COURSE/ LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE

STAFF NAME: S.SANKAR CLASS: II YEAR -ECE SUBJECT: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS- I / EC 2205 A) TEXT BOOKS 1. Millman J and Halkias .C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 2007. 2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2007. B) REFERENCES 1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2007. 2. David A. Bell, Electronic Devices & Circuits, 4th Ediion, PHI, 2007 3. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002. 4. I.J. Nagrath, Electronic Devices and Circuits, PHI, 2007. 5. Anwar A. Khan and Kanchan K. Dey, A First Course on Electronics, PHI, 2006. 6. B.P. Singh and Rekha Singh, Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education, 2006. 7. Rashid M, Microelectronics Circuits, Thomson Learning, 2007. C) LEGEND: L: Lecture Rx: Reference Book

BB: Black Board pp: Pages

Tx : Text Book

Sl.No

Lecture hour

Topic to be covered

Teaching aid required UNIT I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY BB BB BB BB

Book No /Page No

01 02 03 04

L1 L2 L3 L4

BJT Need for biasing Stability factor Fixed bias circuit, Load line and quiescent point Variation of quiescent point due to hFE variation within manufacturers tolerance, Stability factors Different types of biasing circuits, Method of stabilizing the Q point Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing Bias compensation Diode, Thermister and Sensistor compensations Biasing the FET and MOSFET

Tx1 pp (282-287) ,Tx2 pp (149) Rx1 pp (131-146 ) Tx1 pp (282-287),Tx2 pp (174) Rx1 pp ( 212) ,Rx2 pp(124-129) Tx1 pp (283-285) ,Tx2pp (181) Rx1 pp (163-172) Tx1 pp (284-286), Tx2 pp (180) Tx1 pp ( 287-294),Tx2pp (181193 ) ,Rx1 pp ( 177-179,186189) ,Rx2 pp (130-141) Tx1 pp (290-294 ) Tx2 pp (185) Tx1 pp (299-303) Tx2 pp (193-194) Tx1 pp (335-339 ),Tx2 pp (213), Rx1 pp ( 290-303), Rx2 pp (291-298 )

05

L5, L6

BB

06 07 08

L7 L8, L9 L10, L11

BB BB BB

09

L12

Tx2 pp(235-238) BB TRIAC UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

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10 11 12

L13 L14 L15, L16

CE, CB and CC amplifiers Method of drawing small-signal equivalent circuit , Midband analysis of various types of single stage amplifiers to obtain gain, input impedance and output impedance Millers theorem, Comparison of CB, CE and CC amplifiers and their uses Methods of increasing input impedance using Darlington connection and bootstrapping CS, CG and CD (FET) amplifiers

BB BB BB

Tx1 pp (251-255 ),Tx2pp (279) Rx1 pp ( 201-202) Tx1 pp (263-274),Tx2 pp (284),Rx2 pp (185-200 ) Tx1 pp (263-274 ) Tx2 pp (284) Tx1 pp (255-258),Tx2 pp (251) Rx1pp (600-601),Tx1pp (253255) Tx2 pp (251) Tx1 pp ( 274-279),Tx2pp (308) Rx1 pp ( 633-634) Tx1 Rx1 Rx2 Tx1 pp (313-320 ),Tx2pp (313) pp (627-630), pp (339-352 ) pp (349-387)

13

L17

BB

14

L18

BB

15

L19

BB

16 17 18 19

L20 L21 L22 L23

Multistage amplifiers. Basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit - Bisection theorem Differential gain CMRR Use of constant current circuit to improve CMRR, Derivation of transfer characteristic Feedback Amplifiers UNIT III

BB BB BB BB

Tx1 pp ( 507-510),Tx2pp (323) Tx1 pp ( 508,523-524),Rx1 pp ( 649-658),Rx2 pp (399-403 ) Tx1 pp ( 508-510),Tx2pp (325) Tx1 pp ( 510-512) Tx2 pp(486-500)

20

L24

BB

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS BB Tx1 pp (389-391),Tx2 pp (389) Rx2 pp ( 232-233) Tx1 pp ( 397-401),Tx2pp (397) Rx1 pp (586-588) , Rx2 pp ( 234-237) Tx1 pp ( 403-407) Tx2 pp (403) Tx1 Rx1 Tx1 Rx1 pp ( 412-416),Tx2pp (412) pp ( 602-606) pp ( 412-416),Tx2pp (417) pp (609-611 )

