Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
CHINESE CHARACTERS
G. D.
WILDER
AND
J.
H.
INGRAM
1922
4l*fe.
PL I17( Wb7
W,
2^
liiJU^''
INTRODUCTION
TO
The author
not hesitated to express most trenchantly his contempt of etymology as has been applied to
Chinese
Characters.
is
He
says that
"Much
we can
it,
of the
Wen
childish in
is
pretend
know
aiiything.
scholars,
like
These
character writing
we have
earliest
fanciful,
unhesitatingly
etymology of the
it
may
often
be and
that
in the
difficult task
The
student
may
often
mind.
They are the products of Chinese some extent show the workings of the
Chinese mind.
thought.
who
Moreover they
utensils of
may
forms of the
the task of inventing written symbols for both concrete objects and abstract
ideas
it is
doubtful
if
less fanciful
we
/
.
3000 most
a task of memory.
fanciful links
'
Modern pedagogy
fixing
insists
them in mind.
Iv
INTRODUCTION
some
association of ideas,
some
by which
to hold
them
in
memory.
already
We have no doubt
by
more
at
more
logical,
and wider
invented
in-
memory
by
modern Chinese
of the
memory
which
their brethren
many places have had,' of reducing the language The genealogy of Chinese characters takes ing.
in
years.
For an
interesting
historical
referred to
Wieger's introduction,
firmed
of which we
Tradition con-
by
well grounded
mythical Emperor Fu^ Hsi' i)^^ and the systemization of written charac'ters to Ts'ang' Chieh^
^^,
acters
j^fg in the 27th century B.C. Emperor Huang^ Ti^ B.C. 2697-2598, had recorders trained in official schools under a zk.
It t'ai" s/iiP or
on them are
The
stone
drums exhibited
in the
gateway of
the Confucian
Temple
Peking, referred
by some
by
show
inscriptions
style
used
by an
^ Chou''
"^"^
200)
in
^^ Chou*
wen' or large
characters,
seal,
ta* chumi''.
(B.C.
^^^
k'o^
of scribes
forgot characters,
characters.
who were dishonest and instead of leaving blanks when they made new ones. These he called '^^ ck't^ tzu^ Or odd
Ch'in^ Shih'
Huang^
^^M.
his
prime minister
It
Li* Ssu^
contained
3300 characters which are known as the small seal /h^ hsiao^ ckuan*. U? Ssu^-- invented no new symbols but combined the primitive picture
characters with
phonetics.
/Thus the
creation of
new
characters ceased
before 200 B.C. and probably long before that, as the phonetic principle,
which renders unnecessary the invention of new symbolic elements, was in Li' Ssu' was deceived by the " odd characters " and as he use in 800 B.C.
ancient
documents
to
ascertain the
meaning of many
g
INTRODUCTION
'
^-/
We
can
now
some
of his mistakes.
Li^ Ssu*
many new
characters
phonetic combination.
dialects prevailing
As
there were
many
I'terary centers
with different
useless
catalog
was reedifed
The modern
standard dictionary of
Kan
17 17
Of
Of
and
useless doubles
use, leaving
4000
that are in
common
use. \
these
3000 are
all
that
some
interest. Importunately
still
who
gets a mastery of
all
them and
their combiriations
Let
that there
are 80,000
by the
40,000
in the dictiohary.
The
One who
Dr. Goodrich
many
decades of experience
characters.
is
4000
colloquial
^
\
many trans-"^
Many
At first
the metal
in all directions.-
Curves and
circles
Then
the
wooden
pencil used
finfe
on
silk
'
some
peculiar changes.
Finally
pointed
in exe-
cution but
still
the
modern |f
still
^'ai^
i3u*,
in
which curves-^
^^
classi/!
forms.
for securing
moro
J,
'
VI
INTRODUCTION
Mellon Menzies has pointed out, and these abbreviations have become
precedents for permanent forms.
and
ety-
About
(B.C. 86).
It
was the
first
mological studies.
This father
travelled
is
the
^%M^
10516 standard characters arranged under 534 to 544 primitive symbols which are the^o:rigin of our 214 radicals. All Chinese dictionaries claim to be based upon the Shuo Wen,
It
contains
though they
show ignorance of it and few scholars to-day are acquainted with it. Our Character Analysis is based upon Wieger's EtyOur mological Lissons which is drawn largely from the Shuo Wen. But references usually m;an that our explanation is taken from Wieger. it is not always so, for the original Shuo Wen as well as the works of Chalfant, Chalmers and others have been used. Original or at least modern
often
made and
the reference to
Wieger.
Shuo
Wen
by
All characters
t2u* or
^
^
wen"' or
simple
figures
and the f^
comeach
pound.
On
two
classes are
characters
may
-^I^
ksiang'^ hsing^,
364
in the
Shuo
Wen
or they
may be
(2) indicative
symbols
^^
The Shuo
Wen
has
125 of these.
The compound
characters
^ are divided
phonetic
A in which each
Shuo Wen:
There which
(2)
combinations^^
in
f^^
hsief^ sheng^,
rest points
Of these the Shuo Wen explains 7697. We should note however that in many of these phonetic combinations the phonetic part was chosen because its meaning had some suggestion of the meaning of the
character so that they incline towards the logical combination class and
may be
door
INTRODUCTION
for the phonetic
J
vH
and
k'ou>
mouth
mouth
in
So too
is
in
|]fl
weif' to
suggestive.
yj^
yi^, right
hand
Y"
left
hand
pins at top
and bottom
for hinges.
2. Indicative
motion
as,
kutl' representing
downwards
H. tan'', the
sun
horizon
3.
just
above the
Logical combination,
all
[<
re-
sults
the elements,
mouth
k'oil,
ing and the other with the sound only. the water radical
i^H
\^
chart''
shu?
to suggest moisture
In
many
part.
Such
discr^.
if
requires that only the latter part of the sound of the phonetic shall be like
that of the character
whose sound
it
indicates.
is,
con-
for^
t'ang^,
and
chung^,
p'atf' etc.
were invented
in parts of the
These four
acters.
classes are
The Shuo
Wen
two more
classes of characters
^'&
chuaii chu^,
is
an acceptation of a character
in
a meaning
more extended, or
figurative,
For
jnstance in
pendicular line from the lines appearing in a heated tortoise shell, that
then
by
extension
it
VJii
INTRODUCTION
consults the lines.
who
^ wan^
it
is
a picture of a fishing
net.
By
ex-
reticu-
to envelope or
interpreta-
wrap, to gather.
tion.
^ of
Abstract ttr ns
original
concrete characters.
therefore,' father,
6.
"^ ^ /"
is
a hand holding a
stick
of authority,
by
a metaphorical extension.
chieh^ or
is
-Igfa
chluc'
false
not
own
originally, either
by
(i) error,
by convention to debut which has language signate an object which has a name in the spoken no written name. e.g. to take the character for some obsolete utensil arbiSee No. trarily to stand for some new idea for which a symbol is wanted.
for another existing character
or (2)
4-
ffl.'tf
yeK'.
the Analects
As an example of the former we have in the first |^ now pronounced in other places sku(^ meaning
ahvays pronounced yueft*, meaning to
rejoice.
chapter of
to speak,
but
in this place
is
YHek to
it
rejoice
for 'f^
by
mistake, and
ko^,
to sing,
to
mean
elder brothers.
For example
below
son,
is
tzil',
the inversion of Jt shang^ above Vi^, an inversion ip t'a to go on, is only, jh means an unnatural child
;
;
bottom up
^
feet
pt^ walking
is
a combination of the
two preceding containing both stopping and going owing to the advancing
and stopping alternately of the
hua*, to change.
in
walking.
jet^ inverted
is
{^
Some
^ yao^ the
finest
thread,
yii^
an
and
y^'lir^
mouth and no hsuan clamor of many voices forest, sen many trees, green, many.
^jc
mu*
tree
We
re-
commend
ia
he proceed then to read Wieger's Etymological lessons order, and to learn to write all the list of " 340 -Characters selected
that
INTRODUCTION
fX
First list."
Then
a study of
place
all
enabling him to
The study
of the
-J5-
with the
first
them
in
It will
book
as
first
lesson.
be found a pleasing diversion to practice under the guidance of a teacher with a Chinese pen and the red copy forms
will
In this
way one
will at the
It is
one wishes
to write at
all,
ed by the hand
assistance to the
in
a great
memory.
in this
book.
From
this the
order in writing.
Mr.
Mandarin Primer
be observed
possible.
I.
same. P. xxv.
much
as nearly as possible a
square
how many
follows
it
may
The
^'XTILL-i/J-
Where
space
is
en-
4. Perpendiculars in
the middle of
We
FIRST LESSON.
,
all
J*
The
first
in the series
beings.
the
first
radical.
In composition to
make up another
character
it
xi
i^
at the
t'ien,
heaven,
^
the
yi^
rain.
2.
At
the bottom
it
of
^ peif
is
trunk of a tree
or base
horizon.
H.
:ft
tar^,
ground,
3.
li^
man
-j^
on the
barrier or hindrance
as in
"5^
ch'iao,
a P^
difficult
breathing,
representing
4.
the breath.
Something contained, as
it.
^ shao^
"~*
erk*
it
makes a
It signifies
the masculine
yin}.
It is
i.
and feminine
yang^ and [^
it
In composition
The meaning
other.
2,
Two
extremes as in
2
of
wi^
five
3.
^ ko^ a
An old
below.
y'uan^,
sheep-skin
stretched on a frame
^.
form of
e.g.
J:,
shan^ above, or
is
hsia*
shih^,
7c
H on man
JL.
tH^
explain 3E
wang'
man.
who
and
-|
in
shil^,
Ten.
The number
cardinal
e.g.
It
points
of the
compass.
-^
ml'', is
-f-
means threshed
For the
rest
book, 29 to ZZ, inclusive, 58, 59. For more easy characters first study No, 57, I, 5, 6, 14, IS, 35, 27, 19, 12, 2, 3, 4, after mastering these one may as well begin with No, 7 and go on in the order
given in the book.
iVS cv
MANDARIN PRIMER.
BASED MAINLY ON DR. t. WIEGER'S ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS AND THE SHUO WEN.
(W. with a nnmber and
A comma
is
coilcqnial character.
at the right is
BALLEE, LESSON
^fc
I.
/^
*^"*>
To have
f^ mien^.
children
tea*
Logicalfcomposition, to shelter,
to nurse, to bear. By extension it refers to the characters produced or bom hj combining the simple wer?, into com-
pound characters,
composition
f^
^,
either
by
logical
orjphonetic combination,
;
also
^^ >^
tztf,
The radicaliof the character, a picture o a newborn child swathed so that its legs
are not visible.
In an ancient form
it
has
'^
the hair.
By
exte:nsion it
means
disciple,
then sage or teacher because the emperors honored the sages by calling them tzu^ or
sons.
It is the
39th
radical, reli^-ting to
^^^
f\
(W. 94 A.) mien^ Picture of a roof, a shelter, a house. It is the 4dth radical of characters relating to (W. 36 A.) Called dwellings. pao'
children.
^m
4^
"iXi,
I,
me.
Two
spears,
n^.-^Y^
wards each
other,
1)3'-
my
right,
%^ 7^^
ko^.
me. (W. 71 Q.) -yi, is the radical. grasping a Williams says it is a hand spear, defending my rights, therefore I. Picture of a spear with a hook or crescent
on top, a crosspiece below and a sword knot at the handle the 62nd radical, of characters relating to spears and weapons generally. (W. 71 F.)
;
f>5t
ni\ You.
Aien^ man
is
(picture)
9th radical,
is
^, TK
erW you,
a contraction of
full
81 the classic
^ o^
(At the
end
drawn
J
is
separated,
A pa',
sent forth.
for
5''ou.)
character
O,
The (W. 18
ita
t'a^,
it.
with j'e/i'',
(Man
also -&.)
veA",
This character
either
is
a picture of an ancient
funnel
utensil,
or a' drinking
vessel;
for. the
conjunction, also.
jPj
meti',
words indicating
A,
called
:3r
The
radical
is
A 5i
or standing
left
man when
written ^ at the
of a character.
P^ BH
fljg
'
*
nien-, gate,
radical l69, is
picture ot a
two-
leavetl
gate turning on jjivots {hu* J3 being a one-leaved door). (W.129C.) This may have been taken to form the sign of the plural because it is a door with two leaves.
t/"*;*
Target,
white,
daylight,
mark
is
;-
clear,
true.
Adjectival
0,
a par,
the radical,
cf.
JSIo.
106.
The
paP
88 A.)
cocoon. V,
Chalmers says
a spoon.
it is
"P
shad',
ladle,
^ is
j)rimitive pic-
ture of a kind of spoon, and the (W. 54 H.) position for arrow.
indicates
t5",
ppj Pen, (made of hair with bamboo handle^ The ^^"^ bamboo is the radical, No. US. seal writing represents the drooping whorl
of leaves, /^ the inverse of 9* ch'ei^, a sprouting plant. When written above another character in composition it is
^.,
8^___.
^
^
called Yi
yii*
^ m..
stylus,
writing
chiti^.
pen
7^,
From ^ ssu^, silk the radical, and a flat floating plant, the phonetic. K ssu^, Silk, a strong thread. The upper part represents two cocoons, ya& the lower part, fh is a primitive i-epresenting the twisting of several threads into a big one, the threads from two or more cocoions twisted. It is the 120th radical of charPaper.
,
shrh*,
:it
0^
92
A.)
^, R
sbih*,
surname. A family, clan, sect. Used Originally in married women's surnames. a floating plant, that ramifies and branches and finally fixes itself by a root
to
bottom and develops greatly. Therefore by extension, development, multiplication a wandering horde of primitive times, a clan, family. It is the 83rd radical, here used as a pure phonetic. (W. 114 A.) Silk was used for writing on before
the
;
hence the radical paper was invented ^. The plant spreads out flat on the water hence the fitness of this element to form the character for paper.
;
;
^^
pH LH
'|S
sht^f
To
w^rite,
a writing, a book.
The mouth P k^ou^ exhaling a breath or a word therefore by extension, emanaA more ancient form tion, exhalation. exhibits the breath as forming a cloud over the mouth (W. 73 A.)
;
yu*
While jueh
given as the radical by Kang Hsi, yet the seal form shows that historically it is but a contraction for che^, phrase speech, document. (See No. 270. W, 159 B.) A book is the emanation or speech El of a pen
10
;?a
This at word
9 gods M.
^
|L.
W Uj ^
cho*
the radical, No. 162, to run and to stop ; from ?f ch'e\ to step with the left foot,
is
and
.ih chih^, to stop, which is a representation of a foot standing, heel at the left, toes at ,the right, and ankle above. (W-
112 A and
ten
E.)
In combination
^writ-
W^
11
x_, is called
M %. %.
k'oii^,
J'en*.
Words.
C.)
The P
issuing fromj'iit.
73
3J1J
^O
vT^
P_^ S
^.^
The O and the Q is a seal or stamp authority. (W*. 74 C.) The i is a SKiodification of ^ by the
The P
scribes.
Tke
'^isrhole
character
S|5
was
the
natne of
city
inhabitatl'ts
wore furs weak, And was borrowed (W. 116 B.) there, that.
It also
for
12
B
^*-'
_B
'^ Q
rp
the sun,
stop.
is
72,a
picture,
cheng*,
from
one, limit
and
Jh cbil^ to
Stopping only at the proper limit set beforehand, upright, correct. (W. 112 I.) The sun B exactly IE on the meridian,
right, straight:;!:.
13
__
ch'ien''.
Money.
chiV, metal,
"
is
^ chin^,
(See No-
now, present,"
t'u^,
phonetic.
18.) db
bosom
two nuggets r\o{ gold or metal. In earth there are present -4* two nuggets ^' of
gold ^.
db
*''>
earth, is the
32nd
radical.
rock or subsoil, and the upright, the things that it produces. (W. 81 A and 14
^ ^
" ^,
K.
chien^
T.)
To exterminate, to destroy. The common w^ork of two or many spears ^. (W. 71 R.) Most of the characters of which
this
mean or
chien* trample,
M ^ ch'iett shallow.
;
f h 'y
Evening. The radical. No. 36 represents the half moon which appears in the even-
One moon.
ing.
p*
line is
lejft
out of
yiieh, the
pu^,
The 25th radical. (W. 56 A and F.) The divination is by looking at the veins appearing in a heated tortoise shell, and the f pu* represents a perpendicular and horizontal vein. ^1- outside, is a diviner, b in the evening :^ i. e,, a person must consult the diviner outside of woi'king hours, before a new day.
soothsayer, to divine.
''.^
sheng^.
Radical No.
100.
A
plant that grows more and more.
whorl was added to Z.. (W. 79 B, F.) Otliers make it a combination of dt i'* (c^arth) and ]/J cA'e* (grass). That is, the
16
earth
produces
dfe
grass
iU.
