Greening Sanitation Programme

Contents
1. Background and Context for the Study......................................................................1 2. Defining Greening.................................................................................................3 3. The Conce t of Greening !ura" De#e"o ment.......................................................3 $. Potentia" of TSC for %ddre&&ing 'n#ironmenta" (&&ue&...........................................3 ). % !e#ie* of Tota" Sanitation Cam aign..................................................................) +. 'n#ironmenta" (m "ication& of Tota" Sanitation Cam aign......................................, -. Ca&e Studie& from (ndia. Good Practice& of Green TSC........................................2$ ,. Conc"u&ion& and !ecommendation&......................................................................2/

1.

Background and Context for the Study o u"ation of (ndia de end& on natura" re&ource& for their

0o&t of the rura"

&u1&i&tence and "i#e"ihood&. %t the nationa" a& *e"" a& g"o1a" "e#e"&2 there i& increa&ing focu& on en#ironmenta" i&&ue& and &u&taina1"e de#e"o ment acro&& #ariou& economic and &ocia" &ector&. The ma3or em ha&i& of greening of de#e"o ment rogramme& ha& 1een on 4a5 re&toring and con&er#ing natura" re&ource& and eco&y&tem& 415 de#e"o ing c"ean techno"ogica" &o"ution& and infra&tructure and 4c5 inno#ation& for reducing car1on emi&&ion& and en#ironmenta" o""ution. The greening de#e"o ment can &timu"ate rura" economie&2 create 3o1& and he" maintain critica" eco&y&tem &er#ice& that are #ita" to the economy and human hea"th and *e""1eing and2 a"&o &trengthen re&i"ience to c"imate6induced change articu"ar"y of the rura" oor *ho are among&t the mo&t #u"nera1"e to the im act& of c"imate change and natura" re&ource& degradation1. The TSC today i& an effort to achie#e thi& *e"" 1eing for rura" (ndia *hich a"ign& *ith the #i&ion of 0ahatma Gandhi for rura" (ndia. 'm ha&i7ing on the im ortance of &anitation2 0ahatma Gandhi once &aid that &anitation i& more im ortant that inde endence. 8e had a dream of tota" &anitation for a"". The Cam aign *a& "aunched 1y the De artment of Drinking 9ater and Sanitation2 0ini&try of !ura" De#e"o ment2 *ith a #i&ion of creating an en#ironment that i& c"ean2 hea"thy and contri1ute& to the economic and &ocia" *e"" 1eing of a"" rura" citi7en&. % recent &tudy 1y 9or"d Bank ha& e&timated that the tota" economic im act of inade:uate &anitation in (ndia amount to !&. 2.$$ tri""ion a year. Thi& further mean& !&. 221,; er er&on annua" im act2. The 0ini&try of !ura" De#e"o ment 40<!D5 ha& 1een the key in&titution for effecting change in rura" area& through &e#era" rogramme& aimed at o#erty a""e#iation2 em "oyment generation2 infra&tructure de#e"o ment and &ocia" &ecurity. (t& main o13ecti#e through the&e rogramme& i& to a""e#iate rura" o#erty and en&ure im ro#ed :ua"ity of "ife for the rura" o u"ation. The to ic of thi& a er i& the Tota"
0u&yoki %. 4=une 2;1252 The 'merging Po"icy for Green 'conomy and Socia" De#e"o ment in >im o o2 South %frica. <cca&iona" Pa er 'ight. Socia" Dimen&ion& of Green 'conomy and Sanitation De#e"o ment. ?nitted @ation& !e&earch (n&titute for Socia" De#e"o ment. 2 9or"d Bank 42;1;5.The economic im act& of inade:uate &anitation in (ndia.
1

Sanitation Cam aign 4TSC52 the f"ag&hi rura" &anitation rogramme of the 0ini&try of Drinking 9ater and Sanitation 3 40D9S5. 9hi"e origina""y en#i&aged a& a mean& to achie#e uni#er&a" &anitation co#erage2 it ha& &ignificant ercei#ed mandate of toi"et con&truction. TSC ha& demon&trated a &ignificant otentia" for im ro#ing a com onent of the rura" en#ironment. Aor exam "e2 the Community6>ed Tota" Sanitation 4C>TS5 in *hich eo "e are he" ed conduct their o*n a rai&a" and ana"y&i& of o en defecation and take their o*n action to 1ecome o en defecation free 4<DA5. 0o&t im ortant"y2 C>TS focu&e& on 1eha#iour change2 e&&entia" for achie#ing and maintaining <DA2 rather than 1ui"ding infra&tructure. The Go#ernment of (ndia 1uttre&&ed TSC *ith an a*ard &cheme @irma" Gram Puru&kar 4@GP5 in *hich <DA anchayat& are gi#en a ca&h a*ard. %& a re&u"t of thi& cam aign2 there ha& 1een an ex onentia" increa&e in acce&& to &anitation faci"itie&. There ha& 1een a"mo&t $.) er cent increa&e each year in &anitation co#erage com ared to 1 er cent co#erage each year 1efore the "aunch of thi& rogramme$. The Tota" Sanitation Cam aign 4TSC5 aim& at 1. Bring a1out an im ro#ement in the genera" :ua"ity of "ife in the rura" area&. 2. %cce"erate &anitation co#erage in rura" area& to acce&& to toi"et& to a"" 1y 2;1-. 3. 0oti#ate communitie& and Panchayati !a3 (n&titution& 4P!(&5 education $. (n rura" area&2 co#er &choo"& and %ngan*adi& 1y 0arch 2;132 *ith &anitation faci"itie& and romote hygiene education and &anitary ha1it& among &tudent&. ). 'ncourage co&t effecti#e and a ro riate techno"ogie& for eco"ogica""y &afe and &u&taina1"e &anitation
0ini&try of Drinking 9ater and Sanitation *a& re#iou&"y kno*n a& De artment of Drinking 9ater Su "y 4DD9S5 *hich *a& formed under the mini&try of rura" de#e"o ment in 1///. (n 2;1;2 DD9S *a& renamed a& 0ini&try of Drinking 9ater and Sanitation& and conferred the &tatu& of the mini&try in 2;11. The mini&try of Drinking 9ater and Sanitation i& re& on&i1"e for o#era"" o"icy2 "anning2 funding and coordination of drinking *ater and &anitation2 and headed 1y the 0ini&ter of !ura" De#e"o ment. 4 De artment of Drinking *ater and Sanitation 4=u"y 2;115. To*ard& @irma" Bharat B !ura" Sanitation and 8ygiene Strategy. 0ini&try of !ura" De#e"o ment. Go#ernment of (ndia.
3

otentia" for he" ing

im ro#e the natura" re&ource 1a&e and rura" en#ironment& 1eyond the narro*

romoting

&u&taina1"e &anitation faci"itie& through a*arene&& creation and hea"th

+. De#e"o community managed en#ironmenta" &anitation &y&tem& focu&ing on &o"id C "i:uid *a&te management

2. Defining Greening (n it& &im "e&t2 the term green im "ie& to en#ironmenta" friend"y. Therefore2 greening de#e"o ment im "ie& to the en#ironmenta" friend"y outcome& of de#e"o ment.

3. The Concept of Greening Rura De!e op"ent The conce t of greening rura" de#e"o ment im "ie& the kind of de#e"o ment that induce& the de&ired im ro#ement& in the en#ironment and a"&o at the &ame time ro#ide& the &u&taina1i"ity of "i#e"ihood& and income& and mitigation of &carcity. The greening rura" de#e"o ment aim& to im ro#e the :ua"ity and carrying ca acity of eco&y&tem&2 &trengthen the re&i"ience of eco&y&tem& and2 reduce the eco"ogica" foot rint& of de#e"o ment inter#ention&. The Tota" Sanitation Cam aign 4TSC5 i& inherent"y a green rogramme that intend& to romote the "i#e"ihood& 1a&ed on en#ironmenta""y &u&taina1"e u&e of their "oca" en#ironment and natura" re&ource&. #. $otentia of TSC for %ddressing &n!iron"enta 'ssues TSC2 *hich i& inherent"y a green rogramme ha& huge otentia" to addre&& a num1er of en#ironmenta" i&&ue& *ithout com romi&ing the &ocio6economic de#e"o ment2 &uch a&: (t can &trengthen the "i#e"ihood& *ithout ri&king en#ironmenta" &u&taina1i"ity. (f a "ied ro er"y2 the greening &anitation rogramme& ha#e a huge otentia" to &trengthen "i#e"ihood& *hi"e enhancing the en#ironmenta" &u&taina1i"ity. (t i& o&&i1"e to e"iminate *a&te *ater and &o"id generation 1y con#erting a"" ty e& of *a&te into u&a1"e materia" *hich not on"y he" "i#e"ihood& financia" 1ut a"&o im ro#e& the :ua"ity of en#ironment. Aor exam "e the excreta i& con#erted to manure and can a "ied in the fie"d&. Simi"ar"y ?rine i& co""ected2 di"uted and a "ied in the fie"d& for the ho& horu& and nitrogen need& of cro &. <rganic &o"id *a&te2 *hich i& the 1u"k of rura" gar1age2 i& co""ected2 com o&ted 4or #ermin6com o&ted5 and u&ed a& manure. Aurthermore2 &uch en#ironmenta""y &u&taina1"e de#e"o ment initiati#e *ou"d not on"y encourage 3

eco"ogica" ractice& that ena1"e meeting the need& of future generation&2 1ut a"&o romote change in roduction and con&um tion attern& in an e:uita1"e manner *here1y re&ource& *hich are current"y 1eing *a&ted are &a#ed and channe"ed to meeting the need& of e#eryone today a& *e"" a& the need& of future. TSC can 1e extreme"y u&efu" in reducing eco"ogica" foot rint& of de#e"o ment initiati#e&. The greening &anitation rogramme& ha#e the otentia" to enhance an efficient u&e of natura" re&ource& and increa&e the u&e of rene*a1"e and "oca""y a#ai"a1"e materia" to reduce the generation of en#ironmenta""y ha7ardou& &u1&tance&. Aor exam "e2 human excreta and co*6dung can 1e com1ined and u&ed in 1ioga& "ant& to re "ace 1ioma&&. Thi& can 1e an exce""ent *ay to &afe"y di& o&e human excreta2 ro#iding one or more hou&e& *ith &ome cooking ga&2 *hich in turn he" & reducing the car1on dioxide in the atmo& here. The di&charge from the 1ioga& "ant& can 1e an in ut for com o&ting and thereafter2 u&e a& ferti"i7er. Thi& reduce& the need to u&e chemica" ferti"i7er& *hich add to the G8G& in the atmo& here. 9a&te *ater i& u&ed direct"y in kitchen garden& or co""ected through drain&2 treated at a centra"i7ed "ocation and di&charged into a ri#erD ond. The *a&te cyc"e therefore generate& ferti"i7er and energy that can 1e u&ed "oca""y to re "ace chemica" ferti"i7er& and 1ioma&&. % green TSC ha& the otentia" to enhance the eco&y&tem re&i"ience. 8uman *e""61eing and de#e"o ment 1oth de end on the eco&y&tem re&i"ience. Greening &anitation rogramme& can 1e extreme"y u&efu" in enhancing the ca acity of eco&y&tem& to co e *ith di&tur1ance& re&u"t from c"imate change2 o""ution and other human acti#itie&. By con#erting the *a&te into u&efu" re&ource not on"y rotect the nature and it& #a"ua1"e re&ource from ex "oitation 1ut a"&o he" & maintain it& hea"th and re&i"ience. Greening TSC can he" rotect and e#en augment "oca" *ater re&ource& &uch a& "ake& and ond& in #i""age&. 'ach #i""age ha& at "ea&t one of the&e &tructure&2 and more ha#e 1een made under other go#ernment rogramme& &uch a& the 0ahatma Gandhi @ationa" !ura" 'm "oyment Guarantee Scheme. The&e are crucia" to "oca" *ater &ecurity and he" ing communitie& mitigate the effect& of c"imate

