity that is responsible to
the Owner for the overall structural design of the project, including the steel deck.
User Note: This is usually the Structural Engineer of Record.
E. Equations that appear in this Standard are compatible with the inch-pounds system of
units. However, any consistent system of units shall be permitted to be used. SI units
or equations shown in parentheses in this standard are for information only, and are not
part of this Standard.
F. Terms not defined in this Standard, AISI S100 or AISI/AISC shall have the ordinary
accepted meaning for the context for which they are intended.
G. It shall be permitted to specify deck base metal thickness either by dimensional
thickness, or by gage when the relationship of base metal thickness to gage has been
defined by the deck manufacturer. However, for the purpose of design, the
dimensional thickness shall be used.
User Note: Both AISI and SDI now specify steel thickness in terms of design
thickness in lieu of gage thickness. Gage thicknesses, however, are still commonly
referred to in the metal deck industry. Table UN-1.1 shows common gages and
corresponding uncoated design and minimum steel thicknesses.
Table UN-1.1
1
Gage No. Design Thickness Minimum Thickness
in. mm. in. mm.
22 0.0295 0.75 0.028 0.71
20 0.0358 0.91 0.034 0.86
18 0.0474 1.20 0.045 1.14
16 0.0598 1.52 0.057 1.44
1
Minimum thickness is 95% of the design thickness
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

2
A. Codes and Standards: The following documents or portions thereof are referenced in
this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this Standard. Where
these documents conflict with this standard, the requirements of this Standard shall control:
1. American Concrete Institute (ACI)
a. ACI 318-11, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
2. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
a. AISI S100-07 w/S2-10, North American Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, Including Supplement 2
(February 2010)
b. AISI S905-08, Test Methods for Mechanically Fastened Cold-Formed
Steel Connections
c. AISI S907-08, Test Standard for Cantilever Test Method for Cold-
Formed Steel Diaphragms
d. AISI/AISC, Standard Definitions for Use in the Design of Steel
Structures, 2007 edition
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
a. ANSI/AISC 360-10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
4. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
a. ASTM A615 / A615M- 09b Standard Specification for Deformed and
Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
b. ASTM A653 / A653M- 10 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet,
Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by
the Hot-Dip Process
c. ASTM A706 / A706M- 09b Standard Specification for Low-Alloy
Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
d. ASTM A820 / A820M 06, Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
e. ASTM A1008 / A1008M- 10, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet,
Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened,
and Bake Hardenable
f. ASTM A1064 / A1064M- 10 Standard Specification for Steel Wire and
Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
g. ASTMC1116 / C1116M- 10 Standard Specification for Fiber-
Reinforced Concrete
h. ASTM D7508 / D7508M- 10 Standard Specification for Polyolefin
Chopped Strands for Use in Concrete
5. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
a. SEI/ASCE 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
6. American Welding Society (AWS)
a. AWS D1.1:2010, Structural Welding Code-Steel
b. AWS D1.3:2008, Structural Welding Code-Sheet Steel
7. Steel Deck Institute (SDI)
a. SDI-T-CD-2011, Test Standard for Composite Steel Deck-Slabs
1.2 Reference Codes, Standards, and Documents:
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

3
B. Reference Documents: The following documents or portions thereof are referenced in
this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this Standard. Where
these documents conflict with this standard, requirements of this Standard shall govern:
a. SDI-DDM, Diaphragm Design Manual, 3
rd
Edition, including
Appendices I through VI
User Note: The following documents are referenced within the user notes:
1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO)
a. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units,
5th Edition, with 2010 Interim Revisions
2. American Concrete Institute (ACI)
a. ACI 215R-92, Considerations for Design of Concrete Structures
Subjected to Fatigue Loading
b. ACI 302.1R-04, Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction
c. ACI 224.1R-07, Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete
Structures
d. ACI 318-11, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
e. ACI 544 3R-08, Guide for the Specification, Proportioning and
Production of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
f. ACI Concrete Terminology, http://terminology.concrete.org
3. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
a. AISC Design Guide No. 11, Floor Vibrations Due to Human Activity,
1997
4. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
a. AISI S100-07 w/S2-10, North American Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, Including Supplement 2
(February 2010)
b. AISI S907-08, Test Standard for Cantilever Test Method for Cold-
Formed Steel Diaphragms
5. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
a. ASTM A653 / A653M- 10 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet,
Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by
the Hot-Dip Process
b. ASTM A1008 / A1008M- 10, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet,
Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened,
and Bake Hardenable
c. ASTM E119 - 10b, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
Construction and Materials
6. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI)
a. CRSI Manual of Standard Practice, 28
th
Edition, 2009
a. SDI-CDD, Composite Deck Design Handbook, 2
nd
Edition
b. SDI-DDM, Diaphragm Design Manual, 3
rd
Edition, including
Appendices I through VI
c. SDI-MDCQ, Metal Deck and Concrete Quantities (SDI White Paper)
d. SDI-MOC, Manual of Construction with Steel Deck, 2
nd
Edition
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

4
e. SDI Position Statement Use of Composite Steel Floor Deck in Parking
Garages.
8. Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
a. Fire Resistance Directory
9. Wire Reinforcing Institute (WRI)
a. WWR-500-R-10, Manual of Standard Practice-Structural Welded Wire
Reinforcement
1.3 Construction Documents: The construction documents shall describe the composite slabs that
are to be constructed and shall include not less than the following information:
A. Loads
1. Composite slab loads as required by the applicable building code. Where
applicable, load information shall include concentrated loads.
2. Assumed construction phase loads.
B. Structural framing plans for all composite slabs showing the size, location and type of
all deck supports.
C. Deck and Deck Attachment
1. Depth, type (profile), and design thickness.
2. Deck material (including yield strength) and deck finish.
3. Deck attachment type, spacing, and details.
D. Concrete and Reinforcing
1. Specified concrete strength, f .
c
2. Specified concrete density (and tolerance if required for fire rating assembly).
3. Specified strength or grade of reinforcing steel or welded wire reinforcement (if
used).
4. Size, extent and location of all reinforcement (if used).
5. Slab thicknesses.
6. Discontinuous fiber reinforcement material, type and dosage (if used).
User Note: The following is an example of a composite slab as it could be specified
on the contract drawings: Composite slab shall consist of 2 inch deep G-60
galvanized composite steel deck, design thickness 0.0358 inch (20 gage), (Type XX by
XX, Inc. or approved equivalent) with 3 inch thick, 3000 psi, normal-weight concrete
topping (total thickness = 5 inches) reinforced with XXX.
2. Products
2.1 Material:
A. All sheet steel used for deck or accessories shall have a minimum specified yield stress
that meets or exceeds 33 ksi (230 Mpa).
1 For the case where the steel deck acts as a form, design yield and tensile
stresses shall be determined in accordance with AISI S100, Section A2.
2. For the case where the steel deck acts as tensile reinforcement for the composite
deck-slab, the steel shall conform to AISI S100, Section A2. When the ductility
of the steel measured over a two-inch (50 mm) gage length is 10% or greater,
the maximum design yield stress shall not exceed the lesser of 50 ksi or Fy.
When the ductility of the steel measured over a two-inch (50 mm) gage length
is less than 10%, the maximum design yield stress shall not exceed the lesser of
50 ksi (345 Mpa) or 0.75 Fy.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

5
3. When the ductility of the steel used for deck, measured over a two-inch (50
mm) gage length, is less than 10%, the ability of the steel to be formed without
cracking or splitting shall be demonstrated.
B. Sheet steel for deck shall conform to AISI S100, Section A2.
Commentary: Most steel deck is manufactured from steel conforming to ASTM
A1008 /A1008M, Structural Sheet for uncoated or uncoated top/painted bottom deck or
from ASTM A653 / A653M, Structural Sheet for galvanized deck. In most cases the
designer will choose one finish or the other. However, both types of finish may be
used on a project, in which case the designer must indicate on the plans and project
specifications the areas in which each is used. (Refer to Section 2.3 of this standard).
Stainless steel is not recommended due to the lack of available performance data.
C. Sheet steel for accessories that carry defined loads shall conform to AISI S100, Section
A2. Sheet steel for non-structural accessories that do not carry defined loads shall be
permitted to be any steel that is adequate for the proposed application.
D. Concrete and Reinforcement:
1. Concrete placed on steel deck shall conform to ACI 318, Chapters 3, 4 and 5,
except as modified by Sections 2.1.D.2 and 2.1.D.3.
2. The specified concrete compressive strength shall not be less than 3000 psi (21
MPa). The maximum compressive strength used to calculate the strength of the
composite deck-slab shall not exceed 6000 psi (42 MPa).
User Note: Load tables and labeled fire resistant rated assemblies may require concrete
compressive strengths in excess of 3000 psi. The average compressive strength of the
concrete may exceed 6000 psi, but a maximum strength of 6000 psi is to be used in
calculating the strength of the composite deck-slab.
3. Admixtures containing chloride salts or other substances that are corrosive or
otherwise deleterious to the steel deck and embedded items shall not be
permitted.
4. Steel Reinforcing shall conform to the following:
a. Deformed reinforcing bars: ASTM A615 or ASTM A706.
b. Welded wire reinforcement: ASTM A1064.
c. Other deformed reinforcing bars or welded wire reinforcement as
permitted by ACI 318, Section 3.5.3.
5. Discontinuous fiber reinforcement shall conform to the following:
a. Steel fibers: ASTM A820.
b. Macrosynthetic fibers: ASTM D7508.

