Composites: Part B 51 (2013) 246253

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Composites: Part B
journal h omepage: www. elsevier.com/loc ate/compositesb

Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate)/rice h s! ash hydro"el composites# $$# %emperat re e&&ect o' rice h s! ash o(te'tio'
)ea' de *# C+'dido a, -'to'io .#B# Pereira (, -'dr/ 0# 1a2ardo (, 34"ila 5#P#*# 0icardo c,
a

) dith P#-# 1eitosa c, 6d7a'i C# 5 'i8 (, 1ra'cisco 9#-# 0odri" es a,(, Coorde'a:;o de < =mica, >'i7ersidade 6stad al ?ale do -cara@, -7# da >'i7ersidade, A50, Camp s da Bet+'ia, 62040-3B0 *o(ral-C6, Bra8il Cepartame'to de < =mica, >'i7ersidade 6stad al de 5ari'"4, -7# Colom(o, 5BD0, AB020-D00 5ari'"4-P0, Bra8il
( c

Cepartame'to de < =mica Er"+'ica e $'or"+'ica, Camp s do Pici, >'i7ersidade 1ederal do Cear4, 60455-B60 1ortale8a-C6, Bra8il

article

i '&o

C# %hermal a'alysis

-rticle history: 0ecei7ed 13 Ecto(er 2012 0ecei7ed i' re7ised &orm 15 1e(r ary 2013 -ccepted 10 5arch 2013 -7aila(le o'li'e 22 5arch 2013 FeyGords: -# PolymermatriH composites (P5Cs) -# *mart materials

a ( s t r a c t * pera(sor(e't hydro"el composites (ased o' poly(acrylamide-coacrylate) a'd rice h s! ash (09-)

Gere prepared (y &ree-radical copolymeri8atio' i' aI eo s media, si'" 3,3-methyle'e(isacrylamide (5B-), as crossli'!er a'd potassi m pers l&ate (F * E ), as i'itiator# %he e&&ect o& calci'atio' tempera- t res (400 D00 JC) &or o(tai'i'" 09- Gas e7al ated# 1%$0, K-L*, *656C* a'd %.- Gere applied to characteri8e a series o& hydro"els Mlled Gith 09-# %he hydro"els composites Gere &ormed Gith co'sta't amo 'ts o& 09- (10 Gt#N) a'd crossli'!i'" a"e't (0#1 mol-N) i' relatio' to the relati7e to the total mass o& acrylamide (--m) a'd potassi m acrylate (F-c) mo'omers (5050 mol-N)# - (la'! sample o& poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) hydro"el Githo t 09- Gas sed as co'trol# - s pera(sor(e't hydro"el composite, Gith a maHim m a(sorptio' K O 1000 " /" , Gas o(tai'ed Gith the 09- calci'ed at D00 JC# $' additio', the hydro"el composite shoGed to (e se'siti7e to the p9 7ariatio' a'd to the pres- e'ce o& salts i' the sGelli'" media# 1rom the res lts, it is possi(le to i'&er that the poly(acrylamide-co- acrylate)/09hydro"el composites prese'ted "ood characteristics to (e applied as soil co'ditio'er &or si'" i' a"ric lt re# P 2013 6lse7ier Qtd# -ll ri"hts reser7ed#
2 2 A eI Gater a(sor(e't

1# $'trod ctio' *earchi'" &or tech'olo"ies co'sidered ecolo"ically correct has (ecome o& ma2or co'cer' i' rece't years# %his 'eG paradi"m o& eco- 'omic de7elopme't is directed to pro7ide a' impro7eme't i' Gel- &are o& & rther "e'eratio's, i'corporati'" i' their co'ceptio' the 'eedi'" o& 'eG prod ctio' methodolo"ies a(le to red ce the poll tio' a'd the e'7iro'me'tal impact# %he lar"e amo 'ts o& materials that prese't loG de"radatio' rate at am(ie't co'ditio's ha7e ca sed se7ere e'7iro'me'tal, eco'omic, social a'd 2 ridical iss es#

%he rice h s! ash (09-) is a' a"roi'd strial resid e res lti'" &rom the thermochemical co'7ersio' o& rice h s!, a'd as a Gaste, the ma2ority o& 09"e'erated is discarded, ca si'" poll tio'# %he physical a'd chemical properties o& 09- are determi'ed accordi'" to the methodolo"y applied to its prod ctio' (pyrolysis, "asiMcatio' a'd/or com( stio', &or i'sta'ce) a'd (y some 7aria(les, s ch as, type o& eI ipme't employed, ( r'i'" temperat re a'd time# 0e"ardless the process o& ( r'i'", the res lta't ash has silica co'Correspo'di'" a thor at: Coorde'a:;o de < =mica, >'i7ersidade 6stad al ?ale do -cara@,

-7# da >'i7ersidade, A50, Camp s da Bet+'ia, 62040-3B0 *o(ral-C6, Bra8il# %el#/&aH: R55 A5 3611 6342# 6-mail address: almeidaSI imicaTyahoo#com#(r (1#9#-# 0odri" es)#

te't aro 'd B4DBN U13V# E' the other ha'd, temperat re achie7ed d ri'" calci'atio' is the determi'i'" &actor &or the appeara'ce o& silica i' amorpho s or crystalli'e states U4,5V# *e7eral researchers ha7e tili8ed 09- to prepare 8eolites a'd mesoporo s materials U6,BV, as a' adsor(e't &or metal io's s ch as Cd2R, W'2R a'd 3i2R UA,DV, a'd hea7y metal s ch as lead a'd mer- c ry &rom aI eo s sol tio' U10V, as s (stit te &or ceme't U11V, as alter'ati7e so rce &or acti7e silica prod ctio' U12,13V, as Mllers &or 'at ral a'd sy'thetic r ((ers U1416V a'd &or acrylamideacry- late copolymer hydro"els U1BV# *ome or"a'ic matters, s ch as Co'- "o red a'd 7ac m p mp oil U1AV, palmytic acid U1DV, $'di"o Carmi'e dye U20V, Brillia't .ree' dye U21V, 5ethyle'e Bl e dye U22V, ca' also (e a(sor(ed (y 09-# * pera(sor(e't hydro"els are i'sol (le i' Gater a'd ca' a(sor( a'd retai' lar"e amo 'ts o& aI eo s M ids e7e' 'der press re# %here&ore, s pera(sor(e'ts ha7e "reat ad7a'ta"es o7er traditio'al Gater-a(sor(i'" materials# C e to their eHcelle't properties, s pera(sor(e't hydro"els ha7e raised co'sidera(le i'terest a'd they ha7e (ee' Gidely sed i' se7eral Melds, s ch as, hy"ie'ic prod cts, hortic lt re, "elact ators, dr " deli7ery systems, as Gell as Gater (loc!i'" tapes a'd coal deGateri'" U23 2DV# Based o' a(o7e descriptio', this paper is a seco'd o& a series o& papers i' Ghich s pera(sor(e't hydro"els composites (ased o'