#aria1i"ity. By en&uring ro er S>90 TSC can re&er#e the :ua"ity and :uantity of *ater in the&e *ater &tructure&. Potential of TSC: Waste Analysis Table Rura (ouseho d )aste 8uman 'xcreta Aaece& Treat"ent *utput+ Benefits $er ,nit Cost -. /e"0ers 1a"i y2 %naero1ic dige&tion Aerti"i7er& 4&oi" im ro#ement52 Bioga& 4in com1ination *ith %nima" 'xcreta5 Aerti"i7er for P"ant& Aerti"i7er2 Bioga& 'co&an toi"et !& 1,2;;; Bioga& "ant2 !& 2;2;;; B 3;2;;; @i" Bioga& "ant2 !& 2;2;;; B 3;2;;;

?rine %nima" 'xcreta %nima" 'xcretaDDung Dome&tic 9a&te >i:uid 9a&te

Decontamination %naero1ic dige&tion2 Drying2 Com o&ting Con&tructed 9et"and&2 9a&te*ater Pond&2 Bio"ogica" Treatment Com o&ting

Direct reu&e for gardening2 (rrigation2 Ground 9ater !echarge

!& 3;;; 4ha1itation6 "e#e" unitD);; hou&eho"d& a#erage5

So"id <rganic 9a&te

Aerti"i7er&

.. % Re!ie3 of Tota Sanitation Ca"paign There are a num1er of rogramme& initiated 1y the 0ini&try of !ura" De#e"o ment that are a"ready "inked to Egreen outcome&F or ha#e im "ication& for en#ironmenta" rotection2 con&er#ation2 and maintenance of natura" re&ource&. Thi& a er "ook& at TSC. Pro#iding 1a&ic &anitation faci"itie& i& among the more critica" de#e"o ment cha""enge& for de#e"o ing countrie&2 and greening &anitation i& an e&&entia" com onent for achie#ing a &u&taina1"e de#e"o ment. The greening &anitation rogramme contri1ute& to*ard& 1oth the en#ironmenta" condition& a& *e"" a& the )

&ocio6economic condition& of communitie& 1y a""o*ing them to ha#e acce&& to a c"ean and hygienic en#ironment2 ro#iding them an o ortunity to turn their *a&te into rotect their dignitie&. income 41y con#erting their *a&te into ferti"i7er&5 and

8o*e#er2 the 1a&ic &anitation &ti"" remain& (ndiaG& foremo&t cha""enge *ith ,1$ mi""ion eo "e &ti"" "acking a toi"et)H "akh& of #i""age& do not ha#e ade:uate &o"id and "i:uid *a&te management. TSC ha& focu&ed on oint& 1 and 2 &ince it& ince tion in 1/// at the ex en&e of the other oint&. (nformation2 education and communication 4('C5 i& the key to moti#ating communitie& and P!(& to ado t &u&taina1"e &anitation 1y creating a demand 1ut it ha& ne#er 1een executed &eriou&"yH in fact2 ('C ha& a"*ay& 1een excu&ed to & end the a""ocation *ithout de#i&ing any &trategy. The re&u"t i& an incom "ete and ineffecti#e ('C "an for any &anitation cam aign2 and "itt"e or no demand for &anitation from u&er communitie&. The erformance of &choo" and angan*adi &anitation ha& a"&o 1een atchy 1ecau&e of an o#er"a *ith Sar#a Shik&ha %1hiyan 4SS%5 and the (ntegrated Chi"d De#e"o ment Scheme 4(CDS52 1ecau&e of *hich the TSC target of romoting &anitation faci"itie& in Schoo"& and %ngan*adi& get& neg"ected. '#en though /+ er cent &choo"& re orted"y ha#e toi"et&2 3u&t 3/ er cent ha#e &e arate toi"et& for gir"& and 1oy&H -+ er cent angan*adi& ha#e toi"et&. 'co6 &an ha& 1een incor orated into the TSC guide"ine& for 2;112 1ut "itt"e ha& 1een done to o erationa"i&e it and o u"ari7e thi& method of &e arating &o"id and "i:uid excreta 4(m act %&&e&&ment of @irma" Gram Pura&kar %*arded Panchayat& 2 2;;,5 +. Iery "itt"e2 if anything2 ha& 1een done to romote &o"id and "i:uid *a&te management 4S>905.The re&u"t& ha#e 1een far 1e"o* ex ectation&. The &ituation of S>90 i& extreme"y a"arming. %& many a& $1 er cent eo "e thro* gar1age on the &treet&2 *hi"e the re&t #ariou&"y thro* it in a com o&t 1in 43$ er cent52 ha#e hou&eho"d co""ection or thro* it in a *a&te 1in 4(m act %&&e&&ment of @irma" Gram Pura&kar %*arded Panchayat&2 2;;,5. '#en the "atter o tion& are not &ati&factory &ince anchayat& or munici a"itie& 4in eri6ur1an area&5 co""ect and thro*
?@(C'A and 9or"d 8ea"th <rgani&ation 42;1252 Progre&& on Drinking 9ater and Sanitation. 6 @irma" Gram Puru&kar %*arded Panchayat&. % Statu& Study2 T%!?2 ?@(C'A and 9SP2 @o#em1er 2;;,
5

gar1age from hou&eho"d& and 1in& in the neare&t de re&&ion. Therefore2 3u&t a third of the &o"id *a&te in rura" area& re orted"y make& it *ay to a com o&ting unit 4(m act %&&e&&ment of @irma" Gram Pura&kar %*arded Panchayat&2 2;;,5. Aurthermore2 *a&te *ater 4here refer& to 1oth the 1"ack and the grey *ater5 ex ected"y find& it& *ay to the neare&t *ater 1ody. % *ho ing )$ er cent re ort their *a&te *ater f"o*& into a ond2 *e"" or other de re&&ion. %nother 2; er cent &ay it f"o*& into a community drain2 *hence it again goe& to a *ater 1ody. =u&t 2+ er cent u&e the *ater for kitchen gardening or direct it to &oak it& 4(m act %&&e&&ment of @irma" Gram Pura&kar %*arded Panchayat&2 2;;,5. Due to the "ack of 1etter infra&tructure and management2 thi& "ead& to "o&&e& in 1iodi#er&ity and eco&y&tem re&i"ience. %t a g"o1a" "e#e"2 the &ituation i& dire. <ne e&timate i& that in de#e"o ing countrie&2 /; er cent of *a&te *ater i& direct"y "et into ri#er&2 "ake& or ocean&.The oor condition of S>90 cou "ed *ith "o* u&e of toi"et& ha& the making& of a human hea"th di&a&ter and ma3or im act& on the :ua"ity of natura" re&ource&. The hea"th 1enefit& of &anitation 1ecome a arent on"y *ith 1;; er cent toi"et u&age and ro er S>90, a& oor &o"id *a&te di& o&a" o""ute& the &oi" *ith "a&tic and other materia"&H "eachate& from &o6ca""ed gar1age dum & &urface *ater 1odie& o""ute &ha""o* a:uifer& that ro#ide drinking *ater for "oca" eo "e through hand6 um & and dug *e""&. Simi"ar"y2 o""uted 1y *a&te *ater a"&o contaminate &ha""o* a:uifer&. ro er S>90 and the toi"et u&age *i"" a"*ay& Therefore2 any "ackD&hortage in

mitigate the tota" 1enefit& of &anitation faci"itie&. Thu&2 human excreta2 1oth "i:uid and &o"id2 o""ute *ater and eutro hie& &urface *ater 1odie&. 9a&te *ater degrade& 1oth &urface and ground*ater :ua"ity. So"id *a&te degrade& other natura" re&ource& &uch a& fore&t& and gra&&"and&. %"" the&e ty e& of *a&te generate greenhou&e ga&e& 4G8G&5 that a1&or1 the infrared radiation and tra the heat in the atmo& here. Thi& ri&ing in tem erature2 in turn2 roduce& change& in
-

Corcoran2 '.2 C. @e""emann2 '. Baker2 !. Bo&2 D. <&1orn2 8. Sa#e""i 4ed&5. 2;1;. Sick 9aterJ The centra" ro"e of *a&te*ater management in &u&taina1"e de#e"o ment. % !a id !e& on&e %&&e&&ment. ?nited @ation& 'n#ironment Programme2 ?@68%B(T%T2 G!(D6 %renda". ***.grida.no 8 DD9S 42;;,5. Sanitation Beyond Toi"et&. Technica" Se&&ion. Third South %&ian Conference. @e*6D'"hi.

*eather2 &ea "e#e"& and "and u&e attern&. Thi& henomenon i& common"y a& c"imate change. %t &o"id *a&te di& o&a" &ite& 4&uch a& "andfi""& and *a&te dum &52 the degrada1"e organic car1on re&ent in the *a&te i& decom o&ed 1y 1acteria under certain aero1ic and anaero1ic condition& and roduce green hou&e ga&&e& &uch a& methane. 4. &n!iron"enta '"p ications of Tota Sanitation Ca"paign Thi& &ection di&cu&&e& 1oth the o&iti#e and negati#e im "ication& of tota" &anitation Cam aign. 4.5 $ositi!e &n!iron"enta '"p ications of TSC There ha#e 1een &e#era" o&iti#e im act& of TSC a& *e""2 e& ecia""y *here toi"et con&truction ha& 1een executed *e"" *ith an effecti#e en#ironmenta" a&&e&&ment and in coordination to the other o13ecti#e& of TSC. (f &o"id and "i:uid excreta are co""ected and treated a& a re&ource2 they can 1e a good in ut for agricu"ture if &e arated2 roce&&ed and a "iedH the crucia" a& ect i& hygienic co""ection and &e aration of excreta. % "arge ercentage of &o"id *a&te from rura" hou&eho"d& i& organic and can 1e com o&tedH here again the crucia" factor i& &egregation and &u1&e:uent roce&&ing and u&e. Grey *ater2 mo&t of the *a&te *ater in rura" area&2 can 1e u&ed for kitchen garden& or in agricu"ture. Ii""age& generate "arge :uantitie& of organic *a&te and grey *ater. The 0ini&try of Drinking 9ater and Sanitation e&timate& their :uantity to 1e ;.3 B ;.$ mi""ion tonne&2 and 1)2;;; B 1,2;;; mi""ion "itre& each day /. Thi& i& a &ignificant nutrient& re&ource and if harne&&ed ro er"y2 can mitigate the current demand for chemica" ferti"i7er&. 9hi"e TSC em ha&i7e& reu&e and not di& o&a"2 the fund& a""ocated for #i""age "e#e" "an& are a itifu" 1; er cent. Some of the&e o&iti#e en#ironmenta" 1enefit& inc"ude. 1) Contro ing 3ater po ution. The fu"" u&e of toi"et en&ure& that one ma3or &ource& of o""ution i& remo#ed. <ften due to the "ack of ade:uate &anitation faci"itie&2 the "oca" *ater 1odie& 1ecome the rece tac"e& of &e*age. Pro er di& o&a" of human excreta reduce& the f"o* of o""utant& into "oca" *ater 1odie& and thu& reduce& the
DD9S 42;1252 Sca"ing u 999.dd*&.go#.in
9

re&&ure on fre&h *ater 1odie&. Thu&2 *a&te

di&charge i& contro""ed at &ource and not a""o*ed to f"o* into drain& to "oca"
So"id and >i:uid 9a&te 0anagement in !ura" %rea&.

