Civil War and Reconstruction Test Topics (Ch 14 & 15) Civil War 1.

Crittenden Compromise Guarantee permanent slavery in South; satisfy South on issues as fugitive slaves and D.C. slavery; reestablish and extending Missouri Compromise line Republicans didnt agree to allowing slavery to expand 2. Lincolns first inaugural address Lincoln affirmed that he would not abolish slavery where it already exists. Lincoln promised that there would be no use of force against the South unless the South chose to actively take up arms against the Government, but maintained that secession was unconstitutional. 3. Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 declared forever free slaves in all areas of Confederacy except those under Union control Did not apply to border slave states 4. 13th Amendment Abolish slavery in all parts of U.S. 5. Technological advances in warfare, impact Introduction of repeating weapons: revolver, repeating rifle Improved cannons, artillery (iron, steel technology) Proper position for combat: staying low to the ground behind cover Infantry did not fight in formation Fortifications, trenches (Vicksburg, Petersburg, defense of Richmond) Use of air balloons, ironclad ships, torpedoes, submarine technology Railroad & telegraph o Railroads made it possible to transport large armies Limited mobility (railroads in fixed positions): organize campaigns based on railroad locations rather than on topography or most direct route o Telegraphs had limited impact (difficulty of bringing wires into battlefields) o Telegraphs allowed commanders to stay in close touch 6. Sea power and its role in the war Union had advantage in naval power Naval blockade of South o Tightened blockade by seizing ports Ironclad warship o Confederates build Virginia using former U.S. frigate Merrimac o March 1862: Virginia destroys two blockade ships o Union ironclad Monitor sent to meet Virginia; neither ship able to sink the other o Monitor preserved the blockade

Union navy was active in western theater (between Appalachians and Mississippi River); transport materials and joined in combat South lacked significant navy; relied on fixed land fortifications 7. Overall effectiveness of Confederate war effort 8. The Souths Economy, impact of war, financing of war, womens roe, industrial workforce Financing of war o Taxation ineffective; borrowing unsuccessful o Issued paper currency confusion (no uniform currency), inflation Economy o Harm: cut off Southern producers from Northern markets; reduced civilian labor force o Plantations ruined o Mass shortages due to blockade o Resistance to conscription, food impressment, taxation Women o Became more involved in agricultural production or supervision of slaves o Schoolteachers, government agency workers, nurses o Women begin to question social norms o Large number of unmarried/widowed women had to find jobs 9. Effects of the war in the Norths economy, financing of the war, main source of revenue Financing of war o Taxes on goods, services; first income tax o Paper currency greenbacks: not backed by gold/silver; fluctuated according to war situation; used sparingly; inflation o Loans from citizens: sold bonds; most loans from banks, large financial interests Economy o Republican promotion of nationalistic economic legislation o Coal production rose; railroads improved; mechanization of agriculture o Loss of purchasing power; wages kept low New immigrant workers Mechanization of production eliminated skill workers jobs 10. Historians key question about the war Cause of war Irrepressible conflict argument: South was to blame Moderate view: both North and South had reached positions on slavery that were irreconcilable Repressible conflict: extremist were to blame Revisionist: slavery was benign; political ineptitude of leaders account for war Ethnocultural: Party system caused war; Republican more concerned with political competition rather than antislavery 11. National banking system 1863-1864 National Bank Acts: banks could join national banking system if they were willing to invest 1/3 of capital in government Eliminated chaos and uncertainty in currency; created uniform bank notes

12. Minstrel shows Shows insulting black people and their stereotypes 13. Union generals Winfield Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Grant always submitted outlines of plans for presidential approval 14. The Norths advantages, challenges Larger population Advanced industrial system; could manufacture own material Better railroads Had to fight on unfamiliar land with long lines of communications, deal with hostile locals, with only access to Souths bad transportation system North was more divided in support/opposition for war 15. Changing roles of women in the North U.S. Sanitary Commission organized by Dorothea Dix Women nurses faced resistance from male doctors Feminists used war as opportunity to win support for their own cause o National Womans Loyal League (Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony) worked for womens suffrage and abolitionism 16. Death Toll 17. Northerners interpretation of Lincolns assassination Northerners believed it was masterminded by unrepentant leaders of the defeated South 18. Involvement of European countries in the war effort Confederacy was hoping that Britain and France would stand on its side Britain didnt dare antagonize the U.S. unless the Confederacy seemed likely to win, but this didnt happen Britain and France declared neutrality Trent Affair o Confederate diplomats board Trent (Brit.) in Cuba o American frigate stops Trent, arrests the diplomats o Eventually released the diplomats British sold six ships to Confederates Union protests 19. Greenbacks and supporters thereof Panic of 1873: Debtors want government to redeem bonds w/ greenbacks, but Republicans supported sound currency 1875 Specie Resumption Act: Republicans crush greenback mvt. o Greenback dollars would be redeemed by government; replaced with new gold standard Greenbacker inflationists form National Greenback Party 20. Union soldiers, origins? 1863 draft law: all young adult male could be drafted; could pay $300 or hire a replacement Draft greatly increased voluntary enlistments 21. Antietam

