E Commerce

PROJECT REPORT
E COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES
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Saima Gul, Zoya Mir, Abdul Samad, Reema Junejo and Talha Akhtar
COMPUTER ORIENTATION AND PACKAGES E-COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES
MBA D1 B
SUBBMITTED TO:
Saima Hussain
SUBBMITTED BY:
Samia Gul (1146125) Reema Junejo Abdul Samad Talha Akhtar Zoya Mir (1146135)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is done as a semester project, as a part of course titled COMPUTER ORIENTATION AND PACKAGES. We are really thankful to our course instructor MAAM SAIMA HUSSAIN, SZABIST, for her invaluable guidance and assistance, without which the accomplishment of the task would have never been possible. We also thank her for giving this opportunity to explore into the real world. This report contains an over view of E-COMMERCE and its types and its implementation. We are also thankful to the persons working in PTCL and HBL for giving us relevant and sufficient information to us.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. I E-COMMERCE BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................... II CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... V What is e-commerce? ................................................................................................................................................ V Is e-commerce the same as e-business?...................................................................................................................... VI E-COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES ...................................................................................................................................... VII 1. Business to Business (B2B) .............................................................................................................................. VIII
..................................................................................................................................................................................... IX 2. 3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) ......................................................................................................................... IX Peer to Peer (P2P) .............................................................................................................................................. IX
..................................................................................................................................................................................... IX 4. M-Commerce ....................................................................................................................................................... X
MECHANISM OF E COMMERCE......................................................................................................................................... X WHAT FORCES ARE FUELING E-COMMERCE? ................................................................................................................. XII Economic forces: ......................................................................................................................................................... XII Market forces: ............................................................................................................................................................ XIII Technology forces: ..................................................................................................................................................... XIII E-COMMERCE IN PAKISTAN ........................................................................................................................................... XIV Overview of e-commerce in Pakistan ........................................................................................................................ XIV FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT ........................................................................................................ XIV RECENT CHANGES IN E COMMERCE ............................................................................................................................ XVIII HBL Internet banking overview...................................................................................................................................... XIX HBL Internet banking features ............................................................................................................................. XIX PTCL CUSTOMERS SERVICES ONLINE HELP ..................................................................................................................... XX REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................... XXI
INTRODUCTION
In the up-and-coming global economy, e-commerce and e-business have increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. The integration of information and communications technology (ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations and those between and among organizations and individuals. Exclusively, the use of ICT in business has enhanced productivity, encouraged greater customer participation, and enabled mass customization, besides reducing costs. With developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies, distinctions between traditional markets and the global electronic marketplace-such as business capital size, among others-are gradually being narrowed down. The name of the game is strategic positioning, the ability of a company to determine emerging opportunities and utilize the necessary human capital skills (such as intellectual resources) to make the most of these opportunities through an e-business strategy that is simple, workable and practicable within the context of a global information milieu and new economic environment. With its effect of leveling the playing field, e-commerce coupled with the appropriate strategy and policy approach enables small and medium scale enterprises to compete with large and capital-rich businesses. On another plane, developing countries are given increased access to the global marketplace, where they compete with and complement the more developed economies. Most, if not all, developing countries are already participating in e-commerce, either as sellers or buyers. However, to facilitate e-commerce growth in these countries, the relatively underdeveloped information infrastructure must be improved. Among the areas for policy interventions are: High Internet access costs, including connection service fees, communication fees, and hosting charges for websites with sufficient bandwidth; Limited availability of credit cards and a nationwide credit card system; Under developed transportation infrastructure resulting in slow and uncertain delivery of goods and services; Network security problems and insufficient security safeguards; Lack of skilled human resources and key technologies (i.e., inadequate professional IT workforce); Content restriction on national security and other public policy grounds, which greatly affect business in the field of information services, such as the media and entertainment sectors; Cross-border issues, such as the recognition of transactions under laws of other ASEAN member-countries, certification services, improvement of delivery methods. The relatively low cost of labor, which implies that a shift to a comparatively capital intensive solution (including investments on the improvement of the physical and network infrastructure) is not apparent.
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It is recognized that in the Information Age, Internet commerce is a powerful tool in the economic growth of developing countries. While there are indications of ecommerce patronage among large firms in developing countries, there seems to be little and negligible use of the Internet for commerce among small and medium sized firms. E-commerce promises better business for SMEs and sustainable economic development for developing countries. However, this is premised on strong political will and good governance, as well as on a responsible and supportive private sector within an effective policy framework. This primer seeks to provide policy guidelines toward this end.
E-COMMERCE BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT

One of the most popular activities on the Web is shopping. It has much allure in it you can shop at your leisure, anytime, and in your pajamas. Literally anyone can have their pages built to display their specific goods and services. History of ecommerce dates back to the invention of the very old notion of "sell and buy", electricity, cables, computers, modems, and the Internet. Ecommerce became possible in 1991 when the Internet was opened to commercial use. Since that date thousands of businesses have taken up residence at web sites. At first, the term ecommerce meant the process of execution of commercial transactions electronically with the help of the leading technologies such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) which gave an opportunity for users to exchange business information and do electronic transactions. The ability to use these technologies appeared in the late 1970s and allowed business companies and organizations to send commercial documentation electronically. Although the Internet began to advance in popularity among the general public in 1994, it took approximately four years to develop the security protocols (for example, HTTP) and DSL which allowed rapid access and a persistent connection to the Internet. In 2000 a great number of business companies in the United States and Western Europe represented their services in the World Wide Web. At this time the meaning of the word ecommerce was changed. People began to define the term ecommerce as the process of purchasing of available goods and services over the Internet using secure connections and electronic payment services. Although the dot-com collapse in 2000 led to unfortunate results and many of ecommerce companies disappeared, the "brick and mortar" retailers recognized the advantages of electronic commerce and began to add such capabilities to their web sites (e.g. after the online grocery store Web van came to ruin, two supermarket chains, Albertsons and Safeway, began to use ecommerce to enable their customers to buy groceries online). By the end of 2001, the largest form of ecommerce, Business-to-Business (B2B) model, had around $700 billion in transactions.
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According to all available data, ecommerce sales continued to grow in the next few years and, by the end of 2007, ecommerce sales accounted for 3.4 percent of total sales. Ecommerce has a great deal of advantages over "brick and mortar" stores and mail order catalogs. Consumers can easily search through a large database of products and services. They can see actual prices, build an order over several days and email it as a "wish list" hoping that someone will pay for their selected goods. Customers can compare prices with a click of the mouse and buy the selected product at best prices. Online vendors, in their turn, also get distinct advantages. The web and its search engines provide a way to be found by customers without expensive advertising campaign. Even small online shops can reach global markets. Web technology also allows to track customer preferences and to deliver individually-tailored marketing. History of ecommerce is unthinkable without Amazon and eBay which were among the first Internet companies to allow electronic transactions. Thanks to their founders we now have a handsome ecommerce sector and enjoy the buying and selling advantages of the Internet. Currently there are 5 largest and most famous worldwide Internet retailers: Amazon, Dell, Staples, Office Depot and Hewlett Packard. According to statistics, the most popular categories of products sold in the World Wide Web are music, books, computers, office supplies and other consumer electronics. Amazon.com, Inc. is one of the most famous ecommerce companies and is located in Seattle, Washington (USA). It was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos and was one of the first American ecommerce companies to sell products over the Internet. After the dot-com collapse Amazon lost its position as a successful business model, however, in 2003 the company made its first annual profit which was the first step to the further development. At the outset Amazon.com was considered as an online bookstore, but in time it extended a variety of goods by adding electronics, software, DVDs, video games, music CDs, MP3s, apparel, footwear, health products, etc. The original name of the company was Cadabra.com, but shortly after it become popular in the Internet Bezos decided to rename his business "Amazon" after the world's most voluminous river. In 1999 Jeff Bezos was entitled as the Person of the Year by Time Magazine in recognition of the company's success. Although the company's main headquarters is located in the USA, WA, Amazon has set up separate websites in other economically developed countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The company supports and operates retail web sites for many famous businesses, including Marks & Spencer, Lacoste, the NBA, Bebe Stores, Target, etc.
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Amazon is one of the first ecommerce businesses to establish an affiliate marketing program, and nowadays the company gets about 40% of its sales from affiliates and third party sellers who list and sell goods on the web site. In 2008 Amazon penetrated into the cinema and is currently sponsoring the film "The Stolen Child" with 20th Century Fox. According to the research conducted in 2008, the domain Amazon.com attracted about 615 million customers every year. The most popular feature of the web site is the review system, i.e. the ability for visitors to submit their reviews and rate any product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon.com is also well-known for its clear and user-friendly advanced search facility which enables visitors to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the database. One more company which has contributed much to the process of ecommerce development is Dell Inc., an American company located in Texas, which stands third in computer sales within the industry behind Hewlett-Packard and Acer. Launched in 1994 as a static page, Dell.com has made rapid strides, and by the end of 1997 was the first company to record a million dollars in online sales. The company's unique strategy of selling goods over the World Wide Web with no retail outlets and no middlemen has been admired by a lot of customers and imitated by a great number of ecommerce businesses. The key factor of Dell's success is that Dell.com enables customers to choose and to control, i.e. visitors can browse the site and assemble PCs piece by piece choosing each single component based on their budget and requirements. According to statistics, approximately half of the company's profit comes from the web site. In 2007, Fortune magazine ranked Dell as the 34th-largest company in the Fortune 500 list and 8th on its annual Top 20 list of the most successful and admired companies in the USA in recognition of the company's business model. History of ecommerce is a history of a new, virtual world which is evolving according to the customer advantage. It is a world which we are all building together brick by brick, laying a secure foundation for the future generations.
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CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