*ater 1odie&. 'n&uring fu"" toi"et u&e a"&o re#ent& eo "e from defecating around ond&2 that are another direct &ource of *ater o""ution. 2) Recyc ing and reuse. 9a&te *ater i& not a""o*ed to f"o* on &treet& or drain& 1ut u&ed for kitchen gardening or di#erted to &uita1"y con&tructed &oak it&. Thi& reduce& the de endence on fre&h *ater &ource& i.e.2 ground*ater and &urface *ater for the horticu"ture. The *a&te *ater ha& &ome nutrient& that are u&efu" for "ant&. Decom o&ed fKce& from it toi"et& can 1e extracted and u&ed a& manure once the toi"et it i& fi""ed. Toi"et& im ro#e the hea"th and &afety of *omen2 and &choo" attendance. 3) So id 3aste co"posting for "anure. 0o&t &o"id *a&te roduced in rura" (ndia i& *et kitchen *a&te2 #ery &uita1"e for com o&ting. Com o&ting can 1e done at the hou&eho"d or community "e#e". The *a&te i& &egregated into 1io6 degrada1"e and non61io6degrada1"e at &ource2 and the former i& com o&ted. The "atter i& either recyc"ed or &ent to a &uita1"y re ared "andfi"". Thi& not on"y ro#ide& manure to "oca" farming 1ut a"&o reduce& need for "andfi""&2 rotecting other natura" re&ource& &uch a& fore&t& or gra&&"and& that often 1ecome rece tac"e& for gar1age. Aurthermore2 the organic materia" he" & de#e"o the humu& content of the &oi" *hich enhance& the *ater retention :ua"ity of &oi". 4) $ro!ides eco6friend y fue +energy. 8uman excreta and co*6dung can 1e mixed and u&ed a& feed for 1io6ga& "ant&. There are menta" 1"ock& to u&ing thi& ga& for cooking2 1ut a community "ant can ro#ide ga& for "ighting. (n &e#era" ca&e& though eo "e cook *ith thi& fue". Thi& further reduce& the 1urden on *omen for fetching fire*ood2 he" &a#ing the natura" fo&&i" re&ource& and reduce& air o""ution. The 1y roduct of thi& roce&& can 1e further u&ed a& manure. <ne of the *ide"y ackno*"edged exam "e of 1io6ga& fue"Denergy 1enefit& at the community "e#e" i& the Pura community ex eriment in 1/-,1;. 5) (e ps in sa!ing i"ited resources. ?rine contain& /; er cent of the nitrogen ho& horu& and ota&&ium 4@PL5 in human excreta. (f di& o&ed in *ater2 it can "ead to eutro hication. 8o*e#er2 the&e &u1&tance& are extreme"y #a"ua1"e for agricu"ture. 'co6&anitation a& ro o&ed under the TSC guide"ine& offer& a
!eddy %. L. @. 42;;$5. G>e&&on& Arom the Pura Community Bioga& Pro3ectG. Energy for Sustainable development. Io"ume,. @o.3
10

con#enient *ay to &e arate &o"id and "i:uid excreta and u&e them for agricu"ture. Thi& i& im ortant &ince it ha& 1een e&timated that the re&er#e amount of ho& horou& that can 1e extracted economica""y *i"" "a&t on"y for another 1;; year&11. Simi"ar"y the re&er#e& of &u" hur and oi" *hich are u&ed to roduce nitrogen *i"" "a&t for another 3;6$; year& 12. Therefore2 the&e toi"et& can re&er#e our minera" re&ource&. 6) Sa!es 3ater 6'co6&anitation a"&o &a#e& *ater &ince the toi"et& do not need any *ater to f"u&h un"ike our6f"u&h toi"et& that need 26$ "iter& after each u&e. 4.2 Greening Sanitation through &ffecti!e So id )aste /anage"ent Thi& &ection& dea"& *ith non6excreta &o"id *a&te. The TSC guide"ine& &tate EPanchayati !a3 (n&titution& 4P!(&5 are re:uired to ut in "ace mechani&m& for gar1age co""ection and for re#enting *ater "ogging. ? to 1; er cent of the ro3ect co&t can 1e uti"i7ed for meeting ca ita" co&t& incurred under thi& com onent. The fund &haring attern 1et*een the Centre2 State and Panchayat DCommunity *ou"d 1e in the ratio of +;.2;.2;. ?nder thi& com onent acti#itie& "ike common com o&t it&2 "o* co&t drainage2 &oakage channe"&D it&2 reu&e of *a&te *ater2 &y&tem for co""ection2 &egregation and di& o&a" of hou&eho"d gar1age2 etc.2 may 1e taken u .F >ooking at thi& ro#i&o2 it a ear& that the focu& i& minimi7ing gar1age to re#ent *ater6"ogging2 and the o tion& ro#ided are mean& to that end. Thi& need& to change. The o13ecti#e mu&t 1ecome a c"eaner rura" en#ironment and rotection of natura" re&ource& through 1etter &o"id *a&te management. The guide"ine& need to 1e more e"a1orate and detai"ed2 and a""ocation ha& to 1e rai&ed &u1&tantia""y from 1; er cent to 2) er cent. (t ha& to 1e a mandatory art of a di&trict &anitation "an2 *ithout *hich the re&t of the "an *i"" not 1e a&&ed. The o13ecti#e of &o"id *a&te management mu&t 1e & ecified a& c"o&ing the *a&te cyc"e and treating organic *a&te at the "oca" "e#e". To achie#e thi&2 a"" hou&eho"d& &hou"d 1e re:uired to &egregate *a&te into 1io6 degrada1"e and non61io6degrada1"e and hand the&e o#er to a anchayat co""ection
Steen ( 41//,52 Pho& horu& a#ai"a1i"ity in the 21&t century management of a non6rene*a1"e re&ource2 Pho& horu& Pota&&ium2 ***.nhm.ac.ukDminera"ogyD ho&D Ck21-D&teen.htm 12 'coSan !e&. 42;;352 c"o&ing the "oo on ho& horu&2 ***.eco&anre&.org
11

1;

agency again&t a certain fee. Panchayat& ha#e to 1e mandated to co""ect2 treat and di& o&e &egregated *a&te in a &u&taina1"e manner. Suita1"e ('C materia" ha& to 1e de#e"o ed to inform eo "e the ad#antage& of gar1age &egregation and treatment2 *hat con&titute& 1io6degrada1"e and non61io6degrada1"e *a&te2 utting each in &e arate container& and ho* they ha#e to 1e hand"ed. 'ach anchayat or *ard 4in the ca&e of "arge anchayat&5 need& to ha#e a "ace for &orting dome&tic *a&te and the organic or 1io6degrada1"e *a&te *i"" 1e com o&ted u&ing any fea&i1"e techno"ogy. The "ocation *i"" 1e fixed 1y the anchayat. Com o&t from the roce&&ing unit& *i"" 1e u&ed 1y the anchayat& a& manure for agricu"tureH the anchayat can &et a rice for thi& manure for &a"e to farmer&. Thi& can 1e a &ource of income to co#er <C0 co&t&. There are a num1er of en#ironmenta"2 hea"th and economic 1enefit& of an effecti#e &o"id *a&te management. The&e are a& fo""o*&. 'n#ironmenta" 1enefit& 6 By c"o&ing the *a&te cyc"e2 di& o&a" re#ent& a ma3or ro er &o"id *a&te

ortion of *a&te from going to "andfi""&. Thi&

re#ent& *ater and "and contamination through "eachate&. !ecyc"ing and reu&e reduce& the need for #irgin materia". Pro er &o"id *a&te di& o&a" a"&o reduce& the im act on other natura" re&ource& &uch a& fore&t& and gra&&"and& that either turn into dum & or are affected 1y &o"id *a&te 8ea"th 1enefit& 6 0anaging *a&te &y&tematica""y reduce& the num1er of di&ea&e #ector&2 and con&e:uent"y2 mor1idity and morta"ity C"imate #aria1i"ity 6 % &ma"" amount of *a&te to 1e di& o&ed in "andfi""& reduce& G8G emi&&ion& (ncome 6 0anure from com o&ting i& a &teady income &ource for the com o&ting agency2 *hether indi#idua" or anchayat 4.2.5 So id 3aste "anage"ent techni7ues There are a num1er of techni:ue& that can 1e a "ied for &o"id *a&te management at &ma""er "e#e"&. The&e inc"ude. 1. <rganic &o"ution& 6 'ffecti#e microorgani&m& inc"ude & ecia""y cu"tured 1acteria to decom o&e organic materia". Some ty e& are <S1 and Bio&aniti7er.

11

2. Com o&ting 6 Thi& i& the "ea&t com "icated and ri&ky o tion. (t con#ert& &o"id *a&te to a form c"o&e to humu&. (t can 1e achie#ed under natura" or acce"erated condition& in a com o&ting "ant. There are four 1road techni:ue& 2.1. 9indro* com o&ting2 *here a mixture of ra* materia" i& ke t in "ong narro* i"e& ca""ed *indro*&2 and are turned on a regu"ar 1a&i&. Thi& i& an aero1ic roce&&. 2.2. 2.3. Pa&&i#e aerated *indro*&2 that e"iminate the need to turn 1y &u "ying air through erforated i e&. %erated &tatic i"e2 *hich take& i ed aeration a &te further. %ir i& forced through erforated i e& 1y a 1"o*er and the i"e doe& not need to 1e agitated to 1e turned. 2.$. (n6#e&&e" com o&ting2 *here com o&ting materia" i& "aced in a container and a #ariety of aerationDturning method& are u&ed to & eed u the roce&&. 2.). Iermi6com o&ting B in Iermi6com o&ting2 com o&ting i& acce"erated 1y the addition of earth*orm&2 either the dee 1urro*ing or &urface ty e. Iermi6com o&t from dee 1urro*ing earth*orm& retain& food nutrient& a& micro6organi&m& 1reak do*n food encouraged *ith aeration from the 1urro*& of the earth*orm&. The&e earth*orm& eat &oi"2 grind minera"& into &oi" in their dige&ti#e &y&tem& and create ne* &oi". <n the other hand2 &urface earth*orm& eat the *a&te and com o&e the excreta2 1ut thi& i& not a& u&efu" for "ant gro*th 1ecau&e of it& higher funga" and actinomycete count. Therefore2 the nutrient& in #ermi6com o&t from dee 1urro*ing earth*orm& are of higher #a"ue a& they ha#e a higher num1er of micro6 organi&m&2 nitrifying 1acteria and ho& hate &ta1i"i&er&. Iermi6com o&ting i& the &econd 1e&t o tion in term& of &im "icity2 after regu"ar com o&ting2 for con#erting 1io6degrada1"e gar1age to manure. 2.+. Com o&ting *ith 1iocu"ture 6 Biocu"um i& a mixture of microorgani&m& de#e"o ed for acce"erated aero1ic com o&ting of organic *a&te. (t ha& cu"ture& of 1acteria2 fungi and actinomycete&. The 1iocu"um i& & rayed onto the gar1age hea 2 &taked in *indro*&. They ha#e to 1e turned *eek"y for ro er aeration2 the tem erature ha& to 1e ke t at +)6 -;MC and humidity at $; er cent. Com o&ting i& com "eted in $6+ *eek&. The "imitation& are that &ki""ed hand"er& are needed and the &y&tem cannot 12