63
yiid\ (l.oins, waist), to want, to wish.
Originall^'^
^^C f^
^y^
written as a picture of a
face ^,
wo-was
man, with
figure
w^itli
It
being more
in
marked
in
woman's
figure
than
man's
but in this sense it is now written with the H ^ 70H* radical added M. The primitive meaning is nov\r lost, and the
character
is
i,,
S^ M
3C, rS,
\$.
(W. 50 M.) hsi\ West (radical No. 146) was taken arbitrarily by Kang Hsi as the radical for
classification
want.
of
the
character
in
his
dictionary.
nu'-i
woman,
radical.
in
is
woma n "is
S-.
convenient
jg)^
To make,
to act as.
,J\.jen^
is
'^
ku^,
Cause, purpose, old. Combined with K man, we have man as cause, that is,
doing, making.
is,
shih-,
mouths or generations,
k'oti^,
(pictate of
cal.)
(W. 24
F.).
J^j^^
18
p'a^
To
yu'^
tap, rap.
ya^ iS>
Biefl*,
To
read, to chant.
To
think, to study.
61st radical.
opened, the lobes and the aoita below. (W. 107 A.) In combination at the left
it is
written
1'.
't'
c/jiflS
now, is made up of a triangle^, chi meaning union, and T chP, an abbreviation of meaning contact, up to, (W. 19 D.) (a hand holding a man A). The
combination is thus tautological. ( W. 14 K.) The idea of the character may be that all past time unites in the present. Therefore to read or think, is to make
jC?.
?P,S
-r^
20
&
puS Not, a negative. Primitively a bird flying up to the sky" not able to get there " for a mnemonic. The radical, f is often used as a limit, or the sky, at the top of a character. (W. 1 B and 133 A.)
Jfi
hsiehl,
little,
some.
Sign of comparative,
several.
Jmj te'u^,
This,
turn
verted
borrowed
pj^
is
an
in-
man A,
to
turn.
(W.
26 A
112
A.)
erb*.
The number of the earth because Also the number it is paired with heaven. of the two principles i^ yin^ and ^ yan^, (W. 2 A.) The radical of , the 7th. The combination of t'^a*, this, and Zl erA*, two, means pointing to this and that,
jJfc
Two.
sign of plurality.
PpC
pE, i,
shuP,
Who ? who
any
one.
"a
j^en* is
the
172nd
A pTionetic combi-
nation.
22
tun^. To understand. The radical is ^6, here written and c&,lled shn >& As/n*, ver'f
61st radical.
jj tvm^ To
ple
picture, the
140th
radical, is
its radical.
It is written Pi
when stand-
and -h- in composition. chuTig*, Heavy, important. Composed by superimposing t^in^ i. upon fH tun^,
ing
aloire,
the
two
^ ^^
reduced to a horizontal stroke. standing at his place t^ing^ is a inan on the earth j;, the earth denoting the
business of
life,
position.
The
positions
on the east of the thi-one were the more important and honorable, hence the combination with "M. tun^, east, to mean important or heavy. (W. 81 D.)
10
ys
A^,
23
The sun H shining through the trees, ?fc ma* i.e., on the horizon where it appears in the morning, so, east. (W. 120 K.) ^"*' Tree, a picture of trunk, roots and branches, the 75th radical. (W. 119 A.)
tang^,
-H,
tSi
^ESJ
shetP\
Very, superlative,
what ?
Before
read- sheri^.
99th radical is the radical, from P k'ou^, mouth, and something held
in
it,
i.e.,
^,
satisfaction.
p'i",
(W. 73 B.)
It is
To
pair,
pair.
which is represented more than half of the character is retained so as to be recognizable. (W. 42 A.)
Therefore
ift
means
As
24;
acter comes to
mean
superlative, very.
l/jiljj
a sort also used, ironically. These are borrowed meanings. The primitive meaning is small,, delicate, from jSt tns? hemp fibre, and ^ (W. 90 A.) yao^, the finest thread. ma?, Hemp, hemp fibre, pockinarked the 200th radical it is the radical of this character. It is made up of the followma^,
interrogative particle,
; ;
m&y An
ing:
paS to divide /K p^an* To strfp hemp^ from (12th radical) the fibres from the ^ ch'e*,
stalk.
(Distinguish firom
it
>fc
mn*.)
When
fibres.
doubled
forms
p'ai*, textile
When the stalks are soaked and stripped off and brought under cover or stored in
11
a shed
ed
r* J'en^ it
is
called
M mn%
prepar-
hemp or tow, kept tinder shelter. (W, 79 H.) In combination this character has the idea of entanglement, troublesome.
J^,
y^o^ The
finest thread as obtained from winding the filaments of only two cocoons which are represented in the character.
52nd
radical.
(W. 90 A.)
^.
M
^
tung^, East.
Sun H shining through the trees, :^ mu\ See No. 22. /Jc mu* is the radical,
the 75th.
26
MM
%n.
hs?, West.
The primitive writings picture a bird settling on its nest. The birds go to roost at sunset hence the use of the char;
the 146th R.
(W. 41 D.)
First.
The
radical is Jl jen\
a man.
sometimes means feet, support. The 10th radical. (W. 29 A.) f-t, ^ci, Uc chib^ A small plant vp issuing from the ground to grow; development, continuity, proIt
borrowed as the sign of the (W. 79 B.) Accordingly the combination hsien^ means to a,dvance &. on one's feet JL, to be first.
gress.
It is
possessive.
28
IBI ^5t
ko*.
^^
<^\
/J\
The culm of the bamboo, a joint of bamboo with a knot and a whorl of leaves, in the primitive writing. An article, a classifier. (W. 77 A.) In the common form Kjer?
is
shut up, to
make
firm, foi-tified
12
composed of ,P weP, an enclosure, (the 31st radical) and ka^, ancient (see No. 17) as phonetic. Only when written with the Wchu^, as radical has it the meaning ot bamboo.
balijER, lesson
29
II.
kH,7r
ssu',
Four.
An even number
easily divided
;
by the A pa^, to divide all around. The radical is O wePy No. 31, used in words relating to enclosures. (W. 42 A. ) The old form represents the division into halves. For A see under No. 32.
into halves
JDL,
-^
wa^
written x being four Unes then placed between and a heaven and earth, ss the dual powers yin^ and iif yan^, begetting the five
Five.
At
first
center, or five
n ^
elements, 3
^
is
wv?. hsitig'.
(W. 39
A.).
The
31
radical
the 7th.
-j^ (Yn
^>, 7\;
/iV, Six.
*k:
32
"T^,
1
The even number that comes after four marked with a dot. Note that all the even digits are written so as to show their divisibility, H erh*, tw^o, and A eight. pa!^, (W. 42 A.) The radical is A, 12th.
Seven
lines,
ch'?,
in
old
writing.
All the
old inscriptions,
lines
Radical
is
/*.
13..
An
33
pa^, Eight
to divide. The meaning is indicated by the form. Also written with eight lines in the angular form. The 12th
;
radical.
(W. 18 A.)
ii.^
chiu^, Nine.
meaning.
nine lines.
numerical sign without other An original writing contains Radical is ZL i* a hook, the 5th.
34
cbp,
^^ yad. (See No. 24.) It is a guard J^ sAu*, of soldiers on the
Few,
nearly.
The
radical
is
watching the
Therefore
to
slightest
&
jv^.
examine,
i.e.,
aK,
66
invisible.
(W.
90 D.)
*
man
(W.
See No. 2.
25 D.)
PW
Prl
liang^.
Two.
An
ounce,
pair.
From a
a standing scale rtl the upper stroke having been added in modern times
picture of
y\.,
/\
ju*,
to indicate the beam (or equilibrium). The idea of a pair may have been suggested by the balanced scale pans. (W. 35 H.) is the radical, No. 11, meaning to enter, or It to put on either pan of the scales. represents roots entering the ground the opposite of {i} ch'u^ to go out, which (W. represents a plant growing up.
15 A.)
14
36
-^
'^' '**
pen".
The trunk of a
tree.
The
line across
the
;^
mu\
ground, drawing attention to the part of So the tree below ground, the roots. capital. root, source, natural, native Books. (W. 120 A.) TfC mn*, wood, is the
;
37
3fl!
jen^,
To know
ledge.
cal.
well
g^
to recognize
to acknoiwis
h" ^
j'CK* tzu*
p^ang^
the radipatient
i&jeti',
(He
endure, patience,
71-
the
i-adical.
jea\ a
cutting weapon, formed of 7J tao^, w^ith a stain on the edge, Or something being cut
by
it.
Tap^
73 is
f)
suffer,
S
38
In composition at the right 73' is written (1. A heart that has endured the monotony of continual practise
B.)
w^ell its
W. 52
knows
lesson
flS-
n^
^^, J^l
|g]
^, "
map, To buy. Mencius says, " net |J^ the market gains T^ ^j " better explained by " to -wrap up a thing with its price in cowries K in a net 1^." (W. 161 D.) pei*, A cowrie shell. These were used for money in early times. The seal character shows the feelers of the live shell. It is
;
R^
wang'',
Net,
radical No.
122
(called
V^'-^U
by the
vvriters,
because modi-
15
X
39 331
to look like a H szu*' when used at the top of characters) in some it is written or pg. To entangle. (W. 39 C.)
fiecl
;
gmr
shih^, chih*
To
is
^^,^
7^n^,
chih^
word
sword,
gather
jjotters'
clay
M,).
office,
official
duty
(now written
Ancient chiefs or officials. These held a :5c ko^, when they gathered the people ^
and announced
their will ^;
i*
(shorten-
_ _
t3.
ed to
yiti^,
^y;V).
is
(W. 71 HJ)
"a
sound,
yetl^,
utterance,
placed in
a sound.
or sound issuing and in the seal character this line is the only difference between 'a
yeii^
and
ym\ ^
the
of
40
ch'a',
people^" could
words m
to
the
officials
were said
know." MTea. Pf fsao^ tzu t^ou^ is the radical. (See No. 22.) like a tree, TJc The plant for man A- This taa.y do for a mnemonic, but the etymology is as follow^
^^ yir'
I,
me, in wen
li.
F^rom
pa*, to dis-
tinguish,
and
com-
bination the
acter
is
P at
replaced
by the
Chinese
custom requires any one entering a house to call out and distinguish himself from anj' other person bj^ saying, "It is I, so and so, come for such and such a purpose."
Silence
renders
one
liable
to
16
J.
f5.
suspicion. In it is a pure phonetic combination, combination, c ontracted. she* A shed, booth, house. It is the joining chp of n walls and of the thatch roof Y to
form a house.
hsieh^,
(W. 14 C.)
To write. Primitively to set in order the things in a house, *** raien^, is the radical, 40th. By extension, to set in order
one's ideas, to write.
a phonetic
yeh*
only.
niao^,
J^
a long-tailed bird, a picture, the (W. 138 A. & C.) The magpie is a bird of neat, trim appearance, which may suggest the idea of order in
niao^) is
19'6th radical.
the combination.
42
a piece of rock n fallen from a cliff Aaa* (27th' radical). It forms the 112th . radical. (W. 59 D.) j^ iSfo R vt'a/i* Good behavior ^e y'iiat^, in the house ^j to comply with the demands of others, therefore the derived meaning, to bend, to cover yield. Fuan' ^b> to turn in bed, a curling up, dignity or modesty H chieh^,
^^ /o
,
shih^,
Stone.
It is
during the night, d^ bsi^ (See No. 14) " It is not decent," says Cohfacius, " to lie
like
a corpse."
a pine
(jfc
n* ia ju"
satJg^;)
bell
(^
tso"^
iaju" it cbung^;) Lie like a bow (g\ jvo* in /n" ^ kiia^ ;) Walk like the wind {^ tsot^
4n ju^ m. fengK")
17
behaviour.
chielf,
seal.
has slept. It is one half of the cliaracter ?^=5P ch'iag'^ or seal. One half of the seal is kept at the yamen and the other given
to the individual concerned in the case.
(W. 55 A, B.) The phonetic has the idea of order, and bowls Wa are a means
to secure order in eating.
43
^,Pi
Tu^,
To
it.
have.
Primitively
of the
with the same interpretation. To have, is a borrowed ineaning. (W. 46 H.) To have the hand on the moon might_v.'eU be
called possession.
A pic-
moon
completely visi-
(compare
y ,^, ^
yu^,
29th
The
44
right
^
i^>
W ^
^t^
the
/*,
mouth
Intention, thought.
is
jC?
hsiW, heart,
or mind
soitnds
it.
^ that
By
extension
means
(W. 73 E.)
18
^ yw\ A
iS^,
sound.
think
;
c^
^,
ssu^,
To
the
radifcal,
j&
is
B3,
Asin*
the cover of the brain (altered to look like EH t'ien\ field). " When one
skull,
The
thinks, S,
hsin^."
Shuo Wen.
cA'u',
To go forth, to go out.
eject.
Toissiie, tobeget,
to
Primitively
it
represents stalks
growing out of the ground, the opposite of A /V, No. 35. The *f small plant has grown another pair of leaves. (W. 78 E.) In combination often I'cduced to db. The radical is U /f'an*, a receptacle, the
47
^ ^^
[i,
17th.
ch^i*,
Vapor, the
:Jft
ch'i*
^
fermenting
air.
mP
rice
ether,
breath,
It is substituted in
the radical
and
is in
sophy for the primal aura or vital fluid. ^ "^ ch^i*, vapor, is the radical. No. 84, meaning curling vapors rising from the ground and forming clouds. Ancient forms show the sun 13 and ik. fire which cause the vapors. Contracted into - ch'P it means to beg. (W. 98 A.) mP, Kice after it is hulled qther small grains and things small like rice. It represents
The
+ often
(W.
tlie
four quar-
122 A^
119th
radical.
19
48
nn
jS
'Wf
P'^'^g'-< A- friend,
companion, peer. Now composed of two jnoons but it has nothing to do with ^ yiieh^, the radical of classification in Kang Hsi, but comes from an
;
ancient primitive
by extension meaning the bird itself, now written JH. The character ^ was then changed in pronunciation to p'eng^, and taken to
tail of the phoenix,
because the phoenix draw^s it or two birds together, therefore friend, (Chalfant) JJ8| p'eng^, was a fabulous bird, the roc, from may have derived its prow^hich the
friend,
all
mean
nunciation ofp'ezJ^.
49
(W. 64
I.)
^
'f^
yu^.
Friend, associate.
yu*, is
(W. 43 P.)
item,' a,
^.
/J?u-,
Cow,
ox.
The 93rd
radical,
a picture of
head, horns, legs and tail. This combination suggests any thing from a man to an ox. Thus it can be applied to almost anything.
''ti.
/^O
i^.
In composition
:
it
has the
fol-
lowing forms
-i-
1.
;
when
at the
left
of
^ being at the
(It
bottom of the
character.
must not
then be confused with -^ the eighth Radical, 3. at the bottom being the test) the both parts may be changed by fusion -with other parts of the character when split, It also is placed either at e.g., the top or the bottom of a character unchanged. It pictures the sleeves, and the
MM^.
(W.
-16 A.)
"^^
W,
Clothes for the lower part of the body. :^ is the radical (see No. 51.) shang^, is a phonetic here. -^ is contracted to 'S' when in composition, meaning a ropf or a house, it represents the ridgepole and sides of the house as in *** mien^, but has a
shang",
shuP. This
to,
placed last of
It is
means to add
still,
a a
(W. 36 E.)
5ti
pa^*^,
To
take hold
of,
grasp, classifier of
things
Read
pa*,
handle, pa^,
handful.
"To
clap E the
It is
^,
written at the ^ is the picture of a side view of the hand, is the full palm. In the ancient writing the represents the lines in the palm. (W.
side exiled Ji
When
t'i'
sbot^.
48
A.)
21
pg JB pa*,
A kind
It is reis
o presented raised
on
its tail.
It
found
in the south
is
its flesh is
eaten and
its skin
pa*.
(W. 55
L.)
51
means a
radical
slap, clap.
is ?jc
1m
J
T*,
A chair. The
(See No. 25.)
^,
'
"^J" ch'P,
~/\. ts^.
Unusual, strange, rare. That which causes men "K to exclaim in admiration nT. Great, 37th radical, in combination means man, representing head, arms and
legs.
Pj,
JSr'o',
send forth a breathing of approbation 1 from the mouth n, to express satisfaction, to be willing, permit, admire.
To
The Logical combination (W. 58 I). Chinese, being used to sitting on their
heels,
so
55
;je
stretch,
extend.
^^ p Q kun^,
^
bow,
is
pic-
forms also represent it ture. 1^^ bent or vibrating. (W. 87 A.) ^_ -^ chaag-^ *, To grow, excel, senior. gg ch'ang'^, Long. The primitive form represents locks of hair so long that they must be
Ancient
'*'
and a hairpin Y. With by a band K, an inverted or changed man, added, it means manhood, grown up so the hair is long. By extension it means long in time or space, to grow. The modern form is
tied
22
168th
radical.