23

L25

General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - Definition of cutoff frequencies and bandwidth Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to obtain lower cutoff frequency Hybrid, equivalent circuit of BJTs High frequency analysis of BJT amplifiers to obtain upper cutoff frequency Gain Bandwidth Product High frequency equivalent circuit of FETs High frequency analysis of FET amplifiers - Gain-bandwidth product of FETs General expression for frequency response of multistage amplifiers Calculation of overall upper and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifiers Amplifier rise time and sag and their relation to cutoff frequencies Oscillators UNIT IV

24

L26, L27

BB

25

L28, L29

BB

26 27

L30, L31 L32

BB BB

28 29

L33 L34

BB BB

Tx1 pp (147-419 ),Tx2pp (349) Rx1 pp (613-614 ) Tx1 pp ( 417-419), Tx2pp (351) Tx2 pp ( 351) Tx2 pp(511-518)

30 31

L35 L36

BB BB

LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

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32

L37

Classification of amplifiers, Class A large signal amplifiers second harmonic distortion, higher order harmonic distortion transformer-coupled class A audio power amplifier efficiency of Class A amplifiers Class B amplifier efficiency push-pull amplifier - distortion in amplifiers complementary-symmetry (Class B) push-pull amplifier Class C, Class D amplifier Class S amplifier MOSFET power amplifier, Thermal stability and heat sink

BB

Tx2 pp (427-429), Rx1 pp ( 747-752) Tx2 pp (429-432) Rx1 pp (773-774 ) Tx2 pp (432-435) Rx1 pp ( 754-760) Rx2 pp (606-611 ) Tx2 Rx1 Rx2 Tx2 pp (436-442) pp ( 761-768) pp ( 612-615) pp (442-443)

33

L38

BB

34

L39, L40

BB

35

L41, L42

BB

36 37 38 39 40

L43, L44 L45 L46 L47 L48

BB BB BB BB

Tx2 pp (443-445) Rx1 pp (780-782 ) Tx2 pp (445-446), Rx2 pp (635-636 ) Tx2 pp (446-448)

Tx2 pp(707-714) BB Operational Amplifiers UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES Classification of power supplies Rectifiers - Half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers with resistive load Analysis for BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB BB Tx2 pp (617-618) Tx2 pp (619-628),Rx1 pp(7480),Rx2 pp ( 52-67) Tx2 pp (629-635) Rx2 pp (80-82,95-102 ) Tx2 pp (637-638),Rx1 pp (98100),Rx2 pp (86-89) Tx2 pp (638-643) Rx2 pp (7073 ) Tx2 pp (644-646) Tx2 pp (652-653) Tx2 pp (654-662) Tx1 pp (715-719)

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

L49 L50, L51 L52, L53 L54 L55 L56 L57 L58 L59 L60

Vdc and ripple voltage

with C, L, LC and CLC filters Voltage multipliers Voltage regulators ,Zener diode regulator principles of obtaining a regulated power supply, regulator with current limiting, Over voltage protection Switched mode power supply (SMPS) Power control using SCR IC voltage regulators

Rx2 pp(582-583)

Prepared by (S. KARTHIKEYAN)

HOD -ECE

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UNIT-I 1.