1e u&ed in hou&eho"d& 1ecau&e of the "arge &i7e of the com o&t hea &. (t i& more u&efu" at gar1age co""ection &ite&. The non61io6degrada1"e *a&te ha& to 1e further &egregated and &ent either for recyc"ing or di& o&a" in a &uita1"e "andfi"". Suita1"e "andfi""& can identified at the di&trict "e#e" to 1ring thi& into the di&trict &anitation "an and non61io6degrada1"e non6 recyc"a1"e *a&te from the #i""age& in the di&trict can 1e di& o&ed there. The "andfi"" ha& to 1e &cientifica""y &ited and created to a#oid inundation and ground*ater contamination. (t mu&t not di&tur1 any exi&ting natura" re&ource inc"uding fore&t&2 gra&&"and&2 *et"and& or *ater 1odie&. !ag icker& can 1e em "oyed at anchayat& to remo#e a"" recyc"a1"e *a&te 1efore non61io6degrada1"e *a&te i& taken to a "andfi"". Thi& *i"" great"y reduce the amount of gar1age entering the "andfi""2 *ith attendant 1enefit& of "o*er tran& ort co&t& and G8G emi&&ion&. The recyc"ing *i"" a"&o reduce demand for #irgin materia". 3. 'co"ogica" &anitation 6Thi& mimic& natureG& *ay of &e arating &o"id and "i:uid fKce&. 'xcreta i& co""ected in one container and urine in another. The excreta mixed *ith a&h turn& to manure that i& rich in organic matter and ha& a1out 1; er cent of the @PL re&ent in human excreta2 *hi"e urine ha& the other /; er cent. The urine can 1e a "ied to "ant& *ith &uita1"e di"ution to ro#ide ade:uate nutrient&2 *hi"e manure increa&e& the organic content of &oi". The *a&h *ater a"&o mixe& *ith urine. Thi& i& the 1e&t *ay to &e arate2 natura""y roce&& and u&e human excreta in agricu"ture2 *hi"e re "acing chemica" ferti"i&er&. 4.2.2 Greening Sanitation through &ffecti!e 8i7uid )aste /anage"ent Thi& &ection dea"& *ith the &afe co""ection and hand"ing of *a&te *ater. Ty ica""y2 *a&te *ater from dome&tic &ource& com ri&e& grey and 1"ack *ater. The former come& from 1athroom& and kitchen&2 *hi"e the "atter i& from toi"et&. Grey *ater i& *ater generated 1y hou&eho"d roce&&e& &uch a& *a&hing di&he&2 "aundry and 1athing. (t i& not contaminated *ith *a&te*ater from toi"et& 41"ack *ater5 and therefore contain& #ery "itt"e athogen&. <ne exce tion i& grey *ater generated 1y *a&hing dia er&. Since grey *ater i& a ref"ection of hou&eho"d acti#itie&2 it& characteri&tic& &trong"y de end on factor& &uch a& cu"tura" ha1it&2 "i#ing &tandard2 hou&eho"d

13

demogra hy2 ty e of hou&eho"d chemica"& u&ed2 etc. @onethe"e&&2 & ecific grey *ater &ource& ha#e & ecific characteri&tic& a& &ummari7ed 1e"o*. Litchen. kitchen grey *ater contain& food re&idue&2 high amount& of oi" and fat and &ome detergent&. (n may occa&iona""y contain drain c"eaner& and 1"each2 *hich are #ery aggre&&i#e chemica"&. Litchen grey *ater i& high in nutrient& and &u& ended &o"id&. Bathroom grey *ater i& regarded a& the "ea&t contaminated grey *ater &ource *ithin a hou&eho"d. (t contain& &oa &2 &ham oo&2 tooth a&te2 and other 1ody care roduct&. Bathroom grey *ater a"&o contain& &ha#ing *a&te2 &kin2 hair2 1ody6fat&2 "int2 and trace& of urine and faece&. Grey *ater originating from &ho*er and 1ath may thu& 1e contaminated *ith athogenic micro6organi&m& in &ma"" concentration&. >aundry grey *ater contain& chemica"& from &oa &o"id&2 o&&i1"y oi"&2 o*der& 4&uch a& &odium2

ho& horou&2 &urfactant&2 and nitrogen5 and may ha#e 1"eache&2 &u& ended aint&2 &o"#ent&2 and non61iodegrada1"e fi1re& from c"othing. >aundry grey *ater can contain high amount& of athogen& *hen na ie& are *a&hed. 4.2.3 Treat"ent of 3aste 3ater The choice of a grey *ater or tota" dome&tic *a&te*ater management &trategy de end& on the end u&e of the eff"uent. To im ro#e the en#ironment2 grey *ater &hou"d 1e u&ed to reduce de endence on ground*ater and &urface *ater &ource&. ?ntreated grey *ater &hou"d not 1e a""o*ed to mix *ith any other *ater B &urface or ground. Therefore2 the "anning of &uch management &y&tem& &hou"d 1e done *ith the reu&e in mind and &hou"d 1e ada ted to a & ecified ur o&e2 &uch a& agricu"tura" reu&e2 ground *ater recharge or di&charge into in"and or coa&ta" *ater&. There are t*o main *ay& to hand"e grey *ater. Direct utilisation of grey water (e.g. grey water gardens, grey water towers, etc.): ?&ing grey *ater direct"y in garden& are the &im "e&t and mo&t co&t6effecti#e mean& of u&ing grey *ater. The "anted 1ed 1reak& do*n organic com ound& and reco#ery of nutrient&. Grey *ater i& channe"ed into mu"ch6fi""ed trenche& to "anted 1ed&. The mu"ch ho"d& 1ack &o"id& and dimini&he& e#a oration. Grey *ater can 1e di&charged either 1e"o* of a1o#e the mu"ch2 the "atter 1eing ea&ier to do. Decom o&ing mu"ch 1$

ha& to 1e re "aced *ith fre&h materia" &uch a& *ood chi &2 1ack or rice hu&k. P"ant& take u the *ater and nutrient&2 and any runoff can 1e caught in a tank. The "imitation& are the &ca"e B thi& cannot 1e u&ed in high6den&ity area& that generate "arge :uantitie& of grey *ater. Therefore2 it i& idea" for rura" hou&eho"d& that ha#e home&tead& and & ace for kitchen garden&. Application of s all!scale constructed wetlands for t"e treat ent of grey water and total do estic wastewater treat ent: Con&tructed *et"and &y&tem& are &im "e2 "oca""y managea1"e and co&t effecti#e 1io"ogica" *a&te*ater treatment &y&tem& that uti"i7e *et"and "ant&2 &oi"&2 and their a&&ociated microorgani&m& to mimic natura" *et"and eco&y&tem& roce&&e& for the treatment of *a&te*ater. %& the *a&te*ater f"o*& through the *et"and2 it get& treated through natura" roce&&e&H o""utant& in the *a&te*ater are mechanica""y fi"tered2 chemica""y tran&formed2 and 1io"ogica""y con&umed. 9ith re& ect to the direction of *a&te*ater f"o* 4i.e.2 hori7onta" or #ertica" f"o*52 con&tructed *et"and& are di#ided into reed 1ed&2 a"&o kno*n a& hori7onta" f"o* con&tructed *et"and& 48AC952 and #ertica" f"o* "anted gra#e" fi"ter& 4IAPGA52 a"&o referred to a& #ertica" f"o* retreatment to con&tructed *et"and& 4IAC95. (n 1oth ca&e&2 *a&te *ater need&

remo#e oi"2 fat2 "int2 "arge &o"id& and food re&idue&. Thi& can 1e done through a &erie& of &ett"ing tank&. The :ua"ity of *ater from the&e *et"and& i& good enough to di&charge into &urface *ater 1odie& and irrigation. The ad#antage& of u&ing &ma"" &ca"e con&tructed *et"and& for the treatment of grey *ater are. 1. @o o*er re:uirement& 2. @atura" roce&&e& are u&ed to c"ean *ater2 therefore no chemica"& are needed and there are minima" recurring co&t& 3. %e&thetic and im ro#e& "oca" 1iodi#er&ity $. (n rura" area& *here "and i& readi"y a#ai"a1"e2 &et u co&t& are minima". The&e can 1e higher in ur1an area& or *here "and i& &carce ). The *ater roce&&ed 1y the *et"and can 1e u&ed for farming or di&charged into &urface *ater 1odie& &ince it *i"" 1e free of organic matter& and chemica"&

1)

4.2.# &co ogica Sanitation (n today& &ocietie& the f"o* of "ant nutrient& i& "inear. nutrient& are taken u from the &oi" 1y the cro 2 tran& orted to the market2 eaten2 excreted and di&charged. (n a &u&taina1"e &ociety2 the roduction of food mu&t 1e 1a&ed on returning the "ant nutrient& to the &oi". 'co"ogica" &anitation tried to achie#e thi& in a &afe and hygienic manner. (t c"o&e& the nutrient "oo . The u&e of excreta on ara1"e "and& minimi7e& the en#ironmenta" im act& of farming cau&ed 1y ferti"i7er runoff. (t a"&o reduce& *ater o""ution2 and degradation of natura" re&ource&2 cau&ed 1y o en defecation. %nother ad#antage of human6deri#ed com o&t i& that it i& rich in ho& horou&H in chemica" ferti"i7er&2 a1out 2) er cent of the ho& horou& that i& mined end& u in *ater 1odie&2 cau&ing eutro hication. 'co"ogica" Sanitation aim& to romote the de#e"o ment2 im "ementation and

di&&emination of &ocia""y and cu"tura""y acce ta1"e2 &u&taina1"e2 hygienica""y &afe and eco"ogica""y &ound &anitation a roache&. Se#era" eco6&an ro3ect& are 1eing executed in different art& of (ndia to 4i5 To introduce the eco"ogica" &anitation conce t and to identify the a ro riate *a&te*ater hand"ing a roache& that &ati&fy techno"ogy2 co&t and in&titutiona" frame*ork and ena1"e maximi7ing the uti"i7ation of exi&ting i e& and treatment faci"itie& 4ii5 4iii5 To reco#er the nutrient& from urine and fKce& for agricu"tura" ur o&e& To contri1ute to the reduction of *a&te*ater di&charged to drain& through recyc"ing of grey *ater. The a"ternati#e aradigm of eco"ogica" &anitation offer& the otentia" of &u&taina1"e &anitation for de#e"o ing countrie&. 'co"ogica" &anitation i& 1a&ed on three fundamenta" rinci "e&. re#enting o""ution rather than attem ting to contro" it after *e o""uteH &aniti7ing the urine and the fKce&H and u&ing the &afe roduct& for agricu"tura" ur o&e&. Thi& a roach can 1e characteri7ed a& &aniti7e6and6recyc"e. Thi& a roach i& a cyc"e B a &u&taina1"e2 c"o&ed6"oo &y&tem. (t treat& human excreta a& a re&ource. ?rine and faece& are &tored and roce&&ed on &ite and then2 if nece&&ary2 1+