2.2 Tolerance of Delivered Material:
A. The minimum uncoated steel thickness as delivered to the job site shall not at any
location be less than 95% of the design thickness, however lesser thicknesses shall be
permitted at bends, such as corners, due to cold-forming effects.
User Note: The minimum delivered thickness is in accordance with AISI S100.
B. Panel length shall equal the specified panel length, plus or minus 1/2 inch (13mm).
C. Panel cover width shall be no less than 3/8 inch (10 mm) less than the specified panel
width, nor more than 3/4 inch (19 mm) greater than the specified width.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

6
D. Panel camber and/or sweep shall not be greater than 1/4 inch in a 10 foot length (6 mm
in 3 m).
E. Panel end out of square shall not exceed 1/8 inch per foot of panel width (10 mm per m).
2.3 Finish:
A. Galvanizing shall conform to ASTM A653 / A653M
B. A shop coat of primer paint (bottom side only) shall be applied to steel sheet if
specified by the designer.
C. The finish on the steel deck shall be specified by the designer.
Commentary: The finish on the steel composite deck must be specified by the
designer and be suitable for the environment to which the deck is exposed within the
finished structure. Because the composite deck is the positive bending reinforcement
for the slab, its service life should at least be equal to the design service life of the
structure. Zinc-Aluminum finishes are not recommended. When composite deck with
an unpainted top and painted bottom is used, the primer coat is intended to protect the
steel for only a short period of exposure in ordinary atmospheric conditions and shall
be considered an impermanent and provisional coating. In highly corrosive or chemical
atmospheres or where reactive materials could be in contact with the steel deck, special
care in specifying the finish should be used, which could include specialized coatings
or materials. If specifying painted deck in areas that require spray-on fireproofing, the
paint must be permitted by the applicable fire rated assembly. Not all paints are
approved for fire rated assemblies. This requirement must be clearly called out in the
contract documents. In general, there are three types of fire resistive assemblies; those
achieving the fire resistance by membrane protection, direct applied protection, or with
an unprotected assembly. Of these three, only the systems that utilize direct applied
protection are concerned with the finish of the steel deck. In these systems, the finish
of the steel deck can be the factor that governs the fire resistance rating that is
achieved. In assemblies with direct applied fire protection the finish (paint) is critical.
In the Underwriters Laboratories Fire Resistance Directory, some deck manufacturing
companies have steel deck units that are classified in some of the D700, D800, and
D900-series concrete and steel floor units. These classified deck units (Classified Steel
Floor and Form Units) are shown as having a galvanized finish or a
phosphatized/painted finish. These classified deck units have been evaluated for use in
these specific designs and found acceptable.
2.4 Design:
A. Deck as a form
1. Design by either Allowable Strength Design (ASD) or Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) shall be permitted. The section properties and allowable
strength (ASD) or design strength (LRFD) for the steel deck shall be computed
in accordance with AISI S100.
2. Deck shall be evaluated for strength under the following load combinations:
a. Allowable Stress Design
w
dc
+ w
dd
+ w
lc
(Eq. 2.4.1)
w
dc
+ w
dd
+ P
lc
(Eq. 2.4.2)
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

7
w
dd
+ w
cdl
(Eq. 2.4.3)
Where:
w
dc
= dead weight of concrete
w
dd
= dead weight of the steel deck
w
lc
= uniform construction live load (combined with fluid
concrete) not less than 20 psf (0.96 kPa)
w
cdl
= uniform construction live load (combined with bare
deck), not less than 50 psf (2.40 kPa)
P
lc
= concentrated construction live load per unit width of
deck section; 150 pounds on a 1 foot width (2.19 kN
on a 1 meter width)
User Note: The uniform construction live load of 20 psf is considered adequate for
typical construction applications that consist of concrete transport and placement by
hose and concrete finishing using hand tools. The designer typically has little control
over means-and-methods of construction, and should bring to the attention of the
constructor that bulk dumping of concrete using buckets, chutes, or handcarts, or the
use of heavier motorized finishing equipment such as power screeds, may require
design of the deck as a form using uniform construction live loads, w
lc
,of 50 psf or
greater. Section A1.3.1 requires that the designer include the assumed construction
loads in the construction documents and it is suggested that the construction
documents require verification of adequacy by the constructor.
User Note: The designer should account for additional loads attributable to concrete
ponding due to deflections of the structural system, including deck and support
framing. See SDI-MDCQ for additional information.
b. Load and Resistance Factor Design
1.6w
dc
+ 1.2w
dd
+ 1.4w
lc
(Eq. 2.4.4)
1.6w
dc
+ 1.2w
dd
+ 1.4P
lc
(Eq. 2.4.5)
1.2w
dd
+ 1.4w
cdl
(Eq. 2.4.6)
Commentary: The load factor used for the dead weight of the concrete is 1.6 because
of delivering methods and an individual sheet can be subjected to this load. The use of
a load factor of 1.4 for construction load in LRFD design is calibrated to provide
equivalent design results in ASD design. Refer to the commentary of AISI S100 for
additional information.
3. Cantilever spans shall be evaluated for strength under the following load
combinations:
a. Allowable Strength Design: Equations 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 shall be applied
to both the cantilever span and the adjacent span. The concentrated
construction live load (P
lc
) shall be applied at the end of the cantilever.
b. Load and Resistance Factor Design: Equations 2.4.4 and 2.4.5 shall be
applied to both the cantilever span and the adjacent span. The
concentrated construction live load (P
lc
) shall be applied at the end of
the cantilever.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

8
a. The specified construction live loads shall be increased when required
by construction operations.
b. Loads shall be applied in a sequence that simulates the placement of the
concrete, in accordance with Appendix 1. Rational analysis shall be
permitted to be used for developing shear and moment diagrams and
calculating deflections for non-uniform spans.
Commentary: The loading shown in Figure 1 of Appendix 1 is representative of the
sequential loading of fresh concrete on the deck. The 150 pound per foot of width (2.19
kN per 1 m of width) load is the equivalent of distributing a 300 pound (1.33 kN)
worker over a 2 foot (600 mm) width. Experience has shown this to be a conservative
distribution.
Single span deck conditions have no redundancy because they are statically
determinate, as opposed to multi-span conditions that are statically indeterminate.
Because of this lack of redundancy, additional consideration should be given to proper
specification of construction live and dead loads. Allowable construction spans for
single-span deck may be shorter than for multi-span applications, and the designer
must consider this in locations where it is impossible to install the deck in a multi-span
condition, such as between stair and elevator towers. Whenever possible, the deck
should be designed as a multi-span system that does not require shoring during
concrete placement.
The specified construction live loads reflect nominal loads from workers and
tools and do not include loads of equipment such as laser screeds or power trowels nor
additional concrete weight due to ponding. If anticipated construction activities
include these additional loads, they should be considered in the design.
5. Deck Deflection:
a. Calculated deflections of the deck as a form shall be based on the load
of the concrete as determined by the design slab thickness and the self-
weight of the steel deck, uniformly loaded on all spans, shall be limited
to the lesser of 1/180 of the clear span or 3/4 inch (19 mm). Calculated
deflections shall be relative to supporting members.
b. The deflection of cantilevered deck as a form, as determined by slab
thickness and self-weight of the steel deck, shall not exceed a/90, where
a is the cantilever length, nor 3/4 inches (19 mm).
Commentary: The deflection calculations do not take into account construction loads
because these are considered to be temporary loads. The deck is designed to always be
in the elastic range, so removal of temporary loads will allow the deck to recover,
unless construction overloads cause the stress in the deck to exceed the elastic limits of
the deck. The supporting structural steel also deflects under the loading of the concrete.
The designer is urged to check the deflection of the total system. Typical load
tables are based on uniform slab thickness. If the designer wants to include additional
concrete loading on the deck because of frame deflection, the additional load should be
shown on the design drawings or stated in the deck section of the contract documents.
6. Minimum Bearing and Edge Distance: Minimum bearing lengths and fastener
edge distances shall be determined in accordance with AISI S100.
4. Special loading considerations:
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

9
User Note: Figure 2 in Appendix 1 indicates support reactions. The designer should
check the deck web crippling capacity based on available bearing length.
7. Diaphragm Shear Capacity: Diaphragm strength and stiffness shall be determined
utilizing the bare steel deck capacity without concrete in accordance with:
a. SDI-DDM
b. Tests conducted in accordance with AISI S907
c. Other methods approved by the building official.
Commentary: Unless otherwise required by the governing building code, safety
factors and resistance factors should be as shown in Table D5 of AISI S100 for bare
steel deck diaphragms. When SDI-DDMis the basis of diaphragm design, fasteners
and welds that do not have flexibility and strength properties listed in SDI-DDM
Section 4 can demonstrate flexibility and strength properties through testing in
accordance with AISI S905 or other testing methods. Fastener or weld strength
defined in AISI S100 or other methods can be used with the SDI-DDMmethod.
It is always conservative to neglect the contribution of sidelap connections to
diaphragm strength and stiffness. Side lap fillet weld and top seam and side seam weld
flexibility can be calculated in accordance with SDI-DDMSection 4.4 and sidelap fillet
weld and side seam weld strength can be calculated in accordance with AISI S100.
8. Connections: Deck shall be attached to supports to resist loads and to provide
structural stability for the supporting member Connections shall be designed
in accordance with AISI S100 or strengths shall be determined by testing in
accordance with AISI S905. Tests shall be representative of the design. When
tests are used and the design allows either end laps or single thickness
conditions, both conditions shall be tested.
B. Deck and Concrete as a Composite Slab:
1. Strength: Strength of the composite deck-slab shall be determined in
accordance with one of the following methods.
a. Prequalified Section Method as per Appendix 2.
b. Shear Bond Method as per Appendix 3.
c. Full scale performance testing as per SDI-T-CD.
d. Other methods approved by the building official.
2. Deck shall be evaluated for strength under the load combinations required by
the applicable building code. In the absence of a building code, the load
combinations prescribed by ASCE 7 shall be used.
3. Load Determination: The superimposed load capacity shall be determined by
deducting the weight of the slab and the deck from the total load capacity.
Unless composite deck-slabs are designed for continuity, slabs shall be assumed
to act on simple spans.
Commentary: Most published live load tables are based on simple span analysis of
the composite system; that is, a continuous slab is assumed to crack over each support
and to carry load as a series of simple spans.
Commentary: By using the reference analysis techniques or test results, the deck
manufacturer determines the live loads that can be applied to the composite deck-slab
combination. The results are usually published as uniform load tables. For most

STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

10
applications, the deck thickness and profile is selected so that shoring is not required;
the live load capacity of the composite system is usually more than adequate for the
superimposed live loads. In calculating the section properties of the deck, AISI S100
may require that compression zones in the deck be reduced to an effective width, but
as tensile reinforcement, the total area of the cross section may be used. (See
Appendix 3)
Coatings other than those tested may be investigated, and if there is evidence
that their performance is better than that of the tested product, additional testing may
not be required.
4. Concrete: Specified concrete compressive strength (fc) shall comply with
Section 2.1 and shall not be less then 3000 psi (21 MPa), nor less than that
required for fire resistance ratings or durability.