Robert E. Lee led Confederate forces north through Maryland a plan that Union general George B. McClellan had found out. After Lee reassembled his troops at Antietam Creek, McClellan launched multiple attacks on Lees troops on September 17 that resulted in major casualties on both sides. Confederate troops received reinforcement from Stonewall Jackson. McClellan could have successfully launched one more assault, but decided to allow Lee to withdraw. McClellan, who had proved himself indecisive and incompetent, was replaced by Ambrose E. Burnside, who also left the position after a short period time. 22. Lees Surrender In April 1865, Grants Potomac Army, having captured a strategic railroad junction near Petersburg, successfully cut off Lees forces from other Confederate troops. Lee attempted to move westward but as blocked by the Union Army. Having realized that he had few choices left, Lee surrendered his forces to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. Reconstruction 1. Northerners view of necessity of reconstructing the South Conservatives: South must accept abolition of slavery; proposed few other conditions for readmission Radicals: Confederates must be punished, their land be confiscated and redistributed; protect blacks rights Moderates: supported some concessions from South on black rights 2. Wade-Davis Bill Appoint provisional governor for each conquered state Majority of voters required to pledge allegiance to Union in order for readmission Delegates to State constitutional convention must swear they had never borne arms against U.S. State constitutions: abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederates, repudiate debts 3. Johnsons and Lincolns plan for reconstruction Lincoln o 10% plan o Extend suffrage to educated, land-owning, or Union veteran blacks o LA, AR, TN rejoin under Lincoln formula (1864) Johnson o Hostile to slaves, but resented wealthy Southern planters o Resoration: grant amnesty to oath-takers, but former Confederate officials and wealthy land-owning Southerners would have to apply for presidential pardons o Wade-Davis Bill-like policy o Radicals gave Johnson a hard time and did not recognize Johnson state governments in the South 4. Frequency of lynching after Reconstruction Blacks were the most common lynching victims Blacks prisoners were sized from jail by well-organized mobs; public lynching Public lynching less common than lynching by small vigilante mobs

5. Booker T. Washington on education Blacks should focus on education; concentrate on self-improvement and preparation for equality instead of agitating for political rights Industrial, not classical, education Adopt standards of white middle class Atlanta Compromise: blacks must make economic gains in order to win the rights and privileges of citizenship 6. Post-Reconstruction industry in South Supporters of southern industrialization promoted thrift, industry, progress Southerners were unable to break with the past Growing textile sector due to abundance of water power, cheap labor, low taxes Tobacco-processing industry Lower South: iron, steel industry grew rapidly Railroad development o Railroad trackage more than doubled o Width of trackage changed to correspond to Northern standards Growth was limited o Southern share in national manufacturing only returned to prewar percentage o Wages much lower in the South than in the North o Much capital had come from North o Essentially a colonial economy Convict-lease system o Convicted criminals leased as cheap labor o Convicts received no pay o Took away opportunities for free labor force 7. 14th, 15th Amendments 14th Amendment o Everyone born in U.S. and everyone naturalized was automatically a citizen o Penalties (reduction of congressional representation) on states denying suffrage to adult males o Prohibited former Confederates from holding offices without congressional pardon o Only TN ratified it immediately; by 1868, 7 of 10 former Confederate states had ratified it 15th Amendment o Forbade denial of suffrage on basis of race or previous condition or servitude 8. Subjugation of blacks 9. Southern blacks: per capita income, Black Codes, Freedmens Bureau 10. Per capita income of southern blacks rose more than whites, which declined Black Codes o Vagrancy laws o Blacks could not own/lease farms; only work as workers or servants