further roce&&ed off &ite unti" they are free of di&ea&e organi&m&. The nutrient& contained in the excreta are then recyc"ed 1y u&ing them in agricu"ture. %n e&&entia" art of eco6&an i& to contain and &aniti7e human excreta 1efore they are reco#ered and reu&ed. 8uman faece&2 rather than urine2 are re& on&i1"e for mo&t di&ea&e& & read 1y human excreta. Thu&2 a method i& needed to &aniti7e fKce&. There are t*o main method&. dehydration and decom o&ition. Dehydration2 or drying2 of faece& i& ea&ier if they are not fir&t mixed *ith urine and *ater. 9hen fKce& decom o&e2 the athogen& in them die and are 1roken do*n. Thu&2 *ith either method2 #iru&e&2 1acteria and *orm egg& are de&troyed. (t i& on"y then that fKce& can 1e recyc"ed. ?rine i& u&ua""y &afe enough to 1e u&ed in agricu"ture *ithout further treatment2 either direct"y or after a &hort eriod of &torage. <ne ur o&e of an eco6&an &y&tem i& to form a &et of 1arrier& 1et*een fKce& and f"ie&2 fie"d& and f"uid&. Thi& i& done 1y containment of the fKce& in a roce&&ing cham1er or &ha""o* it *here athogen& are reduced to an acce ta1"e "e#e" 1efore re6u&e. Then the content& may 1e remo#ed for further &econdary treatment to make them e#en &afer. ?rine (n home&tead& urine can 1e u&ed direct"y. (n "arge6&ca"e &y&tem& urine &hou"d 1e &tored for a1out 1 month 1efore u&e. Dont a "y urine "e&& than a month 1efore har#e&t on #egeta1"e&2 fruit& 4exce t fruit tree&5 and root cro & that are to 1e con&umed ra*.13 ?rine i& rich in nitrogen2 *hi"e fKce& contain organic matter2 ho& horou& and

ota&&ium. (t can 1e e&timated that urine contain& 36- g @ er "itre. % ru"e of thum1 i& to a "y the urine roduced 1y one er&on during one day 42$ hour&5 to one &:uare metre of "and er gro*ing &ea&on. (f a"" urine i& co""ected2 it *i"" &ufNce to ferti"i7e 3;;6 $;; &: m of cro er er&on er year *ith @ at a rea&ona1"e rate. Aor mo&t cro &2 the maximum a "ication rate2 1efore ri&king toxic effect&2 i& at "ea&t four time& thi& do&age. ?rine a"&o contain& "ot& of ho& horu&2 and it *i"" &uffice to ferti"i7e u to +;; &: m of cro er er&on and gro*ing &ea&on2 if the a "ication rate i& cho&en to re "ace the ho& horu& remo#ed. ?rine can 1e a "ied neat or di"uted. 8o*e#er2 it& a "ication rate &hou"d a"*ay& 1e 1a&ed on the de&ired nutrient a "ication rate and any otentia" need for &u "ementary *ater &hou"d 1e met *ith "ain *ater2 not di"uted urine. ?rine i& a :uick6acting ferti"i7er *ho&e nutrient& are 1e&t uti"i7ed if the
Pau" Ca"#ert2 Peter 0organ2 %rno !o&emarin2 !on Sa*yer and =un Oiao2 'co"ogica" Sanitation2 Stockho"m 'n#ironment (n&titute2 2;;$
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urine i& a "ied from rior to &o*ing u unti" t*o6third& of the eriod 1et*een &o*ing and the har#e&t. The 1e&t ferti"i7ing effect i& achie#ed if urine and fKce& are u&ed in com1ination *ith each other2 1ut not nece&&ari"y in the &ame year on the &ame area. The amount of urine to 1e & read can 1e a "ied in one "arge do&e or in &e#era" &ma""er do&e&2 and under mo&t circum&tance& the tota" yie"d i& the &ame for the &ame tota" a "ication rate. Aor fKce&2 the a "ication rate can 1e 1a&ed on the "oca" recommendation for the u&e of ho& horou&61a&ed ferti"i7er&. Thi& gi#e& a "o* a "ication rate2 and the im ro#ement due to the added organic matter i& hard to di&tingui&h. 8o*e#er2 fKce& are often a "ied at much higher rate&2 at *hich the &tructure and *ater6ho"ding ca acity of the &oi" are a"&o #i&i1"y im ro#ed a& an effect of it& increa&ed organic matter. Both organic matter and a&h are often added to the fKce& and they im ro#e the 1uffering ca acity and the 8 of the &oi"2 *hich i& e& ecia""y im ortant on &oi"& *ith "o* 8. Thu&2 de ending on the a "ication &trategy2 the faece& from one er&on *i"" &ufNce to ferti"i7e 1.)63;; m22 de ending on *hether they are a "ied according to their content of organic matter or ho& horu&. AKce& &hou"d 1e a "ied and mixed into the &oi" 1efore cu"ti#ation &tart&. >oca" a "ication2 in ho"e& or furro*& c"o&e to the "anned "ant&2 i& one *ay of economi7ing on thi& #a"ua1"e a&&et.1$ AKce& contain mo&t of the athogen& in human excreta and are the main &ource for tran&mi&&ion of enteric infectiou& di&ea&e& and ara&ite&. Therefore *e &hou"d treat fKce& 1a&ed on the rinci "e& a& 1e"o*. Lee the #o"ume of dangerou& materia" &ma"" 1y di#erting the urine and not adding *ater to the fKce&. Pre#ent the di& er&a" of materia" containing athogen& 1y &toring it in &ome kind of &ecure de#ice 4 roce&&ing cham1er2 tank5 &co ogica Sanitation in 1 ood $rone %reas Pro#iding a ro riate &anitation faci"itie& e& ecia""y in f"ood rone area& or *ith high *ater ta1"e ha#e a"*ay& 1een a huge cha""enge. 'co &anitation can &u&taina1"e &anitation faci"ity in &uch di&a&ter rone area&.
8Pkan =Qn&&on2 %nna !ichert Stint7ing2 B3Qrn IinnerP&2 and '#a Sa"omon2 Guide"ine& on the ?&e of ?rine and Aaece& in Cro Production2 Stockho"m 'n#ironment (n&titute2 2;;$
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ro#ide a

1,

#aised$%le&ated Toilets: The&e toi"et& are rimari"y 1a&ed on com o&ting mode"2 ca""ed ?DDT 4?rine Di#erting Dehydrating Toi"et&52 and are 1ui"t on rai&ed "atform& to re#ent ground*ater contamination. (t ha& three o ening& and &e arate& faeca" matter from urine. ?DDT& had the *ide&t extent of im "ementation and their f"exi1"e de&ign make& them a good o tion for area& *here exca#ation i& difficu"t or there i& a high chance of ground*ater o""ution2 &uch a& in f"ood rone region&. The key feature of the&e toi"et& i& the dehydration #au"t&. Dehydration Iau"t& can 1e in&ta""ed in a"mo&t e#ery &etting 1ecau&e of the &ma"" "and area re:uired2 the minima" odour& and the ea&e of u&e. (n area& that are fre:uent"y f"ooded2 Dehydration Iau"t& are a ro riate 1ecau&e they are con&tructed to 1e *atertight. Dehydration #au"t& are u&ed to co""ect2 &tore and dry 4dehydrate5 faece&. Aaece& *i"" on"y dehydrate *hen the #au"t& are *atertight to re#ent externa" moi&ture from entering and *hen urine and ana" c"ean&ing *ater are di#erted a*ay from the #au"t&. 9hen urine i& &e arated from faece&2 the faece& dry :uick"y. (n the a1&ence of moi&ture2 organi&m& cannot gro* and a& &uch2 &me""& are minimi7ed and athogen& are de&troyed. T*o a"ternating #au"t& can 1e u&ed a"ternati#e"y. The faece& dehydrate in one #au"t *hi"e the other #au"t fi""&. 9hen one #au"t i& fu"" it i& &ea"ed *ith a "id and the ?DDT i& mo#ed to the &econd #au"t. 9hi"e the &econd #au"t fi""& u 2 the faece& in the fir&t #au"t &"o*"y dry and decrea&e in #o"ume. 9hen the &econd #au"t i& fu""2 it i& &ea"ed2 the dry materia" from the fir&t #au"t i& remo#ed and the fir&t #au"t i& then ut 1ack into &er#ice.

1/

'loating Toilets: (n the f"ood rone area&2 *here the dry "and for con&truction i& &carce2 the e"e#ation conce t of eco &anitation can a"&o 1e a "ied to a f"oating #er&ion of eco toi"et&. <ne of &uch exam "e& of f"oating toi"et& i& in Phi"i ine&1)2 *here the Source: Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management (SSWM)

f"oating toi"et&

ha& 1een enhanced *ith dige&tion cham1er& *here anaero1ic

decom o&ition occur&. The eff"uent then goe& to the treatment cham1er2 *hich further im ro#e& the :ua"ity of the *a&te*ater to an acce ta1"e "e#e" %d!antages of &co ogica Sanitation 'co"ogica" &anitation ha& &e#era" ad#antage& o#er it "atrine&. Some of the&e are. !eco#ery of nutrient& C a "ying them &afe"y in agricu"ture 4marketing otentia" of urine and com o&ted fKce&5 '&ta1"i&hing a u1"ic6 ri#ate artner&hi for o erating the eco"ogica" &anitation faci"itie& Promoting ur1an farming inc"uding roofto farming 8e" & in food &ecurity 1y ro#iding :ua"ity manureDferti"i7er Better hea"th care !educed con&um tion of commercia" ferti"i7er thu& &a#ing energy and thereof reducing car1on emi&&ion 0a&& &ca"e co""ection of urine can 1e u&ed for con#erting urine in to dry cry&ta""ine ferti"i7er
15

@<!T8'!@ 9%TC8 4'ditor5 42;;/5. A"oating Sanitary Toi"et& >aunched in Ba"i1ao. Panga&inan. @orthern 9atch.

2;

%#ai"a1i"ity of "i:uid urine ferti"i7er for city green area& 'xtraction of ho& horou& from urine ?rine i& an exce""ent ferti"i7er Se aration kee & the #o"ume of otentia""y dangerou& materia" 4fKce&5 &ma"" Sim "ifie& athogen de&truction in fKce& !educe& odor

4.3 9egati!e &n!iron"enta '"p ications of TSC Thi& &ection ana"y&e& TSC& negati#e im act& on the en#ironment. %"though it ha& a num1er of en#ironmenta" 1enefit&2 if im "emented *ithout an effecti#e en#ironmenta" a&&e&&ment and in &egment& *ithout a com rehen&i#e2 integrated a roach2 it ha& had &e#era" negati#e im act&. Since it *a& &tarted in the 1/,;&2 the &anitation rogramme ha& gone through &e#era" rede&ign&. The mo&t &ignificant *a& changing it from a &u "y6"ed toi"et con&truction rogramme to a demand6"ed &anitation rogramme in the "ate 1//;&. 8o*e#er2 e#en in thi& a#atar2 the &anitation cam aign ha& not 1itten dee enough. (t& main o13ecti#e ha& remained the con&truction of toi"et&2 "ike it& redece&&or&2 *ith "itt"e attention 1eing aid to 1eha#iour change or the a& ect& of S>90. Simu"taneou&"y2 there ha& 1een a thru&t to*ard& ro#iding i ed *ater in #i""age&. Thi& *i""2 or in &ome ca&e&2 ha& com ounded the :uantum of *a&te *ater generated 1y #i""age&. 0any #i""age& and eri6ur1an area& a"ready face &e#ere ro1"em& in di& o&ing &o"id *a&teH i"e& of rotting gar1age at the entrance to #i""age& are te&timony to thi&. Together2 they o&e one of the 1igge&t cha""enge& to making the &anitation cam aign more en#ironment6 friend"y. The "ack of drainage in #i""age& ha& meant that *a&te *ater &tream& do*n road&2 forming udd"e& and e#entua""y co""ecting in the neare&t "o*6"ying area. Thi& i& *ater from kitchen&2 1athroom& and occa&iona""y co""ect& human excreta from o en defecation. Thi& 1reed& mo&:uitoe& and f"ie&2 increa&ing mor1idity. The *ater erco"ate& into the &oi" and o""ute& the &ha""o* a:uifer that eo "e de end on to dra* *ater from *e""& or hand6 um &. Thi& com ound& the 1urden of di&ea&e. %ccording to the 9or"d 8ea"th <rgani&ation 42;;252 *ater 1orn di&ea&e& are among the "eading 21