Commentary: Load tables are generally calculated by using a concrete strength of
3000 psi (21 MPa). Composite slab capacities are not greatly affected by variations in
concrete compressive strength; but if the strength falls below 3000 psi (21 MPa), it
would be advisable to check shear anchor design for composite beam action.
a. Minimum Cover: The concrete thickness above the top of the steel deck
shall not be less than 2 inches (50 mm), nor that required by any
applicable fire resistance rating requirements. Minimum concrete cover
for reinforcement shall be in accordance with ACI 318.
5. Deflection: Deflection of the composite slab shall be in accordance with the
requirements of the applicable building code.
a. Cross section properties shall be calculated in accordance with
Appendix 4.
b. Additional deflections resulting from concrete creep, where applicable,
shall be calculated by multiplying the immediate elastic deflection due
to the sustained load by the following factors:
i. (1.0) for load duration of 3 months.
ii. (1.2) for load duration of 6 months.
iii. (1.4) for load duration of 1 year.
iv. (2.0) for load duration of 5 years.
Commentary: Live load deflections are seldom a controlling design factor. A
superimposed live load deflection of span/360 is typically considered to be acceptable.
The deflection of the slab/deck combination can be predicted by using the average of
the cracked and uncracked moments of inertia as determined by the transformed
section method of analysis. Refer to Appendix 4 of this standard or SDI-CDD.
User Note: Limited information on creep deflections is available. This method is
similar to the procedure for reinforced concrete slabs. Because the steel deck initially
carries the weight of the concrete, only the superimposed loads should be considered
when creep deflections are a concern.
User Note: Floor vibration performance is the result of the behavior of entire floor
system, including the support framing. The designer should check vibration
performance using commonly accepted methods, which may include AISC Design
Guide No. 11.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

11
11
497
6. Special Loads: The following loads shall be considered in the analysis and 498
calculations for strength and deflection: 499
a. Suspended Loads. 500
b. Concentrated Loads. 501
c. Moving Loads. 502
d. Cyclic Loads. 503
504
7. One-way Shear Strength: This section shall be used to determine the one-way 505
shear strength of the composite deck-slab. 506
507

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 4 V V V
(Eq. 2.4.7a) (in.-lb) 508

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 0.172 V V V (Eq. 2.4.7b) (SI) 509
510
Where: 511
512
c
'
c c
A f 2 V (Eq. 2.4.8a) (in.-lb) 513
c
'
c c
A f 0.086 V (Eq. 2.4.8b) (SI) 514
515
V
D
= shear strength of the steel deck section calculated in accordance 516
with AISI S100, kips (kN) 517
A
c
= concrete area available to resist shear, in.
2
(mm
2
), see Figure 2-1. 518
= 1.0 where concrete density exceeds 130 lbs/ft
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 519
0.75 where concrete density is equal to or less than 130 lbs/ft
3
520
(2100 kg/m
3
). 521
v
= 0.75 522
s
= 0.85 523
524
525
Figure 2-1 One-Way Shear Parameters 526
527
8. Punching Shear Resistance: The critical surface for calculating punching shear 528
shall be perpendicular to the plane of the slab and located outside of the 529
periphery of the concentrated load or reaction area. The factored punching 530
shear resistance, V
pr
, shall be determined as follows: 531
532
c o c v c o c v c pr h b ' f 4 h b ' f 4 2 V (Eq. 2.4.9a) (in.-lb) 533
c o c v c o c v c pr h b ' f 172 . 0 h b ' f 4 2 043 . 0 V (Eq. 2.4.9b) (SI) 534
535
Where: 536
b
o
= perimeter of critical section, in. (mm) 537
h
c
= thickness of concrete cover above steel deck, in. (mm) 538

c
= ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction 539
area

540

v
=

0.75 541
542
11
497
504
507

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 4 V V V
(Eq. 2.4.7a) (in.-lb) 508

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 0.172 V V V (Eq. 2.4.7b) (SI) 509
510
Where: 511
512
c
'
c c
A f 2 V (Eq. 2.4.8a) (in.-lb) 513
c
'
c c
A f 0.086 V (Eq. 2.4.8b) (SI) 514
515
V
D
A
c
2
(mm
2
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 519
3
520
(2100 kg/m
3
). 521
v
= 0.75 522
s
= 0.85 523
524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c

c
area

540

v
=

0.75 541
542
11
497
504
507

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 4 V V V
(Eq. 2.4.7a) (in.-lb) 508

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 0.172 V V V (Eq. 2.4.7b) (SI) 509
510
Where: 511
512
c
'
c c
A f 2 V (Eq. 2.4.8a) (in.-lb) 513
c
'
c c
A f 0.086 V (Eq. 2.4.8b) (SI) 514
515
V
D
A
c
2
(mm
2
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 519
3
520
(2100 kg/m
3
). 521
v
= 0.75 522
s
= 0.85 523
524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c

c
area

540

v
=

0.75 541
542
11
497
504
507

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 4 V V V
(Eq. 2.4.7a) (in.-lb) 508

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 0.172 V V V (Eq. 2.4.7b) (SI) 509
510
Where: 511
512
c
'
c c
A f 2 V (Eq. 2.4.8a) (in.-lb) 513
c
'
c c
A f 0.086 V (Eq. 2.4.8b) (SI) 514
515
V
D
A
c
2
(mm
2
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 519
3
520
(2100 kg/m
3
). 521
v
= 0.75 522
s
= 0.85 523
524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c

c
area

540

v
=

0.75 541
542
11
497
504
507

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 4 V V V
(Eq. 2.4.7a) (in.-lb) 508

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 0.172 V V V (Eq. 2.4.7b) (SI) 509
510
Where: 511
512
c
'
c c
A f 2 V (Eq. 2.4.8a) (in.-lb) 513
c
'
c c
A f 0.086 V (Eq. 2.4.8b) (SI) 514
515
V
D
A
c
2
(mm
2
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 519
3
520
(2100 kg/m
3
). 521
v
= 0.75 522
s
= 0.85 523
524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c

c
area

540

v
=

0.75 541
542
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

12
11
497
504
507

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 4 V V V
(Eq. 2.4.7a) (in.-lb) 508

c
'
c
v
D
s
c
v
n
A f 0.172 V V V (Eq. 2.4.7b) (SI) 509
510
Where: 511
512
c
'
c c
A f 2 V (Eq. 2.4.8a) (in.-lb) 513
c
'
c c
A f 0.086 V (Eq. 2.4.8b) (SI) 514
515
V
D
A
c
2
(mm
2
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 519
3
520
(2100 kg/m
3
). 521
v
= 0.75 522
s
= 0.85 523
524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c

c
area

540

v
=

0.75 541
542

524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
( ) c o c v c o c v c pr h b f h b f V ' 4 ' 4 2 + = (Eq. 2.4.9a) (in-lb) 533
( ) c o c v c o c v c pr h b f h b f V ' 172 . 0 ' 4 2 043 . 0 + = (Eq. 2.4.9b) (SI) 534
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c
c
area 540

v
= 0.75 541
542
9. Concentrated Loads: Concentrated loads shall be permitted to be laterally 543
distributed perpendicular to the deck ribs in accordance with this section. 544

524
525
527
shear resistance, V
pr
532
( ) c o c v c o c v c pr h b f h b f V ' 4 ' 4 2 + = (Eq. 2.4.9a) (in-lb) 533
( ) c o c v c o c v c pr h b f h b f V ' 172 . 0 ' 4 2 043 . 0 + = (Eq. 2.4.9b) (SI) 534
535
Where: 536
b
o
h
c
c
area 540

v
= 0.75 541
542
9. Concentrated Loads: Concentrated loads shall be permitted to be laterally 543
distributed perpendicular to the deck ribs in accordance with this section. 544
Figure 2-1 One-Way Shear Parameters
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