What is e-commerce?
Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. It also pertains to any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network. Though popular, this definition is not comprehensive enough to capture recent developments in this new and revolutionary business phenomenon. A more complete definition is: E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
E-COMMERCE GROWTH CHART
Retail e-commerce revenues have grown exponentially since 1995 and have only recently slowed to a very rapid 25 percent annual increase, which is projected to remain the same until 2010.
Is e-commerce the same as e-business?

While some use e-commerce and e-business interchangeably, they are distinct concepts. In e-commerce, information and communications technology (ICT) is used in inter-business or inter-organizational transactions (transactions between and among firms/organizations) and in business-to-consumer transactions (transactions between firms/organizations and individuals). In e-business, on the other hand, ICT is used to enhance ones business. It includes any process that a business organization (either a for-profit, governmental or non-profit entity) conducts over a computer-mediated network. A more comprehensive definition of e-business is: The transformation of an organizations processes to deliver additional customer value through the application of technologies, philosophies and computing paradigm of the new economy. Three primary processes are enhanced in e-business: 1. Production processes, which include procurement, ordering and replenishment of stocks; processing of payments; electronic links with suppliers; and production control processes, among others; 2. Customer-focused processes, which include promotional and marketing efforts, selling over the Internet, processing of customers purchase orders and payments, and customer support, among others; and 3. Internal management processes, which include employee services, training, internal information-sharing, video-conferencing, and recruiting. Electronic applications enhance information flow between production and sales forces to improve sales force productivity. Workgroup communications and electronic publishing of internal business information are likewise made more efficient.
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E-COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES

There are primarily five types of e-commerce models:
1. Business to Consumer (B2C)
B2C stands for Business to Consumer as the name suggests, it is the model taking businesses and consumers interaction. Online business sells to individuals. The basic concept of this model is to sell the product online to the consumers. B2c is the indirect trade between the company and consumers. It provides direct selling through online. For example: if you want to sell goods and services to customer so that anybody can purchase any products directly from suppliers website. Directly interact with the customers is the main difference with other business model. As B2B it manages directly relationship with consumers, B2C supply chains normally deal with business that are related to the customer.
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1. Business to Business (B2B)
B2B stands for Business to Business. It consists of largest form of Ecommerce. This model defines that Buyer and seller are two different entities. It is similar to manufacturer issuing goods to the retailer or wholesaler. Dell deals computers and other associated accessories online but it is does not make up all those products. So, in govern to deal those products, first step is to purchases them from unlike businesses i.e. the producers of those products. It is one of the cost effective way to sell out product through out the world Benefits:

Encourage your businesses online Products import and export Determine buyers and suppliers Position trade guides
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2. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
C2C stands for Consumer to Consumer. It helps the online dealing of goods or services among people. Though there is no major parties needed but the parties will not fulfill the transactions without the program which is supplied by the online market dealer such as eBay.
3. Peer to Peer (P2P)
It is a discipline that deal itself which assists people to instantly shares related computer files and computer sources without having to interact with central web server. If you are going to implement this model, both sides demand to install the expected software so that they could able to convey on the mutual platform. This kind of e-commerce has very low revenue propagation as from the starting it has been tended to the release of use due to which it sometimes caught involved in cyber laws.
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4. M-Commerce
It deals with conducting the transactions with the help of mobile. The mobile device consumers can interact with each other and can lead the business. Mobile Commerce involves the change of ownership or rights to utilize goods and related services.
MECHANISM OF E COMMERCE
To explain how e commerce works is not that difficult a task. Simply put, e commerce is an electronic exchange of goods and/or services. When you make a purchase from eBay, Amazon.com or any online store, you have participated in e commerce. If you are among those who download music from sites like Napster or iTunes, then you too have performed e commerce. To initiate the understanding of e commerce lets take a look at its various types. B2B: E commerce was founded with B2B or business-to-business e commerce as its cornerstone. Banks and other businesses began sharing and transferring files and information electronically as early as 1960s. However, there wasnt one standard way of conducting this business, as a result of which many businesses could not successfully transfer between each other. This limited the sharing of files and information between businesses. The 80s was when B2B e commerce really took off with the setting up of a reliable standard which made it possible for all to use the same method and hence exchange files much more easily.
C2C: The most commonly used form of e commerce today is Consumer to consumer or C2C. If you purchase anything online by responding to an ad posting on an electronic board or an online auction you are considered to be a participant of consumer to consumer e commerce. The only criteria are that the purchase must be made from another person, not business. Auction sites like eBay which allow users to put their goods online and sell to the highest bidder characterize online auctions which are the most popular form of consumer-to-consumer e commerce. P2P: P2P or peer-to-peer e commerce began with Napster, which allowed users to share files without paying for it. It is a common sight to come across various similar websites and file-sharing programs and systems online. B2C: It is impossible to explain the working of e commerce without mentioning the huge amount of e commerce that takes places from business-to-consumer. Thus e commerce includes any purchase made at an online store or website, it can be a download of something electronic or any item that has to be shipped to the buyer. Following are a few tips that will aid you in the explanation of the working of e commerce. The definition of e commerce includes the online exchange of at least one of the following: Information, Money, Goods / Services. While explaining how e commerce works in ones favor, use concepts that are easy to understand. For instance, various online bookstores will facilitate easy comparison of prices and thus help you arrive at the lowest one if you wish to purchase a book. While narrowing down to the store which will ship the book to you at the earliest and charge you the lowest cost, it is essential that you compare the shipping costs and shipping times of different providers. There are besides impressive systems that help you get the best of this, such as the Zero Cost Profits strategy. Nonetheless, Zero Cost Profits is to a greater extent powerfully referred to the marketing of your e-Commerce travails, but that is notwithstanding a substantial area. All of this can be achieved without having to stand in line, fight crowds, or spend money for transportation or gas. Perceiving the advantages of e commerce is simple, when you take into account the fact that you can comparison shop so easily, for small and large items. There is no doubt that we can explain the benefits of e commerce, but you will see its advantages yourself once you have actually purchased an item this way.1
www.commerceland.com
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WHAT FORCES ARE FUELING E-COMMERCE?