ki""er& of chi"dren under the age of fi#e and annua""y more eo "e die a& a re&u"t of un&afe *ater than from any form of #oi"ance1+. The &tudie& ha#e a"&o &ho*n that in de#e"o ing countrie&2 chi"dren &uffer from $6) de1i"itation 1out& of diarrhea each year2 *hich further re&u"t& in ma"nutrition and "ong6term hea"th effect& &uch a& &tunting and *a&ting 4?@ 2;;+51-. So"id *a&te di& o&a" i& another 1"ind & ot. There i& "itt"e or no ro#i&ion for co""ecting and di& o&ing any &o"id *a&te. So"id *a&te in rura" area& i& high on organic content2 and ha& "itt"e inorganic matter. (t i& a"&o fu"" of "a&tic a& no #i""age ha& 1anned the 1agH therefore gar1age dum & are fu"" of "a&tic 1ag&. The mo&t con#enient "o*6"ying area 1ecome& the gar1age dum that2 in the rain&2 fi""& *ith *ater. Thi& contaminated *ater again o""ute& the &ha""o* a:uifer& that eo "e de end on for drinking and other dome&tic need&. Therefore2 the "ack of ro er hand"ing of &o"id *a&te add& to the "oca" mor1idity rate&. The com1ine effect& of o""ution from *a&te *ater and &o"id& are de#a&tating. They o""ute ground*ater that i& the "ife"ine of "oca" eo "e through hand6 um & and *e""&. Poor"y con&tructed &o"id *a&te "andfi""& generate G8G&. They increa&e mor1idity and morta"ity2 degrade natura" re&ource&2 increa&e the 1urden of co""ecting fire*ood and *ater on *omen and ad#er&e"y effect the "oca" en#ironment. P"a&tic& and inorganic materia" er&i&t in the en#ironment and contaminate the *ater and &oi" in addition to 1"ocking *ater6*ay&. < en defecation o""ute& &urface *ater 1odie& &uch a& #i""age ond&2 and e#entua""y end& u o""uting ground*ater *ith nitrate& and 1acteria. Thi& i& 1ecau&e eo "e defecate on the 1und& of ond&2 in&tead of at a di&tance from them2 and the &ocia" norm& or 1eha#iour that ro&cri1ed thi& ha#e 1een forgotten or are #io"ated. The target6dri#en ru&h to con&truct toi"et& can ad#er&e"y im act on *ater :ua"ity. (n (ndia2 in many rura" #i""age&2 eo "e u&e ond *ater for e#erything exce t drinking2 inc"uding *a&hing uten&i"&. (n certain rura" #i""age& &uch a& in 9e&t Benga"2 *here ractica""y e#ery hou&e ha& a ond2 toi"et& con&tructed in c"o&e roximity to the ond
9or"d 8ea"th <rgani&ation 42;;25. The 9or"d 8ea"th !e ort 2;;2. !educing !i&k&2 Promoting 8ea"thy >ife. 17 ?nited @ation& De#e"o ment rogramme 42;;+5. 8uman De#e"o ment !e ort 2;;+2 Beyond Scarcity. Po*er2 Po#erty and the G"o1a" 9ater Cri&i&.
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can "ead to &e#ere *ater :ua"ity ro1"em& and can negate any hea"th 1enefit& that may accrue from the con&truction and u&e of toi"et&. 0oreo#er2 the high den&ity of it "atrine& and oor"y made and maintained &e tic tank& can render the &ha""o* a:uifer *ater unfit for drinking 1ecau&e of nitrate and 1acteria" contamination. Aurthermore2 if not im "ied the right de&ign and techno"ogy2 eco&an in f"ood rone area& can ha#e more damaging effect& than the 1enefit& &uch a& o""uting the ground *ater 4the eco&an techni:ue& for the f"ood rone area& are di&cu&&ed ear"ier in the a er5. The o#era"" "anning for &anitation that inc"ude& con&truction of toi"et& and &o"id and "i:uid *a&te management i& done in i&o"ation of other con&ideration& &uch a& *ater&hed characteri&tic&2 "ocation of other natura" re&ource& &uch a& fore&t& and gra&&"and& and &oi" trait&. Thi& mean& that toi"et& are often "ocated c"o&e to *ater &ource& and ond&. They are a"&o "ocated u &tream of the #i""age and their "eachate o""ute& ground*ater f"o*&2 ending u contaminating drinking *ater &ource& &uch a& dug *e""& and hand6 um &. %dditiona""y2 oor"y con&tructed "atrine& o""ute ground*ater rather than &afe"y containing excretaH it they are "ocated in an inundation6 rone area2 the &tored fKce& o&e a ma3or o""ution and hea"th ha7ard during the mon&oon&. The immediate im act of a oor en#ironment i& fe"t through the *ater cyc"e.

Ground*ater o""uted 1y excreta or &o"id *a&te i& u&ed for dome&tic ur o&e& *ith "itt"e treatment. The contro" of the micro1ia" and chemica" :ua"ity of drinking *ater re:uire& integrated management "an& *hich ro#ide the 1a&i& for &y&tem rotection and roce&& contro" to en&ure the num1er& of athogen& and concentration& of chemica"& re&ent a neg"igi1"e ri&k to u1"ic hea"th. Termed a& E9ater Safety P"an&F they 1egin *ith &y&tem a&&e&&ment and de&ign2 o erationa" monitoring and management "an&2 inc"uding documentation and communication. The e"ement& of &uch "an& 1ui"d on the mu"ti "e61arrier rinci "e2 the rinci "e of ha7ard ana"y&i& and critica" contro" oint& 48%CCP5 and other &y&tematic management a roache&.1,

Guide"ine& for Drinking6*ater Rua"ity2 Third 'dition (ncor orating the Air&t and Second %ddenda2 9or"d 8ea"th <rgani7ation2 2;;,
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4.# Ta0 e of Reco""endations S. @o 1 1.a 1.1 1.c 1.d 1.e 2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 Techno"ogy Com o&ting Biocu"um for ha1itation& 9indro* for ha1itation& %erated &tatic i"e for ha1itation& (n #e&&e" com o&ting for hou&eho"d& Iemi6com o&ting for hou&eho"d& ha1itation& 'co"ogica" &anitation for hou&eho"d& >i:uid *a&te management !ecyc"e grey *ater for hou&eho"d& !ecyc"e grey *ater for ha1itation& Co&t Iery high !& 2)2;;; B 1;;2;;; 1) 6 2;S more than *indro* !& 1) B 2; de ending on #e&&e" co&t or !& -);; !& 1,2;;;

!& ); B 1;; de ending on i ing !& 1;2;;; de ending on &i7e of &ett"ing tank& !ecyc"e 1"ack and grey *ater for !& 1;;2;;; for a con&tructed ha1itation& *et"and

:. Case Studies fro" 'ndia; Good $ractices of Green TSC :.5 %asgaon -/aharashtra2 < Case study of S8)/ The #i""age %a&gaon i& &ituated in the Satara Di&trict of 0ahara&htra &tate in (ndia. The tota" area of the #i""age i& 22.) hectare&. (t i& a &ma"" &ett"ement of 21hou&eho"d&. The tota" o u"ation of the #i""age i& 12;32 4according to the Po u"ation Cen&u& of 2;;152 of *hich $-, inha1itant& are ma"e and ))$ are fema"e2 1$3 eo "e of thi& &ett"ement #i""age 1e"ong to Schedu"ed Ca&te2 21 eo "e 1e"ong to Schedu"ed tri1e&2 3+ eo "e 1e"ong to <ther Back*ard Ca&te&. The re&t of the o u"ation 1e"ong& to the genera" category. % roximate"y -1 er cent o u"ation of thi& #i""age i& "iterate. The rimary occu ation for mo&t of the o u"ation of thi& #i""age i& farming fo""o*ed 1y *ork in near1y to*n&. The area of thi& re&ett"ement *a& 1a&ica""y a *a&te "and. %t the time of re&ett"ement2 thi& area *a& a 1arren "and *ithout &ource of *ater and *a& a &ocia""y de ri#ed #i""age. The #i""age had on"y one rimary &choo" and had no ro#i&ion for &econdary &choo" education. 8o*e#er2 the mo&t critica" cha""enge for the %a&gaon #i""age *a& "ack of &afe and ade:uate drinking *ater and2 &anitation faci"itie&. Aor 1- year&2 the #i""age *a& com "ete"y de endant on tank *ater &u need&. 2$ "y for their e#eryday *ater

(n the ear"y 2;;;&2 the #i""age undertook a ma3or initiati#e to im ro#e &anitation under TSC. The 0ahara&htra State Go#ernment "aunched a cam aign kno*n a& the Sant Gadge 0ahara3 cam aign to im ro#e the condition of #i""age& in term& of education2 hea"th and en#ironment. The #i""age anchayat mo1i"i7ed the #i""age community and the eo "e2 tired of 1- year& of neg"ect2 re& onded to the cam aign. The mo&t &ignificant art of thi& cam aign *a& the artici ation of *omen and their *i""ingne&& for an acti#e in#o"#ement in the cam aign. %& a re&u"t of &uch an acti#e artici ation of the eo "e2 the #i""age *on the Sant Gadage Ba1a S*achata %1hiyan fi#e time& for achie#ement& in different fie"d& and *a& among the fir&t to 1e a*arded @GP. (n 2;;;6 ;12 %a&gaon #i""age *on a third ri7e at the 1"ock "e#e". Lee ing u their acti#e artici ation and afford&2 in 2;;162;;2 they *on third ri7e *orth T 2 "akh at the di&trict "e#e". (n 2;;$6;)2 it *on the &econd ri7e of *orth T 3 "akh at the di&trict "e#e". ?nder TSC2 the #i""age ado ted *i&e *ater management2 that in#o"#e& rain*ater and grey *ater &egregation and management. (t ha& con&tructed &torm *ater drain& through *hich the rain*ater i& channe"ed to maximi7e recharge. @o grey *ater reache& the&e drain& &ince it i& com "ete"y u&ed for kitchen garden& or tree "antation. The #i""age eo "e ha#e made contour 1und& and ga1ion& for *ater&hed treatment and to maximi7e *ater recharge. They ha#e a"&o tack"ed &o"id *a&te *i&e"y. %& a re&u"t of thi& and other rogramme&2 each hou&e ha& a 1ioga& "ant fed 1y human fKce& and co*dung. %"mo&t each hou&e ha& a #ermi6com o&t it. The inorganic and non6com o&ta1"e &o"id *a&te i& recyc"ed. There i& a 1;; er cent toi"et co#erage and u&e. Community toi"et& ha#e 1een con&tructed for tho&e *ithout indi#idua" toi"et& and #i&itor&2 *hich ha#e extended &anitation co#erage to the f"oating rura" o u"ation. Ii""ager& ha#e "anted o#er 1;2;;; tree& and tended them through irrigation *ith grey *ater. Therefore2 TSC ha& cata"y7ed &ocia" tran&formation of the #i""age and making it green. The eo "e of %a&gaon &uffered for 1- year& *ith e idemic di&ea&e&2 educationa" and economic "o&&. The mo&t effected *ere the *omen. @ot 3u&t their educationa" and economic de#e"o ment 1ut a"&o their dignity and the &e"f6re& ect *ere cha""enged.