>f^
cho\ Table,
25.)
yic
mu*
is
the radical.
(See No.
^,
It represents
It is
(W. 143 P.) A table being high as compared with chairs and stools, this phonetic meaning high is selected appropriately.
BALLBK, LESSON
III.
Ff^
^^
-?
cAuH^, The middle, among, in. C/ian^g*, to hit the mark, attain, pass an examination.
The character represents a square target The pierced in the center by an arrow.
form of the target is lost in this modem (W. ivriting, but is retained in M yung." 225.' 109 A.) See No. kutf, A down stroke, a perpendicular, is the radical. No. 2. It has a symbolic signification in
many characters,
;
e.g.
the trunk
an arrow in 4* chung^; a spindle running through tw^o objects in ch^uan*, i.e., to string together a bow string in ^1 yjn^, to draw a bow, to lead a man standing in ^ shen^, to gird one's (W. 6 A.) self.
in i^ mn*, tree
;
;
58
WO
,
pai',
all.
Thef unity ot
represented
by
i\
one,
and
23
paP, white. It Is purely a phonetic combination, fi is the radical, 106th. (See No. 6.) (W. 88 A. and B.)
69
1^.4-
Thousand, very many. Ten hundred (but the pai^ is not here). ~r* shih^, Ten, symbol of extension in two dimensions, i the radical, No. 24. The ^ at the top of the character is the abbreviation for jen^, which is phonetic in this character. (W.-24 D. and k.)
chVen^,
60
wan*, Ten thousand an indefinite number, wholly, emphatic particle. Written Ft! it is the Indian swastika, symbol of Buddha's
;
heart, dlso
meaning 10,000.
-f
The
radical
in Kang Hsi's dictionary is t'sAo'^, but the character has nothing to do with that
radical
originally
65
--
it
scorpion,
being the
&
being the head, and tt\. Vl the legs and the tail. It was then pronounced ch'ai*, but as there were other words for scorpion it
A!vas
borrowed
for the
meaning 10,000.
61
(W. 23 H.)
lin^, Small rain, or last drops of a shower,
-^y
fraction, residue.
yii^, rain, is
the radical, the 173rd. It sents drops of water The law is to come in drops or showers deluges, thus this is an appropriate
repreof rain
not in
symbol
for a fraction.
(W. 14
I.)
^, 5
I' tig*,
law, an order, to
It is
command, your
honored.
formed of
chP.
the
24
notion of union, assemblage, being the joining of three lines (see No, 18), and P Therefore chieb^, a seal (see No. 42.)
an
order,
is
the
urdting -^
of the
written document and the P seal, ^i.e., the stamping of the order. (Note that when CJ k'ou^, is added, we have ^ ming*, an order or command by word of mouth, and the decree of heaven). (W. 14 A. 1.)
62 iBjf
Is
^"'^' '^*^
return to or from
a time.
MohamIt re-
medan.
turn or revolution.
of smoke, or whirlpools in w^ater) or an object that rolls, turns on an axis lience the abstract idea of revolving, return.
;
P
63
we?
is
the
radical,
(W. 76 G.)
^
jlPl
q
P9 fn
cAfng^,
yezi',
is
To
invite,
to request, to engage.
the
radical, the
149th.
(See No.
10.)
cA'/n^,The green of sprouting plants, also blue, black, gray, white of an egg. The 174th radical. It is made up of sheng\ plants, and :W- tati^, their color (red).,' as if the makers of the character were color blind, -p^ tan^ is cinnabar, a Ted mercury ore, represented by -the for the ore in a crucible /K where it was sublimed by the
alchemists in search of the philosophers' stone for turning base metals to gold.
(W. 115 D.) p{ may be the Chinese stove with the round hole red with fire.
25
64
M.t;
lap,
To come
jen^.
in the future.
The
radical
is
formed of ;f\, a primitive representing a plant and M. or ears of grain hanging from it a sort of bearded barley, used as food in the Chou Dynasty. The Shuo Wen says it means come, because the gtain eaten by men conies from heaven. It is more probably i borrowed meaning without logical explanation. (W. 13 B.)
It is
;
65
m
SkM
-|^
jEfc,
wen*,
To
a
ask, inquire.
The
is
radical
is
k'ou^,
mouth
in
P5
(radical No.
30).
The
placed
metP, door,
66
tso*,
To
The
sit
down, to
is
rest,
t'u^,
to place, to reign.
radical
the 32nd.
Two men
M sitting on the
to talk.
67
earth
t'',
face to face
(W. 27 D.)
i ssu\ is the radical, the 28th.
"^
^U
cb'ii*.
To
go.
made, however, from a pictufe of an empty vessel U ch'iii^ and its cover ; hence the meaning of to empty, to remove, leave, go, all being ideas connected with the removing of the cover of a vessel and The top resembles t'u' in its contents. the modem writing, and iz ta* in the old. The bottom is like M, ssu^, but here stands for U ch'a\ a basin. (W. 38 F.)
It is
68
J
'
y
'' "^^
hao\
"
"''"'
swaddling clothes. (Compare This character being of no use ^^, No. 1.) was borrowed for the common suffix to denote past time in a verb, or the end of
in
A child
26
a sentence, conclusion, intelligent, clear. (W. 94 H.) J kun' is the radical, No. 2,
perpetidicular.
^^
*^^
tui^,
Opposite
parallel
sentences
;
on
;
scrolls
to correspond
sign of
agreeing -with
dative.
"J
sure.
The dot
hand.
(W,
45
B.)
^p
tsao^
Luxuriant vegetation, being a representation of its branching into manj'' twigs from a single stem emanation,
;
multitude, faggot.
~f^ shih*,
(W. 102
I.)
33rd radical;
from
and
-f-
shih^,
and ten, therefore an affair (same as ^), a thing, and bj' extension a sage, scholar (W. 24C.). Before 100 B.G.'n Jfc'oa' was
in
the place of
shih*.
Tui^ therefore
-^ fsutx* to -the
n
[^
^ of men's mouths
Wen
to
Ti, in
testimonies
be believed, but only the words of the sages, which alone deserve to be examined -^. (W. 102 I.)
70 kad^, A, state, country.
From P
^vei^,
a boun-
and
ju* a primitive appanage, post, a center; the hao*, land that one baron defended with the weapons -^ of his retainers, around his P castle, or town, w^hose limits are not indicated because there were none. Pronounced huo* it means bj'' extension an indeterminate person, whose name is not given, being known only as from a certain
estate
by
extension,
again, uncertain,
perhaps,
'tt'-er
"a
certain one."
it
With the
or boundary added,
TIJ.)
71
voice, accent,
tone
to
!^,
er/^^ ear, is
^f>%
ch'ing*
cal
On
shu',
meaning the right hand (W. 22 D.), making a jerky motion, to strike, a staff, to kill. On the left is a primitive picturing sonorous jade or quartz stones suspended from a frame to make a musical instrument these atones w>ere in the form
;
like
written with a ^ shih' ^. P is used as an abbreviation of ^. The combination of ear 3f and musical stones P struck by the hand 5: naturally makes M sound. (W. 173 A.)
28
72
^a
shao^, _^
To
talk,
speak,
converse,
sayings,
"^
doctrines.
is
"^ yen\
-j^ j'iieA*,
i.e., good words and rejoice ft the hearer. This is made up of 56 (huan^, ancient pronunciation, a mouth P on top of a man }L, or to speak authoritatively
To
speak, to rejoice,
51 that dispel
grief
pronounced hsiung^ it is the oldest brother who must exhort his brothers) and to dissipate the breath or divide it into words, to speak. By an arbitrary modem borrowing the character is read tai*, and means exchange. (W. 29 D.)
73
a*L
pl^
/jua*.
Words
;
of the
sAe',
tongue.
^^
Tongue, is a picture of the tongue protruding from the mouth. (Compare @ hatP, the tongue drawn back into the mouth S.) It is the 135th radical. (W.
102
74
C.)
ch'ih^,
To stutter,
mouth
beg.
is
O
/t-
k!ou^,
to suffer.
cHP To
It is
a contraction of
ch'i^,
vapor, breath,the 84th radical. (See No. In this fonn it is borrowed for ^ 47.)
kai* to
mean
beg.
ng is
(W. 98 A.)
To stammer to fill the mouth D with breath , and make no progress in speech. In eating one mouths the food as in stamnjering one mouths the breath, hence to eat.
29
75 /Qif^
fan*,
meal).
shih^,
"^
lating to food in general. It is formed of -^ chi^, to collect (see No.' 18), and %
the sweet smeH of a picture of the bowl 6 and its con tents and a (^ pi^, spoon, to
hsiang'-, boiled grain,
the WL fan\
It is
ladle it out.
radical.
^
Ja
S.
;
To
oppo-
site; to rebel.
Radical No. 27.) (W. 43 E.) In eating the hand returns again and again Jx. to the mouth with food.
shelter.
erh^,
A male
les
child,
fontanel-
JL
jen^, inan,
this character.
like
1^3
chiu*',
the
but it is really |Sl hsin^, skull, written open above, as the skull is (W. 29 B.) in an infant.
77 |fe
hsiao^.
Dawn,
bright, to understand
i.e.,
jih*,
^ J^
!^
From
yad^, earth,
earths) and % wn*, a heaped up (three Yao^ is the name high base, level on top. of a famous ancient emperor, 2300 B.C.
30
(W. 81 C.) When the sun H one can see and understand ^.
78
is
high
^
te^,
To
get, receive.
'f
ch'ih* to
foot, to w^alk
take a step forward with the left (60th radical) is the radical (W. 63 A). It was added to this char-
acter late,
and
is
superfluous.
is
^,
W}
te^
to obtain, to get,
and in the seal w^riting shows its etjanology, viz., to get. the hand -^ on that w^hich one has in view ^. The M. chien*, see, is reduced to S.- (W. 45 E.) See No. 85.
the character,
"^
79
t'sun\ Inch.
mo'^ or raeP,
iserish
;
To
7K,
^^
none of, not, least, without. .The shuP, Water, is the radical (No; 85.) central stroke represents a rivulet, and the others the ripples on the surface of (W. 12 A, B 125 A.) the water. mar To dive, while turning tH hiiP, on oneself in order to get something under the water, the head being below. The 12 haP, is changed bj'^ scribes to 7J. (W. 76 I.)
;
80
chu^, A. sentence.
P
/- rt
k'oti',
mouth,
is
pno^ to wrap up, (the 20th radical), from a picture of a man bending over to envelop
an object in his apron therefore to enfold, a bundle, to contain, a whole. The mouth P used to form a whole O phrase or sentence. (\Y. 54 A, for pao^.
;
81 ^^
Tfe
i-l*
tsai*.
To
be in or at
i.e.,
to exert
;
one's
powers
or pre-
sence in a place
one's activity
^s
A.-^. T
t'saP,
has been modified to ?r. It is a tree grown to a size for timber, materials, now written ;^ t'saP; then force of expansion, natural activity, mental capacity, talents, the substance of a tiling. (W. 96 A.)
lining of clothes
inner, inside
^^. ;^
4x.
/i\
The
to the
of the road).
Jg
IP,
(W. 16 G.) It is the 166th radical, of a few incongruous characters. It is made up of pEl t'len-, field, the (102nd radical), being a representation of a furrowed field, and of it tUf, earth. Its common meaning of IP, or one-third of an English mile, comes from tlie ancient custom of the smallest village being composed of the fields of eight families being arranged around a ninth public field with a well represented by the
the
lining
pictorial character
meaning of
the well.)
IP in
One side of the square was one When the custom went out length.
ching^- lost the dot of use the character and retained the simple meaning of well.
E9
is
used to re-
liresent
149,
A and
D.
32
"
4^' him
f^ ^^
i-
1 /
>^
f'^
The seal character represents a mother monkey, sitting with one hand at its head and the other at the bottom of the character mixed up with its tail and feet. In
is the character for man A because of the monkey's likeness to a man, and the primitive character for breasts to
the middle
show that
it is
a mother.
says that of all animals (iiteratlly " birds ") the female monkey is most prone to claw "^ J^ and therefore the character Jfi chao^, stands as its symbol. There is
^^
an ancient writing consisting solely of tWo claws ^^. The character has lost its primitive meaning, and now is borrowed for to be, because, etc. (W. 49 H.
BALLEE, LESSON
IV.
m
TYt^,
nin
ch'aan^,
cViang^,
slab,
A
is
m.
/fC^
a heavy
half of the
ixiu*
mo*.
is
made of strong
pieces
wood
see.
:^.
85
n n
^tu,
S,
chien*.
To
This
is
35
Wieger explains it as an eye U mu*, ow a man A (W. 158 C.\ But Chalfant finds a writing more ancient than the seal writing ^, which is a picture of the eye emitting
light.
The Chinese
.
believe
that
light
eye, enabling^ it
see.
ti*,
An
order, series
before
a number
it]^foniis
the ordinal.
Ti
chu",
It is chosen
perhaps because
bamboo
f^
ti*,
Kepresents a thread or strap wound around a spindle having a catch on top and a catch or winch below. It is a primitive
bobbin
sion
or
reel,
succession of brothers,
only the Ai-ounger brothers. This primitive is appropriate for series, as is also (W. the bamboo, Yi used as its radical.
87
.:^ -^.
^ ^
J^
87 E.) chnn^\
//',
strain in music or
;
a chapter
book, or an easay to establish, stand, (the 117th radical) is arbitrarily taken for the radical but the yin^ (See No, 39), etymology is from
rules.
;
shih!^,
-f-
ten,
a
"m
perfect
number.
strain
sounds
make a
is"
extended to
^J,S^
tao\
To
34
Tj
18- )
(See No.
37.)
well.
3t, it!
But here
go,
it
cA/A*
To
to
arrive at
The
>
133rd
flying
arrive;
radical.
It represents
a bird
down
to the earth,
therefore to
reach.
pictorial
89
^w^
^J^
^.
(See No.
silk,
in-
ments in their writing. / <b sst^, the 28th radical, is a single cocoOn in which
the
worm wraps
nothing but
self; therefore
the meaning,
selfish, private,
separation.
ZL,-^
kttng^f is
purely phonetic.
time of w^ork.
means work,
and so by extension any ornament requiring skill. (W. 82 A.) Red In not being a natural color of silk ^
carpenter's square,
skill,
or
it requires
the
work
very
duce red
silk.
""M.m
hao^ Good,
hao\ to ic nu\ woman, and ^ Wife -k and child dF are what fond of M. (Or the fondness
right,
;
From
tzu\ child.
one of a
is
most
woman
was
*g^ ^"''
woman
35
with arms hanging and crossed over the body. So symmetrical a character was hard to write, and the seal is a raodificartion of the more ancient form. (W. 67 A.)
91
,
'
shang-*,
?,
the
it
The perpendicular
line
above
represetits
level.
(An
indicative character.)
-written Zl, the short
It w^as originally
line represent-
ing something above the longer base line. At the top of some characters it is written as in where it is distinguished
^^^
A.'.)
from
cal.
Ji-
t'ou^,
(W. 5
92
-j^ -T-
hsia*,
*
Below, to descend,
inferior.
P, is
"5"
preceding
base.
was
anciently
(W. 5 B.)
complete, to settle
(as
93 >=S^
1^
ll<\
yiU'
wah^, Finished,
afifair)
an
(See
^*
is
No.
Jb,
1.)
Ttl yiian^,
That which
upon
(equivalent to
a man
JL, i.e.,
the head.
origin, principle.
in this character,
we may
% finishes ^
(W. 29 H.)
m
#1 Ijg^
sung*,
To
;
escort, to see
1^^
x^
gift
to accuse at court.
^ ^
cheti^
charcoal.
a guest out ^. ^ is a suggestive phonetic and of no (W. 47 J.) value to the beginner.
iK carried f^ to escort
A torch
W^
P^
kuan^,
*
cross bar of
the gate, a custom-house barrier, suburb. tnet^, door, is the radical, No. 169. (See No. 5.)
*^ %% kuan^ To
pass threads through a vyreb with 9, The ssa' (contracted into i!fc) represents the warp. The down strokes in the lower part represent the shuttle carrying the thread through to form a woof. (See Nos. 8 and 24.) By extenshuttle.
means to join, to fix transversely. (W. 92 G.) The cross-bar of tlie gate passes through the slots and iron loops
sion it
like
^pc, ^p{
^
mi
matter, anything. kou^ is the radical, the 6th. It is from J sj shih^ shows a hand ^ holding a stylus. A 9 recorder, to record. In the top is ili=:5: chih^, the pronoun it. An event ^, record
shih*,
To serve, affairs,
*
*.
it ;^ faithfully.
ch'uati^,
To bore
:^-,
;
to per-
to thread,
to string.
A.
hsiieb^,
cave,
hole,
any dwelling,
i.e.,
37
room or space
r^
made by
;
the removal /V
ya^,
The 116th radical. (W. 37 A, D.) The teeth, the grinders or molar
hooks.
