Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew.

. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (anti-immigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects. 4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley Armed with the insights of socialism and endowed with the voice of an actress, Kelly was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. She later moved to the Henry Street Settlement in New York and served for 3 decades as general secretary of the National Consumers League.

Mary Baker Eddy Author and founder of a popular new religion based on the principles of spiritual healing. William James William James was a Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psycology and philosophy.

Henry George Controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land.

Horatio Alger Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote that virtue, honesty and industry would be rewarded with success, wealth and honor

Mark Twain Midwestern born writier and lecturer who created a new style of American literature baed on social realism and humor.

Nativism Nativism was a idea that native-born Americans are superior to immigrants.

Philanthropy With the wealth of this time period, private organizations were formed from single individual wealthy persons and would become some of the largest foundations in the world, they would help the people and foreign nations.

Social Gospel Social Gospel was preached by several pastors. It insisted that the churches tacklet the burning social issues of the day.

Settlement House Settlement House was a housing provided for poor immigrants. For example, Jane Addams Hull House provided immigrants what they needed and offered English education.

Women's Christian Temperance Union Created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman that promoted womens economic and social independence and equality.

Eighteenth Amendment Ratified in 1919, this Constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? Nesting loftily above city streets in the new steel-skeleton high-rises that Sulivan helped to make popular, many Americans were becoming modern cliff dwellers. Americans were also becoming commuters, carted daily between home and job on the mass-transit lines that radiated out from central cities to surrounding suburbs. Electric trolleys, powered by wagging antennae from overhead wires, propelled city limits explosively outward.

The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? Until the 1880s most immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe, chiefly Germany and Scandinavia. They were typically fair-skinned Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic types, and they were usually Protestant. But in the 1880s, the character of the immigrant stream changed drastically. The so-called New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Among them were Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. Many of them worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? American food imports and the galloping pace of European industrialization shook the peasantry loose from its ancient habitats and customary occupations, creating a vast, footloose army of the unemployed. Immigration to America was, in many ways, a by-product of the urbanization of Europe. Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? Since the immigrant Italians, with few exceptions, had been peasant farmers in the Old Country, the U.S. government encouraged them to practice their ancestral livelihood here, believing they would more rapidly assimilate in the countryside than in the ethnic enclaves of the cities. But almost all such ventures failed. The Italians were more interested in earning quick money than in permanently sinking roots. And although they huddled in the cities, Italian immigrants did not abandon their rural upbringings entirely. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? Trading jobs and services for votes, a powerful boss might claim the loyalty of thousands of followers. In return for their support at the polls, the boss provided jobs on the citys payroll, found housing for new arrivals, tided over the needy with gifts of food and clothing, patched up minor scrapes with the law, and helped get schools, parks, and hospitals built in immigrant neighborhoods. Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? To many Nativists, those noble words described only too accurately the scum washed up by the New Immigrant tides.

Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Into this spreading moral vacuum stepped a new generation of liberal Protestants. Simultaneously, the Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining enormous strength from the New Immigration. The other important new faith was the Church of Christ, Scientist, founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879 after she had suffered much ill health. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? Clergymen and theologians responded to Darwins theory in several ways. At first most believers joined scientists in rejecting his ideas outright. After 1875, by which time most natural scientists had embraced evolution, the religious community split into two camps. A conservative minority stood firmly behind the Scripture as the infallible Word of God, and they condemned what they thought was the bestial hypothesis of the Darwinians. Their rejection of scientific consensus spawned a muscular view of biblical authority that eventually gave rise to fundamentalism in the 20th century. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? Before the Civil War, private academies at the secondary level were common, and tax-supported high schools were rare, numbering only a few hundred. But the concept that a high-school education, as well as a grade-school education, was the birthright of every citizen was now gaining impressive support. By 1900 there were some six thousand high schools. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Booker T. Washington, undaunted, taught black students useful trades so that they could gain selfrespect and economic security. Other black leaders, notably Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, assailed Booker T. Washington as an Uncle Tom who was condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. He demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.

The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? The truly phenomenal growth of higher education owed much to the Morrill Act of 1862. This enlightened law provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education. Land-grant colleges, most of which became state universities, in turn bound themselves to provide certain services, such as military training. The Hatch Act of 1887, extending the Morrill Act, provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s. Other pressures also helped doom the traditional curriculum. The new industrialization brought insistent demands for practical courses and specialized vocational training in the sciences. The elective system, which permitted students to choose more courses in cafeteria fashion, was gaining popularity. Reformers also emphasized fields of concentration to prepare students for entry into a profession. Specialization, not synthesis, became the primary goal of a university education. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? Sensationalism, at the same time, was capturing the public taste. The semiliterate immigrants, combined with straphanging urban commuters, created a profitable market for news that was simply and punchily written. Sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories burst into the headlines, as a vulgarization of the press accompanied the growth of circulation. Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? Magazines partially satisfied the public appetite for good reading, notably old standbys like Harpers, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribners Monthly. Possibly the most influential journal of all was the liberal and highly intellectual New York Nation. Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. These lurid paperbacks were frowned upon by parents, but goggle-eyed youths read them in haylofts or in schools behind the broad covers of geography books.

Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? In novel writing the romantic sentimentality of a youthful era was giving way to a rugged realism that reflected more faithfully the materialism of an industrial society. American authors now turned increasingly to the coarse human comedy and drama of the world around them to find their subjects. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? The antics of the Woodhull sisters and Anthony Comstock exposed to daylight the battle going on in late-nineteenth-century America over sexual attitudes and the place of women. Economic freedom encouraged sexual freedom, and the new morality began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? Women were growing more independent in the urban environment, and in 1898 they heard the voice of a major feminist prophet, Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In that year the freethinking and original-minded Gilman published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature. In her masterwork of 1898, Gilman called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? The National Prohibition party, organized in 1869, polled a sprinkling of votes in some of the ensuing presidential election.s Militant women entered the alcoholic arena, notably when the Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was organized in 1874.

Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" This sections talks about all the artists and arts, including literatures, paintings, sculptures, and architectures. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? There were many forms of recreation. Some of them were baseball, football, basketball and circus.