2)

8o*e#er2 a& re&u"t of eo "e& artici ation and dedication the #i""age %a&gaon ha& 1een &ocia""y and en#ironmenta""y tran&formed. Thi& i& an exam "e *here eo "e ha#e u&ed a"" a& ect& of TSC a"ong *ith &tate and nationa" go#ernment rogramme& to im ro#e the condition of their #i""age. They ha#e fo""o*ed the norm& for managing &o"id and "i:uid *a&te2 ha#e en&ured their *ater &ecurity in thi& &emi6arid area through rain*ater har#e&ting2 greened their #i""age u&ing grey *ater2 roduced &u1&tantia" :uantitie& of #ermi6com o&t and manure from 1ioga& "ant&2 and en&ured tota" &anitation. :.2 =a iyapa aya" >i age -Ta"i 9aidu2 < Case Study of &co ogica Sanitation

The La"iya a"ayam #i""age i& "ocated on the Cau#ery !i#er2 in the Tiru ur di&trict in Tami" @adu. (t i& a roximate"y a 3-$ km from Chennai. The eco"ogica" &anitation initiati#e in La"iya a"ayam Ii""age *a& "aunched in 2;;2 to reduce *ater u&e in &anitation2 re#ent *ater o""ution due to o en defecation 4a& the *ater ta1"e i& high52 1y the Society for Community <rgani7ation and Peo "e& 'ducation 4SC<P'5. (nitia""y2 the gram &a1ha a&&ed a re&o"ution to con&truct eco6&an toi"et& in 1,

hou&eho"d&. The *ho"e conce t *a& 1a&ed on the demand dri#en a roach. Arom the &e"ection of the mode" to the con&truction2 a"" the &takeho"der& *ere con&u"ted at each &tage of the ro3ect. The conce t *a& *e"comed and :uick"y acce ted 1y the re&ident&. (nitia""y2 a 26in61 mode" *a& ado ted *here the *a&h *ater and the urine *ere mixed and co""ected in one cham1er and2 fKce& *ere co""ected in the other cham1er. %fter one year2 a &tudy *a& conducted on the #ie*&Do inion& of re&ident& regarding the functioning of the toi"et&. (t *a& found that the u&er& *ere genera""y &ati&fied *ith the &y&tem. Ba&ed on their feed1ack of the re&ident&2 26in61 mode" *a& re "aced *ith 36in61 mode" in *hich the urine2 fKce& and *a&h *ater are co""ected &e arate"y. ?rine i& co""ected in a mud ot *ith ho"e& 1uried in the ground and the *a&h *ater i& co""ected in a fi"ter 1ed. The human fKce& and the urine are u&ed a& ferti"i7er and the *a&h *ater i& u&ed for the kitchen garden and "ant&. The high initia" co&t of eco6&an 2+

toi"et i& off&et 1y "ong6term &ocio6economic and hea"th 1enefit&. 9a&h *ater a "ied to 1anana tree& next to toi"et& a&&ure& irrigation at no co&t2 *hi"e the &a"e of manure and urine for agricu"ture contri1uted to*ard& o#era"" income for the #i""age. The&e 1enefit& ro#ide 2;; er cent return on the in#e&tment o#er "ife& an of a toi"et. 8ence the rogramme not on"y contri1ute& to*ard& en#ironmenta" &u&taina1i"ity 1ut a"&o ro#ed to 1e extreme"y 1eneficia" in &ocia" and economic term&. Thi& ro#e& the #a"ue of eco6&an a& a mean& to c"o&e the nutrient "oo in &o"id and "i:uid *a&te in a &afe and hygienic manner2 *hi"e augmenting income 1oth direct"y 4&a"e of manure and urine5 and indirect"y through increa&ed farm out ut. :.3 Gra" >ikas -*rissa2 < % Case Study of 9atura Resources /anage"ent Gram Iika& i& a rura" de#e"o ment organi7ation founded in 1/-12 *orking *ith oor and margina"i7ed communitie& e& ecia""y in Da"it and %di#a&i communitie& of <ri&&a. The mi&&ion of Gram Iika& i& to romote rogramme& *hich are &u&taina1"e2 &ocia""y inc"u&i#e and gender e:uita1"e in order to ena1"e the oor and margina"i7ed rura" o u"ation& or communitie& to achie#e a dignified :ua"ity of "ife. The initiati#e& of Gram Iika& are aimed to energi7e entire #i""ageDha1itation2 and are dri#en 1y the in#o"#ement of the entire community in "anning2 im "ementation and monitoring. (t take& an integrated a roach to*ard& the rura" de#e"o ment that inc"ude&. natura" re&ource drought&. <ne of the ma3or area& of Gram Iika& acti#itie& i& natura" re&ource management. ?nder thi& rogramme2 it ha& "aunched the rura" hea"th and en#ironment rogramme 4!8'P5 in 1//2. <ne of the main aim& of thi& initiati#e *a& to ro#ide uninterru ted *ater &u "y and dignified &anitation faci"itie&.
Toilets and Bathing ooms Source: !ram "i#as$ %rissa

management.

*ater&hed

management2

in#o"#ing

con&er#ation

and

de#e"o ment of "and2 *ater and fore&t re&ource &o a& to mitigate the effect& of

2-

To achie#e an uninterru ted *ater &u

"y2 !8'P "ink& the eo "e *ith go#ernment

rura" *ater rogramme ca""ed S*a3a"dhara. ?nder thi& initiati#e2 the financia" co&t of the rogramme2 *hich inc"ude& the co&t of tank and the i e net*ork2 i& ro#ided 1y the go#ernment. The fami"ie&Dhou&eho"d& ay a art of the ca ita" co&t in the form of materia" and "a1our. The u&er&Dre&ident& ay a month"y maintenance charge to co#er the o erationa" and maintenance co&t of the ro#i&ion. Thi& arrangement not on"y make& the rogramme financia" fea&i1"e 1ut a"&o ro#ed to 1e extreme"y u&efu" in enhancing the &en&e of re& on&i1i"ity and o*ner&hi among the community and en&ure& that the ro#i&ion *i"" &u&tain. %"ong *ith the month"y o erationa" and maintenance co&t2 each hou&eho"d contri1ute T 1;;; to*ard& a common fund *hich i& in#e&ted in a 1ank de o&it. (t& fund i& in#e&ted further to extend &er#ice to ne* hou&eho"d& and to en&ure 1;; er cent *ater &u "y co#erage in the future. To en&ure an e:uita1"e acce&& to thi& faci"ity of c"ean *ater a& the current &ocia" &tructure in many #i""age& doe& not ena1"e a"" community mem1er& to acce&& c"ean *ater2 Gram Iika& tran&form& thi& e&ta1"i&hed &ocia" order 1y making it mandatory that a"" hou&eho"d& are inc"uded in the rogramme and that the fema"e head& of hou&eho"d& mu&t 1e in#o"#ed in the deci&ion6making roce&&. The ractice of 1;; ercent inc"u&ion kee & #i""age& c"ean and e"iminate& &ource& of *ater contamination a& each and e#ery mem1er of the #i""age i& in#o"#ed in e&ta1"i&hing2 maintaining and 1enefiting from the &anitation &y&tem. Thi& i& a"&o a *ay to 1reak do*n ca&te and gender 1arrier& and a""o*ing the margina"i7ed to regard them&e"#e& a& e:ua"& *ithin the community. Thi& de#e"o ment roce&& i& 1a&ed on 0%@T!% 40o#ement and %ction @et*ork for Tran&formation of !ura" %rea&5 go#ernance rogramme& #a"ue& of inc"u&ion2 &u&taina1i"ity2 co&t &haring and &ocia" and gender e:uity. 0%@T!% i& a rura" hea"th initiati#e in near"y 3;; #i""age& acro&& <ri&&a2 *hich faci"itate& oor communitie& to come together to e&ta1"i&h2 o erate and manage their o*n *ater &u "y and &anitation &y&tem&.

Aor the &anitation initiati#e2 the ca ita" co&t of a toi"et and a 1athing room 4together T ,2+;;5 i& 3oint"y financed 1y Gram Iika& and the community. Gram Iika& contri1ute& to*ard& the co&t& materia" re:uired for the con&truction and the community contri1ute& in term& of "oca" re&ource& &uch a& "and and "a1our.

2,

C"ean drinking *ater and acce&& to &anitation ha& re&u"ted in o#er ,;

er cent

reduction in incidence& of *ater1orne di&ea&e&.1/ % hea"thy community and ha1itat act& a& a cata"y&t for &u&taina1"e de#e"o ment. Thi& &ho*& ho* effecti#e ('C can mou"d e#en fi&&i arou& rura" &ocietie& into a more cohe&i#e unit2 *orking to*ard& a common good. ?&ing *ater and &anitation a& an entry oint2 the @G< *ork& to*ard& o#era"" im ro#ement& in rura" en#ironment and the natura" re&ource 1a&e. Thi& 1enefit& *omen e& ecia""y2 and the *ho"e community in genera". Aurthermore2 the&e eco&an initiati#e& a"&o offer the otentia" &o"ution to the ro1"em of manua" &ca#enging2;. %"though the ractice of manua" &ca#enging *a& out"a*ed in 1//32 ho*e#er 1ecau&e of the "ack of other &anitation a"ternati#e&2 thi& ractice &ti"" exi&t& in rura" (ndia. ?. Conc usions and Reco""endations The centra" rinci a" in greening TSC i& to c"o&e the nutrient and *ater "oo & &o they do not o#er"a . Thi& i& done 1y &egregating2 reu&ingDrecyc"ing inorganic gar1age5 treating &o"id and and *a&te "i:uid
So"id "i:uid *a&te2 faece& urine and Se arate &o"id& C "i:uid&2 co""ection C treatment !eturn to en#ironmen t or u&ed for agricu"tureD horticu"ture

4excreta2 co*6dung2 organic and *a&te 4urine2 grey and 1"ack *ater5 &o that "itt"e or nothing i& *a&ted2 o""ute& *ater and other natura" re&ource& or end& u in a gar1age dum . To achie#e thi&2 rioritie& need to

and

1e rearranged to green TSC. The foremo&t i& according much greater *eightage to 1eha#iour change2 fo""o*ed 1y &o"id and "i:uid *a&te management. (ncenti#e&2 current"y di&torting the &cheme2 need to 1e re&tructured a& do the a*ard& "inked to &anitation. The main aim ha& to 1ecome a green and hea"thy #i""age2 rather than trying
Gram#ika& 42;115. actUidV2C ageUidV1,
19 20

9ater

Sanitation.

htt .DDgram#ika&.orgDindex. h J

!a3ago a" B. 4et a"2 2;;+5. Arom Promi&e to Performance. 'co"ogica" Sanitation <f 0anua" Sca#enging in (ndia. 0a&&achu&ett& (n&titute of Techno"ogy.