Freedmens Bureau o Provide assistance for black freedmen; help them settle 11. Congressional response to the Black Codes Extend life of Freedmens Bureau (nullify work agreements forced on blacks by Black Codes) 1866 Civil Rights Act: blacks are U.S. citizens; fed. gov. has power to intervene in state affairs to protect citizens rights 12. Educational reform in the South Reconstruction governments est. public school systems Black academies created network of black colleges Segregation o Freedmens Bureau schools open to all races o Integrated school system in New Orleans was open to all, but whites stayed away o Southern Democratic govs. That replaced Republican govs. Abandoned all integration efforts 13. Plessy v. Ferguson: separate education was still equal 14. Credit Mobilir scandal Crdit Mobilier invested in Union Pacific Railroad Crdit Mobilier gives Congress members stocks to avoid investigations 1872 investigation reveals involvement of top-level Republicans 15. Redeemers After the 1877 withdrawal of federal troops, white Democrats took over southern state govs; control by conservative oligarchy New ruling class: merchants, industrialists, railroad developers, former planters Commitment to home rule & conservatism as well as economic development Lowered taxes, reduced spending, cut services, such as public school system Redeemers wanted to pay off Reconstruction debts in full by reducing spending Many opposed to service cuts o Virginia: Readjusters demand state to revise debt payment procedures; make more money available for state services o Demands for greenbacks, debt relief o Dissenting mvts. Destroyed by conservatives 16. Increasing hostility of northerners to the South in 1865-1866, sources Lincolns death Northerners not happy that southerners refuse to grant blacks suffrage Alarmed by election of former Confederate leaders as officials and congressional representatives (former Confed. VP Alexander Stephens elected GA senator) 17. Civil Rights Act of 1866, Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867 1866 Civil Rights Act: blacks are U.S. citizens; fed. gov. has power to intervene in state affairs to protect citizens rights Congressional Reconstruction Acts o Establishment of 5 military districts inSouth o Voters would elect conventions to prepare state constitutions ratifying 14th Amendment

18. Split in southern branch of the Republican Party, results Scalawags southern white Republicans, including former Whigs in the Democratic Party and wealthy planters/businessmen. o Economic development 19. Sources of opposition to Grants administration Grant continued to support Radical policies despite the publics disillusionment Grant relied on party leaders, who used the patronage and spoils system blatantly Scandals: Crdit Mobilier, whiskey ring, Indian ring Panic of 1873 o Debtors pressured gov. into using greenbacks to redeem war bonds o Grant supported sound currency, which favored interests of banks and creditors 20. Crop-Lien system Black and whites depended on general stores for supplies, but could not pay with cash Purchasers paid by credit With no competition, stores set interest rates as high as 50%-60% Farmers gave merchants a claim on crops (lien) as collateral for loans Most blacks and some white small landowners lost their lands due to debt Southern farmers became reliant on cash crops to escape from debt Southern agriculture became one-dimensional; exhaustion of soil by cotton Contributed to general decline in Southern agricult. Econ. 21. Andrew Johnsons impeachment, Tenure of Office Act Johnson removed Edwin Stanton, a supporter of Radical military occupation of the South; this was violation of Tenure of Office Act Johnson was acquitted by the Senate in part because of his argument that Stanton had been appointed by Lincoln, so the Act didnt apply to him 22. Specie Resumption Act of 1875 Greenbacks would be redeemed by government and replaced with gold standard currency Debtors worried about being paid in uncertain paper currency 23. Presidential election of 1866, Compromise of 1877 Tilden was in the lead, but disputed 20 votes from LA, SC, FL, OR could allow Hayes to win Special electoral commission had 8 Republicans & 7 Democrats Hayes won Compromise o Republicans agreed to withdrawal of troops o Appointment of at least one Southerner to Hayes cabinet o Control of federal patronage o Generous internal improvements o Federal aid for Texas & Pacific Railroad 24. Revisionists view of Reconstruction, name of the historian Johnson Hope Franklins Reconstruction After the Civil War (1961): post-war Republicans truly wanted to protect freedmen Reconstruction governments had been bold in interracial politics

Andrew Johnson was racist and resisted reasonable compromise Blacks were minimally involved in politics Reconstruction governments brought progress Corruption in the South was just as bad as in the North Unfortunate that Reconstruction reforms didnt go far enough to ensure Southern blacks equality 25. Radical Republicans, objective 26. Southern Blacks serving in government Mainly Republicans Created their own colored conventions Served as delegates to constitutional conventions Blacks never controlled any state legislature o Held a majority in SC legislature lower house briefly o % black officeholders lower than % blacks in population Critics denounced black politicians for corruption and financial extravagance 27. Black middle class in the South, late 1800s 28. Situation for most Southern Blacks by the end of Reconstruction 29. Assessment of Grants presidency 30. Radical Republicans, who were they, on voting in the South 31. Reemergence of white supremacy, manifestation 32. The Black vote, progress, challenges to 33. Most positive legacy of reconstruction 34. Radical Reconstruction