It is
The teeth of rodents make holes through which thoy gain access.
face of a molar.
mt^
/ti.
chiu*,
To go or come to, to follow to make the best of; then, soon, immediately.
;
/C-w-an^ radical No. 43, is the radical under which it is found in the dictionaries. A man
ic
to
^t.
spring
(W. 61 C.)
from
jC. rk y^y
"which
in
the
its
seal
writing
pictures
a dog with
ears pricked
up.
By
^,
__
^ S
The capital originally high, elevated being a contraction of Jg kao^, high, the bottom changed by substituting j for n, adding the idea of elevation, and by reducing TJ to -'^ it has nothing to do with /j> hsiao^. The capital is the place to ^yhich the people go hence towards.
;
^__^
'1^
Wt Admiration or attraction to it something high i^ therefore to go towards, to follow, consequently. (W. 75 C.) Chalfant finds an ancient form of M picturing the gate tower of a walled city with the opening in perspective.
.
38
99 gtft
i^ ^2l^
Jf
.y
i^i^g^j
To
to
allow.
erA',
is
t'/fl^
Good,
full
from a
official
man
earth in his
(W. 81 D.)
^,
te^ Virtue.
Therefore
we have M
t'ing^
as the
;
virtue
practised
obe3'.
hearing, to
1^
i.e.,
for the
is
usually
with the
tion
is
;
g" jg"
an upright heart, composed of l_ representing a horizonchih?, is tal and a perpendicular, ten and @ eye. Before the days of square and plumb-line, ten eyes were called on to test the straightness of the frame of a house. The L is often changed to a single straight line. It
heart
is
if
of two
strokes.
'IJU
perceive; chih^, wisdom. dart, is the radical. No. 111. arrow, an h^ -db shiK' It is a picture, the point above, notch and ' * feathers below. Therefore an action that come to an end, irrevocable, as an has 3^ ancient form shows the arrow fixed in a man's body. (W. 131 A.) United with P k'oi', mouth, we have the knowledge possessed by one who can give
chih^
'
To know,
39
101
m
.
arrow
tao
,
^ mouth
P.
;
'
_^ ~^cAo*
,
speech, to speak.
is
the
-R.,
to
go.
(See
^ m
Hj
is
sAoo*, head,
with the heir added, being a pictorial character. {Ill is not ( ch'uan^, streams,) 185th radical. To lead, road, sS, is to go ^ at the h^ad, '^. (W. 160 A.) It is the w^y not only for the feet to walk in ^ but also for the thoughts '^ to move in.
k'ati*,
102
To
It
^ ^ ^
composed of ; ma*', an eye (wliieh is the radical. No. 109), a picture (compressed and often set upright to save room), (W. 158 A.) and
is
shou"',
the hand, covering the eye or shading it. " For," says the Shuo Wen, " one shades
oflF
103
na^,
Hands'^
the noun.
ho^
to take, to sieze
stiou^,
hand,
is
(See No.
53.)
ho^, joining, unitin
Z union, hgnmiony.
Form-
40
(see
k'ou^,
mouth.
together
,
Three or
many
mouths P
shows good understanding, harmony. (W. 14 A, B.) To take with the hand ^ requires the hand ^ to come in contact w^ith -S" the
object.
104 iJM,
piea^,
the edge of a precipice, to^ disappear a bank between fall in and fields, margin, edge, boundary, i.e., the
To walk on
^
e,
162nd.
(See No.
10.)
yen^ Disappearance, absence. In modem writing the fnl (double co^'er) has been changed
to
tza*,
::;&
arbitrarily.
It is
;
made up a starting
;
of:
point,
beginning,
evolution
the
nose
the body self, I, my behavior, to act the nose being the projecting part and in a way the characteristic of the person the
; ;
^=
132nd radical (W. 159 A.) and yV hsueh" a cave, storehouse, and a double cover meaning invisibility. (f^ Therefore # jen^ is an object that was at one time g tzu* in a storeroom ^ and later on disappeared Therefore JS is to walk g, on the disappearing line # the edge. (W. 34 K.)
;
ffjl.
105 iSiS
t'ot^,
street,
41
etc.,
the beginning
classifier
of
afifairs,
cattle, etc.
Head, page, man. A picture of ahead or M upon a man X. It is the radical, the 181st. (W. 160 C.) __ __ toit*, A sacrificial dish, a dish in which, meat was S, .S.
yefe*.
face
The ton*) served beans, (being used for 151st radical. It is possibly a suggestive
;
.
phonetic
in
this
character.
The
skull
a dish its contents, and the Thibetans use the skull bone for a dish, on a tripod standard. (W. 165 A.)
106
hsiang^,
box, a chest.
(Larger than
M^
hsia^ tzu.)
Tj
may
be
MfQ ^
from @
zna*,
aiu*,
;
^
in
tree
@ open
foes or beasts.
woods s6 as to avoid danger from The more common abstract meaning of mutual, reciprocity, etc., is said to come from a kind of pun, both elements,
the
/fc ::^
is
and H being pronounced alike, rau*.. purely phonetic here. (W. 158 B.)
It
BALLEE, LESSON
V.
Hw
tardy. the radical. No. 72, as the characdo w^ith the declining sun.
Q
^, f^
jih*, sun, is
ter has to
mien?,
a man
whose
42
with his
effort,
evil
therefore
it
means
purely
to avoid, without.
In
it is
Chalmers jfe is a man by drawing in to his clothing hence to avoid. The sun H w^ithdrawing M, it
self
;
is late
Rfe;
""l&.t
/J
ch'ietf,
To
formerly.
tao^,
is
the
18th, arbitrarily
fixed
The
cA/A',
and the
the
is
a contraction of
radical.
It
is
^,t^
chot^' a
boat,
137th
pictOre in the seal writing of a boat with high curved prow, a/ ^eck supported by one of the partitions in the hull, an oar in front and a rudder behind. It is straightened and placed upright to save room. (W. 66 A.) A boat advancing m into the harbor w^here it will stop ih. (W. 66 D.)
109
jkU iTv
T'
k'tt^i*,
..
flow of
spirits, cheerful
promptness,
~ 'L^
shu*. hsiti^,
heart.
y\^,
chiieW
To divide,
holding
a half of a
that may be equally divided. (W. 43 O.) Chalmer's explains it as a hand drawing
let
the arrow
41
fly
;
therefore quick.
As quickness depends
>(>
on the
110
is
added.
#.$
-,
tiien^,
A year A
at
first,
then the year, for that is the time taken to produce the thousand grains.
shield, is
;
I,
"T" kan^,
a trunk
;
or stem
origi-
destroy offend against, blunt arms, crime. The seal writing of nien^ shows that ^ kan^ has nothing to do with it, but that it is really composed of ho^, grain in the
field,
radical,
and
=f:
ch'ien^,
^^
*^ tsao^,
jih*,
The
+ shih'
a primitive writing of chia^, is the first of the heavenly stems, therefore this indicates the first sun early.
m
^
Jk
jLij
t'i'aoS
carry a load from the two ends of a pole, to stir up, to choose, to reduce.
See No. 53. a picture of the lines on the
is
To
the radical.
back of a tortoise shell brought out by heating for divination in the middle is h
;
pu' in its ancient form an omen, a million or vast number. (W. 56 D.) This phonetic It is two t'ao^ to run. is the same as in other the pa^ characters, one outside
;
44
It has been because in the modern confused with writing they are identical. Loads carried in this way must be widely separated.
113
^V >^
t'ien\
Heaven, the sky, a day, the, weather, the Emperor, great, high, any celestial superior over an inferior moral superi; ;
ority.
ta*,
meaning
of
which
tion.
man
71*
The nodes or joints of the bamboo, any joint, knot, verse; a feast day; temperance. (See chtP, is the radical, No, 118, bamboo.
chieh^.
up,
No. 7.)
chP
that which is done as soon as the fragrance of the cooked rice ^ .(see No.
eat,
To
75)
is
smelt.
By
extension
li
a conjunction
fc
meaning consequence
equivalent in
wexz
of the
cA/a* of
common
use.
(W. 26 M.)
in IP, It is written
either
It is the (See No; 42.) P or '&. 26th radical, meaning joint^ (W. 55 B.)
115
^^ ^^-5
:?:
^^'^'^
'^^
i.e.,
is
the
first
first,
to beg^n, the
at
first.
4&
71 tao\
116
^
7n
For 3t^ I'S see No. 51. ^ The first thing in making clothes :^ is to cut out 71. (W. 16 B.)
knife, is the radical, the 18tb.
Aei*,
To
to.
give to, to
let,
allow,
for,
instead
of,
Read
chi^,
out.
ssu^ silk floss, is the radical,
10*, .To
-^
ogfet
join, union,
harmony.
silk
To
is
give
is
to join -&
a popular present.
;
117
1,^
chiao*,
To call, to tell, to cbmxnand, to cause the cries of the birds and animals named, termed.
;
P
S\-
k'ou^,
tou^,
118
^
I
,
mouth, is the radical. No. 30. Measure, ten -f- sheng^ or pints ^. It is a picture of the peck measure, said to be a scoop with a handle 68th R. (W. 98 B.) lEI- is to call out P the measure i|-.
;
yA\
I"l
pan*,
To
divide in
two a
;
half,
shih^, ten, is
dictionary,
etyniologically from
A, to
an ox.
^ into two
119 ^la
(W. 18 D.)
ara
kuo*,
-jS^. ^|B]
pass by, cross over, to pass time, to exceed, sin of ignorance, sign of past time.
rest is
To
The is the radical, the 162nd. a suggestive phonetic. See No. 10. f^ kttei^, A wry mouth, hare lip or cleft palate and It is from P k'ou^, mouth
cho* to go,
;
46
o
''
and bones, to strip oflfthe flesh, to bone, dislocate a skeleton, broken, and so a defect. The ^ to go, means action and
*
1^ kua'',
m.
120
cbirf,
To bind
a
portant.
From
solid.
ssa^, mi*,
silk thi-ead,
^^ 5^
chiei^,
hold ^ of one's servants g, ch'er^; S a servant bending (W. before his master, the 131st radical.
firm,
To have
82
121
E.)
as
J\^
is
7^,
A form
by
pj"
rad.
may
It is
re-
modem
&. it
122
ch^etf,
times,
S B i*
JSi.
When
written
means
by means.
(W.
85 B, F.)
Sun shining
i
Jg
Q e
jVA*,
sun,
cA'el^
day, time, the* 161st radical 7 to 9 A.M., the heavenly bodies. These are
borrowed meanings
to be pregnant, a
^,
bends formien* her pregnancy, " her shame," says the Shuo Wen. ( W. 30 B ) Purely phonetic here. (See S6f) mien\ A woman sitting, is the girdle, at the
woman who
ward
^ jeT^ to
.
conceal
47
the seat, at the right is an apron that hides the front of the body, the pregnancy, says the Shuo Wen. Therefore the meaning to hide, conceal. (W. 112 L.)
left is
123
n/^
Hp
I\ [^
14-
tso^,
jjh*,
wariff',
A
I5t
^, ^
ju*,
to enter, and
plus r
a hiding place.
cha*, is
which represents an obstacle, that is, to seek to hide and to be hindered therefore the modem meanings of suddenly, hastily, unexpectedly. (W. 10 F.)
H^
existence.
124
Z^
3,'3&
qcg
hsien*.
The
glitter
;
% of gems,
IS.
to appear,
to manifest
j^ii*,
at once, now.
pL-arlj-,
a gem,
The
cliaracter
M^
125
added to distinguish (W. 83 A.) it from S wang^i king. chien*, to see; the appearance of. (See No. 85.)
shih-,
tA Q^ 1^. O^
Time.
is
temple,
=;2l chih^ is a small to plant 4* issuing from the ground Standing continuity. development, grow, alone it is borrowed now for the sign of
case
in
the
rule,
language.
^-
t'stin*,
inch,
law.
Hence the
4S
law
-^ is applied con-
stantly
:k.
(W. 79 B.)
^
126
l!
The ancient writing of ^ shih^, was , meaning the tune of sprouting of plants
under the influence of the sun, or perhaps the continuity .= ::^ of the solkr H
periods.
hott*,
(W. 79 B.)
To
a time or
period.
The character w^as originally written ^ meaning a nobleman, and read /zou^. '^, ^^, nr hou^, The upright stroke was inserted, some say, to diiferentiate the meaning of wait, time,
is
yv jerP',
Others say it is the archer's attetidant. The origina;! character is composed of arrow (see No. 100), sticking in the target above r* with a man beside it ^. The man is reduced to f and the target to :i. Shooting at a target was the means of selecting oflicials, for the! good shot mast have an upright heart, so the character means a nobleman. With the and another \ added it f reduced to means to wait as a target marker (W. 59 H.) does.
etc.
PJi.e^
tl
dawn
evident, open
intel-
illustrious in virtue.
^
qS
'
yiiei*,
43.)
tlie
brightest things.
The
Q for
49
of brightness
in at the
was from
the
moon
shining
window.
follow,
(W. 42 C.)
128
>SJUi
S
t'sung^,
1^."{III|
To
obey.
A man walking
s^ to re-
after another,
No. 60. is two men j^k. walking ;f and stopping Jh together, ue:., to follow, obe3^ (W. 27 A.) In the seal character the ;f and .ih are vinited into a
cho*^,
going.
VOCABULAEY
129
OF BALLBR'S LESSONS.
3|
mL
c^^^
q
^i,
i''
the succession EL of facts. yen-, words, is the R., the 149th. No. 10.)
tell B"
to
(See
^."C
chP,
self,
on a loom, two of the warp, horizontal, and one of the woof, perpendicular hence the meaning of succession ; the 49'th R. It is borrowed to mean self. W. 84 A.)
; {
130
.
maii', Remiss, rude
eas3', sluggish.
;
to treat haughtily
slow,
*^
is
No. 109. wan- the phonetic, means to draw, extend or pull out with the hand, long. (=| mao* is a torehat or cap (picture R with a mao*, to rush on l^resent the head). /) or mind,
cf
'fc
k'uai*, quick.
50
The
J.)
.
g
131
is
written horizontally to
make room
(W, 34
.
for the
m ,7l JS.
ch'ang^.
Long. The 168th radical, used m matters relating to hair, as it is a contraction of ^S piao^, bushy hair, the 190th
,
radical.
is
The
,
seal writing
shows that
tied
it
hair so long that it must be band and pinned with a brooch y. It also means growth to manhood when the hair is long, and is read chang', for the meaning growth. It also had the inverted
with a
man
placed below
\^
to indicate change or
is
an
arbitrai-y
m
)-,
I
tien*,
yen*
A A
shop, an inn.
single
slope
shed
roof,
being half
or
of ^
slope
;
mierP,
or roof;
declivity
53rd
an outhouse or hut.
(W. 59
I.)
we
shop,
first
and a
diviner's house
(W. 56 B.) ^ has the same sense as fi^ to usurp or to occupy, hence well used in fjj tien^ inn where one occu]}ies a room for fi consideration.
kinds of shop.
Face.
133
lieti',
P3,
jou*, Flesh,
meat,
made up
of -^ pao^, a bundle,
51
and
radical
strips of dried meat the 130th and the radical of this character. (W. 17 G. and 54.)
;
ch'ien^
All,
unanimous, meeting,
together,
'^
^
From /^ chP, together, 6K several men and mhsuan\ clamor, A crowd cannot keep
silent.
Suggestive phonetic, for the faces are the conspicuous feature of a crowd.
134
j^ SS,
^ <>
~n
(W. 14E.)
hu'-,
A pot,
a jug.
shih*,
a s#-iolar, is the radical, the 33rd, but has nothing to do with the meanita, as it is simply the picture of the cover on a vase
S?.
Compare cA'ii*,
* No. 67.
(W. 38 G,)
135
m
^n
'
chiao^,
foot,
base.
No. 130. See No. 133. ch'iieh*, To throw aside, referring to the leg being thrust back when sitting flat on the ^SS ground. It is composed of p chieh^, the radical, No. 26 (see No. 42), and c/i'a*, ch'iao*, the upper to go, reduced from
jou*, flesh, is the radical.
lip
above the P mouth. To restrain P the desi^ ;s ^. The character is still written ggp. W. 17 H.)
or
:^
flesh
136
ch'ing^, Light,
to slight.
c/i'eS is
a cart the axle two wheels, Zl and the body H it is set upright in writing to give more room in composition it means to roll, to crush. It is the 159th radical of characters relating to vehicles. (W. 167 A.')
the radical, (classic
1
;
^^
ching^
a pure phonemic here. It rcspreseaatts the streams ^. flawing under '^le sttrface of the ground and the is not ktmg^, but t'7H^Vand is of phonetic force onty, as seen in the seal writing. (W. 12 H.)
is
^^^i^^
A^aH\
The drying
effect
hausted, to dry,
?lean. Adopfted as a son Read c//'/efl", theolowd^- sky, heaven, the powers of natwre, fiather.
by contract.
f
1
iS one,
5th.