135D-A36A/X - see &ro't matter P 2013 6lse7ier Qtd# -ll ri"hts reser7ed#

http://dH#doi#or"/10#1016/2#co mposites(#2013#03#02B

)d*# C+'dido et al# / Composites: Part B 51 (2013) 246253

5 poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) Mlled Gith 09- Gere &ormed# %he s pera(sor(e't hydro"els composites Gere characteri8ed (y 1o - rier tra's&orm i'&rared spectroscopy (1%$0), L-ray di&&ractio' (L0C), *ca''i'" electro' microscopy co pled to e'er"y dispersi7e spectroscopy L-ray (*656C*) a'd %hermo"ra7imetry (%.-)# $' this paper the &oc s is o' the temperat re e&&ect o& 09o(te'tio' as Gell as o' the sGelli'"dryi'" capa(ilities o& hydro"els# 2# 6Hperime' tal 2#1# 5aterials -crylamide (--m), acrylic acid (--c), 3,3,30 ,30 -tetramethyl- ethyle'ediami'e (%656C), as catalyst, a'd potassi m pers l&ate (F2*2EA), as i'itiator, Gere p rchased &rom *i"ma -ldrich (>*-)# 3,30 -methyle'o(isacrylamide (5B-), as crossli'!er, Gas o(tai'ed &rom Pharmacia Biotech (>*-)# %he acrylate salt (F-c) Gas o(- tai'ed (y the 'e trali8atio' o& acrylic acid Gith potassi m hydroH ide# %he sed rice h s! ori"i'ates &rom 5 cam(o/C6, Bra8il# -shes Gere prod ced thro "h calci'atio' i' a m &Me & r'ace at temper- at res ra'"i'" &rom 400 to D00 JC# %he ashes, la(eled as 09-% (Ghere % is the temperat re applied d ri'" calci'atio'), Gere pre- 7io sly "ro 'd, a'd sie7ed thro "h a 325 mesh (644 lm) sie7e prior si'" i' hydro"el &ormatio'# -ll reacta'ts Gere o& a'alytical "rade a'd Gere sed Githo t & rther p riMcatio'# 2#2# Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) hydro"el &ormatio' 2#1 " o& --m a'd 3#25 " o& F-c Gere added to 30 mQ o& distilled Gater, ( ((led Gith 'itro"e' "as (to red ce the i'hi(iti'" e&&ect o& the oHy"e' i' the radical polymeri8atio')# -&ter 10 mi', 16#2 m" o& F2*2EA Gere added# %h s, 5B- (0#05, 0#1 a'd 0#2 mol-N related to the amo 't o& mo'omers) a'd 100 Q o& %656C sol tio' 0#5B " Q-1 Gere also added# %he system Gas mai'tai'ed 'der stirri'" a'd MoGi'" 'itro"e' 'til the hydro"el &ormatio' ( p to 30 mi'), a&ter it Gas le&t to rest &or & rther 15 h at room temperat re# %he as-o(-

)d*# C+'dido et al# / Composites: Part B 51 (2013) 246253

6 6
)d*# C+'dido et al# / Composites: Part B 51 (2013) 246253

2#4#3# *ca''i'" electro' microscopy co pled to e'er"y dispersi7e spectroscopy L-ray (*656C*) %he morpholo"y o& the hydro"els (Gith a'd Githo t 09-) Gas a'aly8ed thro "h sca''i'" electro' microscopy co pled to 6'er"y Cispersi7e L-ray *pectroscopy (*656C*/*himad8 , model ** 550) operati'" at 10 !e?# %he hydro"els Gere immersed i' distilled Gater at room temperat re 'til the eI ili(ri m sGelli'" has (ee' reached (approHimately 24 h)# 3eHt, the samples Gere remo7ed a'd immediately &ro8e' (y immersio' i' liI id 'itro"e'# %herea&- ter, the &ro8e' hydro"els Gere &ract red a'd &ree8e-dried (Christ, -lpha 12 QC Pl s) at -55 JC &or 24 h# %he', the hydro"els Gere "old-coated (y sp tteri'" (e&ore o(ser7atio' (y *656C*# 2#4#4# %hermo"ra7imetry (%.-) %.- Gas per&ormed i' a *im lta'eo s %hermal -'alysis *ys- tem, 3et8sch (5odel *%- 40D P./4/. Q HH) Gith a sca''i'" rate o& 10 JC mi'-1 'der MoGi'" 32(") at 20 mQ mi'-1 i' a temperat re ra'"e &rom 22 to 1000 JC# tai'ed material Gas c t i' small pieces a'd Gashed i' distilled Gater to remo7e 'o'reacted mo'omers# %he hydro"els Gere o7e'-dried at B0 JC# %he si8e distri( tio' o& particles spreads &rom D to 24 mesh (20#B1 mm)# %he poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) hydro"el Gas la(eled as P-5-C0ZQ# 2#3# Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate)/09hydro"el composite &ormatio' %he poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate)/09hydro"el composites Gere sy'thesi8ed as descri(ed to the same methodolo"y applied to &orm the P-5-C0ZQ hydro"el# 9oGe7er,

2#5# *t dy o& physical properties 2#5#1# *Gelli'" eHperime'ts $'itially, the sGelli'" tests Gere employed to determi'e Gater pta!e capacity o& the materials# $' this Gay, 15 m" o& dried "els Gere placed i' 30 mQ Mlter cr ci(les (porosity 'o# 0) pre-moist- e'ed a'd Gith a dried o ter Gall# %his set Gas i'serted i' Gater i' s ch a Gay that the "el Gas completely s (mer"ed# %he cr ci(le/hydro"el composite sample sets Gere remo7ed at 7ario s time i'ter7als, Gith the eHter'al Gall o& the set dried a'd the system Gei"hed# 1or each sample, 3 assays Gere per&ormed (' Y 3)# %he sGelli'" capacity o& the hydro"el composites Gas determi'ed (y 6I# (1), Ghere KeI is the "ai'ed Gater mass (i' "rams) per "ram o& composite hydro"el (a(sor(e't), m is the mass o& the sGolle' a(sor(e't a'd m0 is the mass o& the dry material U1B,30V# %he !i'etics o& sGelli'" i' each st died medi m Gas e7alated# %he si8e distri( tio' o& the hydro"el composites remai'ed i' the D24 mesh ra'"e#
K

m m0 !- 1

"1#

eI

the mo'omers Gere dissol7ed i' a dispersio' o& 09- o(tai'ed at di&&ere't calci'atio's temperat re (10 Gt#N related to the total amo 't o& mo'omers)# %he hydro"el composites Gere la(eled as 09-.400, 09-.500, 09-.600, 09-.B00, 09-.A00 a'd 09-.D00 (Ghere the ' m(er s (- script is re&ere't to the temperat re o& rice h s! calci'atio')# 2#4# Characteri8atio'