TRANSISTOR BIASING STABILITY

2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

What is meant by Biasing? It is the process of maintaining proper flow of zero signals I C and VCE during the passage of signal. Biasing keeps EB junction forward bias and CB junction reverse bias. What is the need for biasing? To operate transistor in desired region, apply external DC voltage of correct polarity and magnitude to the two junctions of the transistor. What is Q point? It is the point on load line which represents the DC current and voltage, when no input signal is applied. How to select the Q point of amplifier Q point should be located at the center of load line which ensure that the amplified signal will be an exact replica of the input signal What are the factors affecting the Q point Changes in temperature, 2) Changes in the value of , 3) Change of parameters from one transistor to other Define Stability factor. What is its ideal value (MAY 2005) co Its ideal value =1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of different biasing methods? Advantages Disadvantages Good flexibility Poor thermal stability Require less component Q point shift due to Collector Base Provides better thermal stability than stability factor is high Bias fixed bias Reduce the gain of the amplifier Requires only one resistor Voltage divider Good stability Require more components or Self Bias Possible to avoid signal loss stability factor depends on RB & RE What is Stabilization Technique? It refers to the use of resistive biasing circuits which permits I B to vary so as to keep IC constant. What is Bias Compensation? Compensation technique is used to stabilize the Q point instead of DC biasing circuits where the reduction of gain crosses the tolerable limit. It uses the temperature sensitive devices such as diodes, transistor, thermistors, sensistor to compensate for the variation in currents. How the compensation achieved in Diode compensation for V BE Change in VBE is compensated by change in voltage across diode How the compensation achieved in Diode compensation for ICO In order to compensate for ICO, diode saturation current is equal to transistor leakage current which gives IC= IB How the compensation achieved by using Thermistor? Thermistor resistance decreases exponentially with increase in temperature. As resistance decreases, V BE decreases so that IB decreases. How the compensation achieved by using Sensistor? Sensistor resistance increases with increase in temperature. As resistance increases, VR2 decreases so that forward emitter bias decreases. As a result IC decreases. What is meant by Thermal Runaway? The self destruction of an unbiased transistor is known as thermal runaway. To avoid it; the operating point is to be stabilized. Define Thermal resistance The steady state temperature rise at the collector junction of a transistor is directly proportional to power dissipated at the junction. T=Tj-TA=QPD What is the condition of Thermal Stability? Rate at which heat is released at collector junction must not exceed the rate at which heat can be dissipated under steady state condition. PC TJ < 1 Why thermal runaway is not there in FET(Dec09) FET has positive temperature coefficient. As temperature increases, resistance increase, cureent flow through it decreases, so power dissipation also decreases .This reduces its junction temperature and prevents thermal runaway. Biasing method Fixed Bias

7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

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18. Mention the applications of FET Used in chopper amplifier, used as constant current source, used in Filp-Flop, used in attenuator 19. Compare BJT and JFFT BJT Bipolar device [ current conduction by both electron and Hole] Low input impedence due to forward bias Current driven device High noise level 20. Compare JFET and MOSFET JFET operate in Depletion mode only High input impedence gate current is larger than MOSFET JFET Unipolar device[ current conduction is by only one type of carrier either by electron or by hole] High input impedence due to reverse bias Voltage driven device Low noise level

MOSFET operate in either Depletion or Enhancement mode Very High input impedence Less gate current PART-B

1.

What is d.c load line? How will you select the operating point? Explain it using common emitter amplifier characteristics as an example? 2. Draw the circuit diagram of Fixed -bias circuit using CE configuration and explain how it stabilizes operating point. 3. Draw the circuit diagram of Collector Base bias circuit using CE configuration and explain how it stabilizes operating point. 4. Draw the circuit diagram of self-bias circuit using CE configuration and explain how it stabilizes operating point. 5. Derive the Stability factor for the different biasing method 6. Explain the bias compensation techniques by using i)Diode ii) Themistor iii) Sensistor 7. Draw the circuit of a common source FET amplifier & explain its operation? 8. With the help of neat diagram explain the voltage divider biasing method for JFET 9. Explain how field effect transistor can be biased 10. Draw the biasing circuit for MOSFET using common source configuration and explain(May04) 11. Draw and explain voltage divider bias using FET (May03) UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS CB very low (100) very high(450) 1 high(150) for High Frequency CE moderate(750) moderate(45K) high high(150) for Audio Frequency CC very high(100) very low (25) high 1 for Impedance matching

1. Compare CB,CE,CC amplifiers

input impedance output impedance current gain voltage gain application 2.

3. 4. 5.

What are the effects of unbypassed RE? Increase in the Input Impedance Reduction in voltage amplification Improved stability of voltage gain Explain the function of bypass capacitor in an amplifier circuits It offers low reactance to AC signal which increases the voltage gain of amplifier Why coupling capacitor is used to connect a signal source to an amplifier It blocks DC voltage but passes AC signal, because of this biasing conditions are maintained constant. Define the various h parameters (May03) Input impedance=h11=Vi/Ii reverse voltage gain=h12= Vi / Vo forward current gain =h21= Io/Ii output admittance =h22=Io/Vo Draw the hybrid model for transistor

6.

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7.