^i\,
radical, the
kail* is the
sun H penetrating the jungle and drying up the vapors -that were 13'iing low
jjp*^
suppressed to give lylace to, the "5 vapors. It has the idea of evaporation,
fogs
lifting,
sun
rising,
etc.
With
the
adding of
character
bj'
ZJ to
form
is
ch'ietv,
the idea
of rising vapors
intensified,
means
cloudy'
sky,
blue firmament.
^ re-
drying effect- Tli of the sun ujion dampness. (W. 117 D.)
presents
138
Cip
^^
V Jc
,
Jeiig''',
Cold, chill j\
jP^"i^'
T"
freeze, ice.
that form on the surface of freezing water. It is the 15th radical of characters referring to cold and ice. (W. 17 A.)
g^
'
^^
ling*,
law, an order, to
command, your
is
honored.
ice.
The
I.
(W. 14
53
jo*,
j/l^
Hot, to warnii
fire, is
fever.
huo^,
the
i:adical,
^"^
No. 86.
Here written
to save space.
to hold, to attend to.
^,^
c/j/A*,
to grasp, to
seize,
^
ji$i
It is
nieh*
nr
-ii<
Iri
,
tL
chi*
composed of a man :fc (changed to ) who committed an oflFence T twice or repeatedly, i.e., a criminal; (^ Jen*, is a second offence.) (W. 102 F.) and to hold, to keep. A pictuVe of a land ^
'"''
is
changes!
A and Jl )L. (W. 11 E.) Hence the meaning of ft chib^, is to sieze % a criminal #, or to grasp anything. (W. 102 G.) Jo* % is the sensation when you grasp fire ^.
140
w9B
shen^,
deep
tinted.
7K
shen^
is
(or in
the k'ang*) in which the hand -^^ pokes the fire jy. It looks dark and deep, therefore the meanings deep, profound.
The
lire
and hand ^ have ic and the dot on the "X hs'iteli^ has heexy Comarbitrarily omitted by the scribes. bined with ^/ water it means deep combined with ^ hand, it means to fathom, or probe fil t'an'\ (W. 126 B.)
been transformed into
;
7JhL
shih\
Moist,
lying ground,
dejected.
Hi
^V
shuP,
water,
is
(See
No. 79.)
hsien^,
Two
silk
threads
a where
visible,
thej^
become
so, to
be
' .
(W. 92 E.) The water 7K appears ^. in a w^et place Wkthe is replaced by In another w^riting and the -"" by fti^, giving the meanv^rhere water 7jt aping of the earth (W. E.) pears jgs92
contracted from W to
'"\
1^
Jl
priced,
The 189th
In coraiJosition it is variouslj' contracted, overturned and mingled with other elements. It represents a high pavilion "* on a lofty foundation H, and w^ith a hall O where (W. 75 B.) See No.' 98. the people sit.
radical.
^ff mRV
^^^*'
^ girdle, a sash, belt, zone to take along with one as if worn at the girdle, to bring,
;
to take, to lead, together w^ith. It represents a belt -~ with trinkets hang^g from
it
'U*,
falling
below
is
^ one
made
up of two chin
the other.
Chin^
a handkerchief sus-
pended from a
ing down, the
It is
girdle, the
1
also
meaning suspension.
rfl
radical
,;
55
1**
*^ /^ -^'^' ''*'
k'uan^, Large,
broad
to enlarge.
mieti^, roof, is
& huan^
A chamois
(W.
]
the radical, No. 40. (See No. 1.) with slender horns, +" = T
kuai^,
legs,
03
C.)
and
tail,
(often
omitted).
may
the breeding
of these wild
^,1^
/V
of
(See No.
p
At
97.)
cha*, To enter a hiding place and be hindered
,
i.e.
ing
down
in
J>t
cave,
^^ ^ narrow.
,
crouch-
(W. 37
G, and 10 F.)
tsou^.
(See No.
123
for cba'.)
UiL
walk, to travel, to hasten, to depart. The 156th radical. The seal character above represents a man bending over to walk rapidly ^, and therefore means to
bend.
To
is Jt chih^,
foot at rest, or to stop hence the coinbination maj' inean to bend the leg and to stop,
i.e.,
to walk.
Williams.
WC> >0n
iitig*,
To
put
^, ^
-t: tr-
is
the radical,
No. 66.
isLi^^i A.
^-1
with a stick. (W. 43 D.) square, an open space, the 70th radi-
A hand
y^
cal.
Two
56
The X indicates that they are cut apart and allowed J:o proceed on their
square.
several ways;
148
chian^.
To
explain.
Wi
ye.T^, is
kou*
a graphic representation of the timbers in the roof and framework of a Chinese building hence its meaning of a network, a setting in order, a combination. Combined with g" it means setting words s in order if, i.e., to explain, to converse.
is
;
Compare % wood if, set in order, the truss of a roof. (W. 1 04 B.) Tuan shih's Shuo Wen says this character represents a network of irrigating ditches.
149
^
^
tso^,
To
act,
;
to do, to to arouse.
make
It
to arisen to
appear
things,
refers
to doing
while
fit
refers
more to inaking
things.
J!^ jer^,
man,
is
No
etjanology
150
chia^.
is
given for
To
assist, to rescue, to
J^
^,
147.)
c/i'iu^,
to ask,
is
the phonetic.
is
Its
meaning
of
found in the supposed custom of offering sacrifice and taking the skin of the offering in the hand, to present with the petition. The character repreto ask, pray,
57
vSents the
f\^.
hand
s^
holding the
tail
or skiu
(W.45K.)
shop.
p-u*,
cZi/m*
15",
o"
sAe-,
tongue,
pic-
m, ffl
mouth. (W. 102 C.) (See No. 73.) It is, however, really composed of -^ she' (See No. 40), cottage, and A" as a pure
phonetic, it
is
aptitude
Myung^
(an arrow
at
manhood, and
then, the
name assumed
manhood or
given by a friend.
(W. 109
D)
152
kci^.
Older brother.
W
^f
o|
i^'oa^
i'o*,
mouth,
is
To
Doubled
it
means
to sing. It is borrowed for brother. When the lower stroke "^ is curved the other way, it is a cry, or difficult breathing. See No. 258. (W. 58 I.)
153
m.
^^
to
Kang
see
Hsi*s
arbitrary
But
154
etymology.
(W. 87 E.)
cbih^,
holding a single bird #, not a shaang^; hence the meaning pair as iri by itself, a numerative. of one single,
A hand ^
53
sliips,
'^, j^
chui'^
No.
%
%,
155
172.
tvtre
The
seal
forms show
tail.
to be a piccf.
M niad*,
(See
bird with
a long
No. 41.)
*r
],
^
I
tei',
To
strike, to
beat
doing in general.
is
shou', hand,
the
that which the hand strikes. Therefore the hand and the nail together form the verb to strike (the subject and the object of the verb). (W. 57 A.) Read t/ag* it means to nail.
a nail (a picture)
156
hsi',
To wash. The
(See No. 79.)
radical
is
7K shui*, water.
In order to
7K.
wash
(For
86
you
must
157
|JL^
il2i^
first
^ have water
hsien^
5feseeNo. 27.)
wan^^, To forget.
cal.
No. 61.
CT, (^,
vrang^ to enter
]jerish,
A a hiding place L
ijj.
to hide
to
(W. 10
that
is,
E.)
for-
The mind
gets
158 tttt
^.
lU^
yen', Eye,
a
is
hole.
@
J^ M,
a suggestive phonetic
to stop. It
138th K. meaning also, perverse, obstinate, is from S mu*, eye, and K hua'
59
man
A invert;
'
''
'
ed K
fore
there-
26
first
use of
159
I^
g
R,
chmg^, The iris of the eye, the pupil some say the eyeball. mu%\s the radical, No. 109. (See No. 102.)
ch'iiig^,
..^i
The
first
The black
W
;
the pupil
^ or the
iris.
^^
Mt
Jjik
t'lad^,
twig
is is
),
bill
classifier
of long,
slender things.
>fC tnu^,
wood,
ed
to-Zl
yu^ to ford,
the radical. No. 75. crossing water (reduca man and tapping with a stick : to
sound the depth. It was borrowed to mean a relative pronoun, and equivalent
In the :?K li, of Bt so^j a place. character maj'' have been added because the pole used in sounding was of wood,
in vsren
slender, etc.,
i^ of
f!fc
wood
.tIc
the stream.
;
street,
avenue
place of markets.
It re-
As/ng"^,
to go,
is
presents
left
two
with the
cli'ih*
so
ch'e* (the reverse of 5f). ff As/ng* is the radical of characters relating to motion, the phonetic being inserted in the middle.
from
it is
t't^,
doubled.
thej'
By
extension
used of
when
162
(W. 81 B.)
shvang^
2 chuP
pair,
a match
an equal
to go
with, to be matched.
birds, is the radical,
154.)
Two
;
birds
make a
163
hsxeh^,
pair M.
Shoes
also written
^.
or degrade him
represents the
It
ko^.
To skin,
from
to skin an
officer,
office,
leather.
skin of a sheep Y
stretched between
two bars
3^
hands 5 at work on it to scrape off the wool. Radical No. 177. (W. 105 A.) Aer^ is the phonetic. (See No. 161.) Leather next to the land ktteP, is a proper
^.
VI.
BALLEE, LESSON
164
IP,
An
good
usage.
manners
offerings
required
by
in >J\ shih*, is the radical, No. 113, written composition. It means a revelation (aus-
picious or unlucky)
from heaven.
The
61
-
two
and the
/]>
repre-
sents sun,
moon and
stars, or signs in
Ji*
From
a. tou*
vessel, and LI l<!an\ a above it, ornamented with two sprays ft feti^, symbol of plenty. (W. 97 B.) Revelation ^ is needed in abundance to teach how to worship IB..
No. 105), a
receptacle
165
_^
sha}.
To mow
a
grass
to cut, shear,
slaj-, kill.
stick, kill, is
^^ ^ ^ X
tI^
(W. 22 D.)
kill.
^
^V
loose
drooping
heads.,
character being
^ picture of it. (Also another writing is a hand separating three grains, hence
glutinous millet, requiring effort to separate.) One dot is omitted in the modern writing ^. So we have for sha^ ^, to cut
oiFX tl^e heads of the millet #, and for the whole ^ sAa*, the addition of the
radical gives the strong motion of strik(W. ing, intensifying the idea of to kill.
39 B and 45
166
J.)
^^ ^^
l
chng\ Upright,
dox,
etc.
fi2
No, 77. (See Nos. 10 and 12.) To stop Jh at the appointed limit without going astray is correct !. (W.
112
167
A,
and
I.)
:^ i^
^hF>
>
wanton, lewd.
jV/z*,
is
The
seal writing
has been strangely modified by modems. It represents the budding and growth > ot" plants P} under the influence of the Sun fj (W. 47 P.)
168
-j^
:^^,
^ ^
^V
hsia*,
Summer, variegated,
*
large.
The
,
first
great dynasty.
chib^'
to follow,
is
yeh*
A man, head. A man who walks ^ with his hands hanging down folded O as farmers do in summer when
the croiDs
grow by
themselves.
is
In the
modem
160 D.)
*w%> Ani
cA'/aS
character
contracted.
(W.
Autumn, harvest.
is
^, ^
!K.,
bo^, grain
the radical,
Therethe
86th
radical.
autumn
fs*:
is
the season
when
grain
>K,
^ standing
i.e.,
""^.^
y
tung^,
The
the end
to
store up.
is
the radical,
No. 15.
fixed.
63
radicals
34 ^ chiH\ 35
p'u^.)
It is
The
frozen
v'
end
4C
of the year
is
the
#
171
chi^.
winter season, ^. An older form had sun H meaning the cessation of the action of the sun or it might mean the sun confined. (W. 17 F.)
;
Tender, the youngest of brothers, the end of a series of months or a season the four
;
seasons.
"T* tzt^, son, is the radical, No. 39.
^^
ho"
is
contracted from
M chih*,
^.
cate Ji among the children ?, i.e., the last; then the last month of a season,
itself
(W. 94 A.)
To dry
stice.
^^
,
jou*,
meat (see No. 133) is the radical, No. 130. Heh* Hairy, bristly, disorderly. It is a hairj'
<
head &,
tail
hsiz^
and
ed into ^.
It
has the
head whiskers
and
^^
of a rodent.
(W. 40 B, C.)
'S, 3^
J^h\ Night.
hsi*
is
The
is
seal
means what
^, that
sleep
;
done by
lie
man
:^ at evening
his side
is,
to
down on
aiftd
then
by
The modern form is of invention the scribes, a man A a quaint under a cover ju at evening i^. (W. 60 I.)
extension, night;j
64
174
^A "^
m
175
^
_:
far,
t'aP,
To
cai-ry
is
on a
pole, to elevate.
shou'\ hand,
A mouth P
is
which
point -^
neath in place of P), birds alighting there. (W. 75 B.) (See No. 88) to elevate.
;
k'ai^,
To
open, to begin
to boil.
is
^un^^
The
is,
character represents
away
176
firom
H- taking
ojiening
cf. Fi
115
C.)
J3^,
'^
shad'.
Few
shao*, young.
No. 42.
^
177
p'ieh^
A left stroke,
that which
to diminish.
To
diminish
;
/
chung^,
less.
few^,
^ un^,
A bell, a clock.
is
chin\ metal,
spinster.
A boy
under 15 and
unmarried, a
like 2^ c/j'/eAS
a slave boy, a slave girl. It is from ^ Asin*, crime, and fi chujug^, grave. A grave crime committed by pa,rents caused the children to be, reduced to slavery. The
It w-as originally
and so the meaning spinster, bachelor, virgin, and then concubine and catamite,
for thej- w^ere used as such.
slave might
be beaten just as a
bell.
65
^^^
fit
t/en',
A black
light, as
hour of time.
^. ^
^^'^''
l^l^ck, soot, is
The
soot JH which the fires jfe leave around the vent \35? where the smoke escapes. The
purely phonetic.
tung*,
fi
To move,
sheath.
excite, to begin.
jS
]i*,
Strength, muscle.
its
ter,
A picture of
53 A).
a muscle
in
No. 19.
force
is
thev
move
Wl.
180
181
a quarter of an hour. 7J, ij tao\ the Rad., No. 18, a knife. "^ 5K hai* purely phonetic, an horary character, 9 sbih' 11 P.M. It is a picture of a pig, /vV. 69 K.) with a tail added. a minute. Fen*, distinguish, divide, To Ten',
k^o\
cut, to
To
carve
pa^,
To
divide.
A
182
'
A=
iJ?"
to divide.
^^ *^
:^
p/ao*.
i^,
mao-, Skins, furs, hair. Clothes were originally skins with the hair outside, therefore this
character means the outside of clothes,
thie
66
manifestation
to manifest
time.
of the
person,
tiierefore,
^.
AAratcli
manifests the
(W. 16 K.) The emperor dressed his huntsmen in diflerent kinds of skin
^
183
to indicate
chase.
1^
P^
chien\
house.
meii', door, is
the R., No. 169. fal has the sun a shining through the opening, therefore the meaning, space, interval. See No. 5
and 12.
184
^,^
:5^,
to^,
reduplication.
was repeated
it
many.
ceasing.
185
tsan''
Perhaps
meatis many,
like the,
(W. 64 A, E.)
To'
j]^
I,
we.
n&.
tsan
when,
sometimes
written
yV ^'
/en'', is
the radical
Bjl.
k'oir* is
written
tsan^. I, w^e, is
186
an arbitrary modern abbreviation for which is jfc tsaii^ doubled, meaning a brooch or hairpin and S yiieh added, meaning to murmur, 5^ (W. 26 D.)
posterity.
:^
ch'ih*
step, to
march,
is
{/ yao'
A fine thiead. (See No. 8 and 24.) To march ;f while stretching a fine thread
ii
out behind.
The
^^ chih^. to follow
is
it
also
means to
m
+.
1^
ti*,
The
place.
188
m.^
^ ^
pai*,
To worship, pay
Ls
rCvSpect to either
man or
character
^ is also shoit^
was
under both hands itieafling both hands hanging down, in the attitude of respect, or worship. (W. 48 E.)
189 n*|
M|HI
'
sun,
is
bsiang*, is a picture of a small north window |nl fS) tinder the eaves of the house /^ by exten'
to
like,
to favor.
(W. 36
sun
B||i.
E.)
|p]
When the
it is
faces
the south
window
midday
190
'^^I^
"h
iC- /ts
wtr, 11 A.M. to 1 P.M., noon; 7th of the 12 stems. shi, ten is the R., the 24th.
is
the representation of a
In combinations it has the sense of definite, fixed, exact as in ,f^ hsu\ to promise,
^
"'
B.
m
g^
ch?,
self, is the R., the 49th, The original writing of this character S S is nowfound in four forms B / B JSl. It is a
Tfery
ancient
.symbol,
to
represent the
away.