)d*# C+'dido et al# / Composites: Part B 51 (2013) 246253

B 2#4#1# 1o rier tra's&ormed i'&rared spectroscopy (1%$0) %he 1%$0 spectra Gere o(tai'ed si'" *himad8 1%$0-A300 eI ipme't# %he dried material Gas (le'ded Gith FBr poGder a'd pressed i'to ta(lets (e&ore spectr m acI isitio'# 2#4#2# Kide a'"le L-ray scatteri'" (K-L*) %he K-L* proMles o& 09- a'd hydro"els Gere o(tai'ed thro "h a poGder di&&ractometer *himad8 model L0C 6000[ Gith C Fa radiatio' so rce at 30 !? a'd 20 m-# 2#5#2# %he e&&ect o& the io'ic stre'"th a'd type o& metal io's o' the salt %he hydro"els Gere immersed i' disti'ct salt aI eo s sol tio's at di&&ere't co'ce'tratio's (0#001, 0#01, 0#05 a'd 0#10 5) a'd the sGelli'" capa(ilities o& "els Gere determi'ed thro "h the pre7i- o sly descri(ed proced res U1B,30V# 3aCl a'd 3a9CE3 sol tio's Gere sed &or st dyi'" the a'io' e&&ect Ghile 3aCl a'd CaCl2 sol - tio's Gere sed &or e7al ati'" the catio' e&&ect o' sGelli'" properties# 2#5#3# 67al atio' o& p9 e&&ect o' sGelli'" capa(ility o& "els %he e&&ect o& the p9 o' the sGelli'" Gas also 7eriMed i' ( &&er sol tio's (p9s 212)# %he proced res Gere the same as descri(ed a(o7e# %he io'ic stre'"th o& the ( &&er sol tio's Gas !ept co'sta't ($ Y 0#1 5)# 3# 0es lts a'd disc ssio' 3#1# 1%$0 a'd K-L* tech'iI es %he 1%$0 spectra o& 09- o(tai'ed at di&&ere't temperat res are shoG' i' 1i"# 1a# %he (a'ds assi"'ed to the mai' 7i(ratio'al modes o& *i$E$*i (o'ds at 1100 cm-1 a'd A00 cm-1 a'd 4B1 cm-1 ap- pear i' the spectra i'depe'de't o' temperat re sed &or calci'a- tio'# %hese (a'ds are attri( ted to the asymmetric a'd symmetric stretchi'" a'd a'" lar de&ormatio', respecti7ely U31

33V# %he (road (a'd at 354A cm-1 is assi"'ed to the 7ici'al sila'ol Gith hydro"e'-(o'ded Gater# %he i'te'sity o& (a'd at 621 cm-1 ca' (e o(ser7ed o' spectra o(tai'ed &or 09- calci'ed at % P B00 JC a'd i'te'siMes as the temperat re sed &or calci'atio's is i'creased# %his (a'd is characteristic o& crystalli'e cristo(alita U34,35V# %he 1%$0 spectra o& hydro"els &ormed si'" the ash o(- tai'ed at di&&ere't temperat res are shoG' i' 1i"# 1(# %hese spectra shoG the appeara'ce o& the (a'ds at 1100, A00 a'd 4B1 cm-1, as- si"'ed to *iE2 a'd *i$E$*i (o'ds U3133V# 1 rthermore, a Gea! (a'd at 621 cm-1 ca' (e o(ser7ed o' 1%$0 spectra o& hydro"el o(tai'ed si'" ashes ( r't at % P B00 JC# %h s, the prese'ce o& crys- talli'e cristo(alita U6,34V i' hydro"el ca' (e assi"'ed# $' additio', the (a'ds at 16B0 cm-1 a'd at 1564 cm-1, related to the C%E stretchi'" a'd to the 3$E stretchi'", respecti7ely, d e to the &ormatio' o& copolymers# %hese res lts i'dicate that copolymers a'd 09compo'e't coeHisted i' s pera(sor(e't hydro"els composites# %he K-L* patter's o& 09- calci'ed at di&&ere't temperat res &or 2 h a'd cooled to room temperat re (Githi' the m &Me &or 24 h) are shoG' i' 1i"# 1c# * ch proMles pro7ide i'&ormatio' rela- ti7e to the mai' mi'eral co'stit i't a'd str ct ral parameters o& 09-# $t ca' (e 'oticed &rom K-L* proMles that 09- calci'ed at di&&ere't temperat res prese'ted di&&ere't str ct res corro(orati'" the 1%$0 data# %he ashes o(tai'ed at % \ B00 JC shoGed 'o deM 'ed di&&ractio' pea!s, ( t rather a' amorpho s halo that appears at ca# 2h Y 22J, Ghich i'dicates the a(se'ce o& crystalli'e domai's, (ei'"

predomi'a't the 'o'-crystalli'e &orm o& silica U13,35,36V# E' the other ha'd, 09o(tai'ed at D00 JC shoGed pea!s o& cristo(alite, i'dicati'" that the material is predomi'a'tly crystalli'e U6,34,3BV# %here&ore, is possi(le to i'&er that Ghe' the rice h s! is calci'ed at hi"h temperat res the res lti'" 09- prese'ts crys- talli'e str ct re# %he characteristics o& amorpho s a'd crystalli'e silica &rom 09- calci'ed i' di&&ere't temperat re are mai'tai'ed i' the hydro"el composites (1i"# 1d) ( t the di&&ractio' pea! assi"'ed to the crystalli'e portio' is e'lar"ed d e to the prese'ce o& copoly- mer# %he K-L* patter's a'd 1%$0 data e7ide'ce the &ormatio' o& the hydro"el composite a'd s ""est the prese'ce o& 09i'to the polymer matriH, as s!etched i' 1i"# 2# 3#2# *65 co pled to e'er"y dispersi7e L-ray scatteri'" (*656C*) 1i"# 3 shoGs the *65 micro"raphs o& &ree8e-dried hydro"el Mlled Gith rice h s! ashes (09-400, 09-600 a'd 09-D00) a&ter (ei'" sGelled at eI ili(ri m# -ll samples eHhi(it poro s str ct re characteristic o& hydro"els, hoGe7er cha'"es i' str ct re o& material d e to di&&ere't types o& ash (crystalli'e or 'ot) ca' (e e7ide'ced# 1or i'sta'ce, the micro"raph o& 09-.400 hydro"el shoGs homo"e'eo s poro s distri( tio', ( t a7era"e si8e smaller tha' those o& 09-.D00, Ghile 09-.600 is i' a' i'termediate co'ditio'# %his phe'ome'o' co ld (e respo'si(le &or the di&&ere'ce i' the s pera(sor(e't prop- erties amo'" 09-.D00, 09-.600 a'd 09-.400 composites# 6C* tech-