State Miller theorem (May04) It states that, if the gain ratio of two node is 1:K then an impedance of Z connecting the two nodes can be replaced with Z/K impedance between the first node and ground and a KZ/(K-1) impedance between the second node and ground. 8. What does Bootstrapping Mean?(May03) If the gain of the amplifier is 1, then if the voltage at one end of resistor changes, then there is same changes at the other end of resistor. It is as if resistor were pulling itself up by its bootstraps. 9. Why the Darlington connection is not possible for more number of stages. When number of stages increases, the leakage current also increases and gets multiplied by the current gain. Voltage gain will also reduce. 10. What are the features of Darlington Emitter Follower? High current gain, Low voltage gain, High input resistance, Low output resistance 11. Draw the LF model of JFET (May03)

12. Draw the HF model of JFET

13. Mention the advantages of h parameters Easy to measure Real number up to RF Easily correctable from one configuration to other. 14. Write the equation form which the small signal LF equivalent of JFET is formed(May05) Id=gmVgs+Vds/rd 15. What is the need for muli stage amplifier? In single stage amplifier, the parameters input impedance, Voltage gain, Bandwidth and Output impedance are not fulfilled. So the multistage amplifier is needed for these requirements. 16. What are the features of Cascode Amplifier? Input and current gain are equal to the corresponding value of single stage CE amplifier Output resistance is equal to that of CB amplifier Bandwidth is very large 17. What is cascade amplifier? It consists of CE and CB configurations.CB provide a good HF operation 18. What is the voltage gain of cascade amplifier? It is the product of voltage gains of the various stages AV=AV1.AV2.AV3AVN 19. Define CMRR It is the ratio of differential gain to common mode gain [ Ad/ Ac] 20. What are the features of Differential Amplifier? High input impedance Low output impedance Large Bandwidth High CMRR 21. State Bisection theorem In a Bisected network, if all the connecting wires are open circuit, then the impedance at input and output is Z1/2OC.If the connecting wires are short circuit, then the impedance at input and output is Z 1/2SC

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22. How does constant current improve CMRR? In the circuit, RE will ideally be and Ac will be zero making CMRR .RE replaced with constant current circuit will improve CMRR. 23. How does current mirror method proves CMRR? In this method, output current is forced to be equal to input current i.e. output current is the mirror images of input current. PART B 1. Derive the expressions for current gain, voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance for an emitter follower circuit.(Dec02) 2. Explain with circuit diagram the bootstrapped Darlington emitter follower(Dec02) 3. Derive the expressions for the voltage gain of common collector amplifier 4. Derive the expressions for the current gain, input impedance, voltage gain and output admittance of a small signal amplifier in terms of the h- parameters 5. Explain in detail with neat sketch operation of common mode differential amplifier 6. Draw and explain midband analysis of CE configuration in BJT amplifiers To obtain Ai,Av,Zi and Yo 7. How does constant current source increase the gain and hence CMRR in differential amplifier 8. Write and discuss in detail the improving methods of CMRR and its Measurement 9. Derive the expressions for CMRR for a small signal model with a common mode input voltage 10. Draw the transistor hybrid model in CE configuration and determine its h-parameter from its characteristics 11. Explain briefly multistage amplifiers 12. Derive the expressions for the current gain, input impedance, voltage gain and output impedance for a voltage divider common source FET amplifier UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIER Define Bandwidth It is defines as the difference between the half power frequency.BW= f2-f1 Hz Definition of Midband gain The midband of an amplifier is the band of frequencies between 10 f1 and 0.1 f2. How coupling capacitor effect the bandwidth of an amplifier It offers a large reactance at LF, due to this, voltage drop across them increases which in turn reduce the gain of the amplifier What is the effect of bypass capacitor? At LF, reactance is not equal to zero, but it has finite value. The parallel combination of R E and CE will offer a finite impedance. So RE is not properly bypassed and the voltage gain will reduced. What is the effect of internal transistor capacitances At high frequencies, the coupling and bypass capacitors act as short and do not affect the amplifier response.However, at high frequencies, the internal capacitances, commonly known as junction capacitances do come into play, reducing the current gain. Why it is not possible to use the h parameters at HF? At HF,h parameter become complex and its values are frequency dependent. Define alpha cutoff frequency It is the frequency at which the short circuit CB current gain of the transistor drops by 3db from its value [ ] at LF. f= Define beta cutoff frequency It is the frequency at which the short circuit CE current gain of the transistor drops by 3db from its value at LF. f= [ ] Define fT It is the frequency at which the short circuit CE current gain becomes unity. fT=hfe f What is rise time? The time difference between the t1 and t2 which corresponds to 10% and 90% value of the final value is called rise time. tr=2.2 R2C2 Give the relation between bandwidth and rise time BW=fH= . What is tilt or sag? Tilt=P= Give the significance of two capacitors in hybrid model Diffusion capacitance is offered by the forward biased BE junction and represents the excess minority carrier storage at the base emitter junction. Its value is 100Pf.