13
9. Concentrated Loads: Concentrated loads shall be permitted to be laterally
distributed perpendicular to the deck ribs in accordance with this section.
Alternate lateral load distributions based on rational analysis shall be permitted
when allowed by the building official.
a. Concentrated loads shall be distributed laterally (perpendicular to the
ribs of the deck) over an effective width, b
e
. The load distribution over
the effective width, b
e
, shall be uniform.
b. The concrete above the top of steel deck shall be designed as a
reinforced concrete slab in accordance with ACI 318, transverse to the
deck ribs, to resist the weak axis moment, M
wa
, over a width of slab
equal to W. Appropriate load factors as required by ACI 318 shall be
applied to the weak axis moment.
b
m
= b
2
+ 2 t
c
+ 2 t
t
(Eq. 2.4.10)
b
e
= b
m
+ (2)(1-x/L)x 106.8 (t
c
/h)
for single span bending
(Eq. 2.4.11)
b
e
= b
m
+ (4/3)(1-x/L)x 106.8 (t
c
/h)
for continuous span bending when reinforcing steel
is provided in the concrete to develop negative bending.
(Eq. 2.4.12)
b
e
= b
m
+ (1-x/L)x 106.8 (t
c
/h) for shear (Eq. 2.4.13)
W = L/2 + b
3
L (Eq. 2.4.14)
M
wa
= 12 P b
e
/ (15W) in.-lb per foot
[ P b
e
/ (15 W) N- mm per mm ]
(Eq. 2.4.15)
Where:
b
e
= Effective width of concentrated load, perpendicular to
the deck ribs, in (mm)
b
m
= Projected width of concentrated load, perpendicular to
the deck ribs, measured at top of steel deck, in. (mm)
b
2
= Width of bearing perpendicular to the deck ribs, in. (mm)
b
3
= Length of bearing parallel to the deck ribs, in. (mm)
h = Depth of composite deck-slab, measured from bottom of
steel deck to top of concrete slab, in. (mm)
L = Deck span length, measured from centers of supports, in (mm)
M
wa
= Weak axis bending moment, perpendicular to deck ribs,
of width, in.-lbs, (N-mm per mm of width)
P = Magnitude of concentrated load, lbs (N)
t
c
= Thickness of concrete above top of steel deck, in. (mm)
t
t
= Thickness of rigid topping above structural concrete (if
any), in. (mm)
W = Effective length of concentrated load, parallel to the deck
ribs, in. (mm)
x = Distance from center of concentrated load to nearest
support, in. (mm)
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

14
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-2
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

15
?
User Note: Figures 2-2 and 2-3 illustrate the dimensions associated with this section.
Commentary: The designer should take into account the sequence of loading.
Suspended loads may include ceilings, light fixtures, ducts or other utilities. The
designer should be informed of any loads to be applied after the composite slab has
been installed. Care should be used during the placement of suspended loads on all
types of hanger tabs or other hanging devices for the support of ceilings so that an
approximate uniform loading is maintained. The individual manufacturer should be
consulted for allowable loading on single hanger tabs. Improper use of hanger tabs or
other hanging devices could result in the overstressing of tabs and/or the overloading of
the composite deck-slab.
Commentary: Composite floor deck is not recommended as the only concrete
reinforcement for use in applications where the floor is loaded with repeated lift truck
(forklift) or similar heavy wheeled traffic. (Lift trucks are defined as small power
operated vehicles that have devices for lifting and moving product. The definition of
lift trucks does not include manually operated pallet jacks). Loading from lift trucks
includes not only moving gravity loads, but also includes vertical impact loading and
in-plane loading effects from starting, stopping, and turning. The repetitive nature of
this loading, including impact, fatigue, and in-plane effects can be more detrimental to
the slab-deck performance than the gravity loads. Suspended floor slabs subjected to
lift truck traffic have special design requirements to ensure the fatigue stress in the
reinforcement is low to keep the cracks sufficiently tight and serviceable to minimize
crack spalling due to the hard wheel traffic. The design should only use the steel deck
as a stay-in-place form. Structural concrete design recommendations contained in ACI
215R and AASHTO-LRFD are suggested for guidance in the design of these slabs.
Due consideration for the stiffness of the supporting framing should be given by
the designer.
Composite floor deck has successfully been used in applications that are loaded
by occasional scissor lift use, and in warehouses with industrial racks without lift
truck traffic and in areas serviced by pallet jacks. Proper analysis and design for
moving and point loads must be performed.
Commentary: For additional information regarding the use of composite steel deck in
parking structure applications, refer to the SDI Position Statement Use of Composite
Steel Floor Deck in Parking Garages.
10. Negative Reinforcement: When the slab is designed for negative moments, the
deck shall be designed to act in the negative moment region only as a permanent form.
Concrete in negative moment regions shall be designed by the designer as a
conventional reinforced concrete slab in accordance with ACI 318. Design moments
and shears shall be permitted to be calculated by any acceptable method of analysis
which considers continuity. The coefficient method of Chapter 8 of ACI 318 shall be
considered to be an acceptable analysis method.
Commentary: Composite steel deck does not function as compression reinforcing
steel in areas of negative moment. If the designer desires a continuous slab, then
negative bending reinforcing should be designed using conventional reinforced
concrete design techniques in compliance with ACI 318. The reinforcement chosen for
temperature and shrinkage reinforcement most likely will not supply sufficient area of
reinforcement for negative bending over the supports.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

16
11. Cantilevered Slabs: At cantilevered slabs, the deck shall be considered to act
only as a permanent form. The slab shall be designed by the designer for
negative bending in accordance with ACI 318.
Commentary: At cantilevered slabs, the deck acts only as a permanent form.
Composite steel deck does not function as compression reinforcing steel at cantilevers.
Negative bending reinforcing at the cantilever should be designed using conventional
reinforced concrete design techniques in compliance with ACI 318. The reinforcement
chosen for temperature and shrinkage reinforcing most likely will not supply sufficient
area of reinforcement for negative bending at the cantilever.
12. Diaphragm Shear Capacity: Diaphragm strength and stiffness shall be
determined in accordance with:
a. SDI-DDM
b. Tests conducted in accordance with AISI S907
c. Other methods approved by the building official.
Commentary: Unless otherwise required by the governing building code, when using
the SDI-DDMmethod, the safety and resistance factors found in the SDI-DDMshould
be used. When SDI-DDMis the basis of diaphragm design, fasteners and welds that do
not have flexibility and strength properties listed in SDI-DDMSection 4 can
demonstrate flexibility and strength properties through testing in accordance with AISI
S905 or other testing methods. Fastener or weld strength defined in AISI S100 or other
methods can be used with the SDI-DDMmethod. It is always conservative to neglect
the contribution of sidelap connections to diaphragm strength and stiffness. Side lap
fillet weld and top seam and side seam weld flexibility can be calculated in accordance
with SDI-DDMSection 4.4 and sidelap fillet weld and side seam weld strength can be
calculated in accordance with AISI S100.
When strength is based on test, the safety and resistance factors should be determined
in accordance with AISI S100 Chapter F, but should not be less critical than those
for concrete diaphragms contained in ACI 318, Section 9.3. The following statistical
data may be used with AISI S100 for calculating the resistance factor:

o
= 3.50
M
m
= 1.10
V
m
= 0.10
F
m
= 0.90
V
f
= 0.10
P
m
= 1.00
This statistical data is based on a connection limit state, and differs from the data in
the SDI T-CD standard for gravity loads. When using this data, the factor if safety
should be calculated in accordance with AISI S100, Section F.
User Note: In instances where the required diaphragm capacity exceeds what can be
calculated using SDI-DDM, a designer can potentially develop additional capacity by
designing the diaphragm as a reinforced concrete diaphragm in accordance with ACI
318. This design option as a concrete diaphragm is outside the scope of this standard.
13. Reinforcement for Temperature and Shrinkage:
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

17
a. Reinforcement for crack control purposes other than to resist stresses
from quantifiable structural loadings shall be permitted to be provided
by one of the following methods:
1. Welded wire reinforcement or reinforcing bars with a minimum
area of 0.00075 times the area of the concrete above the deck
(per foot or meter of width), but not less than the area
provided by 6 x 6 W1.4 x W1.4 (152 x 152 MW9 x MW9)
welded wire reinforcement.
2. Concrete specified in accordance with ASTM C1116, Type I,
containing steel fibers meeting the criteria of ASTM A820, Type
I , Type II, or Type V, at a dosage rate determined by the fiber
manufacturer for the application, but not less than 25 lb/cu yd
(14.8 kg/cu meter).
3. Concrete specified in accordance with ASTM C1116, Type III,
containing macrosynthetic fibers meeting the criteria of ASTM
D7508 at a dosage rate determined by the fiber manufacturer for
the application, but not less than 4 lb/cu yd (2.4 kg/m
3
).
User Note: It is suggested that if fibers are used for this purpose, that the designer
include quality control provisions in accordance with ACI 544.3R in the project
specifications.
Commentary: Concrete floor slabs employing Portland cement will start to
experience a reduction in volume as soon as they are placed. Where shrinkage is
restrained, cracking will occur in the floor. The use of the appropriate types and
amount of reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature movement control is intended
to result in a larger number of small cracks in lieu of a fewer number of larger cracks.
Even with the best floor design and proper construction, it is unrealistic to expect crack
free floors. Every owner should be advised by both the designer and contractor that it
is normal to expect some amount of cracking and that such occurrence does not
necessarily reflect adversely on either the adequacy of the floors design or quality of
the construction.
Cracking can be reduced when the causes are understood and preventative steps are
taken in the design phase. The major factors that the designer can control concerning
shrinkage and cracking include cement type, aggregate type and gradation, water
content, water/cement ratio, and reinforcement.
Most measures that can be taken to reduce concrete shrinkage will also reduce the
cracking tendency. Drying shrinkage can be reduced by using less water in the mixture
and the largest practical maximum-size aggregate. A lower water content can be
achieved by using a well-graded aggregate and lower initial temperature of the
concrete. Designers are referred to ACI 302.1R and ACI 224.1 for additional
information.
Although cracking is inevitable, properly placed reinforcement used in adequate
amounts will reduce the width of individual cracks. By distributing the shrinkage
strains, the cracks are distributed so that a larger number of narrow cracks occur
instead of a few wide cracks. Additional consideration by the designer may be
required to further limit the size and frequency of cracks. Additional provisions for
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