1i"# 1# (a) 1%$0 spectra o& the 09- calci'ed i' di&&ere't temperat res[ (() 1%$0 spectra o& the hydro"els composites[ (c) K-L* patter's o& the 09- calci'ed i' di&&ere't temperat res a'd (d) K-L* patter's o& the hydro"els composite#

1i"# 2# Proposed model &or the str ct re o& hydro"el composite 'etGor! (particle si8e 644 lm)# a'd amide side-"ro ps o& the copolymers, 'iI e Gas tili8ed to e7al ate the Mller a'd also 5B- moieties i' the 'etGor!, dispersio' i'to polymer matriHa'd the leadi'" to the e7ol tio' o& ammo'ia a'd possi(le eHiste'ce o& silicate particles other "ases U3A,3DV# C ri'" this period, the di&& sio' o t- Gard the hydro"el# *i"'al o'sets o& the P-5-C0ZQ a'd hydro"els relati7e o& silico' (&rom ashes) Gere e7icomposites Mlled Gith 09-400, 09-600 a'd de'ced o' ima"es "e'erated (y 6C* 09-D00 are similar a'd sta(ility i'creases mappi'" tech'iI e, i'dicati'" the Gith i'creas- i'" temperat re i' Ghich the homo"e'eo s dispersio' o& *i i' Ghole ashes Gere o(tai'ed, 3D1 JC (33#5N), matriH# 3A6 JC (31#4N), 3D5 JC (33#4N) a'd 405 JC (33#3N), respecti7ely# %he third sta"e Gas 3#3# %hermal attri( ted to the (rea!a"e o& copolymer sta(ility chai's, i' Ghich it Gas o(ser7ed a %.- a'd C%. c r7es o& P-5-C0ZQ a'd displaceme't &or hi"her temperat res# $t ca' hydro"els composites (09-.400, 09-.600 a'd (e co'cl ded &rom %.- data that the temperat re i' Ghich the 09- Gas calci'ed 09-.D00) Mlled Gith 10 Gt#N o& 09- cal- ci'ed has a' i'M e'ce o' thermal sta(ility o& corat di&&ere't temperat res are shoG' a'd respo'di'" s pera(sor(e't composites# compared i' 1i"# 4# %he decompositio' c r7e %he hydro"el 09-D00 co ld e'ha'ce the o& P-5-C0ZQ a'd hydro"el com- posites thermal sta(ility to the hi"hest de"ree co ld (e di7ided i'to three steps# %he Mrst amo'" the hydro"el samples i'7esti"ated# sta"e is i' the ra'"e o& 50200 JC d e to a %he properties o& 09- i' the s pera(sor(e't loss o& moist re prese't i' the sam- ples# composite polymeric 'etGor! may (e the 1olloGi'", the Gei"ht losses Githi' the mai' temperat re o& reaso's &or the di&&ere'ce i' %.- res lt o& this system# 300450 JC, Ghich are attri( ted to the thermal decompositio' o& the car(oHylate

co'stit e't chai's o& the matriH# *Gelli'" is primarily d e to the pe'etratio' o& Gater i'to the hydrophilic polymer matriH (y capil- larity a'd di&& sio'# E' the other ha'd, the sGelli'" rate o& a s per- a(sor(e't is si"'iMca'tly i'M e'ced (y sGelli'" capacity, si8e distri( tio' o& poGder particles, speciMc s r&ace area, a'd appare't de'sity o& polymer# 1i"# 5a shoGs the !i'etics o& sGelli'" i' distilled Gater o& 09-.400, 09-.600 a'd 09-.D00 composites a'd P-5-C0ZQ# %he o(ser7ed tre'ds i' the sGelli'" !i'etics o& &o r di&&ere't samples are 7ery similar# %he de"ree o& sGelli'" i'creased I ic!ly d ri'" the Mrst 20 mi' o& immersio' &or all samples a'd ca# D0N o& the sGelli'" eI ili(ri m 7al e Gas reached i' this time ra'"e# %he', a sloGer sGelli'" process too! place p to the eI ili(ri m (KeI), aro 'd 30 mi'# %he KeI 7al es a'd the speed &or reach the eI ili(- ri m depe'd o' the "el &orm latio' (see the i'sertio' o' 1i"# 5a)# %he prese'ce 3#4# Fi'etics o& sGelli'" %he sGelli'" process o& a hydro"el is co'trolled (y chemical a'd physical &orces as Gell as (y the co'seI e't elastic respo'se o& the

o& 09- "reatly impro7ed the Gater a(sor(e'cy at eI ili(ri m# Besides, 09-.D00 composites too! lo'"est time to reach eI ili(ri m# %he P-5-C0ZQ hydro"el prese'ted Gater a(sorptio' capacity at eI ili(ri m (KeI) o& 645 "Gater/"a(sor(e't Ghile 09-.400, 09-.600 a'd 09-.D00 composites prese'ted hi"h- er Gater a(sorptio' capa(ilities o& BA1, A02 a'd 10BB "Gater/"a(sro, respecti7ely# (e't 1or e7al ati'" the mecha'ism o& the sGelli'" process a'd the temperat re e&&ect o& 09- o(te'tio' o' sGelli'" !i'etics o& the s pera(sor(e't hydro"els composites, the seco'd order sGelli'" !i'etics model U40,41V Gas adopted to test the eHperime'tal data# %he seco'd order sGelli'" !i'etic model ca' (e eHpressed as &olloGs: t K "2# Ghe re
- 1 s G2 ! t

&

Bt

"3# "4#

a'd G B
1

1i"# 3# *65 a'd 6C* di&&racto"rams o& (a) 09-. , (() 09-. , a'd (c) 09-. hydro"els composites#
400 600 D00

%he - parameter correspo'ds to a' i'itial sGelli'" rate U(dK/dt)0V o& the hydro"el, !s is the co'sta't rate &or sGelli'", Kt is a theoretical sGelli'" 7al e at eI ili(ri m# Kt a'd !s Gere calc lated (y Mtti'" eHperime'tal data shoG' i' 1i"# 5( to 6Is# (2)(4) a'd the res lts are