192 lAr
JJPr
tso*,
cf.
-g"
(W. 85 B.)
numerative
of
A
To
It is
raised
seat,
cities,
throne, houses.
mountains,
/
j'e/j'
down, to
-*^
rest,
to place
to
reigjn.
two men
radical
on the ground
db.
The
/**
men
sitting in
a house, so
seat M.
(W.
27 D.)
^H^
cb'eiiff',
A city,
is
city wall.
J2
iJfe
'
t'u', is
fJt cVeng^,
T a nail, a and \vu* in which ^ Ao* is the a battle axe When a boy T is big enough to radical.
made from a
jf^
boj--
is
grown up or com-
pleted, a man, i.e. ch'eng^ tiag^, jg; -f. The character means, completed, to be-
come, to
into a
finish.
When
it
earth dh
is built
iS.
citj'
its liighest
to
^^
dt-|
^B^\ A
fief,
a territory
fief;
to appoint to
office
over a
"}*
to.
stamp, an envelope.
ts'un\ inch,
is
69
kueP^, is>
land
according to the seal character, the and crops \J/ under the rule "+ of a landlord, that is a fief. Such is the Chinese explanation. Wieger considers it erroneous. He thinks it a tree }^ on a
mound
datory or imperial possession of the land, (W. 79 E.) -.f added indicates rule.
195
Jt^ 7|S
IPS*
ivS
w yV
arsenic.
j^^y
A man standing beside that is, faithful. Some ane", cient forms are a man and mouth also a
is
the radical.
his
word
heart and a word that is words coming from the heart,; sincere. (W. 25 H.)
;
BALLEE, LESSON
-^* ^ l \
' ~*
'Vll.
n
Ip
tsai*,
chiung^ a limit,
cally it is
liang^'
Repeated, a second time, also. is the radical according to the dictionaries, the 13tli. But etymologi-
a weighing instrument or scale in equilibrium and n erA*, two, added to indicate a second w^eighing or repetition, twice, etc. (W. 35 J.)
Year, liarvest, age
;
sui^,
1^1
that indicated whether an attack was to be made or not. chih*, stop, is the R. of the dictionaries, the is from pu*^ 77th, but the combination
J^^ /^
a step, a planet, and hsii^ which is a spear jX vru* arid its wound The lower part of the pu* ^P is enclosed in
>-
7Q
Jttpiter's
cj'clical
called
great year :^ ]^. It [was later adapted to the twelve months and used commonlj-
ffi
pit^,
(W. 71 P.) A step. It is composed of Jh to stop and the same reversed underneath with the opposite meaning, to start. A step ^, is the starting ^, and stopping Jh of the (W. 112. F.) feet in walking.
forayear.
198
shti'',
To
count, s/ju*
a number.
is
and so
approjDriate
off.
It
composed of
^r
i)C
nu\
women ^
chung^
enclosed in
trouble-
meant
women
199
teTig\
prisoners :^.
order, series,
class
To compare, an
,
such, like
to wait.
is ti*
ssu\ Temple, the place w^here the rule -sfis constantly applied jt ik and jjeople a,re
classed.
200
at
TO
^ m?,
..
tsu^
(archaic
stool
for
chieh^)
is
a picture of a
n chi^ with two rungs=to brace the legs and standing on the groun<] It was boirrowed for the important conjunction, and, moreover. (W. 20D,) tSee No. 228 on ffl as a character showing
contrast.
201
m.^
trj
/js/\
Fine, small
soft
carefully.
is
yfi s'su,
the
K.,
the 120th.
As/n' or
t'ien-, field,
was
originally written
ji]
skull
of a child, tender
Bn
m
^^
j,
^
^
128th, a picture*
(W.
146
ch'eng',
A.)
To
his
the
ground
lay
i.)r
therefore
means to
before
ones
superior, to notify.
^A
shcng^jen\ or wise men, are those who listen 1^ to the P information of those
under them
wise.
in office 3
and so become
(W
81 H.)
For
^ see No.
22.
TEL
^ "^
tsao*,
fo
build, to create.
chih*, to arrive at, is the R.,
the
at,
From
this
meaning, to arrive
the meaning to accomplish, to build x is Jcao* is purely phonetic derived and the
72
^ "^
Jig
^^^*'
the
To impeach, to indict thatis^ to do with mouth P what the ox ^ does with By extension it means to tell. his horns.
;
^
^,
^
^
^
still
the R.,
yiiaii^, M- huatr The eye g, horizontal, and trailing robes, that hinder ones walk, a
ch'uarP
of
single
.#
Jcvei*,
pel*,
the
R., the
-^,
a picture of the cowrie shells with feelers out. They were used for money down to 300 B.C. and then brass representations of them were used. (W. IGl A.) k'ui* a basket, is a picture. (W. Ill A, B.) A basket ^ full of cowries K is a high
154th.
It is
price, dear.
206 JL4.
3ct
hsin^,
ni?,
A surname of a clan. woman, is the R., the 38th and ^ shen^, born. Woman bom, possibly this dates to the time when " mens' mothers were known but not their fathers " and so the woman gave the name to the clan or
family.
jl^
^^
201st
R.,
formed of
73
jg
t'iea\ field,
rowed
it
102nd radical, (a picture of furand of an old form of kuaiig' light, (a man A carrying a torch iJi)fields)
31
huan^
is
fields HI.
(W. 171
in vain.
A and
149
208
a, 6
pur, White
seal
The
character
sun just
appearing above the horizon and so the white light at dawn. (W. 88 A.) (Sec No. 6.)
209
^.%
,^
125th
radical.
mao^ changes tj A hua* to white. (See No. 20.) The ^ and A are contracted arbitrarily by the modern scribes. (W. 30 D, E.)
man
whose hair
210
cbvP,
Lord, master, owner. It is a picture of a lamp and the flame rising above it. So by extension a man who spreads light, a lord. The prince rises above other men and is seen by all as the flame rises above "'"he lamp and shines out to all. (W. 4 B.
R., the 3rd.
M,(^9t
";^'
J^
SK
Rags, unworthj'-, mean. p'u^ to tap is the R., the 66th. pi Broken shreds of cloth.
pi*,
The whole
of tapping
212
f-fY
is
piece of cloth
rj[|
sepat-ated
or riddled /\ withiioles ^^
J^.
(
by the action
W. 35
F.)
nan^,
species
B3
'
74
~h 5j
ii\
Muscle, strength, a picture q^ a muscle and The 19th radical. its sheath.
The man
213
J|
is
%he one
.
who
(
exerts his
C.)
strength ij in
the,:field |H
W. 53
chi^,
To
ssu\
silk is
pi chP,
self, the 49th .radical, is a picture of the threads of a weft above and of one thread so sorting out and in the shuttle below
;
^
214
ari'anging threads
chi*,
boVrowed
sort
xl
for
self.
as a whole
is
to
thrills ^.
(W. 84 A.)
f^\
^
To shoot an arrow,
;
expansion or manifestation.
is
two
jt
kun^, bow,
to
kill,
is
^ shu^,
shih" formerly w^ritten separate arrow, so the character meant to from the bow ^ i.e. to yife the arrow
was
shoot.
215
m
ffi
i'u.i',
piece,
^'"^ earth, is the R., the 32nd see No. 13. -|t iaer, devil, spirit of a dead man, the 194th
f v*
rad.
^L is
The
fy
man and
the
the /
is
a tail or the
vanishes.
swirl
where
demon
Purely
after the
phonetic here.
(W. 40 C.)
fg
body has
75
earth _ becomes
tip
stiff
and hard
iM.
it
breaks
ai6
it
a person.
of a
^'v ;e^^ man is the K., the 9th. _\L, jfc ^^*' 1^0 estabUsh, to stand.
A picture
man
gro.vind.
The
place,
f]]F
(office,
;
dignity) where a
man
J/f\
rfj
ti\
The Supreme
chiii^, is
the R., the 50th; It iis doubled to represent the skirts hanging from the gii'dle.
Cf. No.
143 ^.
represented
^[^ IS.
a man clad in manj"- garments and designated by meaning _L above. The scribes added' two arms. LP Ssi; changed the bottom into '^ t'zti*, thorns, and then it was contracted into the modern fonn. (W. 120 H.)
BALLEE, LESSON
218
VIII.
1^,
1^
'
g &
i^
rectitude superior
to the
common
is
perfect simplicity.
mu^
eye,
made up
;
of the
U
T[^
hua* to change," a man tumbled heels over head wu*, a high platform or base. In the combination the -f- shih^ at the top
;
chih" is replaced by the of the character wu* at top line of the \^ hufi*^ and the
76
the bottom
stroke
is
of the chi!^ g.
is
The
logic of
% genuine M chenK
219
that moral rectitude iit chihF acquired by a change ^ haa* and raising wu* of the moral nature is true,
the combination
(W. 10 L.)
;
YS -1^
fin^,
The
top, very
the button on a
is
man-
darin's hat.
^
J
,
yeh*^,
"P t/u^,
A nail,
(picture).
It is of phoiiietic force.
But the button on a mandarin's hat called ^$Sl ting^ tat*, looks like the head of a Chinese nail and as though it were nailed
into the hat or head.
220
-^
}^
Jp[, iP^
mai*, to
sell,
to betray, to vaunt.
is
pel*,
cowrie, precious,
as in
map,
ZtT'^fU,^^
The springing of plants, to put forth. map, to buy. Therefore K tnaP, to sell, is the
cA'u*,
opposite of
out
{ij
Rq the cowrie
peP.
(W. 78 E
'"^.^
r*
*
profession or class.
is
31
152nd, radical.
The
it is
seal character of
a picture of a
legs,
pig, the
and
showing the belly the right side the back and tail.
left side
77
It is suggested that
'^ roof, it
when
means
^
222
and dogs lived in the house with the family. (W. 69 A.) But earlier forms of
^
t^.
show various objects under the roof One of the earliest is three people
roof,
under a
child
for
a man,
woman and
make a home.
Chalfant XIX.
to polish
ts'o*,
a polishing stone, a
13.)
^*'^^ O^*^'
ancient, fomierlj'.
Dried meats.
It is forjned of dt contracted
from the seal form ii representing strips of meat hung up to dry and H jih* sun. So the meaning is old, dried meat as compared with fresh meat. (W. 17 J.) Old ^metal ^, scrapped, makes a most disorderly place.
223
An
>|^
hen', \ er3'.
ch'jh*
ch^uan',
j^ is
In the ^ or it
^^
g ^
Aen'' is
the form used in combinations. composed of @ rau* eye and {j hua*, to keti^ is to turn or turn or change so change the'ej'-e g, looking in anger, de(W. 26 B &L.) fiance; stubborn, hard.
;
seems of phonetic force onlj' in \^ hett'. In the second wi'iting one might say " a, defiance, or obstinacy in holding dog's verv is on Wk extreme.
It
78
224
1^ ^3
A^'
'
p'P,
Skin, leather, bark, wrapping, the case around goods or the tare the 107th R. The seal form shows it to be a priiiiitive meaning to skin, representing the skin } (W. 43 H.) a hand ^ and a knife D
;
225
/-|5
,
f^
yung*.
is
To
It
226 -gg-
^ ^
chuti^ which also meant to hit i showing the part of an the arrow that did not go through. By extension the capacity of the archer, the effect, the use, the means. (W. 109 B.)
form as
ken^,
To
by convention
in the dictionaries.
l^,/51l
formed of the following, according to the Sbuo^ Wen": ping\ Fire, calaiiiity, bright. A fire in a house with flames rising above the roof. p'u* To tap, to interfere with the hand holding
really
stick.
Therefoie
reprefire
R.
hearth, the coais were covered by (W. 41 A.) ashes; the change is great.
on
227
tlje
fljffl
sheiP, Spirits,
animal
is
spirits,
gods.
in
-^
shih*,
to reveal,
It
formed of crh Jb shang* heaven = and /J^ the sun, moon and stars, or signs in the heavens which reveal transcendental things to men.
79
Hi shn\ To
The
seal wiiting
a rope and
by the
man
^, ^
The combination #is probably ijhonetic but the idea of god may have some connection with an increased or extended ^spiritual revelation ^. Chal(VV.
50
C.)
fant,
however, finds early forms representHe thinks, probably rightly, that these became the sign for deity from superstitious dread of lightning ^g tien*. It gradually took the form ^ and tt: was added to distinguish the
,
meaning of God and ^ ,vf' rain, was added to show the meaning lightning ^. (Plates VII and XXVI.)
jjiji,
flexible,, pliant,
willing, to assent.
opposed to the skeleton ^^^^ ^yo*,is the R., the 130th. (;See No.l33.)
^s
/e'en" the i^t A'ua\ In early writings of skeleton, was at the top of the character. As this forms the character for bone
ku^ the upper part fi was replaced by jh and thus the etymology is lost.
compared to the bones ^ (changed to ) and hence the derived meanings to yield ones self, to be compliant, to assent. (W. 65 A, C.)
The
flesh is soft
and
pliable as
In
& t'su^,
we have
another example of
characteristics
two
objects of opposite
to one of them
i.e. IH.
t'su^
coarse
is
:^ fine
heav\'
two
ranged stool
929 10:$
iBJC
chia^, False,
JL.
(No. 200.)
J^ jeti'-,
03 ga
^'
is
chia:',
The
seal
shows two Zl
skins j, that
is,
or a borrowed skin over ones ti-ue skin, disguise, false. " Wolf in sheep's clothing."
(W. 43
hsia^,
The character
'^J
hui*,
To
meet,
to collect, a
procession,
society, able.
(See
No.
9.)
ch? To
collect, (see
-Sk tseng^
The words H yiieh^, that ]:)eoplc say when they meet A chr at the fire under the smoke hole IS
add,
still
To
ch'uang^, in greeting or
fidding
top
is
(W. 14
D and W.
D.)
4^
'IJr
shih^,
To
cause
to order, to send,
A. i^n"'
is tlie rad.,
81
kN^
^
5^
shih^
ii*,
A hand ^ grasping a stylus, see No. 96 a historian, scholar. Those of the scholars j^ who were set over (= Jh) the administration. The meanings of ^ shib^ come from the uniting of A man and J^ the superior official of government. (W. 43 M.)
;
232
ch'iang^, Strong, firm, determined,
-
good read
;
'^
chUian^, to fonse, to rob. kun^, a bow, is the radical, the 57th, a picture. As the character ch'iaagf^ was originally
written ^, it meant a bow ^ that shoots over two fields and their boundaries cbiatig^, that is, a strong bow, and byextension, good, firm, determined.
Itard to write the
Being
M chiang\was replaced
a bow and when it falls on its
by ^, an
back.
Xv
the insect.
^,
ch'ving^
an insect, in the seal writing represents a snake, probably the cobra, called huf^^.
142nd radical which anciently and used for meant animals with legs, but now means
written
Jg.
|i
now
It is the
ch'titig^,
as frogs,
worms,
233
p'en*,
108th, a picture. jj^ mia^, a dish, is the R., the Zk /e\ to divide, is the phonetic. (See No. 181.)
231
^M
/iiS
"J^i^
ta*,
fn^, to has a stroke added in represent the pin 'in the hair used only when, grown to manhood at the age of twenty, the boy took a cap, and received an honorable name as well as used a hair(W. 60J.) pin.
37th.
It
235
&^
pin^,
shiif,
cake, pastry.
;
3fp,
XT
5f*J*
ssu*^ to feed, to r^ar, is the 184th, of characters relating to (SeeKo. 75.) food. P"'^' ^^^ ^^^^ represents two men marching side by side, or on a level ff cb^ien\ therefore the meaning even, together, harmony. ch^ien} is two poised scales, or shields side by
to eat, food
R., the
side,
even, level.
Pin^
united
is
phonetic, but
,
cooked grains
A form cakes ff
logical combination.'
236 -jfi^
J^
J1J[
ho^,
A box or
Shut
dish,
with a cover.
^Afc
'
J^
^^
A the mouth P join, unite. (See No. 103.) So ^ ho^ is a covered dish,join the dish M and its cover. hat", A child. ^ tzu^, is the R. (See No. 1.)
;
-&
12th of the twelve stems 10th of the horary cycle 9 to 11 P.M. The 10th month. It is said to be a picture of the pig with tail added. (W. 69 K.)
It is the
i.e.
238 __
p'an^,
HHfl',
plate, tray.
is
dish
paT^y
To make a boat
move along by a
88
regular action
of the oars
so the de-
boats.
'^,-^
chou^,
jC.
showing the high bow the deck, compartments, rudder and an oar.) It is the 137th R. of characters relating to ships. (W. 66 A.) s^"' is the right hand x making a jerky motion JL or a rhythmical motion, therj, to kill, to strike. The 79th R. (See No. (W. 22 A. D.) 71.)