18
crack control are frequently required where concrete is intended to be exposed, floors
that will be subjected to wheel traffic, and floors which will receive an inflexible floor
covering material (such as tile).
Modifications to fiber dosages will vary depending upon the specific fiber
manufacturers recommendations. As a general rule, reduced crack widths can be
achieved by increasing the amount of steel reinforcement, or by increasing the fiber
dosage and/or minimizing the shrinkage potential of the concrete.
Because composite deck-slabs are typically designed as a series of simple spans,
flexural cracks may form over supports. Flexural cracking of the concrete in negative
moment regions of the slab (over beams and girders) is not typically objectionable
unless the floor is to be left exposed or covered with inflexible floor coverings.
Flexural cracking and crack widths can be minimized by one or more of the following:
1.) by paying strict attention to preventing overloads at deck midspan during
construction, as this is a common source of flexural cracks; 2.) utilizing a stiffer steel
deck; 3.) reducing the slab span. If flexural cracks must be strictly controlled,
consideration should be given to designing the composite deck-slab for negative
moments over supports (both beams and girders) and providing appropriate reinforcing
steel at these supports.
14. Fire Resistance: The designer shall consider required fire resistance ratings in
the design of the composite slab.
Commentary: Fire rating requirements may dictate the concrete strength or density.
Many fire rated assemblies that use composite floor decks are available. In the
Underwriters Laboratories Fire Resistance Directory, the composite deck constructions
show hourly ratings for restrained and unrestrained assemblies. ASTM E119 provides
information in Appendix X3 titled Guide for Determining Conditions of Restraint for
Floor and Roof Assemblies and for Individual Beams, indicating that deck attached to
steel or concrete framing, and interior spans of wall supported deck may be considered
to be restrained, while end spans of wall supported deck should be considered to be
unrestrained . Designers should be aware that some fire rated assemblies set limits on
load capacity and/or place restrictions on fastener type and spacing.
2.5 Accessories:
3.0 Execution
A. Accessories for structural applications shall be of dimensions and thickness suitable for
the application, and shall be designed in accordance with AISI S100 or AISC 360, as
applicable.
Commentary: For convenience, minimum suggested pour stop thicknesses (gages)
are shown in User Note Attachment 1. For applications that exceed the scope of the
attachment, alternate designs in accordance with AISI S100 and AISC 360 are
acceptable.
3.1 Installation/General:
A. Temporary shoring, if required, shall be designed to resist the loads indicated in
Section 2.4.A.2. The shoring shall be designed and installed in accordance with
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

19
standards applicable to the specific shoring system and shall be left in place until the
concrete attains 75% of its specified design strength.
User Note: Typical practice is to retain shoring in place for a minimum of 7 days.
B. Deck Support Attachment: Steel deck shall be anchored to structural supports by arc
spot welds, fillet welds, or mechanical fasteners. The average attachment spacing of
deck at supports perpendicular to the span of the deck panel shall not exceed 12 inches
(300 mm) on center, with the maximum attachment spacing not to exceed 18 inches
(460 mm), unless more frequent fastener spacing is required for diaphragm design. The
deck shall be adequately attached to the structure to prevent the deck from slipping off
the supporting structure.
User Note: When the side lap is a standing seam interlock, it may be permissible to
only attach the female side, subject to design requirements, when the female hem holds
the male leg down. When the side lap is a nestable side lap a single fastener through
both sheets of steel deck is acceptable to secure both sheets.
C. Deck Sidelap Fastening: For deck with spans less than or equal to 5 feet (1.5 m), side
lap fasteners shall not be required. unless required for diaphragm design. For deck
with spans greater than 5 feet (1.5 m), side laps shall be fastened at intervals not to
exceed 36 inches (1 m) on center, unless more frequent fastener spacing is required for
diaphragm design, using one of the following methods:
1. Screws with a minimum diameter of 0.190 inches (4.83 mm) (#10 diameter).
2. Crimp or button punch.
3. Arc spot welds 5/8 inch (16 mm) minimum visible diameter, minimum 1-1/2
inch (38 mm) long fillet weld, or other weld shown to be substantially
equivalent through testing in accordance with AISI S905, or by calculation in
accordance with AISI S100, or other equivalent method approved by the
building official.
4. Other equivalent methods approved by the building official.
User Note: The above side lap spacing is a minimum. Service loads or diaphragm
design may require closer spacing or larger side lap welds. Good metal-to-metal
contact is necessary for a good side lap weld. When welding, burn holes are to be
expected and are not a grounds for rejection. The SDI does not recommend fillet
welded or arc spot welded sidelaps for deck that is thinner than 0.0358 inch design
thickness (20 gage) due to difficulty in welding thinner material.

D. Deck Perimeter Attachment Along Edges Between Supports: For deck with spans less
than or equal to 5 feet (1.5 m), perimeter attachment shall not be required, unless
required for diaphragm design. For deck with spans greater than 5 feet (1.5 m),
perimeter edges of deck panels between span supports shall be fastened to supports at
intervals not to exceed 36 inches (1 m) on center, unless more frequent fastener spacing
is required for diaphragm design, using one of the following methods:
1. Screws with a minimum diameter of 0.190 inches (4.83 mm) (#10 diameter).
2. Arc spot welds with a minimum 5/8 inch (16 mm) minimum visible.
diameter, or minimum 1-1/2 inch (38 mm) long fillet weld.
3. Powder actuated or pneumatically driven fasteners.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

20
User Note: This condition is often referred to as parallel attachment to supports,
referring to the support members running parallel or nearly parallel with the flutes of
the deck panel. Number 10 screws may not be adequate at thicker edge supports and
may fracture due to driving torque resistance. A minimum of a Number 12 screw is
recommended at parallel edge supports thicker than 14 gage (0.0747 inch) and a
Number 14 screw may be required for thicker and harder steels.
E. Support at the perimeter of the floor shall be designed and specified by the designer.
F. Cantilevers:
1. Side laps shall be attached at the end of the cantilever and at a maximum
spacing of 12 inches (300 mm) on center from the cantilevered end at each
support.
2. Each deck corrugation shall be fastened at both the perimeter support and the
first interior support.
3. The deck shall be completely attached to the supports and at the side laps
before any load is applied to the cantilever.
4. Concrete shall not be placed on the cantilever before concrete is placed on the
adjacent span.
G. Fastener edge distance shall be as required by the applicable fastener design standard.
H. Deck bearing surfaces to be welded shall be brought into contact as required by AWS
D1.3, Section 5.3.2.
User Note: Out of plane support flanges can create knife-edge supports and air gaps
between the deck and support. This makes welding more difficult and allows
distortion under screw or power actuated fastener washers or heads. Inherent
tolerances of the supporting structure should be considered.
3.2 Welding
A. All welding of deck shall be in accordance with AWS D1.3. Each welder shall
demonstrate the ability to produce satisfactory welds using a procedure in accordance
with ANSI/AWS D1.3.
User Note: SDI-MOC describes a weld quality control test procedure that can be used
as a preliminary check for welding machine settings under ambient conditions.
B. For connection of the deck to the supporting structure, weld washers shall be used with
arc spot welds on all deck units with metal thickness less than 0.028 inches (22 gage)
(0.71 mm). Weld washers shall be a minimum thickness of 0.050 inches (1.27 mm) and
have a nominal 3/8 inch (10 mm) diameter hole. Weld washers shall not be used
between supports along the sidelaps.
C. Where weld washers are not required, a minimum visible 5/8 inch (16 mm) diameter
arc spot weld or arc seam weld of equal perimeter shall be used. Weld metal shall
penetrate all layers of deck material at end laps and shall have good fusion to the
supporting members.
D. When used, fillet welds to support structure shall be at least 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) long.
E. When steel headed stud anchors are installed to develop composite action between the
beam or joist and the concrete slab, the steel headed stud anchor shall be permitted as a
substitute for an arc spot weld to the supporting structure. Steel headed stud anchors
shall be installed in accordance with AWS D1.1.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

21
A. Mechanical fasteners, either powder actuated, pneumatically driven, or screws, shall be
permitted to fasten deck to supporting framing if fasteners meet project strength and
service requirements.
B. When the fasteners are powder actuated or pneumatically driven, the strength per
fastener used to determine the maximum fastener spacing and the minimum structural
support thickness shall be based on the manufacturers applicable fastener test report or
other documentation acceptable to the designer and building official.
C. Screws shall be acceptable for use without restriction on structural support thickness,
however, the screw selected shall have a grip range compatible with the combined
thickness of the deck and supporting member.
User Note: Mechanical fasteners (screws, powder or pneumatically driven fasteners,
etc.) are recognized as viable anchoring methods, provided the type and spacing of the
fastener satisfies the design criteria. Documentation in the form of test data, design
calculations, or design charts should be submitted by the fastener manufacturer as the
basis for obtaining approval. Strength of mechanically fastened connections are
dependant upon both deck and support thickness.