"i7e' i' %a(le 1# 1or all the strai"ht li'es, the correlatio' coe&Mcie'ts (02) Gere hi"her tha' 0#DDD, i'dicati'" that the sGelli'" processes o& the s pera(sor(e'ts o(ey the model tili8ed &or predict the sGelli'"# %he sGelli'" rate co'sta't (!s) &or 09-.D00 Gas smaller tha' that o& P-5-C0ZQ#

-ltho "h the i'trod ctio' o& 09-D00 P-5-

i'to

-C0ZQ 'etGor! "reatly impro7ed the eI ili(ri m Gater a(sor- (e'cy, the 'ecessary time to reach the eI ili(ri m Gas hi"her leadi'" to a sloGer sGelli'" rate# %he relatio'ship (etGee' Gater pta!e capa(ility a'd the temperat re applied &or o(tai'i'" the 09- is shoG' i' 1i"# 6# -ccordi'" to the sGelli'" assays it is 7eriM ed the 09-.D00 pre- se'ted hi"hest Gater pta!e (eca se 09-D00 has 7irt ally 'o resid e# 09-D00 shoGed hi"h crystalli'ity de"ree a'd the pre&era(le i'tra-i'teractio's amo'" its sila'ol "ro ps set &ree 'eG sites o' the hydro"el matriH that co ld i'teract to Gater i'creasi'" their Gater pta!e capacity#

1i"# 4# (a) %.- a'd (() C%. c r7es o& P-5-C0ZQ a'd hydro"els composites (09-. , 09-. a'd 09-. ) Mlled Gith 10 Gt#N o& 09-#
400 600 D00

1i"# 5# (a) Ce"ree o& sGelli'" a'd (() plot o& t/K 7ers s t as a & 'ctio' o& immersio' time# %a(le 1 6&&ect o& temperat re o& o(tai'i'" the 09sGelli'" !i'etics o& hydro"els composites &ormed# ! t t eI 9ydro"el K K
d s a ( c eI

P-5-C0ZQ 09-.400 09-.500 09-.600 09-.B00 09-.A00 09-.D00

a

645 ] 21 BA1 ] 2B BB3 ] 25 A02 ] 1D D3D ] 24 1031 ] 26 10BB ] 32

64D BD1 BAD A00 D52 1056 1124

24 12 13 10 24 2D 35

]3 ]2 ]4 ]1 ]4 ]5 ]4

6#54 4 1#15 3 1#D1 3 1#42 3 2#4D 4 1#1D 4 B#40

5

' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10-

6Hperime'tal eI ili(ri m sGelli'" (" /" )# %heoretical eI ili(ri m sGelli'" (" /" )# 6I ili(ri m time (mi')#
Gater a(sor(e't Gater a(sor(e't

*Gelli'" rate co'sta't U("

a(sor(e't

/"

Gater

)/mi'V#

3#4#1# 6&&ect o& salt sol tio' o' Gater a(sor(e'cy $t has (ee' co'Mrmed, thro "h theoretical a'd eHperime'tal co'sideratio's, that the prese'ce o& io's has "reat e&&ect o' the hydro"els sGelli'" (eha7ior U4244V# $' this Gor!, the i'M e'ce o& io's i' the sGelli'" capa(ility o& hydro"els Gas tested (y the additio' o& 3aCl (0#0010#1 5) or 3a9CE3 (0#1 5) or CaCl2 (0#1 5) i' the hydro"el-s rro 'di'" sol tio'#

1i"# 6# 6&&ect o& temperat re &or o(tai'i'" the 09- i' the maHim m sGelli'" 7al e (K ) o& hydro"els composites#
eI

%a(le 2 prese'ts the data collected i' sGelli'" meas reme'ts &or the hydro"els i' 3aCl sol tio'# %he se'siti7ity o& hydro"el to

%a(le 2 K (" /"

eI Gater

a(sor(e't

) as & 'ctio' o& the io'ic &orce &or the hydro"els# E eI

3aCl (0#001 5) K 445 45D 63A 361

9ydro"el

92 K

09-.400 09-.600 09-.D00 P-5-C0ZQ

BA1 ] 2B A02 ] 1D 10BB ] 32 645 ] 21

eI
]6 ]4 ]B ]4

& 0 # 0 # 0 # 0 #

3aCl (0#01 5) K 24D 253 345 1D5

eI
]3 ]2 ]4 ]2

& 0 # 0 # 0 # 0 #

3aCl (0#05 5) K 11A ] 2 123 ] 2 16D ] 3 A5 ] 1

eI

& 0 # 0 # 0 # 0 #

3aCl (0#1 5) K A4 ] 1 AB ] 1 114 ] 2 63 ] 1

eI

& 0#A D 0#A D 0#A D 0#D 1

prese'ce o& salts ca' (e related (y the dime'sio'less &actor & de- M 'ed as U45V:

&1 -

sali'e K K Gater

"5# s pera(sor(e't composites U4AV# 3#4#2# 6I ili(ri m sGelli'" i' ( &&er sol tio's at 7ario s p9 %he sGelli'" (eha7ior o& P-5-C0ZQ a'd composites (09-.400, 09-.600 a'd 09-.D00) at se7eral p9 co'ditio's Gas o(ser7ed Gith the se o& ( &&er sol tio's at p9s 212 at co'sta't io'ic stre'"th (1i"# B)# -' i'crease i' KeI 7al e Gas o(ser7ed as the p9 o& the eHter'al sol tio' is i'creased U4DV# $' acidic medi m, the car(oHyl- ate a'io's are proto'ated a'd the a'io'a'io' rep lsi7e &orces 7a'ishes[ this leads to a mi'im m sGelli'" o& the hydro"el# -s sGelled i' ( &&er Gith hi"her p9 7al es, the car(oHylate "ro ps o& hydro"els composites (ecome io'i8ed a'd the electrostatic rep lsio' (etGee' $CEE- "ro ps ca ses eHpa'sio' o& matriH a'd, co'seI e'tly, i'creases KeI U50V# -t p9 O 4 the hydro"el sGells m ch more d e to the rep lsio' o& $CEE"ro ps, Ghile at p9 2 the hydro"el 'etGor! &ast col- lapses d e to the shieldi'" e&&ect &rom eHcess o& catio's# %he hydro- "el 'a'ocomposites (ased o' starch-"-poly(sodi m acrylate) matriH M lled Gith cell lose 'a'oGhis!ers st died (y *pa"'ol
%a(le 3