2/

to mere"y change defecation 1eha#iour. Thu&2 TSC need& to mo#e a*ay from con&tructing toi"et& and ho e eo "e *i"" u&e them to the *ider a& ect& of *ater&hed and natura" re&ource& rotection and management2 1oth of *hich are intrin&ica""y "inked to any *ater or &anitation rogramme. The idea i& to "e#erage TSC& momentum for &afe hand"ing of human excreta to im ro#e *ater&hed management. By 1ringing the &itting of toi"et& into a *ater&hed "anning frame*ork2 it *i"" dramatica""y im ro#e the :ua"ity of ground*ater a& *e"" a& ro#ide a ready &ource of manure to im ro#e 1iodi#er&ity. Thi& ha& im "ication& for im ro#ing fore&t& and gra&&"and&2 1oth critica" to 1etter en#ironmenta" management at the "oca" "e#e". (t a"&o ha#e im "ication& for e"iminating &ource& of *ater o""ution cau&ed 1y oor"y "ocated and 1ui"t toi"et&2 either 1ecau&e they "each faeca" matter into ground*ater or eo "e do not u&e them2 referring o en defecation. (t a"&o extend& to e"iminating the entry of 1oth &o"id and "i:uid *a&te into the en#ironment in ra* form2 and con#erting them to manure or other 1eneficia" &tate& 1efore 1eing returned to the en#ironment. %d!ocacy@ %3areness and Beha!iour Change % 1a&ic in ut of TSC2 ('C ha& fai"ed to roduce &ignificant 1eha#iour change. Thi& i& "arge"y 1ecau&e of a narro* focu& and em ha&i& on intangi1"e 1enefit& of u&ing toi"et& that mo&t ('C cam aign& d*e"" on. The&e intangi1"e& are higher &ocia" &tatu& and dignity of *omen. ('C ha& "arge"y ignored hea"th and "i#e"ihood i&&ue&2 e#en though there are &tudie& to ro#e im ro#ed &anitation and hygiene dra&tica""y reduce the num1er of di&a1i"ity6"inked "ife year& 4D%>W&5H the&e are more tangi1"e me&&age& rooted in the e#eryday ex erience& of the target audience&. (t i& therefore &ugge&ted to mo#e a*ay from intangi1"e& and focu& on tangi1"e& in ('C. The "ink 1et*een hea"th and "i#e"ihood& i& &omething e#ery er&on i& fami"iar *ith2 and ro#ide& a &ound 1a&i& for future ('C re"ated to &anitation. (t a"&o a""o*& for *idening the &co e of ('C to inc"ude &o"id and "i:uid *a&te management 1y "inking it to im ro#ement& in "oca" natura" re&ource& and *ater :ua"ityH in turn the&e a""o* eo "e more time for either roducti#e *ork or "ei&ure. The im act on *omen i& articu"ar"y ronounced &ince they are the rimary *ater ro#ider& and fire*ood

3;

gatherer&. %n ('C cam aign ha& to :uantify the&e at the indi#idua" "e#e" for eo "e to re"ate to S>90 and &anitation. Sanitation6 $ anning and Construction Sanitation mu&t 1e "aced *ithin the "arger *ater&hed context &o that it&

en#ironmenta" and hea"th a& ect& are under&tood and a reciated. Sanitation "anner& ha#e to con&ider &urface and ground *ater f"o*&2 &oi" condition&2 geo"ogy and c"imate *hi"e "anning the &anitation cam aign. The con#entiona" &ing"e or t*in6 it toi"et& are un&uita1"e for u&e in many art& of (ndia *here the &oi" i& rocky2 ha& a high oro&ity2 in hi""y terrain or in f"ood6 rone area&. Therefore2 a"ternati#e& are needed and they need to &er#e the ur o&e of &afe"y containing and decom o&ing excreta *ithout coming into contact *ith ground*ater or human 1eing&.

Iariant& of dry com o&ting toi"et& are ro1a1"y 1e&t for (ndia gi#en the mo&t"y hot2 dry c"imate a& they *i"" en&ure the fa&te&t decom o&ition of faece& into manure. The&e a"&o need to ro#ide ea&y acce&& to the manure &ince cu"tura""y2 (ndian& *i"" ne#er 31

&too to em tying out a it fu"" of excreta e#en if it ha& decom o&ed to manure a& it toi"et& are &u o&ed to do. Containeri7ation i& one &o"ution2 and can 1e ea&i"y manufactured to a #ariety of &i7e& for the&e ty e& of toi"et&. <ne of the key out come of TSC &hou"d 1e c"o&ing the nutrient "oo 1y demy&tifying the #a"ue of fKce& and urine a& re "acement& for chemica" ferti"i&er&2 in art or *ho"e. % c"ear "inkage ref"ecting the e:ui#a"ent& to the chemica" ferti"i7er& that can 1e o1tained 1y nutrient "oo 2 a"ong *ith the co&t of each a"ternati#e mu&t 1e high"ighted 4e.g. a& i""u&trated in *a&te ana"y&i& ta1"e ear"ier in the a er52 &o the economic 1enefit& 1ecome #i&i1"e rather than "ea#ing it o en to inter retation. There are &cientific e#a"uation& of the nutrient #a"ue of urine and fKce& roduced 1y different food com1ination&. Thi& argument can 1e 1uttre&&ed 1y the hea"th argument of u&ing toi"et&2 that a"&o make it ea&y to co""ect2 roce&& and u&e fKce& and urine. (n fact2 toi"et& can 1e ro3ected a& mechani&m to har#e&t nutrient& from human excreta and urine *ith a definite ay1ack eriod. So id and 8i7uid )aste /anage"ent 'ffecti#e S>90 *i"" in#o"#e &ource &egregation2 treatment and reu&e or recyc"ing. Ii""age& generate mo&t"y *et2 organic &o"id *a&te 4not excreta5 that i& &uita1"e for com o&ting or #ermi6cu"ture. The end roduct i& manure2 a re "acement for chemica" ferti"i&er& and a natura" &oi" enhancer. Com o&ting techno"ogie& are many and #aried2 and on"y tho&e that &uit "oca" agro6eco6c"imatic condition& &hou"d 1e &ugge&ted. The tougher one i& to in&titutiona"i7e &o"id *a&te &egregation and co""ection. The &tarting oint i& to inc"ude thi& in the di&trict *ater and &anitation "an &o anchayat& ha#e to a"&o inc"ude it in their re& ecti#e &anitation "an&. The &econd i& to ro#ide a rea"i&tic 1udget that ref"ect& co&t& of creating and running a gar1age co""ection net*ork2 com o&ting2 ackaging and di&tri1ution of manure. 9hi"e it i& ho ed &a"e& of manure *i"" art"y off&et the&e co&t&2 it cannot 1e a&&umed that the &y&tem *i"" *ork on a fu"" co&t6reco#ery 1a&i&. Therefore2 ca ita" co&t& ha#e to 1e co#ered a"ong *ith a com onent of recurring co&t&. (n&titutiona" change& are needed at the anchayat "e#e" &o that S>90 1ecome& committee&. art of the *ork of the #i""age *ater and &anitation

32

The &ame goe& for "i:uid *a&te management. The idea" &o"ution i& u&e at the hou&eho"d "e#e"2 1ut if a hou&eho"d ha& not u&e for *a&te *ater2 it mu&t 1e channe"ed through ro er"y con&tructed2 "ined drain& to a centra" oint for treatment. 8ere again2 it i& nece&&ary to a""ot fund& for ca ita" *ork&2 inc"uding a #i""age &ur#ey2 con&truction of "ined rimary2 &econdary and tertiary drain&2 and a &im "e treatment &y&tem 1a&ed on "oca" agro6eco6c"imatic condition&. %"" grey *ater mu&t 1e &egregated from &torm *ater and u&ed in agricu"tureDhorticu"ture2 to reduce the re&&ure on fre&h *ater &ource& and o""ution of &urface or ground*ater. Storm *ater drain& mu&t con#ey rain*ater to recharge oint& and &hou"d 1e art of the #i""age *ater management "an. (n&titutiona""y and rocedura""y therefore2 the di&trict *ater and &anitation "an ha& to inc"ude a di&tinct *ater management "an *ith &e arate grey and &torm *ater com onent&. %& *ith &o"id *a&te2 the financia" a""otment &hou"d co#er 1oth ca ita" co&t& and <C0 &ince the &co e for re#enue reco#ery here i& extreme"y "imited. Panchayat& &hou"d 1e &u orted to ro#ide effecti#e *ater management in #i""age&. (n the *ater management "an&2 care ha& to 1e taken to com "ete"y &e arate grey or 1"ack *ater from &torm *ater &ince the "atter *i"" 1e u&ed *ithout further treatment for augmenting "oca" *ater re&ource& through &urface &torage &tructure& or ground*ater recharge. &co6san TSC guide"ine& mention eco6&an a& one of the o tion& for im ro#ing &anitation and hygienica""y &e arating fKce& from urine. The&e need to 1e e"a1orated and 1acked 1y &uita1"e financia" a""otment&. 0uch more *ork i& needed to make eco6&an acce ta1"e 1y eo "e gi#en the different nature of eco6&an toi"et&. %n a roach i& to ro#ide &uita1"e "oan& for eco6&an toi"et&2 re aya1"e through the &a#ing& on ferti"i&er&. % ty ica" eco6&an toi"et ay& for it&e"f o#er it& "ifecyc"e of -61; year& through &a#ing& on chemica" ferti"i&er&. Thi& a"ternati#e to toi"et&. %dditiona""y2 &tudie& ha#e &ho*n reu&ing the excreta of a fami"y of )2 theoretica""y roduce& enough excreta to roduce ade:uate nitrogen and ho& horou& to cu"ti#ate a oint mu&t 1e em ha&i7ed in romoting eco6&an a& an

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rice "ot ranging from $;x$;m and $;x);m &i7e 21. Thi& i& another oint that can romote eco6&an toi"et& a& *e"" a& im ro#ed hygiene. The counter6argument to eco6&an i& o en defecation2 a& that a"&o return& the &ame nutrient& to the &oi" in a more direct manner. 8o*e#er2 eco6&an add& the hygiene "ayer to nutrient recyc"ing that o en defecation "ack& and decom o&e& faece& &afe"y. (t a"&o &e arate& urine and make& that a#ai"a1"e a& a otent ferti"i7er. 'co6&an can 1e a otentia" &ource of income 1oth for the farmer& and the "and"e&& oor2 if romoted a& a &ource of organic manure and a re "acement for chemica" ferti"i7er&. The "and"e&& oor can make "i#e"ihood 1y turning their *a&te to manure and &e""ing it to the farmer&. <n the other hand the farmer& can reduce their ex enditure on ferti"i7er& 1y re "acing chemica" ferti"i7er& *ith organic manure. 0o&t of the&e eo "e *ork on farm&2 or a& &hare6cro er& and *i"" therefore find the ro o&ition of re "acing ex enditure on chemica" ferti"i7er& *ith eco6&an manure attracti#e. %gain2 thi& ha& to find "ace in ('C cam aign& and a &uita1"e financia" mechani&m ha& to 1e *orked out under TSC that co#er& thi& &ection of rura" (ndia. Re3ards and 'ncenti!es The&e ha#e *orked *e"" in the a&t2 1oth at the centra" and &tate "e#e"2 to romote &anitation. 8o*e#er2 they need to 1e &taggered and di&1ur&ed in in&ta""ment& rather than at one go2 in tandem *ith rogre&&i#e im ro#ement& in &anitation. Therefore2 a #i""age that ha& *on the @GP &hou"d 1e gi#en the fir&t in&ta""ment a& recognition of it& &tatu&2 1ut the &u1&e:uent re"ea&e& &hou"d 1e incum1ent on achie#ing other mi"e&tone& &uch a& S>90 and romotion of eco6&an. Thi& *i"" *ork to*ard& en&uring &anitation goe& 1eyond con&truction and 4 artia"5 u&e of toi"et&2 into a more ho"i&tic im ro#ement of the rura" en#ironment and natura" re&ource&. Therefore2 TSC ha& to 1e reoriented to*ard& 1etter &o"id and "i:uid *a&te management2 romotion of eco"ogica" &anitation2 and &taggered re*ard& or incenti#e& to 1ecome en#ironment6friend"y.

&d3ards $ 41//25 euse of &uman Wastes in '(uaculture: ' technical eport 2 ?@DP6 9B6%SP2 ?S%
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3$