(picture
A boat,
239
4J)C
pan*,
>1C /na*,
A board,
wood,
is
flattened
bamboo.
(See No. 75.)
is flat
^^
240
fan*.
To
like
turn* over,
A suggestive phonetic,
a hand. a
teng*,
as a board
A long bench,
is
stool.
>fC mu*,
wood,
a
^^
Hj
ten^,
chi^,
A stool
or bench.
This
stool, the
16th radical
(picture)
composed of and
/^ ^^
'
*^^^ to ascend, advance, at once. This is from the radical '/^ po* (See No. 214) to ascend step by step, and a pedestal S tou*. (W. 112 H.) (See No. 105.)
tan*, But, only.
241
j R.
Q
'
A is the radical,
the 9th.
3. tan*, The morning, dawn, daylight. It reprejust above the horizon . sents the sun In fg. it is, of phonetic force only. It is one of the few indicative characters.
242
chan\
rain*,
A classifier of lamps
a shallow cup.
u
chien'
To
destroj',
13),
A small
Thus
it is
^.
243
ttng^,
a suggestive phonetic.
huo^, fire,
is the'R.,
A lamp,
ifi
the 86th.
ten^*,
To ascend,
This
240.)
elevate
for
(See No. 214 and a suggestive phonetic for to fire ^/c is a good designation
to elevate.
is
a lamp
M:.
244 juzf
WB
mao\ A
rash.
\\l
B[
PI
a napkin, is the R., the 50th. G| mao*, a hat, is the original writing for l|lg. It is a n mao^ (to cover fj chiung^ something ) and indicating the head within. The modem writers change 3 to [^ and H so that it cannot be distingaished from yueh without reference to the seal
chiti^,
character.
M, mi
covered
character.
act with the eye a natural meianing for the ^ M #f &. (W. 34 J.)
,
is
An
account, a
bill.
pei*,
the 154th.
also
^ chan^,
A
to grow, senior,
is
a phonetic and
the 168th R.
(See No. 131.) long or growing list of predojis things M is a gg cbang*. The character is a modern invention to take the place of
85
il^,
246
'JJCi
^
-^
chao^.
sbott't
To
seek, to find, to
is
pay a balance.
(See No. 2 f^,
hand
Ao*,
spear or halbiprd.
from
be
distin-
The seeking in mind Tay the inventors of this character must have been a search for
an enemy, with spear
often used
:^ in
now
for seeking
spirit of revenge.
24f
saaii*,
To
M* AV
chu^y
g
p^
bamboo, is the radical, No. 118, because the abacus, upon which mathematical calculations, are
often,
made
is
made
of
bamboo
is
abacus, which
-H*_
^S suan* p'aif.
katjg^
^
;
tion
it is
modified in several
/\
ways as
in
^ in
and
^
248
tsan^
m & ping^
to lend.
:*:
:g^ chii*
|g^
/W^
chieh*,
To borrow,
Jen"
is
the R.,
249
^^
^^
9th.
^ chin"
is
86
t'ttH^,
With; together, like. Phonetic. It is H ma&' a cover fitted to the n mouth of a vase, thus meaning agreement, union, to(W. 34 I.) gether etc.
250
J^. ^)
chiao^,
a pod a dime, a quarter. It is the 148th It is a picture of a striated horn radical. and is also said to be a combination of strong yj /? and flesh 1^ joii*. (W. 142 B.)
corner,
;
251
-lA
huan*,
to exchange.
is 4*
shou', the
^;,
64th.
for,
to examine.
It
a man
hsiieh^,
'/Z
peering out g, with a stick in his hand 4^==:^, that is, to watch, or examine.
(W. 37 F.)
-^H
pu^,
To reimir, to mend To
begin,
to patch, to substitute.
:^
great, just
now, an
honorific
ffi.S
name.
and governing a family, manhood, the age at which an honorary name was given to a man. Phonetic combination. (W 109 D.)
It is capacity |g for founding
a?
y^i^g^, The ocean, foreign, European, vast. j^ Y^ ^ y ,7K sAh?, water, the radical, the 85th.
-,
is
"^^
ya.vg^,
a picture of a and tail. The tail is often left off in combinations to make room. Phonetic combination. (W. 103 A.)
sheep,
a goat.
It is
ram
254
%%
Ig*
fedd
:3^r?, JAi
mad", Hair,
radical.
fur,
255
p'iao*,
,.
signal,
1^1
***
note.
M revelation ^ ".
the R., the 113.
This
is
shih\,a revelation,
(See No.
^ is a
fir^,
Chalfant PI.
it
shows a
fire
beautiful ori-
^ with smoke
and manipulated by four This was an ancient method of signalling. The seal writing of 100 A.D. is explained as being an ignis fatuus ik. kveP hud'', below is the fire %, on top^ the head and hands Efij and the line in the
hands
|==1.
&
middle
16. 256
is
the waist.
Compare
No.
(W. 50 0.)
rP,
/n
fjl
Market place, a market. chin^, a handkerchief, is the R., the 50th (See No. 143), a mistake etymologically. The seal shows that it is a broad place n chiung^ outside the town, overgrown with
sA/A*,
88
where people go to get 7 what they want. (W. 34 D.) an open space a limit, is the 13th R. chiung^, P3 jt "jr chp, To reach to, to get. (W. 19 D.)
grass
ik.
chih^,
257 ij^
ti*,
J^
^^ ^^
The
a development
shih*, (See No. 8), a floating plant of that branches on the surfe.ce of the water and sends a root down to the bottom^
added below to represent the bottom of the water. So the meaning to sink, the bottom. (W. 114 A.B.) JK t? with the ^ yen^ radical means tlie foundation, base, of a house etc. JB.
hao*,
A line is
To
a mark,
label
honorary name.
y^, (^ bu^ tiger, is the R., the 141st. This is a picture representing the stripes on the tiger's
^
^
^, f^
skin.
obstacle
.
fighting against an
(cf. rT
No. 152. )
says.
is
KWi^^.mn-^^b^M~mm.
"2r bao*
^"*
with feet like a man's Ji jen^, added below. This character enters into sevferal compounds meaning cries, clamor. Thus both sides of the | bao^
tiger, is /g hu^
mean
outcry..
89
259 ^rtt
^^
tin^.
An
ingot of silver.
(S| ting*.
To
fix,
td
order jE chen^ (See No. 12) in the house >^ mien^ (see No. 1) i.e. peace, quiet. (W.
Rule, law,
is
model
means.
(See No. 7&.) (See No. 67.)
-^
cA'tf*,
To
go, to remove.
The
far fetched mnemonic has been suggested " the law, or a model fi fa'^ is
level,
as
w^^ater
by removing
^ vices."
was
written
which means
A
is
chp
law,
261
IJK fv^
mst. Weights for money or goods, wharf. shil^, stone, is the R., the 112th. (See No. 42.) The seal writing /na', horse, is the phonetic.
shows the head turned backwards, the mane, legs and tail. It is the 187th R. (W. 137 A.)
262
__ _
chisL,
The value of a
is
Pi.
^ ^yy
^
ffll,
jexBy
man
kt^
chis^,
travelling merchant
(^
As/a*
precious things under a canopy P5 hsia*. A cover, a canopy. The 146th R., often
confused with
ffi
hsi"
(W. 41 C.)
90
263
J=^ "^^
'
,S^ C
yiiarr.
Head,
uijon
principal, origin.
_t,
It is
of zl, or
is
and
)[ijen^
)l,
man.
Jc.
man
the head.
261
^ ^L
"05"
the 10th.
pao^, A gem, a coin, precious, valuable. *** miet^, house, is the R., the 40th.. (See No. 1.)
^^ ^^^
^C
Earthenware vessels in general, the picture of a covered vessel the 121st R. (W. 130 C.) pad', is to have 3E vu*, gems or jade,^-^ /ba*earthenware and ^ pel* money in the house. These w^ere the ancient valuables. (W. 130 D.)
;
t'^'
265
yin\
Silver.
167th
(See
No. 13.)
,^
266
is
the phonetic.
(See
No. 223.)
Silver
M is hard S metal ^.
string of
fp
ipa
'
t/ao*.
To
suspend, a
is
1000
cash.
1^
^C
.&'oa^
mouth,
When written ^ it means^ to condole, and ^ Aufl^ bow is the R., the 57th. It is a man A with a bow^ over his shoulder, coming to help keep the birds and beasts away from the corpse which w^as exposed to rot.
Hence the meaning of to condole. The Mongols still expose, but do not keep aw^ay the beasts and birds. The meaning to suspend comes from the fact that the
bow was
28 H.)
267
(W-
glj
fu*.
To
aid
a duplicate, an alternate, a
pair.
91
J} tao\
ftr^,
abundance, happiness
tracted)
from
;
and
t'icn^ fields
up
i.e.
abundance, prosperity g. A knife 7J cuts off from ones abundant stores m to help 11]. (W. 75 D.)
268
2p
p'itig-,
Free expansion on
;
all sides
plane, even,
level
tranquil.
;
(See No.
yiP, the
110.)
This
the seal
vyrriting
shows
it
to be
=f-
breath *7 hao* overcoming the obstacle In'^ and spreading out freely above the sjanbol pa!" to divide, adds to the idea of free expansion on both sides. (W.
58
269
F.)
BALLEE, LESSON
'
X.
;
-^,
ha^, The sea, an arm of the ocean lake, an expanse, as a desert, ^, ;!fc shu^ is the R., the 85th. (See No. 79.)
.lt
meP, Each, eycrj. These are borrowed meanings, as originally it meant swarming, being a combination of ^ or ;j c/z'e* a mt^ mother. sprout, and This is from -^ nii^ female, with tnu^, Mother. the breasts made prominent. (W. 67 O, P.)
^p
P
,
'
iu\ ouS
All,
the whole
the capital.
g
HJ'
i\ city, is the R., the 163rd, (See No, 11). che^, Phrase, speech, document sign of end of
;
a paragraph after other parts of speech This characit changes them into nouns.
;
'
92
tei-
was
two
tion between
are
preceding members in the middle a =& tza*, from, represents the point already arrived at, the starting point for what follows and the "1 at the readr's right is
;
A,B.)
271
ho^,
To
drink
to shout.
the R., the 30th.
fisJ^Aai*
k'ot^,
mouth,
is
ho^
stranger or beggar
yiieh^, to
?
who
;
speaks,
ask,
^.'^
lih
kai*.
how To
beg,
(W. 73 A.)
seeks to enter A.
(W. 10
G.)
No. 145
^ cha*.
It reprefor
-j^
=^
xS\
various
apart.
kou^ mouth,
help,
is
and
calling
ig. ko* means to go on ones way ^ without heeding the calls n or advice of others following, V, therefore, apart, separate,
each.
(W, 31 B.)
^w, ^
_^_
a^*>
To
61st.
^.xi
^
c/ji*
formed of ai* to love and go slowly. The upper part of the character ^ is strangely contracted from 56 chi*, to
It is
suP^ to
93
breathe
in,
to swallow.
The meaning
^,
ch'ien*,
to breathe out, to be lacking, as both made up of and Jljen^, the being a reverse of ch'ien*. Both are synonyms of ch'i* breath. is the 71st R. Joined
are
ai*.
in one's heart jfi. to take into one's heart, to love, kindness. The radical suP to walk is added to
;
^
^
form
M
is
at*,
primitively
as the radical
in the
Move
274
pan*.
To
to manage, to
arrange.
fj
li*,
strength,
^,W
hsiti^.
the R., the 19th, (See No. 212.) Bitter, punishment, criminal, the 160th
is is
No. 110.) to offend, with two V dots indicating a repeated offence, and -^=_t shang* a superior that is an offence against a superior a crime brings punishment,
R. It
made up
of
kati^ (see
bitterness.
lf#
pieti*,
Two
passionate recriminaofficial is
When
the
li*
strength of the
ment, to manage, to arrange, |^ or each criminal in such a recrimination exerts all his strength :fy.
94
^^^
^
ifJi
stand a stage in a journey, 60 to 90 F. /^'*' to stand is the R., the 117th. (See No. 216). jL, standing on the It is a picture of a man ground. (W. 60 H.) (5 chan^, to consult O the diviner [ is the pho(See No. netic, chan* to seize, invade.
'
;
^^^'
132.)
276
^'
k'ao\
To be dose
;
to trust. It is from kao* to That is inform and feP' not. to intell, form of non-agreement, i.e. to oppose, and so to be opposite to, and then to For be next to, to rely on. see No. 203.
lean on
^,fln
^^^'
primitive with
two
sides opposite to
ot
each other and so the abstract notion opposition, negation, wrong, hot.
It
gives j^ its meaning of opposition and the idea of nearness is related to that of opposition, (note that the idea of opposition
is
in
also).
It is the
175th R. (W.
170 A.)
277
ts'aP,
^
lS
iS
TH
ssij, mi*, is
commonly
called
ch'arf rodents, or
gnawing animals,
crafty.
It is the pictures of
two
rodents
the one
^
fi|
t'li*,
above
but below
is
ch'ao*
the one
"^
hare. It
ting,
with
tail
96
278
p|3 -^^
mouth, is the R., the 30th. j^ 7^ nP, To stop; a nun; ni* near, familiar.
i'ou,
tic force only.
Phone-
It is formed of two|
men
in contact, one
seated
sbib^,
fc
the
reversed,
pP.
;'a
and one
Jra" lESl
^H*>
road, a
way
JH
^
Jhi,
a picture of a foot at rest, the tsu* circle above indicating rest as opposed to motion enough, full, pure. It is the R. the 157th. (W. 112 B) cT. jh chilP sec No. 10. Motion is expressed by . ko\ Each. (See No. 272.) The way /u^ is that through which each Ao* goes JS. tsu^ (W, 31 B.) one
The
foot,
>< IC
,
Anciently
fire
it
modern form
or torch
^
-/- dnli
the 140th.
firuits
;
/r\'
To
pick flowers or
variegatied
to gather objects.
The upper part is ^ cAaoS *the contracted modern form of flCV the right hand prone or reaching down,
the paws, claws. Normally at the top of a character because of its meaning and
here
it is
above a
tree
;fc
meaning to pick
96
jjc.
It is often written
With grass
?|g.
vegetables,
(W. 49 B.)
282
ch'P,
4
;
To
rise,
liary
^
<
283
(See No.
146.)
chP,
self,
is
the phonetic.
^
3R.
yang*,
rau*,
A pattern,
is
wood,
are often
made
of wood.
The
character
^
'iiC
has the same meaning and pronunciation without the R. yang*, A rising or unceasing flow of water (same as yun^ w^ith i^yang^ added as phonetic) uniformity,, mod^, pattern,
tediousness.
^.
y^^^j
is
in
284
JW^'
^ ^
,
a variation of 7jc shuP, adding foam and ripples. (W. 125 D.) yatig", Sheep, (see No. 253). (W, 103 A.)
thfe
eai-th,
j'u^,
Fish, the
195th
fish.
R., relating to
names and
parts of
It is
picture of head,
body,
fins, scales
and, tail.
below stand not only for fire 3^ but also for tail, and feet in % niao^ bird, ^ ma* (W. horse, ^, kao^ lamb wei^ monkey.
142
A.)
'97
^^ '0^
y.
"S
to eat, to
feed,
is
184th.
(W. 26 M.)
closely
J.)
hooded heads
(W. 33
286
To grasp, to collect to push out, a comb. 4^,^ shott\ hand is the R., the 64th. f^,^|,^\ lan^, A dragon, imperial, glorious, the 212th R., contracted from a picture of the animal'. The modern form has on the right a contraction of jH /eiS to fly or the ^y^ wings (picture of a crane flying W. 11 A.) and on the left at the bottoin is ^ = ^ joa* meat or body, and above it ^jr li*, said to be a contraction of ^ t'utig^, slave boy, as phonetic. This is probably an artificial interpretation of a conventional modification of the picture. ' (W. 140 A.) JH is a hand :^ on a dragon f|, able to grasp or gather together legs, wings, tail and all.
lang^,
;
Phonetic.
287
isung',
a bundle to sura up to unite to comprise, to manage before a negative it makes a strong ascollect
To
and
;
tie
up
in
^
J>.^
sertion.
mi*, called
is
the radical,
the 120th.
ts'ung^
To feel alarm
excited, restless.
When
j^
windows
98
bable outcome
now
written
W.
(W.
40
288
D.)
Phonetic combination.
accuse.
jT
^t^
r/|
su\
To
tell,
the 149th.
J^,J^,f^
ch'ih*
5M
"^
1*
attack; a modern abbreviation of J^ to attack a man jfr i*, in liis house r yetf to expel, to scold. is said by the Shuo Wen to be =f- kan^, an offence doubled, though not completely, and so having the idea of repeated offence as in (W. 102 D.) jen', See No. 139. vJp su* is to attack J^ with words 3".