i' Ghich Ksali'e a'd KGater are, respecti7ely, the sGelli'" capacity i' sali'e sol tio' a'd i' deio'i8ed Gater# -ccordi'" to 6I# (5) the & 7al es ra'"e (etGee' 1 a'd 8ero# -s close the 7al e is o& 'it (1#0) hi"her is the se'siti7ity o& hydro"el to the prese'ce o& salt# %he opposite is 7alid: &or & eI al to 8ero the hydro"el Go ld 'ot pos- sess a'y se'siti7ity to prese'ce o& salt# %he & 7al es (%a(le 2) i'dicate that the hydro"el composites 'de"o sli"htly less i'M e'ce to the prese'ce o& salt tha' P-5-C0ZQ# %he i'crease i' the io'ic stre'"th red ces the di&&ere'ce i' the co'ce'tratio' o& mo7a(le io's (etGee' the polymer matriH a'd the eHter'al sol tio' (osmotic sGelli'" press re) a'd leads to a' immediate co'tractio' o& hydro"el 'etGor!# %he prese'ce o& di7ale't a'd tri7ale't catio's i' sGelli'" sol - tio' drastically red ces the sGelli'" capacity o& the hydro"els# %his is d e to the compleHatio' a(ility o& car(oHymide or car(oHylate "ro ps a'd to the &ormatio' o& i'ter a'd i'tramolec lar compleHes U46,4BV# %he hydro"el composites prese'ted "reater KeI 7al es i' sali'e sol tio' (%a(le 3) as compared to P-5-C0ZQ o'e# 3 5oreo7er, (ased o' KeI 7al es the hydro"el composites Gere 'ot se'si(le to the type (a'd si8e) o& a'io', (eca se the 7al es o& KeI Gere similar &or Cl- a'd 9CEsalt co 'ter io's# -' a'alo"o s o(ser7atio' Gas rece'tly reported &or poly(acrylamideco-acry- late) a'd cell lose 'a'oGhis!ers

1i"# B# p9 e&&ect o' the de"ree o& sGelli'"# et al# U51V prese'ted similar respo'si7e (eha7ior i' relatio' to p9# %his (eha7ior ma!es the hydro"els composites stro'" ca'di- dates to (e tili8ed i' co'trolled release systems# 9ydro"els Gith respo'ses to 7ariatio's o& p9 a'd temperat re ha7e (ee' eHte'- si7ely st died Githi' the re&erred class o& __smart materials`` Ghich ha7e (ee' applied i' GasteGater a'd i'd strial e&M e'ts, co'- trolled dr " release, separatio' mem(ra'es amo'" others U5254V# 4# Co'cl sio 's Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate)/09- hidro"el composites prese't- i'" rele7a't properties e("Gaa(s) as & 'ctio' o& the I ter/"or(type o& a'io' a'd e't catio'#
K

Gere s ccess& lly sy'thesi8ed, as o(ser7ed (y 1%$0 a'd K-L* tech'iI es# 09proceedi'" &rom rice h s! Gas calci'ed i' di&&ere't temperat res &rom 400 to D00 JC# K-L* pat- ter's shoGed that that 09calci'ed at di&&ere't temperat res prese'ted di&&ere't str ct res co'Mrmi'" the 1%$0 data# %he ashes o(tai'ed at % 6 B00 JC shoGed 'o deM'ed di&&ractio' pea!s, i#e#, prese'ts silica Gith certai' crystalli'ity# %his st dy also e7al ated the e&&ect o& crystalli'e or amorpho s 09- o' the Gater pta!e capa(ility o& the hydro"el# %he prese'ce o& 09-D00 o' acrylam- ideacrylate polymeric matriH impro7ed the Gater-a(sorptio' properties o& material, pro7idi'" a' i'crease o& 6BN i' the KeI 7al- es as compared to hydro"el Githo t 09- particles# %he 09- i' crystalli'e &orm i'd ces hi"her Gater pta!e capacity (KeI) o& composites hydro"els d e to the i'tra-i'teractio's amo'" sila'ol "ro ps o' 09- ma!e a7aila(le 'eG sites i' the polymer matriH, Ghich co ld i'teract to Gater# %he hydro"els composite poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) Mlled Gith 09- pro7ed to (e adeI ate &or the se as soil co'ditio'er# %hese prelimi'ary res lts i'dicate that the hydro"els composites ha7e "reat pote'tial &or their tili8atio' i' the a"ro'omic area#

9ydro"el

K 92

E eI

3aCl K

eI

& 0# AD 0# AD 0# AD 0#D1

3a9CE3 K

eI

& 0# AD 0# D0 0# AD 0#AD

Ca K Cl

eI

& 0 # 0 # 0 # 0#DB

-c!'oGled"eme'ts %he a thors Go ld li!e to tha'! the M 'a'cial s pport (y 1>3- C-P (BP$ 02A0106/0A a'd P$Q 13D#01#00/0D), (y C3PI (Proc# 50B30A/2010-B) a'd to CE5C-P->65#

09-.400 09-.600 09-.D00 P-5-C0ZQ

BA1 ] 2B A02 ] 1D ] 10BB 32 645 ] 21

A5 ] 1 ] AB 2 ] 114 3 63 ] 1

A3 ] 2 BD ] 2 ] 11B 2 6D ] 1

26 ] 1 ] 24 1 3A ] 2 1B ] 1

0e&ere'ces U1V Cha'drase!har *, Pramada P3, Pra7ee' Q# 0e7ieG processi'", properties a'd applicatio's o& reacti7e silica &rom rice h s! a' o7er7ieG# ) 5ater *ci 2003[3A:315D6A# U2V *ata ?, )at rapita!! l C, Fiatti!omol F# $'M e'ce o& po88ola' &rom 7ario s (y- prod ct materials o' mecha'ical properties o& hi"h-stre'"th co'crete# Co'str B ild 5ater 200B[21:15ADDA# U3V %a'"chirapat K, B ra'asi'" 0, Chi'daprasirt P# $'M e'ce o& rice h s! (ar! ash o' mecha'ical properties o& co'crete co'tai'i'" hi"h amo 't o& recycled a""re"ates# Co'str B ild 5ater 200A[22:1A12D# U4V Cha'drase!har *, Pramada P3, Pra7ee' Q)# 6&&ect o& or"a'ic acid treatme't o' the properties o& rice h s! silica# 5ater *ci 2005[40:653544# U5V 0o8ai'ee 5, 3"o *P, *alema --, %a' F.# 1l idi8ed (ed com( stio' o& rice h s! to prod ce amorpho s siliceo s ash# 6'er" * st Ce7 200A[12:3342# U6V Prasetyo!o C, 0amli W, 6'd d *, 9amda' 9, * li!oGs!i B# Co'7ersio' o& rice h s! ash to 8eolite (eta# Kaste 5a'a" 2006[26:11B3D# UBV Fordatos F, .a7ela *, 3t8io 'i -, Pistiolas F3, Fyritsi -, 0i"opo lo ?# *y'thesis o& hi"hly siliceo s W*5-5 8eolite si'" silica &rom rice h s! ash# 5icropor 5esopor 5ater 200A[115:1ADD6# UAV *ri7asta7a ?C, 5all $C, 5ishra $5# 0emo7al o& cadmi m ($$) a'd 8i'c ($$) metal io's &rom (i'ary aI eo s sol tio' (y rice h s! ash# Colloid * r& 200A[312:1B2A4# UDV *ri7asta7a ?C, 5all $C, 5ishra $5# Competiti7e adsorptio' o& cadmi m ($$) a'd 'ic!el ($$) metal io's &rom aI eo s sol tio' o'to rice h s! ash# Chem 6'"