3.4 Accessory Attachment:
A. Structural accessories shall be attached to supporting structure or deck as required for
transfer of forces, but at a spacing not to exceed 12 inches (300 mm) on center. Non-
structural accessories shall be attached to supporting structure or deck as required for
serviceability, but spaced not to exceed 24 inches (600 mm) on center.
B. Mechanical fasteners or welds shall be permitted for accessory attachment.
3.5 Cleaning Prior to Concrete Placement:
A. Surfaces shall be cleaned of debris, including
A.
but not limited to, welding rods, stud
ferrules that are broken free from the stud, and excess fasteners, prior to concrete
placement.
3.6 Reinforcing steel
Reinforcing steel shall be installed when required by the construction documents.
User Note: The CRSI Manual of Standard Practice and the WRI Manual of Standard
Practice are recommended as references for reinforcing steel placement.
3.3 Mechanical Fasteners
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

22
Composite Deck Construction Loading Diagrams
Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

23
Appendix 2
Strength Determination of Composite Deck-Slab by Pre-Qualifed Section Method
A2.1 General
1. This Appendix provides methods for the calculation of strength of
composite steel deck-slabs. It shall be permitted to use this method if steel
headed stud anchors (studs) are not present on the beam flange supporting
the composite steel deck, or if steel headed stud anchors are present in any
quantity.
2. Limitations:
A. Deck shall be limited to galvanized or uncoated steel decks with
embossments meeting the requirements for Type I, Type II, or
Type III patterns as shown in Figure A2-1, A2-2, A2-3, and A2-4.
The design embossment height, p
h
, shall not be less than 0.035 inches
(0.89 mm) and shall not be greater than 0.105 inches (2.67 mm).
Embossments shall not be less than 90% of the design embossment
depth.
B. The embossment factor, p
s
, shall not be less than that defined in
Table A2-1.
Table A2-1 Minimum Embossment Factor
Deck Embossment
Type
Nominal Deck
Depth
Minimum p
s
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
1.5 in.
2.0 in.
3.0 in.
1.5 in.
2.0 in.
3.0 in.
1.5 in.
2.0 in.
3.0 in.
5.5
12.0
18.0
5.5
8.5
8.5
5.5
10.0
12.0
a. For Type 1 deck embossments:
p
s1
= 12 (l
e
/ S) (Eq. A2-1)
b. For Type 2 deck embossments:
p
s2
= 12 ( l
1
+ l
2
) / S (Eq. A2-2)
c. For Type 3 deck embossments:
p
s1
= 12 (sum of l
1
lengths within S
1
) / S
1
(Eq. A2-3)
p
s2
= 12 (sum of l
2
lengths within S
2
) / S
2

(Eq. A2-4)
APPENDIX 2
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

24
2
(Eq. A2-3) 2035
2036
p
s2
= 12 (sum of l
2
lengths within S
2
) / S
2
2037

(Eq. A2-4) 2038
2039
Figure A2-1 Type 1 Embossments with length measured along centerline 2040
2041
2042
Figure A2-2 Type 2 Embossments 2043
2044
2045
2046
2048
2049
Figure A2-4 - Embossment Section Details
Figure A2-3 - Type 3 Embossments
2
(Eq. A2-3) 2035
2036
p
s2
= 12 (sum of l
2
lengths within S
2
) / S
2
2037

(Eq. A2-4) 2038
2039
Figure A2-1 Type 1 Embossments with length measured along centerline 2040
2041
2042
2044
2045
2046
2048
2049
APPENDIX 2
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

25
APPENDIX 2
3
2050
C. The web angle measured from the horizontal plane, , shall be 2051
limited to values between 55 and 90 and the webs shall have no 2052
reentrant bends in their flat width. 2053
D. The deck section depth, d
d
, shall be less than or equal to 3 in. (75 2054
mm) 2055
E. All sheet steel used for deck shall comply with Section 2.1 of this 2056
Standard. 2057
F. Concrete shall comply with Section 2.1 of this Standard. 2058
G. The concrete thickness above the steel deck shall be equal to or 2059
greater than 2 inches (50mm). 2060
H. Composite deck-slabs shall be classified as under-reinforced. 2061
Composite deck-slabs that are classified as over-reinforced shall 2062
not be designed using the procedures of this Appendix. 2063
a. Slabs with (c/d) less than the balanced condition ratio (c/d)
b
2064
shall be considered under-reinforced, whereas slabs with 2065
(c/d) greater than or equal to (c/d)
b
shall be considered 2066
over-reinforced. The compression depth ratio shall be 2067
calculated as: 2068
2069
(c/d) =
1 c
y s
db ' f 85 . 0
F A
(Eq. A2-5) 2070

The compression depth ratio for the balanced condition 2071
shall be calculated as: 2072
2073
2074
(c/d)
b
=

d 003 . 0
E
F
d h 003 . 0
s
y
d

(Eq. A2-6) 2075
2076
Where: 2077
A
s
= area of steel deck, in
2
/ft (mm
2
/m) of slab 2078
width 2079
b = unit width of compression face of composite 2080
slab, 12 in.(1000 mm) 2081
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to 2082
composite neutral axis, in. (mm) 2083
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to 2084
centroid of steel deck, in. (mm) 2085
d
d
= overall depth of steel deck profile, in. (mm) 2086
E
s
= modulus of elasticity of steel deck, psi 2087
(MPa) 2088

'
c
f = specified compressive strength of concrete, 2089
psi (MPa) 2090
2091
2092
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

26
APPENDIX 2
A2.2 Flexural Strength: This section shall be used to determine the fexural strength
of the composite deck-slab.
4
F
y
= specified yield strength of steel deck, psi 2093
(MPa) 2094
h = nominal out-to-out depth of slab, in. (mm) 2095
|
1
= 0.85 if c ' f s 4000 psi (27.58 MPa) 2096
|
1
= 65 . 0
1000
' f
05 . 0 05 . 1
c
> |
.
|
\
|
if c ' f > 4000 psi 2097
(Eq. A2-7a) (in.-lb) 2098
2099
|
1
= 1.09 0.008 c ' f > 0.65 if c ' f > 27.58 MPa 2100
(Eq. A2-7b) (SI) 2101
2102
5. The strength of a composite deck-slab shall be the least of the following 2103
strength limit states: 2104
A. Flexural strength. 2105
B. One-way shear strength in accordance with Section 2.4.B.7. 2106
6. For load combinations that include concentrated loads, punching shear in 2107
accordance with Section 2.4.B.8 shall be considered. 2108
7. Cracked section properties shall be determined by Appendix 4. 2109
2110
A2.2 Flexural Strength: This section shall be used to determine the flexural strength of 2111
the composite deck-slab. 2112
1. The nominal moment capacity shall be calculated as follows: 2113
2114
A. The resisting moment, M
no
, of the composite section shall be 2115
determined based on cracked section properties. 2116
2117

s
M
no
=
s
K M
y
(Eq. A2-8) 2118
2119
Where: 2120
M
y
= Yield moment for the composite deck-slab, 2121
considering a cracked cross section 2122
= F
y
I
cr
/ (h-y
cc
) (Eq A2-9) 2123
2124
K = (K
3
/K
1
) 1.0 (Eq. A2-10) 2125
F
y
= yield stress of steel deck, psi (MPa) 2126
h = slab depth measured from top of concrete to bottom 2127
of deck, in (mm) 2128
I
cr
= cracked section moment of inertia, in
4
(mm
4
) 2129
M
no
= nominal resisting moment, kip-in (N-mm) 2130
y
cc
= distance from top of slab to neutral axis of cracked 2131
section, in (mm) 2132
s
= 0.85 2133
M
nt
= Nominal moment capacity 2134
K
1
, K
3
= Coefficients of deck profile and embossment pattern 2135
2136
2137
4
F
y
(MPa) 2094
|
1
= 0.85 if c ' f s 4000 psi (27.58 MPa) 2096
|
1
= 65 . 0
1000
' f
05 . 0 05 . 1
c
> |
.
|
\
|
if c ' f > 4000 psi 2097
(Eq. A2-7a) (in.-lb) 2098
2099
|
1
= 1.09 0.008 c ' f > 0.65 if c ' f > 27.58 MPa 2100
(Eq. A2-7b) (SI) 2101
2102
2110
2114
no
2117

s
M
no
=
s
K M
y
(Eq. A2-8) 2118
2119
Where: 2120
M
y
= F
y
I
cr
/ (h-y
cc
) (Eq A2-9) 2123
2124
K = (K
3
/K
1
) 1.0 (Eq. A2-10) 2125
F
y
I
cr
4
(mm
4
) 2129
M
no
y
cc
s
= 0.85 2133
M
nt
K
1
, K
3
2136
2137
4
F
y
(MPa) 2094
?
1
= 0.85 if c ' f ? 4000 psi (27.58 MPa) 2096
?
1
= 65 . 0
1000
' f
05 . 0 05 . 1
c
? ?
?
?
?
?
?
? if c ' f ? 4000 psi 2097
(Eq. A2-7a) (in.-lb) 2098
2099
?
1
= 1.09 0.008 c ' f ? 0.65 if c ' f ? 27.58 MPa 2100
(Eq. A2-7b) (SI) 2101
2102
2110
2114
no
2117
s
M
no
=
s
K M
y
(Eq. A2-8) 2118
2119
Where: 2120
M
y
= F
y
I
cr
/ (h-y
cc
) (Eq A2-9) 2123
2124
K = (K
3
/K
1
) 1.0 (Eq. A2-10) 2125
F
y
I
cr
4
(mm
4
) 2129
M
no
y
cc
s
= 0.85 2133
M
nt
K
1
, K
3
2136
2137
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

27
K
3
= 1.4
User Note: Using K
3
= 1.4 is appropriate for typical deck applications
where the floor is multiple deck panels wide. For instances where the
floor is relatively narrow, measured perpendicular to the deck span, the
following equation may yield more accurate (conservative) results.
K
3
= 0.87 + 0.0688N 0.00222N
2
< 1.4 (Eq. A2-11)
5
2137
K
3
= 1.4 2138
2139
User Note: Using K
3
= 1.4 is appropriate for typical deck applications 2140
where the floor is multiple deck panels wide. For instances where the 2141
floor is relatively narrow, measured perpendicular to the deck span, the 2142
following equation may yield more accurate (conservative) results. 2143
K
3
= 0.87 + 0.0688N 0.00222N
2
1.4 (Eq. A2-11) 2144
2145
C. K
1
shall be calculated as follows 2146
2147
For Type 1 Embossment Deck Panels: 2148
2149
K
1
= 0.07 (D
W
)
0.5
/ p
h
1.55 (Eq. A2-12) 2150
2151
2153
K
1
= 15 (t) / [D
W
(p
h
)
0.5
] (Eq. A2-13) 2154
2155
2157
11 s1 12 s2
1
s1 s2
(K )p +(K )p
K =
p +p