1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

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Transition capacitance is offered by reverse biased CB junction. Its value is 3pF. 14. Give the expression for lower cutoff frequency of multistage amplifier fL(n)=fL/21/n-1 fL(n) Lower 3dB frequency of identical cascaded stages, fL- Lower 3dB frequency of single stage, n Number of stages 15. Give the expression for Higher cutoff frequency of multistage amplifier fH(n)=fH.21/n-1 fH(n) Higher 3dB frequency of identical cascaded stages,fH - Higher 3dB frequency of single stage, n Number of stages PART B Explain the analysis of BJT and FET at low frequencies. Explain the analysis of BJT and FET at high frequencies. Obtain the expression for the various parameters for amplifier at high frequency. Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high frequency. Derive an expression for voltage and current gain, cutoff frequencies including source resistance and gain bandwidth product. Explain the concept of rise time and sag and derive the relationship to cutoff frequencies. Derive the expression for the CE short circuit gain of transistor at high frequency Draw the high frequency hybrid model for a transistor in the CE configuration and explain the significance of each component Derive expressions for the short circuit current gain of common emitter amplifier at high frequency. Define beta cut off frequency and transition frequency and derive their values in terms of circuit parameters Explain high frequency analysis of FET and gain bandwidth product. Derive the upper and lower cut off frequency of RC coupled BJT amplifier Derive the expressions for transistor conductance for hybrid common emitter transistor model. What specific capacitance has the greater effect on the high frequency response of a cascade FET amplifier?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIER

1. What is power amplifier? The final stage in multistage amplifiers, such as audio amplifiers and radio transmitters, designed to deliver maximum power to the load, rather than maximum voltage gain, for a given percent of distortion. 2. What are the features of power amplifier? Power transistors are required, Impedance matching is necessary 3. Compare the different classes of power amplifiers Class A Class B Class C Class AB position of Q point at the center of load line at the cut off Below cut off just below cut off Efficiency 25 to 50% 78.5% above 95% between 50 & 78.5% Conduction angle 360 180 less than 180 between 180& 360 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of different types of power amplifier? Types of power Advantages Disadvantages amplifier simple circuit very low efficiency Class A distortion less output large power dissipation high efficiency compared to Class A efficiency is not so high Class B zero power dissipation cross over distortion occur Impedance matching is possible very high efficiency distorted output Class C low power loss elimination of cross over distortion low efficiency Class AB preferred to Audio system cannot be used as audio amplifiers High efficiency complicated design Class D amplify Digital signals

5.

What is cross over distortion? How it can be eliminated? For making transistor ON, it is necessary that VBE voltage must exceed 0.7 v.Due to this, in class B amplifier while crossing over from one half cycle to other, as long as input is below 0.7v, none of the

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6.

7.

8.

transistor is ON and output is zero. Due to this, there is distortion in the output, which is called the cross over distortion. To overcome this distortion, a small forward bias is kept applied to the transistors so that when input is zero, this additional forward bias can make the transistor ON immediately, eliminating cross-over distortion. What is meant by Harmonic distortion? It states that the presence of those frequency component in the amplifier output which are absent in the input side of amplifier. The frequency component which has the same frequency of the input is known as the fundamental frequency component and others are known as Harmonics. Define conversion efficiency of power amplifier It is a measure of the ability of an active device to convert the DC power of the supply into an AC power delivered to the load Define thermal resistance. The temperature rise of a junction is proportional to the power dissipation. The constant of proportionality between the two is called thermal resistance. It is defined as the temperature rise per unit watt of heat dissipation. = (T2-T1/Pd) C/W Define Amplitude distortion The dynamic characteristics of a transistor is non linear. Due to this, the output waveform will be slightly different from the AC input signal. This type of distortion is known as non linear or Amplitude distortion. Define Frequency Distortion The change in gain of the amplifier with change in the frequency of input AC signal is called frequency distortion. It takes place when various frequency component in the input signal are amplified differently Define Phase Distortion Phase Distortion or Delay Distortion occurs in a non-linear transistor amplifier when there is a time delay between the input signal and its appearance at the output. This time delay will increase progressively with frequency within the bandwidth of the amplifier. Why class A amplifier must not be operated under no signal conditions. Under no signal condition, the entire d.c. power input P DC = VccICQ, is dissipated as the heat. Thus power dissipation is maximum under no signal condition. This may increase the transistor junction temperature beyond safe value, which may lead to transistor damage. To avoid this, class A amplifier must not be operated under no signal condition. What are the advantages and disadvantages of transformer coupled class A amplifier
Advantages :