Process 200D[4A:3B0D# U10V Whao P, . o L, Whe'" C# 0emo7al o& eleme'tal merc ry (y iodi'e-modiMed rice h s! ash sor(e'ts# ) 6'7iro' *ci 2010[22:1162D36# U11V 3ehdi 5, C I ette ), 6l Camatty -# Per&orma'ce o& rice h s! ash prod ced si'" a 'eG tech'olo"y as a mi'eral admiHt re i' co'crete# Cem Co'cr 0es 2003[33:120310# U12V Qio %9# Preparatio' a'd characteri8atio' o& 'a'o-str ct red silica &rom rice h s!# 5ater *ci 6'" 2004[364:31323# U13V Co'"mi' -, Z pe'" ., Za'chao W, Ka'" -W# - "ree' ro te to preparatio' o& silica poGders Gith rice h s! ash a'd Gaste "as# Chem 6'" ) 2010[162:50D14# U14V *iriGa'de'a *, $smail 9, $sha!ia! >*# - compariso' o& Ghite rice h s! ash a'd silica as Mllers i' ethyle'e propyle'edie'e terpolymer 7 lca'i8ates# Polym $'t 2001[50:B0B13# U15V *ae-E i P, 0a!dee C, %ha'mathor' P# >se o& rice h s! ash as Mller i' 'at ral r ((er 7 lca'i8ates: i' compariso' Gith other commercial Mllers# ) -ppl Polym *ci 2002[A3:24A5D3# U16V *ereda Q, Qope8-.o'84le8 55, ?isco'te QQZ, 3 'es 0C0, 1 rtado C0., 0ia'de 6# $'M e'ce o& silica a'd (lac! rice h s! ash Mllers o' the di&& si7ity a'd sol (ility o& "ases i' silico'e r ((ers# Polymer 2003[44:30A5D3# U1BV C+'dido )*, Qeit;o 0C1, 0icardo 35P*, 1eitosa )P-, 5 'i8 6C, 0odri" es 19-# 9ydro"els composite o& poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) a'd rice h s! ash# $# *y'thesis a'd characteri8atio'# ) -ppl Polym *ci 2012[123:ABDAB# U1AV Cho F*, %sai )C, Qo C%# %he a(sorptio' o& Co'"o red a'd 7ac m p mp oil (y 0ice h s! ash# Bioreso rce %ech'ol 2001[BA:21BD# U1DV -dam 1, Ch a )9# %he adsorptio' o& palmytic acid o' rice h s! ash

chemically modiMed Gith -l($$$) io' si'" the sol"el tech'iI e# ) Colloid $'ter&ace *ci 2004[2A0:5561# U20V 5a'e ?*, 5all $C, *ri7asta7a ?C# Fi'etic a'd eI ili(ri m isotherm st dies &or the adsorpti7e remo7al o& Brillia't .ree' dye &rom aI eo s sol tio' (y rice h s! ash# ) 6'7iro' 5a'a" 200B[A4:3D0400# U21V Qa!shmi >0, *ri7asta7a ?C, 5all $C, Qataye C9# 0ice h s! ash as a' e&&ecti7e adsor(e't: e7al atio' o& adsorpti7e characteristics &or $'di"o Carmi'e dye# ) 6'7iro' 5a'a" 200D[D0:B1020# U22V *harma P, Fa r 0, Bas!ar C, Ch '" K)# 0emo7al o& methyle'e (l e &rom aI eo s Gaste si'" rice h s! a'd rice h s! ash# Cesali'atio' 2010[25D:24D5B# U23V B chhol8 1Q, .raham %# 5oder' * pera(sor(e't Polymer %ech'olo"y, 3eG Zor![ 1DDA# U24V 0a2 F5, 0a2 5P, 5oha' Z5# *y'thesis o& s pera(sor(e't copolymers as Gater ma'a"ea(le materials# Polym $'t 2003[52:B6AB2# U25V 6l-rehim 9--, 9e"a8y 6-, 6l-mohdy 9Q-# 0adiatio' sy'thesis o& hydro"els to e'ha'ce sa'dy soils Gater rete'tio' a'd i'crease pla't per&orma'ce# ) -ppl Polym *ci 2004[D3:1360B1# U26V 0o!hade -P, Patil *-, -mi'a(ha7i %5# *y'thesis a'd characteri8atio' o& semii'terpe'etrati'" polymer 'etGor! microspheres o& acrylamide "ra&ted deHtra' a'd chitosa' &or co'trolled release o& acyclo7ir# Car(ohyd Polym 200B[6B:60513# U2BV Lia Z<, . o %Z, Wha'" B9, Wha'" BQ# 9emo"lo(i' reco"'itio' (y impri'ti'" i' semi-i'terpe'etrati'" polymer 'etGor! hydro"el (ased o' polyacrylamide a'd chitosa'#