(Eq. A2-14)
2158
2159
Where: 2160
D
w
= Width of flat portion of the deck web, in. 2161
K
11
= K
1
calculated for Type 1 embossments in Type 3 2162
pattern 2163
K
12
= K
1
calculated for Type 2 embossments in Type 3 2164
pattern 2165
N = Number of cells in a slab width 2166
= w / R 2167
w = Slab width, in.(mm) 2168
R = Repeating pattern or cell spacing, in.(mm) 2169
p
h
= Embossment height, in. 2170
t = Deck thickness, in. 2171
2172
A2.3 Allowable Strength Design 2173
Allowable Strength Design shall be permitted as an alternate design method. 2174
2175
1. Allowable Strength for Bending: This section shall be used to determine 2176
the bending strength of the composite deck-slab. 2177
2178
M = K
a
C F
y
S
c
(Eq. A2-15) 2179
2180
M
LL
= M - M
DL
(Eq. A2-16)

2181
A2.3 Allowable Strength Design
APPENDIX 2
:
N
N
K
3
shall be calculated as follows: B.
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

28
6
Where: 2183
2184
K
a
= (K
3
/K
1
) 1.0

(Eq. A2-17) 2185
2186
M

= Allowable moment capacity of composite slab-deck, kip-in. 2187
(N-mm) 2188
2189
M
LL
= Allowable superimposed load moment capacity, kip-in. (N-mm) 2190
2191
M
DL
= Positive moment caused by casting of the concrete, not 2192
including temporary construction loads, kip-in. (N-mm) 2193
2194
C = 0.60 2195
2196
F
y
= Yield stress of steel deck, ksi (Mpa) 2197
2198
S
c
= Elastic section modulus of the fully composite deck-slab 2199
2200
2. Allowable Strength for One-way Shear: This section shall be used to 2201
determine the one-way shear strength of the composite deck-slab. 2202
2203
V = V
c
+ V
D
(Eq. A2-18) 2204
2205
Where: 2206
2207
V = Allowable one-way shear strength of composite deck-slab 2208
2209
V
c
= Allowable shear resistance of concrete area, A
c
2210
2211
V
c
=
c
cA ' f 1 . 1 (Eq. A2-19a) (in.-lb) 2212
V
c
=
c
cA ' f 0473 . 0 (Eq. A2-19b) (SI) 2213
2214
V
D
= Allowable shear strength of the steel deck section 2215
calculated in accordance with AISI S100, kips (kN) 2216
A
c
= Concrete area available to resist shear, in
2
(mm
2
), see 2217
Figure 2-1. 2218
3
(2100 kg/m
3
); 2219
0.75 where concrete density is equal to or less than 130 2220
lbs/ft
3
(2100 kg/m
3
). 2221
2222
User Note: Further description of the allowable stress design method is 2223
found in SDI-CDD, including tables that list values for the elastic section 2224
modulus. 2225
APPENDIX 2
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

29
APPENDIX 3
Appendix 3
Strength Determination of Composite Deck-Slab by Shear Bond Method
A3.1 General
A3.2 Shear Bond Resistance
Appendix 3 3000
3001
Strength Determination of Composite Deck-Slab by Shear Bond Method 3002
30 November 2011 3003
3004
A3.1 General 3005
1. This Appendix provides methods for the calculation of strength of 3006
composite steel deck-slabs by the shear bond method. It shall be permitted 3007
to use this method if steel headed stud anchors (studs) are not present on 3008
the beam flange supporting the composite steel deck, or if steel headed 3009
stud anchors are present in any quantity. 3010
2. Limitations: 3011
A. Deck shall be limited to galvanized or top surface uncoated steel 3012
decks. 3013
B. All sheet steel used for deck shall comply with Section 2.1 of this 3014
Standard. 3015
C. Concrete shall comply with Section 2.1 of this Standard. 3016
D. The concrete thickness above the steel deck shall be equal to or 3017
A. Shear bond resistance. 3021
B. Flexural strength. 3022
C. One-way shear strength in accordance with Section 2.4.B.7. 3023
3026
A3.2 Shear bond Resistance 3027
3028
1. The ultimate shear bond resistance of a composite slab section shall be 3029
calculated using parameters determined from a testing program of full- 3030
scale slab specimens in accordance with SDI-T-CD. The factored shear 3031
bond resistance (V
r
) of a composite slab shall be determined as follows: 3032
3033
r V =
v
V
t
(Eq. A3-1) 3034
3035
Where, 3036
V
r
= factored shear bond resistance, pounds/ft (N/m) of slab 3037
width, 3038
V
t
= tested shear bond resistance, pounds/ft (N/m) of slab width, 3039
determined in accordance with SDI-T-CD, 3040
v
= shear bond resistance factor 3041
= 0.75 3042
3043
2. The permissible uniform load for shear bond shall be: 3044
3045
Appendix 3 3000
3001
30 November 2011 3003
3004
A3.1 General 3005
decks. 3013
Standard. 3015
3026
3028
bond resistance (V
r
3033
r V =
v
V
t
(Eq. A3-1) 3034
3035
Where, 3036
V
r
width, 3038
V
t
v
= 0.75 3042
3043
3045
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

30
APPENDIX 3
A3.3 Flexural Strength
Appendix 3 3000
3001
30 November 2011 3003
3004
A3.1 General 3005
decks. 3013
Standard. 3015
3026
3028
bond resistance (V
r
3033
r V =
v
V
t
(Eq. A3-1) 3034
3035
Where, 3036
V
r
width, 3038
V
t
v
= 0.75 3042
3043
3045
W
r
= |
v
2V
t
/ L (Eq. A3-2) 3046
3047
Where: 3048
L = deck design span, ft. (m) 3049
3050
A3.3 Flexural Strength 3051
1. Composite slabs subject to flexural failure shall be classified as under- 3052
reinforced or over-reinforced slabs depending on the compression depth 3053
ratio, (c/d). Slabs with (c/d) less than the balanced condition ratio (c/d)
b
3054
shall be considered under-reinforced, whereas slabs with (c/d) greater than 3055
or equal to (c/d)
b
shall be considered over-reinforced. The compression 3056
depth ratio shall be calculated as: 3057
3058
(c/d) =
1 c
y s
db ' f
F A
|
(Eq. A3-3) 3059
3060
The compression depth ratio for the balanced condition shall be calculated as: 3061
3062
3063
(c/d)
b
=
( )
( )d 003 . 0
E
F
d h 003 . 0
s
y
d
+

(Eq. A3-4) 3064
3065
Where: 3066
A
s
= area of steel deck, in.
2
/ft (mm
2
/m) of slab width. 3067
b = unit width of compression face of composite slab, 12 inches 3068
(1000 mm). 3069
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to composite 3070
neutral axis, in. (mm). 3071
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of 3072
steel deck, in. (mm). 3073
d
d
= overall depth of steel deck profile, in. (mm). 3074
E
s
= modulus of elasticity of steel deck, psi (MPa). 3075
c ' f = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa). 3076
F
y
= specified yield strength of steel deck, psi (MPa). 3077
h = nominal out-to-out depth of slab, in. (mm). 3078
|
1
= 0.85 if c ' f s 4000 psi (27.58 MPa). 3079
|
1
=

65 . 0
1000
' f
05 . 0 05 . 1
c
>
|
.
|
\
|
if c ' f > 4000 psi 3080
3081
|
1
= 1.09 0.008 c ' f > 0.65 if c ' f > 27.58 MPa 3082
3083
2. Under-reinforced Slabs (c/d)< (c/d)
b
3084
A. The factored moment resistance, in positive bending, of an under- 3085
reinforced composite slab shall be taken as: 3086
W
r
= |
v
2V
t
/ L (Eq. A3-2) 3046
3047
Where: 3048
3050
b
3054
or equal to (c/d)
b
3058
(c/d) =
1 c
y s
db ' f
F A
|
(Eq. A3-3) 3059
3060
3062
3063
(c/d)
b
=
( )
( )d 003 . 0
E
F
d h 003 . 0
s
y
d
+

(Eq. A3-4) 3064
3065
Where: 3066
A
s
2
/ft (mm
2
(1000 mm). 3069
d
d
E
s
F
y
|
1
= 0.85 if c ' f s 4000 psi (27.58 MPa). 3079
|
1
=

65 . 0
1000
' f
05 . 0 05 . 1
c
>
|
.
|
\
|
if c ' f > 4000 psi 3080
3081
|
1
= 1.09 0.008 c ' f > 0.65 if c ' f > 27.58 MPa 3082
3083
b
3084
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

31
APPENDIX 3
W
r
= |
v
2V
t
/ L (Eq. A3-2) 3046
3047
Where: 3048
3050
b
3054
or equal to (c/d)
b
3058
(c/d) =
1 c
y s
db ' f
F A
|
(Eq. A3-3) 3059
3060
3062
3063
(c/d)
b
=
( )
( )d 003 . 0
E
F
d h 003 . 0
s
y
d
+

(Eq. A3-4) 3064
3065
Where: 3066
A
s
2
/ft (mm
2
(1000 mm). 3069
d
d
E
s
F
y
|
1
= 0.85 if c ' f s 4000 psi (27.58 MPa). 3079
|
1
=