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

The efficiency of the operation is higher than directly coupled amplifier. The d.c bias current that flows through the load in case of directly coupled amplifier is stopped in case of transformer coupled. The impedance matching required for maximum power transfer is possible.

Disadvantages :

Due to transformer, the circuit becomes bulkier, heavier and costlier compared to directly coupled circuit. The circuit is complicated to design and implement compared to directly coupled circuit. The frequency response of the circuit is poor. 14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of complementary symmetry class B amplifier.
Advantages:

As the circuit is trasformerless, its weight, size and cost are less. Due to common collector configuration, impedance matching is possible. The frequency response improves due to transformer less class B amplifier circuit. The circuit needs two separate voltage supplies. The output is distorted to cross-over distortion.

disadvantages :

15. Compare class B Push-pull and Complementary Symmetry amplifiers parameters Push-pull Complementary Symmetry

types of transistors

both should be either p-n-p and n-p-n

one should be p-n-p and other

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use of transformer configuration Efficiency

driver and output transformers are used both the transistors operate in CE configuration low

should be n-p-n transformers are not needed both the transistors operate in CC configuration high

16. What is the use of Heat Sink?

Power transistors are temperature dependent devices. As they handle large currents they can be heated which leads to self destruction. To avoid this, the transistor is fixed on a metal sheet preferably Aluminium to dissipate heat from the transistor.

PART B
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Draw and explain the operation of series fed directly coupled class A power amplifier and derive its efficiency. For the transformer coupled class A power amplifier circuit, explain and derive the expressions for its efficiency Draw a neat diagram of push pull class B amplifier. Explain its working and derive its efficiency Draw and explain the operation of complementary-symmetry class B power amplifier and derive its efficiency. With circuit diagram, explain the operation of Class C power amplifier and derive its efficiency. With neat diagram, explain the MOSFET power amplifier. Give the design procedure for Heat sink Draw a Quasi complementary-symmetry power amplifier and explain its merits.

UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES PART A

1. Define Rectifiers A rectifier is defined as electronic device used for converting a.c. voltage into unidirectional voltage. A rectifier utilizes unidirectional conduction device like PN junction diode. 2. Define voltage regulation Voltage regulation = VNL-VFL VFL 3. Define ripple factor ripple factor = rms value of a.c. component of output D.C. or average value of the component 4. Define-efficiency of a half-wave rectifier along with its maximum value The efficiency of a half wave rectifier is defined as the ratio of d.c. output power to a.c. input power Efficiency = dc output power/ ac input power 5. Define peak inverse voltage (PIV) Peak inverse voltage is defined as the maximum reverse voltage that a diode can withstand without destroying the junction. 6. Define Transformer utilization factor (TUF) Transformer utilization factor is defined as the ratio of d.c power to that of a.c rating of the transformer secondary. TUF = Pdc / Pac rated 7. Give the expressions of form factor and peak factor for a half wave rectifier Form factor = rms value / average value Peak factor = peak value / rms 8. Compare the different types of rectifier circuits parameters HWR FWR Bridge rectifier average value Im / 2Im / 2Im / Rms value Im / 2 Im / Im / efficiency 40% 81.2% 81.2% TUF 28.7% 69.3% 81.2% ripple factor 1.21 0.48 0.48 ripple frequency 50Hz 100Hz 100Hz PIV Vm 2Vm Vm center tap not required required not required transformer

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9. What are advantages and disadvantages of different types of rectifier circuits? Types of rectifiers Advantages Disadvantages Simple circuit High ripple factor HWR Low efficiency Low TUF Low ripple factor Cost of center tap transformer FWR Better efficiency high Better TUF Need large size of diodes Center tap transformer is not Four diodes are needed Bridge rectifier required As two diodes conduct Efficiency high simultaneously, the voltage drop TUF is high increases, output decreases