Biomacromolec les 2005[6:26016#

U2AV 9ill 0)# 6lectric-Meld-e'ha'ced tra'sport i' polyacrylamide hydro"el 'a'ocomposites# ) Colloid $'ter&ace *ci 200B[316:63544# U2DV Ba2pai -F, .iri -# *Gelli'" dy'amics o& a macromolec lar hydrophilic 'etGor! a'd e7al atio' o& its pote'tial &or co'trolled release o& a"rochemicals# 0eact 1 'ct Polym 2002[53:12541# U30V Wha'" Q, 0a!oto'drada'y 1, 5yles -), 1e''iri 9, Ke(ster %)# -r"i'i'e-"lyci'easpartic acid modiMed rosette 'a'ot (ehydro"el composites &or (o'e tiss e e'"i'eeri'"# Biomaterials 200D[30:130D20# U31V Falapathy >, Proctor -*, *h lt8 )# -' impro7ed method &or prod ctio' o& silica &rom rice h ll ash# Bioreso r %ech'ol 2002[A5:2A5D# U32V Cella ?P, F h' $, 9ot8a C# Characteri8atio' o& rice h s! ash &or se as raG material i' the ma' &act re o& silica re&ractory# < =mic 3o7a 2001[24:BBAA2# U33V 9e"de 3C, 0ao -?# Er"a'ic modiM catio' o& %6E* (ased silica aero"els si'" heHadecyltrimethoHysila'e as a hydropho(ic rea"e't# -ppl * r& *ci 2006[253:1566B2# U34V %a(a! -, -&si' B, Ca"lar B, Fo!sal 6# Characteri8atio' a'd pillari'" o& a % r!ish (e'to'ite (0esadiye)# ) Colloid $'ter&ace *ci 200B[313:511# U35V 3air C., )adadish F*, 1raai2 -# 0eacti7e po88ola'as &rom rice h s! ash: a' alter'ati7e to ceme't &or r ral ho si'"# Cem Co'cr 0es 2006[36:1062B1# U36V .e'ie7a *C, % rma'o7a *C, Cimitro7a -*, ?lae7 Q%# Characteri8atio' o& rice h s!s a'd the prod cts o& its thermal de"radatio' i' air or 'itro"e' atmosphere# ) %herm -'al Calorim 200A[D3:3ABD6# U3BV Frish'arao 0?, * (rahma'yam ), F mar %)# *t dies o' the &ormatio' o& (lac! particles i' rice h s! ash# ) 6 r Ceram *oc 2001[21:DD104#

U3AV Wha'" ), Ka'" -# *t dy o' s pera(sor(e't composites# $L: sy'thesis, characteri8atio' a'd sGelli'" (eha7iors o& polyacrylamide/clay composites (ased o' 7ario s clays# 0eact 1 'ct Polym 200B[6B:B3B45# U3DV * L1, Wha'" ., L F, Ka'" ), *o'" C, Ka'" P# %he e&&ect o& 55%/modiMed 55% o' the str ct re a'd per&orma'ce o& the s pera(sor(e't composite# Polym B ll 200A[60:6DBA# U40V Farada" 6, >8 m EB, *araydi' C# Kater pta!e i' chemically crossli'!ed poly(acrylamide-co-croto'ic acid) hydro"els# 5ater Ces 2005[26:265B0# U41V Qi ), Ka'" K, Ka'" -# *y'thesis, characteri8atio', a'd sGelli'" (eha7iors o& chitosa'-"-poly(acrylic acid)/poly(7i'yl alcohol) semi-$P3 s pera(sor(e't hydro"els# Polym -d7 %ech'ol 200D[22:62B34# U42V 6lliott )6, 5acdo'ald 5, 3ie ), BoGma' C3# *tr ct re a'd sGelli'" o& poly(acrylic acid) hydro"els: e&&ect o& p9, io'ic stre'"th, a'd dil tio' o' the crossli'!ed polymer str ct re# Polymer 2004[45:150310# U43V Wha'" 0, %a'" 5, BoGyer -, 6ise'thal 0, 9 ((le )# - 'o7el p9- a'd io'icstre'"th-se'siti7e car(oHy methyl deHtra' hydro"el# Biomaterials 2005[26:46BBA3# U44V Qi 9<, Whe' 5, K 09# $o'icstre'"tha'd p9-respo'si7e polyUacrylamide- co-(maleic acid)V hydro"el 'a'oM(ers# 5acromol Chem Phys 200B[20A:AB4A0# U45V Po r2a7adi -, *ade"hi 5, 9osei'8adeh 9# 5odiMed carra"ee'a'# 5# Preparatio', sGelli'" (eha7ior, salta'd p9-se'siti7ity o& partially hydroly8ed crossli'!ed carra"ee'a'"ra&t-polymethacrylamide s pera(sor(e't hydro"el# Polym -d7 %ech'ol 2004[15:64555# U46V 5ahda7i'ia .0, Woh riaa'-5ehr 5),

Po r2a7adi -# 5odiMed chitosa' $$$, s pera(sor(e'cy, salta'd p9se'siti7ity o& smart ampholytic hydro"els &rom chitosa'-"-P-3# Polym -d7 %ech'ol 2004[15:1B3A0# U4BV Ka'" -, Whe'" Z, Wha'" )6# *t dy o' s pera(sor(e't composite L?$# *y'thesis, characteri8atio' a'd sGelli'" (eha7iors o& poly(sodi m acrylate)/7ermic lite s pera(sor(e't composites# 6 r Polym ) 200B[43:16D1A# U4AV *pa"'ol C, 0odri" es 19-, 3eto -.?C, Pereira -.B, 1a2ardo -0, 0ado7a'o7ic 6, et al# 3a'ocomposites (ased o' poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) a'd cell lose 'a'oGhis!ers# 6 r Polym ) 2012[4A:45463# U4DV *pa"'ol C, 0odri" es 19-, Pereira -.B, 1a2ardo -0, 0 (ira -1, 5 'i8 6C# * pera(sor(e't hydro"el composite made o& cell lose 'a'oM(rils a'd chitosa'-"-poly(acrylic acid)# Car(ohyd Polym 2012[AB:203A45# U50V 9amshary 96# *y'thesis a'd Gater sorptio' st dies o& p9 se'siti7e poly(acrylamide-co-itaco'ic acid) hydro"els# 6 r Polym ) 200B[43:4A30A# U51V *pa"'ol C, 0odri" es 19-, Pereira -.B, 1a2ardo -0, 0 (ira -1, 5 'i8 6C# * pera(sor(e't hydro"el 'a'ocomposites (ased o' starch-"poly(sodi m acrylate) matriH Mlled Gith cell lose 'a'oGhis!ers# Cell lose 2012[1D:12253B# U52V %eli *B, .o!a7i .*, -mi'a(ha7i %5# 3o7el sodi m al"i'ate-poly(3isopropylacrylamide) semii'terpe'etrati'" polymer 'etGor! mem(ra'es &or per7aporatio' separatio' o& Gater R etha'ol miHt res# *ep P ri& %ech'ol 200B[56:150B# U53V BisGal C, 9ilt )W# 5icroscale a'alysis o& patter'i'" reactio's 7ia 1%$0 ima"i'": applicatio' to i'telli"e't hydro"el

systems# Polymer 2006[4B:B35560# U54V 0 (ira -1, 5 'i8 6C, . ilherme 50, Pa li'o -%, %am(o r"i 6B# 5orpholo"y o& temperat re-se'siti7e a'd p9respo'si7e $P3-hydro"els &or applicatio' as (iomaterial &or cell "roGth# Polim Cie'cia %ec'ol 200D[1D:10510#