There are at least three major forces fuelling e-commerce: economic forces, marketing and customer interaction forces, and technology, particularly multimedia convergence.
Economic forces:
One of the most evident benefits of e-commerce is economic efficiency resulting from the reduction in communications costs, low-cost technological infrastructure, speedier and more economic electronic transactions with suppliers, lower global information sharing and advertising costs, and cheaper customer service alternatives. Economic integration is either external or internal. External integration refers to the electronic networking of corporations, suppliers, customers/clients, and independent contractors into one community communicating in a virtual environment (with the Internet as medium). Internal integration, on the other hand, is the networking of the various departments within a corporation, and of business operations and processes. This allows critical business information to be stored in a digital form that can be retrieved instantly and transmitted electronically. Internal integration is best exemplified by corporate intranets. Among the companies with efficient corporate intranets are Procter and Gamble, IBM, Nestle and Intel.
SESAMi.NET is Asias largest B2B e-hub, a virtual exchange integrating and connecting businesses (small, medium or large) to trading partners, e-marketplaces and internal enterprise systems for the purpose of sourcing out supplies, buying and selling goods and services online in real time. The e-hub serves as the center for management of content and the processing of business transactions with support services such as financial clearance and information services. It is strategically and dynamically linked to the Global Trading Web (GTW), the worlds largest network of trading communities on the Internet. Because of this very important link, SESAMi reaches an extensive network of regional, vertical and industry-specific interoperable B2B e-markets across the globe.
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Market forces:
Corporations are encouraged to use e-commerce in marketing and promotion to capture international markets, both big and small. The Internet is likewise used as a medium for enhanced customer service and support. It is a lot easier for companies to provide their target consumers with more detailed product and service information using the Internet. Brazils Submarino is a classic example of successful use of the Internet for improved customer service and support. From being a local Sao Paulo B2C e-commerce company selling books, CDs, video cassettes, DVDs, toys, electronic and computer products in Brazil, it expanded to become the largest company of its kind in Argentina, Mexico, Spain and Portugal. Close to a third of the 1.4 million Internet users in Brazil have made purchases through this site. To enhance customer service, Submarino has diversified into offering logistical and technological infrastructure to other retailers, which includes experience and expertise in credit analysis, tracking orders and product comparison systems.
Technology forces:
The development of ICT is a key factor in the growth of ecommerce. For instance, technological advances in digitizing content, compression and the promotion of open systems technology have paved the way for the convergence of communication services into one single platform. This in turn has made communication more efficient, faster, easier, and more economical as the need to set up separate networks for telephone services, television broadcast, cable television, and Internet access is eliminated. From the standpoint of firms/businesses and consumers, having only one information provider means lower communications costs. Moreover, the principle of universal access can be made more achievable with convergence. At present the high costs of installing landlines in sparsely populated rural areas is a disincentive to telecommunications companies to install telephones in these areas. Installing landlines in rural areas can become more attractive to the private sector if revenues from these landlines are not limited to local and long distance telephone charges, but also include cable TV and Internet charges. This development will ensure affordable access to information even by those in rural areas and will spare the government the trouble and cost of installing expensive landlines.
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E-COMMERCE IN PAKISTAN
Overview of e-commerce in Pakistan

FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT
When the government started an information-technology (IT) and e-commerce initiative in early 2000, the banks were expected to lead the way into e-commerce. However, although the banking sector is the leading spender on information communications technology, the most progress in ecommerce has been in e-government. Some business-to-business (B2B) portals are available, but they are designed more for information than transactions. Half of the countrys 7,000 commercial-bank branches, including 90% of the branches in urban areas, had been computerized by August 2006. Many banks and exchange companies offer online funds transfers from overseas, such as for workers remittances. A few of banks offer mobile-phone banking, where customers can pay utility bills using their mobile phones. The National Institutional Facilitation Technologies (NIFT), an automated check-clearing house, was operating in 14 cities in August 2006, and it processed 60m checks per year in 2005/06. NIFT is a publicprivate company owned 51% by banks. Internet merchant accounts (used for processing financial transactions of Internet vendors) were permitted by the State Bank of Pakistan (the central bank) in February 2001. However, inadequate infrastructure and security concerns remain, and in mid-2006 only Citibank (US) offered these accounts, which were used by airlines, mobile companies, Internet service providers and merchants. The transactions that do occur use international credit cards, which are processed outside Pakistan. Users of Internet merchant accounts undertaking transactions outside Pakistan need to submit electronic forms for transactions valued at US$500 or more to their banks, which must then submit the same in consolidated form on a monthly basis to the central bank. In December 2005 the Central Board of Revenue, the tax authority, started allowing electronic filing of sales tax and federal excise returns by registered private and public companies. At that time, it said that it expected about 1,500 large taxpayers out of 22,000 to use the facility. Government efforts to promote the IT sector include the establishment of the Information Technology and Telecommunications Division in July 2000, various incentives, and the commitment of resources for education and infrastructure building. The Ministry of Science and Technology launched the National Information Technology Policy in August 2000. It was developed by a team that included working groups on the following: human-resource development; IT in government and databases; IT market development and support; IT fiscal issues; telecoms, convergence and deregulation; cyber law, legislation and intellectual-property rights; IT research and development; Internet development; software export; e-commerce; and incentives for IT investment.
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Total spending (by the government and private sector) on information, communications and technology in Pakistan was US$10bn during 2005/06. Various e-commerce projects and initiatives were underway in the public and private sectors in August 2006. The government said in May 2004 that it has planned new IT and e-commerce projects worth well over PRs4.5bn up to 2007, and by then it aims to produce 100,000 graduates a year in IT studies from the seven new IT universities it has already set up. Pakistan is part of the 15-member Asia Pacific Council for the Facilitation of Procedures and Practices for Administration, Commerce and Transport. The council aims to support the United Nations Centre for the Facilitation of Procedures and Practices for Administration, Commerce and Transport. Pakistan is a member of the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, a non-governmental organization that promotes trade facilitation, electronic business policies and activities in the AsiaPacific region. E-commerce: Growth of e-commerce Pakistan has a number of barriers to electronic commerce, including inadequate infrastructure (insufficient telephone lines and frequent power failures); relatively few Internet users; and lack of security for online transactions. The government is working to overcome these problems and has made some progress. The number of Internet users in Pakistan is growing fast. According to the governments economic survey for 2005/06, there were an estimated 2.1m Internet subscribers and about 10m Internet users in June 2005 (latest figures available), and Internet access had expanded from 29 cities in August 2000 to 2,339 cities and towns by June 2006. Optical-fiber networks were available in 500 cities in June 2006, compared with 53 cities in August 2000. Pakistan had 170 Internet service providers in June 2006. The Sustainable Development Networking Program (SDNP), funded by the UNDP, started providing e-mail services and then Internet connectivity beginning in 1993. This remained the countrys largest network until 1996. The government began allowing private Internet service providers (ISPs) in 1995. PAKNET, a fully owned subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company, the formerly government-owned telecoms firm, began offering ISP services in 1999. PAKNET is Pakistans largest ISP, followed by cyber.net, part of the local LAKSON Group. Other leading ISPs include COMSATS, BRAINNET, FASCOM, Super net, WORLDTEL (an affiliate of WORLDTEL Canada) and NETSOLCONNECT (owned by NETSOL Technologies of the US and the AKHTER group of the UK). Telecoms deregulation has resulted in an increase in the countrys TELEDENSITY, especially in mobile telephony. Landline TELEDENSITY (the number of landline phone connections per 100 persons) was 3.9% in June 2006, compared with 3.6% the previous year; whereas cellular density (the number of cellular connections per 100 persons) was a substantial 21%, up from just 7%, over the same period. These improvements should help spur the use of the Internet and e-commerce. During August 2006 various e-commerce projects and initiatives were underway in the public and private sectors, including electronic-government projects worth US$300m at the federal and provincial level. For example, a five-year, US$30m project funded by World Bank at the State Bank of Pakistan (the central bank) to interlink the countrywide regional office network of the central bank was almost complete. A real-time gross settlements (RTGS) project with backward linkages to commercial banks and the clearing house is scheduled to be completed by end-2006.
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The Pakistan Software Export Board (PSEB) has a number of programs to activate the local information-technology (IT) sector. For example, the Bridge 2002 program seeks to computerize small and medium-sized enterprises and to provide projects to local software companies, with technical and financial assistance from the board. Another program, the GEMS-2002, was launched in August 2002 to incubate small software companies, providing logistics support, infrastructure, and marketing and financial guidance. The PSEB also provides financial subsidies and technical support for various training programs and for securing internationally-recognized quality certifications. Software-technology parks have been established to develop the IT industry in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. But a software-technology park set up in Peshawar in June 2004 was abandoned because of lack of funds and poor infrastructure. Other IT incentives include the following:

IT companies qualify for an income tax exemption on software-export revenues until June 30th 2016. Software exporters may retain 35% of their earnings in foreign-exchange accounts. Computers and related hardware are exempt from customs duties, though the 2006/07 budget subjected them to a 15% sales tax. Depreciation on computer equipment was raised to 30% (from 10%) in the 2001/02 budget. Financing options provided by banks and development finance institutions for IT-sector contracts are acceptable as collateral for the export-finance facility.
E-commerce: Foreign investment Foreign investment of 100% is permitted in the telecommunications sector. About 100 IT and telecoms companies from the United States, Europe and Japan have offices in Pakistan, including Oracle, Cisco Systems, International Business Machines, Microsoft and Intel. Two leading ISPs have foreign connections: Worldtel is an affiliate of Worldtel Canada and NetSolConnect is owned by NetSol Technologies of the US and the Akhter group of the UK. Foreign investors are allowed to invest up to 100% in software companies, and foreign interest in Pakistans technology sector has been increasing. Local entrepreneurs have set up around 100 call centers in recent years in Pakistan; one of the first was a call-centre that Align Technologies (US) set up in 2000. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the World Bank also support projects for information-technology development. E-commerce: Intellectual property There was a flurry of legislative activity concerning protection of intellectual property in 2000/01. The Pakistan Patent Ordinance 2000 was issued in December 2000 and the Trademarks Ordinance 2001 was issued in April 2001, and they can be applied to Internet activity. According to an August 2006 report from the government, the Electronic Data Protection Act 2005, the revised Electronic Crimes Act 2004 and a law relating to electronic payments had been drafted and were ready for legislation, although there is no schedule to present them. The Electronic Data Protection Act would provide protection and safety to foreign data regarding the processing of such data in Pakistan; details for the other two acts were not yet available by August 2006.
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E-commerce: Consumer protection The president passed the Electronic Transactions and Governance Ordinance 2002 in September 2002. It extends the coverage of laws concerned with physical contracts or documents to their electronic forms. E-commerce: Contract law and dispute resolution The Electronic Transactions and Governance Ordinance 2002 extends the coverage of laws concerned with a physical contract or document to its electronic form. It also specifies actions recognized as offences, and it gives guidance on resolving disputes related to electronic contractual obligations and communications. No method of determining the jurisdiction of e-commerce transactions has yet been discussed. E-commerce: Basis of taxation No rules have been established on how to tax e-commerce or determine electronic residence in Pakistan. E-commerce: Classification of e-commerce transactions No classification of e-commerce transactions has been given to assign different tax rates or for any other purpose. E-commerce: Compliance and enforcement issues The president passed the Electronic Transactions and Governance Ordinance in September 2002. It provides for the legal recognition of electronic documents and specifies offences. The ordinance makes it an offence for a person to gain or attempt to gain unauthorized access to any information system with or without intent to acquire the information contained therein, whether or not he/she is aware of the nature or contents of such information. It also makes it an offence for any person to do or attempt to do any act with intent to alter, modify, delete, remove, generate, transmit or store any information through or in any information system, knowing that he/she is not authorized to do any of the foregoing. Both offences are punishable with either a prison term of up to seven years, or a fine up to PRs1m or both.
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RECENT CHANGES IN E COMMERCE

Payment in ecommerce began with a rather stable flow of payment using credit cards. As online payments grew so did options; debit cards and services like PayPal began to consume larger chunks of online transactions. Immediate payments could be made on a worldwide basis and ecommerce flourished in this prosperous online environment. As competition has grown for credit management and transaction options so too has the thinking of credit companies. More than ever credit cards companies see credit as a means to capture a global currency. In fact, statistics indicate that credit or debit cards are now used to make payments (on and offline) more frequently than cash. Credit card companies are seeking innovations that will make their credit options more interesting for their customers. For instance MasterCard is working with Cingular Wireless to test their Pay Pass method of payment by cell phone. The New York subway was among the first to try the new payment method. So what does this have to do with ecommerce? Ultimately it means that as innovations become more pronounced in online transactions you will want to ensure that your shopping cart solution can manage the changes and adjust to the upgrades. I anticipate most of the shopping cart firms will work overtime to adapt. You may see a model of the Smart Card being used for transactions in the future if other technologies don't make it obsolete. Effectively a Smart Card can contain a microprocessor and can house multiple layers of personal data. Some can be recharged like a debit card while other Smart Cards are being used for governmental programs or by health professionals to store personal or health data. At one point it was envisioned that everyone would have a Smart Card, which looks very much like a typical credit card, but as resistance to the idea of so much personal data being available on the card other credit technologies began to be developed. These options may be replacing the Smart Card in both performance and acceptability. Make no mistake credit is an industry that is serious about providing solutions to the transaction requirements of consumers. You can fully expect the current trend of a listening ear by credit card companies to continue as they work to develop better transaction methods that fit the style and expectations of consumers. The same struggle you face in marketing your website and seeking to drive customers to your online store is the struggle credit transaction firms face in meeting a mobile and global demand for better ways to buy your product. 2
Country commerce.com, best management articles.com
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HBL Internet banking overview