10. Compare the different types of filters parameters Capacitor filter Inductor filter L Section filter ripple factor fCR Useful in reducing ripple in reducing ripple in reducing ripple in reducing ripple in load voltage load current load current load voltage suitable for light load heavy load light & heavy load all loads application application application surge current very high low low low through diodes 11.What is the need of filter circuit? The output of rectifier circuit consists of DC and Ripple components. To remove the ripples,the filter circuits are used. 12. What is Bleeder resistor? This resistance is connected across the output of the filter, to place minimum load 13. What are advantages and disadvantages of filters? Types of filters Advantages Disadvantages easy to design ripple factor is dependent on the capacitor reduction in the ripple content load increase in the average load voltage regulation is poor diodes have to handle large peak currents low ripple factor at heavy load currents ripple factor is poor Inductor filter reduce ripple in output bulky and costly good load regulation power loss takes place in L Section filter low ripple factor and not dependent on inductor load bulky and costly low ripple factor high DC voltage power loss takes place in inductor bulky and costly high peak diode current

14. Why is a simple capacitor filter is not suitable for heavy loads. As the load current increases, for the same d.c output voltage the load resistance decreases. This increases ripple content in the output for heavy loads. Practically for heavy loads, the d.c output voltage decreases and shows very poor regulation. Hence the simple capacitor is not suitable for heavy loads. 15. State the three factors that determine the stability of the voltage regulators. The output d.c. voltage V0 depends upon the input unregulated dc voltage Vin, load current IL and temperature T. The three factors that determine the stability of voltage regulator are 1. Input regulation factor, Sv = Vo/Vin when IL=0,T = 0. 2. Output resistance, Ro = Vo/ IL when Vin =0, T =0 3. Temperature coefficient ST= Vo/T when Vin=0, IL = 0 4.

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EC 2205

16. Define Line regulation Line regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in regulated load voltage due to change in line voltage, keeping the load current and temperature constant. Line regulation =VLH-VLL LH=load voltage with high line voltage ,LL= load voltage with low line voltage 17. What are the factors affecting the output voltage of a regulated power supply? Load current, Input voltage, Temperature 18. Compare shunt regulator and series regulator Shunt regulator Series regulator The control element is in parallel with the load. The control element is in series with the load. Any change in output voltage is compensated by Any change in output voltage is compensated by changing the current Ish through the control adjusting the voltage across the control element element as per the control signal as per the control signal. Regulation is poor Regulation is good 19. Compare Rectifier and regulator Rectifier Regulator 1. Rectifier converts pure sinusoidal input into Regulator converts pulsating d.c. input into pulsating d.c. output. constant d.c. output. 2. The output contains ripples. The output is ripple free. 3. Output voltage changes with respect to load Output voltage changes with respect to load current, input voltage and temperature. current, input voltage and temperature 4.Not provided with over load protection, short Provided with all sorts of protection circuits. circuit protection, thermal shutdown etc. 20 .What are the advantages and disadvantages of SMPS. advantages disadvantages Efficiency is high due to less heat dissipation Load regulation is poor Protection against excessive output voltage No isolation between input and output Higher power handling capacity Radio frequency interference to the neighbouring Reduced harmonic feedback into the supply circuits main Transient response is slow

21. What are the disadvantages of the linear voltage regulators? Low efficiency Need large value of capacitors Input transformer is bulky and costly. 22. What is the basic concept of SMPS? In SMPS, series pass transistor operates as a switch. Pulses from generator are applied to switch, when it is ON it connects the input as it is to the input of the filter. When it is OFF, filter input is disconnected and gives rectangular waveform. Then filter converts the rectangular into smooth dc voltage by removing the ripple contents.

PART B
1. Draw the circuit of a) Half wave b) Full wave c) Bridge rectifiers and explain its working .Obtain its ripple factor and Efficiency. With the circuit diagram, explain the operation of a) Capacitor b) Inductor c) LC d) CLC filters and derive its ripple factor.

2.

3. 4.

Explain the working of different types of voltage multipliers With a neat diagram, explain the a) Series transistorized voltage regulators b) Shunt transistorized voltage regulators. 5. With necessary sketches, explain the operation of SMPS.

VECW

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS-I

EC 2205