65 . 0
1000
' f
05 . 0 05 . 1
c
>
|
.
|
\
|
if c ' f > 4000 psi 3080
3081
|
1
= 1.09 0.008 c ' f > 0.65 if c ' f > 27.58 MPa 3082
3083
b
3084
3087
M
ru
= |
s
M
y
(Eq. A3-5) 3088
3089
M
y
= Yield moment for the composite deck-slab, considering a 3090
cracked cross section 3091
M
y
= F
y
I
cr
/ (h-y
cc
) 3092
3093
Where, 3094
3095
|
s
= 0.85 3096
F
y
= yield stress of steel deck, psi (MPa). 3097
I
cr
= cracked section moment of inertia, in.
4
(mm
4
). 3098
h = slab depth, in.(mm). 3099
y
cc
= distance from top of slab to neutral axis of cracked section, 3100
in (mm). 3101
3102
3. Over-reinforced Slabs (c/d) > (c/d)
b
3103
A. The factored moment resistance, in positive bending, of an over- 3104
reinforced composite slab shall be determined by: 3105
3106
M
ro
= ( ) 2 c d c b f' 1 1 c c | | | (Eq. A3-6) 3107
3108
Where: 3109
3110
c =
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
m
2
m
m d
2
(Eq. A3-7) 3111
3112
=
bd
As
(Eq. A3-8) 3113
m =
1 c
cu s
' f
E
|
c
(Eq. A3-9) 3114
3115
E
s
= 29,500,000 psi (203000 MPa) 3116
c
cu
= 0.003 3117
|
c
= 0.65 3118
3119
B. Equation (A3-6) is valid only for composite slabs where no part of 3120
the steel deck has yielded. 3121
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

32
A4.1 General
This appendix provides methods for the calculation of geometric cross section
properties for composite steel deck cross sections with concrete.
User Note: This method will provide conservative results for slabs with
reinforcing. The designer may choose to use alternate methods that consider the
contribution of the reinforcing steel in this case.
A4.2 Transformed Composite Neutral Axis
The distance y
cc
from the extreme compression fiber of the concrete to the neutral
axis of the transformed composite section shall be determined from Figure A4-1
and Equations A4-1 and A4-3.
Figure A4-1 Composite Section
Notes: 1. Section shows non-cellular deck. Section shall be either cellular, a
blend of cellular and non-cellular, or non-cellular deck. Unless
testing is performed that demonstrates that the interlocking device
is capable of developing the full strength of the cross-section, only
the element in contact with the concrete shall be considered in the
design.
2. C.G.S. = centroidal neutral axis of full, unreduced cross
section of steel deck, in. (mm)
3. C
s
= pitch of deck ribs in. (mm)
4. N.A. = neutral axis of transformed composite section
5. W
r
= average deck rib width in. (mm)
6. d
d
= depth of deck in. (mm)
Appendix 4
Section Properties of Composite Deck-Slabs
APPENDIX 4
Figure A4-1 - Composite Section
A4.1 General
This appendix provides methods for the calculation of geometric cross section
properties for composite steel deck cross sections with concrete.
User Note: This method will provide conservative results for slabs with
reinforcing. The designer may choose to use alternate methods that consider the
contribution of the reinforcing steel in this case.
A4.2 Transformed Composite Neutral Axis
The distance y
cc
from the extreme compression fiber of the concrete to the neutral
axis of the transformed composite section shall be determined from Figure A4-1
and Equations A4-1 and A4-3.
Figure A4-1 Composite Section
Notes: 1. Section shows non-cellular deck. Section shall be either cellular, a
blend of cellular and non-cellular, or non-cellular deck. Unless
testing is performed that demonstrates that the interlocking device
is capable of developing the full strength of the cross-section, only
the element in contact with the concrete shall be considered in the
design.
2. C.G.S. = centroidal neutral axis of full, unreduced cross
section of steel deck, in. (mm)
3. C
s
= pitch of deck ribs in. (mm)
4. N.A. = neutral axis of transformed composite section
5. W
r
= average deck rib width in. (mm)
6. d
d
= depth of deck in. (mm)
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

33
A4.3 Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Section
A4.4 Moment of Inertia of the Uncracked Section
APPENDIX 4
2
7. h = overall slab depth in. (mm) 4035
8. h
c
= depth of concrete above steel deck in. (mm) 4036
4037
A4.3 Moment of Inertia of the Cracked Section 4038
4039
For the cracked moment of inertia 4040
4041
y
cc
= n n n 2 d
2
h
c
(Eq. A4-1) 4042
4043
where 4044
=
bd
As
4045
A
s
= area of steel deck per unit slab width in
2
. (mm
2
) 4046
b = unit slab width (12 inches in imperial units) 4047
d = distance from top of concrete to centroid of steel deck 4048
n = modular ratio =
c
s
E
E
4049
E
s
= 29500 ksi (203,000 MPa) 4050
4051
E
c
= modulus of elasticity of concrete 4052
E
c
= w
c
1.5
( c ' f )
0.5
,ksi (0.043w
c
1.5
( c ' f )
0.5
,MPa) 4053
4054
w
c
= concrete unit weight, pcf (kg/m
3
) 4055

4056
c ' f = concrete strength, ksi (MPa) 4057
4058
y
cs
=
cc
y d where y
cc
shall be determined from Equation A4-1. 4059
4060
The cracked moment of inertia transformed to steel, I
c
,shall be calculated using 4061
Equation A4-2. 4062
4063
I
c
=
sf
2
cs s
3
cc
I y A y
n 3
b
(Eq. A4-2) 4064
4065
where 4066
I
sf
= moment of inertia of the full (unreduced) steel deck per unit 4067
slab width. in
4
. (mm
4
) 4068
A4.4 Moment of Inertia of the Uncracked Section 4069
For the uncracked moment of inertia 4070
4071
y
cc
=

s
d r s c
s
d d r s
2
c
C
b
d W nA bh
C
b
d 5 . 0 h d W d nA bh 5 . 0

(Eq. A4-3) 4072
4073
2
8. h
c
4037
4039
4041
y
cc
= n n n 2 d
2
h
c
(Eq. A4-1) 4042
4043
where 4044
=
bd
As
4045
A
s
2
. (mm
2
) 4046
n = modular ratio =
c
s
E
E
4049
E
s
= 29500 ksi (203,000 MPa) 4050
4051
E
c
E
c
= w
c
1.5
( c ' f )
0.5
,ksi (0.043w
c
1.5
( c ' f )
0.5
,MPa) 4053
4054
w
c
3
) 4055

4056
4058
y
cs
=
cc
y d where y
cc
4060
c
Equation A4-2. 4062
4063
I
c
=
sf
2
cs s
3
cc
I y A y
n 3
b
(Eq. A4-2) 4064
4065
where 4066
I
sf
slab width. in
4
. (mm
4
) 4068
4071
y
cc
=

s
d r s c
s
d d r s
2
c
C
b
d W nA bh
C
b
d 5 . 0 h d W d nA bh 5 . 0

(Eq. A4-3) 4072
4073
2
8. h
c
4037
4039
4041
y
cc
= n n n 2 d
2
h
c
(Eq. A4-1) 4042
4043
where 4044
=
bd
As
4045
A
s
2
. (mm
2
) 4046
n = modular ratio =
c
s
E
E
4049
E
s
= 29500 ksi (203,000 MPa) 4050
4051
E
c
E
c
= w
c
1.5
( c ' f )
0.5
,ksi (0.043w
c
1.5
( c ' f )
0.5
,MPa) 4053
4054
w
c
3
) 4055

4056
4058
y
cs
=
cc
y d where y
cc
4060
c
Equation A4-2. 4062
4063
I
c
=
sf
2
cs s
3
cc
I y A y
n 3
b
(Eq. A4-2) 4064
4065
where 4066
I
sf
slab width. in
4
. (mm
4
) 4068
4071
y
cc
=

s
d r s c
s
d d r s
2
c
C
b
d W nA bh
C
b
d 5 . 0 h d W d nA bh 5 . 0

(Eq. A4-3) 4072
4073
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

34
A4.5 Moment of Inertia of the Composite Section
APPENDIX 4
3
The uncracked moment of inertia transformed to steel, I
u
Equation A4-4. 4075
4076

cc cs
y d y = where y
cc
4078
( ) ( )
(
+ + + + + =
2
d cc
2
d
s
d r 2
cs s sf
2
c cc
c
3
c
u
d 5 . 0 y h
12
d
nC
bd W
y A I h 5 . 0 y
n
bh
n 12
bh
I 4079
(Eq. A4-4) 4080
4081
A4.5 Moment of Inertia of the Composite Section 4082
The moment of inertia of the composite section considered effective for deflection 4083
computations shall be calculated by Equation A4-5. 4084
4085

2
I I
I
c u
d
+
= (Eq. A4-5) 4086
4087
4088
3
The uncracked moment of inertia transformed to steel, I
u
Equation A4-4. 4075
4076

cc cs
y d y = where y
cc
4078
( ) ( )
(
+ + + + + =
2
d cc
2
d
s
d r 2
cs s sf
2
c cc
c
3
c
u
d 5 . 0 y h
12
d
nC
bd W
y A I h 5 . 0 y
n
bh
n 12
bh
I 4079
(Eq. A4-4) 4080
4081
A4.5 Moment of Inertia of the Composite Section 4082
The moment of inertia of the composite section considered effective for deflection 4083
computations shall be calculated by Equation A4-5. 4084
4085

2
I I
I
c u
d
+
= (Eq. A4-5) 4086
4087
4088
STEEL DECK
I NSTI TUTE
s

35
USER NOTE ATTACHMENT 1
User Note Attachment 1
Pour Stop Selection Table

Steel Floor Deck

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Steel Floor Deck

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

s

Composite Steel Floor Deck - Slabs

Composite Steel Floor Deck - Slabs

(Eq. A2-5) 2070

You might also like