HBL internet banking allows customers of Habib Bank the option of managing their finances through their home computer, or anywhere with an internet connection, providing the convenience of 24 hour access from wherever the customer chooses to connect. Recent years have seen dramatic increases in the popularity of online services, which are only set to continue as more and more clients choose to manage their accounts online. HBL Internet banking features Habib Bank customers who choose to manage their accounts through the use of HBL internet banking have a range of features at their disposal, which includes the sorts of features they would ordinarily access by visiting a local branch, but are able to forgo the often tedious waits in line, as well as the restrictions of opening hours and holiday schedules. Most customers using services such as HBL internet banking or equivalent offers from other banking institutions find these sorts of services vastly preferable, as they are able to control their finances on their own terms. HBL internet banking allows customers to:

Check balances in real time Track spending history Access past statements Request new cheques Monitor accounts for suspicious activity Access accounts at any time Transfer funds between accounts Contact customer service And more
XIX
PTCL CUSTOMERS SERVICES ONLINE HELP

PTCL start its new service which is called online help you can get any information about Your Complain so you can easily Get help by PTCL. We are providing most important Feature of Voice Chat Help Line so our Customer Services using Skype id will help our Customers and we will provide support With Chat Discussion. A customer Services Agent is available 1 PM to 1 AM Features of our site.

Online Instant Help information about our product Troubleshooting Complains viruses Removal Games Software PTCL Directory online Bill information
XX
REFERENCES
FOR FURTHER READING
Primers and Reports
BUSINESS SOFTWARE ALLIANCE. 2001. E-COMMERCE AND DEVELOPING MARKETS: TECHNOLOGY, TRADE AND OPPORTUNITY. COWARD, CHRIS. AUGUST 2002. OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPING AN OFFSHORE IT-ENABLED SERVICE INDUSTRY IN ASIA: THE VIEW FROM THE US. A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE CENTER FOR COMMERCE: A POLICY PRIMER. WASHINGTON DC: INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS. Books Articles - WILL THE BANKS CONTROL ONLINE BANKING? BY SANDRA BOSS, DEVIN MCGRANAHAN, AND ASHEET MEHTA, P. 70 - THE FUTURE FOR BRICKS AND MORTAR BY MATTHIAS M. BEKIER, DORLISA K. FLUR, AND SEELAN J. SINGHAM, P. 78 - BANKING ON THE DEVICE BY DAVID MAUDE, RAGHUNATH R, ANUPAN SAHAY, AND PETER SANDS, P.86 - HOW E-TAILING CAN RISE FROM THE ASHES BY JOANNA BARSH, BLAIR CRAWFORD, AND CHRIS GROSSO, P. 98 - M-COMMERCE: AN OPERATORS MANUAL BY NICK BARNETT, STEPHEN HODGES, AND MICHAEL J. WILSHIRE, P. 162 - THE REAL BUSINESS OF B2B BY GLENN RAMSDELL, P. 174 FROM THE MCKINSEY QUARTERLY 2000 (WHAT MERGERS MISS), P. 4
Links
WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.ECOMMERCE-LAND.COM HTTP://WWW.E-ASEANTF.ORG HTTP://WWW.ECWORLD.UTEXAS.EDU HTTP://WWW.INTRACEN.ORG
XXI

E Commerce

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E Commerce

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PROJECT REPORT

E COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES

COMPUTER ORIENTATION AND PACKAGES E-COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES

E-COMMERCE BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

E-COMMERCE GROWTH CHART

Is e-commerce the same as e-business?

E-COMMERCE BUSINESS TYPES

1. Business to Consumer (B2C)

1. Business to Business (B2B)

2. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

3. Peer to Peer (P2P)

WHAT FORCES ARE FUELING E-COMMERCE?

Overview of e-commerce in Pakistan

RECENT CHANGES IN E COMMERCE

Country commerce.com, best management articles.com

HBL Internet banking overview

PTCL CUSTOMERS SERVICES ONLINE HELP

WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.ECOMMERCE-LAND.COM HTTP://WWW.E-ASEANTF.ORG HTTP://WWW.ECWORLD.UTEXAS.EDU HTTP://WWW.INTRACEN.ORG

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