;
To
289 iy-t
^J
^
~r,
tmg
, ,
nail
ting
is
.1
to nail.
167tii, being the
is
chin^,
metal,
made.
(sSee
No.
13.)
ting\
t'u",
nail
4<
To go on
]5rcntice
futile
;
;
foot soldier
;
disciple, ap-
coinpanion
a low
fellow
onl\-,
ch'ih^ to
is
H
^
shuang ^
1^ }^jea-,
;
but
originally it was cho*, the character being written ^. Later the jh chilf was moved over under the . t'w* (See No. 10.) To go on the ground , is the etymo-
logy of
291
$^.
(W. 112E.)
;
^t'
ones
self; person-
R.,
pregnant the whole life ; the 158th used in characters relating to the body.
seal
The
form
is
a human
figure with
; ;
99
abdomen and one leg forward to support the bodj' more firmly, or preserve
Large
the equiUbrimn.
Attention
character
is
called to other
jctt^-
forms of the
;
A
v
jen^* erect
{j
pp, to
turn
over head, to change 7* r* shih\ a seated man, a corpse $ pao^, a man leaning forward to enfold an object
/iHa* heels
in his
A
292
t'P,
apron -^ ta* man with arms |J(. forms of men moving on with hindrances of three forms. (W. Lessons 25-32
; ;
The body, the whole person a class or the substance body of officers etc. respectable a style of writing Chinese
;
;
*^,
"^
iu^,
bones
It is
is
a framework.
made up
^=^
^i,
293
S ^^ ^(W. 97 used
vessel
in sacrificing.
B.)
^J^
yt^
tsen
How ? Why ?
j5 hsiii^ is the R.
For
-^
The
how?
w:hA'^? ^,.
m
VOCABULARY
^SL
yenP, Salt.
TI
OP BALLEE'S LESSONS.
/u"
Rock
salt
salt land
^ij'
Composed of
iS=Bff
West and
the West.
L,
chien^,
phonetic (W. 82 F.) as the Chou Dynasty (1122 to 255 B.C.) appointed- officers to
have control of salt and salt lands. The chier} is E cWcri (see No. 120) and reclining man ^, which ineans to recline or bendover, and "SL hsiieh, a vessel of blood.
jfJL
One explanation
:
lows an ancient times an oath was taken by having the contracting parties draw blood and an official watch it flow together in a vessel. Wlien the radical for salt fe,nd is added the idea is conveyed
that salt is w^atched over by those who have been appointed to this work.
295
chal, Pig.
f\^^ .^
a dog.
character and is made up of the above radical and ch^, (See No. 270) which is here a simple phonetic.
This
is
a modem
"^m
^,^ .^ ch'iiaif Radical No. 94 ;J,:^, a
Jp) chu*, or
.
dtig.
AoaS
a sug-
This
is
101
.
;^L
+r
'
^ua*, To suspend; anxious; classifier of bridles. shou\ Radical No. 64 hand. Wf^ kua*. The # is a combination of M kuep, sceptre, (Sec No. 161) and pt^, (See No. 14-) and it means to divine or a diagram. (W. 56- E.) ^ is said to represent an hexagram and thus it has no connection with
;
two
tre
are identical,
it is
^. If we suppose that the charts or diagrams of the diviners were hung up then we may regard this as a suggestive
phonetic.
298 itB
The phonetic;
is
splendid; (W,
73 A).
is
to speak, emanation.
The idea
that
mouth
than
suggestive jshonetic.
A more
^
ordinary conversation.
299
a^
tsang". Dirty.
/fu',
^^.
Radical No. 188, a bone. (See No. 292). phonetsang*, to bury, is a suggestive
tic.
What
could be
a body
lished
fill
and the bones appearing? It is composed of -* ts'ao^ grass, (See No. 40) and JE sztiP, to die, which is composed of ^' ^^^' calamity and A jeif, man the calamitv which comes to all men
;
302
(W. 26 H.) The present writhi^ of man in this part of the phonetic is unfortunate as it has but slight resemblance to X- Beneath is :fl- a contraction of grass. The dead were tied up in a reed
death.
HBji
mat
300
$!?.
The
is the
;
rope.
B
c/^'^^
To
ride horseback
to sit astride.
^ -^
raa,'^
cA'i^
Radical No. 187, a horse. (See No. 261). The phonetic; (See No. 54) wonderiul, strange. This phonetic is also used in the
character for chair.
sitting
A chair
^ is used for
a horse, one sits on the horse as he would sit on a chaii-, and in the character for riding 1^ radical 7|c, wood, is replaced by the horse There are not a few cllaracters radical. that have a similarity of action that are formed as the above by a change of
on
;
in
riding
radical.
301
^^
eh'mn^. Poor, thoroughly exhausted. a cave. (See No. 97). Caves are used bj"- those who are reditced
to the last extremity.
;
Jg;
The phonetic, (W. 9a t) to bend H kung', bod3' forward and cause the vertebrae
the
to stand
ptit.
written with
^
JiP
kung'^,
g /ti* on the tight, but a bow has been substituted for the back bone. This is not a bad comEmpty,
leisure
;
^i^
RH
9i
k'ung^,
the firmament.
103
nr. /vun^V,
The phonetic
is
This character may have been originality used for caves made b}' man; a place made
empty by
303
hsien*^.
X labor.
(W. 82 A.)
Thread.
7j^
common^
called lan*^
silk.
The phonetic
(See No. 13).
is
chiet^ small,
is
narrow.
of mintite
Thread
made
304
^M ^
strands of
ssu',
tai^.
silk.
To
die
Radical
death
Ij jerr,
death firm closed. No. 78, bones fallen apart bad, perverse.
; ;
Man
This
inverted.
is
were adopted, hence when we say that the radical is "^F taP there is no discrepancy, but when we say that the phonetic is X /eB'* it is a misnomer as \ has (See No. no phonetic value. ( W. 26 H ) 299). Death JE is the calamity ij that comes to man ^
.
305
it
^ chm\ ^
^. j|
chet},
(See No.
13).
cher^, is the correct writing of this character, but if- cheri^ is shortei' and is very often
used.
hsiet^,
The phonetic of the correct writing is to bite, to wound with the mouth. ^ with hsu" is to wound with a weapon
jrJc
;
104
the addition of
character
71 P.)
little
mouthftiUs of cloth as
biting
its
xnan\ Full
complete
pride
Manchu
7K ^
shuP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). equality, equilibrium, man^ The phonetic, is
(W. 35. M.) The scale pans M are even when the water is even with the brim of
the vessel, then it is full. (See No. 35). The upper part of this phonetic is, b\some, supposed to be horns, to indicate
equality, as the
similar.
two hornS
it is
are apt to be
By others
level.
beam
367
which indicates
when
pans are
tt
cAi'S
Chicken.
(Sec
'^
No. 21).
niao", Radical 196,
a long
tailed, bird.
The phonetic is H hsP, a woman condemned to spinning in. official prisons. The top is fll chao^, hand the center of
;
the character
is is
silk,
contracted, and
adult.
iz ta*,.
an
Some
f^
was not ic ta* originally but lower part of ^, and the 4* was changed to ic ta\ The hand working at spinning, a spinster. These women were condemned to this work, and consequently got no benefit from their labor. The
103
Ijulk of the eggs that chickens lay goes to their owners, thus the appropri(W. 92, C.) ateness of this phonetic.
great
308
Vieti',
Iron.
yK chm\ Radical 167, gold or metal. !^& ^^ it'c/j' The phonetic to scrape, to
;
This comes from _ ch'eng^, to speak P while standing at one's post z with the addition of i^ ko^ it. is read tieb*, to notify in a menacing manner with the addition of :fc ta* man, now reduced to -+- shih^ it means to scrape or pick or stab. The metal with which one can scrape or stab best is iron, hence the appropriateness of
;
the phonetic.
'Bnu,
^R
Mi
self.
;
Radical 147
to see
perceive.
;
chen^,
The
phonetic,
now
reduced to
hazel.
Hazel shrubs grow in clumps, this charac,ter is used for those persons which one
sees
constantly
those
in
the
same
family, relatives.
B^^ IPl
*-
This is conform to rules governing phonetics. The lower part of the character is ^ tui^, terThe f^* hall of the races, ramparts, city.
city.
dence of the official who governed a city. Now it stands for the officer. (W. 86. C*).
The top
stroke
is left
oflffrom the
||.
106 311
^g
J^
tai*,
ko^,
To wear, as hat or spectacles, to bear. Radical 62, a spear. (See No. 2). This is an old character and the radical
and phonetic are
not separable.
is
The
ts^aP,
damage with a spear. The + shiti^ a contraction of ^ saP, property or matei'ials (W. 71. H.), to plunder with
;
i\
To
(W. 47. R.). The m a modification of ^ /u*, devil's head, but here used for the earnest money w^hich is placed on a table 7C wu*, hands*, f^ are represented as pushing the money away, it is not acceptable. The character After a place is plunW. is explained thus. dered the marauders divide the spoils accoi-ding to the number of men, the
disagree, different.
is
fietf
articles
on the several
conveyed.
312
feng^,
are placed in order, one by one piles thus the idea of plac;
is
is.
To sew
ieng*,
a crack, seam.
(See No. 8).
^^
1^
silk.
The phonetic, means to pick ones way (to walk slowly) ^ through ^ &n^, brushwood, to meet. (W. 97. A.). The i_ cho^
is
added to
this
that this silk thread, threads its way through the cloth as a man picks his way through brushwood.
107
313
<^
iu^,
a roof. (See No. 1). This phonetic seems to be a contraction of ^ kao^ on IH t'ieii^. The meaning is
that the products of the IH t'ien^, field arc piled high, kao^, under cover ,w mieti' abundance. (W. 75. D). (See 267.)/
314
ken^,
root, origin,
a base, as of a
wall.
(See 223).
Wood added to
acter for root. the ground.
The root
is
firmly fixed in
315
VE ^g {y, K'^
to cleanse
only.
Y' 7J^ sbuP, Radical 85, water. The phonetic is cheag\ to pull in differ-
ent
directions,
;iv.
part is holding a stick, the two hands are pulling the stick in opposite directions. (W. 49. In order to cleanse an article, it D.). must go through what appears to be an active struggle with water.
jSf
Ao^Ariver.
sbui^.
-pT k'o;'
The
the
tion.
phonetic.
(See 54).
The idea of
breath leaves
that the current is unobstructed, a river flows, but the water of a jjond is hemmed in on all sides.
108
317
>v>
.^ 31
I.M
la
/S Father.
This
character
is
is'
the
The
seal character
88th
hand which wields authority. The modern writing failed in bringing out this idea (W. 43 G.)
rod, the 318 ..
Frame, staging, a rads, to support. yfC Ju*, Radical 75, wood. hn chja*, Phonetic to add to. To- add M muscle Muscle is :fj to persuasion fcl, violence.
chia*,
;
iJ
J'*,
k'ou'^,
indicates
a command.
added to
is
(W. 53.
this
D.).
When wood
it
* is
phonetic
m
"jSa
Hang*,
classifier
of
carriag^Sj
a.
pair
of
cart,
a barrow:.
The
an appropriate phonetic as the two wheels of a cart should be a pair, equal in size. With the addition of the
This
is
is
completed.
320
lu',
donkey. md', Radical 187, ahorse. (See No. 261). This phonetic lu^ The phonetic; a hound. might have been selected as a donkey
is
not very different in size a large from hound. This phonetic also means a vessel or pan. It is from ;& hu^ and ft tzv^ a vase. This is now made like EB t'/enS a field, but it has nothing in
small and
109
common with
is
it.
ELaiitf,
a redundancy.
ctien^,
p'ieh},
To
ride,
to mount, to drive.
Radical 4, a stroke to the left. This is a character which does not divide
into radical
torial
4b=^
ch'uaif
The an awning over the men. A good symbol for riding or mounting.
sedan, chair.
cart,
a barrow.
tree,
ch'iao^.
Phonetic
something high, as a
^W.
X. y^<^y ^^^
a man bending his head forward getting ready to jump. ch'iad' is the phonetic in (W. 61 B.). bridge, i^ and as a sedan chair when carried looks like a moving bridge, this
kao^.
Yao^ 5c
is
may
BALLEE, LESSON
iij, l\U
pP,
XI.
To compare.
This character is radical No. 81. Two men standing together as if comparing heights.
(W, 27.
1.).
324
^^, 1^
chP,
To
to.
110
which is not When the man. A ie^-, radical is added it indicates that a hand has caught up with the man aiid has laid hold of him. (W. 19. D.). This character has no connection with Ji naP, but.
this character
The part of
the radical
is
iR,ff^
;-,
Like^as.
(See No. 10.).
Jc'ot^,
To speak p
is,
like
woman
326
-ic,
that
appropriately to the
circumstances.
iCa
n^
P
tsuP,
A bird's bill,
the mouth.
t S'
327
J^
r Fou", Radical 30, the mouth, tsuP The phonetic is tsuP, egret of 3. heron. (W. 142 B.). jtfc this horn, with the radical P A'oa" is a bill, or inouth.
p'ao*,
To
soak, a blister.
^
328
^,7K
wrap up
primitive
With Water added to this we have, water wrapped up, a blister (W 54. B.).
meaning
:
^gestation.
^^
J
,
paP,
"1
To
f^
an
officer
wang^, an
officer
law
to discharge.
of
hand, which usually indicates that the character is used as a verb, the idea of
Ill
must
is
For
329
_^
yiieh*, to exceed.
^^
yiieh*
The phonetic a lance :^ ko^ with a hook >. (W. 71. L.). jS yiieh is a halberd with an additional hook thus something extra is itiferred. With the
;
it
forms the
fn,^
^
331 pit |j^
with. Radical k'ou^, 30, the mouth. grain and mouth are adapted ho^. Phonetic one to the other, hence the meaning of
Ao*,
;
Harmony
harmony.
tsai*, Sin,
crime.
wang% Radical 122, a net. With the addition of ife?, Phonetic, not right.
that transcaught in the net of the law and it is called sin. This charactsui*, (W. 102. ter was formerly w^ritten
p5q
is convej'-ed
gression
/ei\
is
H.).
character M. huang^ for this character and the Emperor Ch'in-sliih-huang forthwith
changed the writing of tsui* by Imperial decree to its present form and tabooed the former writins:-
112
332
jh^
*
pei\
To
ing
Original
mean-
was
to rebel.
9,
/\,^,y\
jen\ Radical
a man.
cut
^ -^
t'on' Phonetic, to
interrrupting
A).
him
in his speech,
is
The
older writing
k'ou'',
mouth and a
is
stroke
chu^,
which
of contempt.
character
fi^
agg
cho', or chao-, Kight, to just hit, after
a verb
This
is
which
part and
w^hich
on
arms
yS^,-^
jen',
Radical 9, man.
is
On
top
is
the trunk, then are the tusks; the body legs, and tail make up the rest of the character.
(W. 69.
L.).
It is difficult to ex-
113
plain
335
kai*.
why
this
To
^'.W '^,^
ts'ao\ Radical, No. 140, grass. ^^^ Phonetic a dish filled and covered why not ? With the addition of the character is used for the roof or any cover.
;
The
ifiili
ts'ao^, indicates
that where
ithis
character
thatched.
336
was
coined,
housed
'
were
ffi
cAuS
To
dwell, to stop.
9,
"
^^
"i
,\j^n^
a man. cAu\ Phonetic, a lamp with the flame rising. (W. 83. D.). By extension, a man who
:
Radical No.
sheds forth light. (See No. 210). With the addition of the radical, the character
stands
for,
to dwell, as
if
the inference
was
337 |=i
those
are those
^s
p*
-wu^,
room, a house.
shih^,
Radical No. 44, a corpse, is the usual definition of this rad., but a person lying or sitting down is a better explanation.
Phonetic, to s^rrive at.
ac
<^'^'^*i
character and
what
is
no phonetic
is
use.
The
just alighting
on the earth thus a room a place where a person can come and recline. (W. 32A, G.). (See No. 38.)
Resembling. Radical No. 9, a man.
333
tK,
Vw
szu*,
yen".
114
ni f Phonetic.
and
This is a very ancient character supposed to represent the breath leaving the niouth without obstrnction as from asthma or other impediment. (W. 85 F). With the ad(See No. 121) dition of the idea is conveyed that the man has the same hmg capacity as the
is
normal individual.
339
aB
3i
composed of EH t'ieir and . t'tP, tillable (W. 149 D.). This is the 166th (cf. No. 82). radical, With the addition of the 3i the idea is conveyed that a gem must be cut according to fixed rules just as a field has to be divided into furrows
land.
in order
that
it
may
be of greatest use.
"
^^
rjl
chin\ Radical No. 50, a napkin. (See No. 143). This phonetic is not refa*, Phonetic, father.
cognizable in the
modem writing,
but
it is
(W. 35 C). but some think that it implies oyder. In weaving one must proceed according to a
probabl3'' purely i)honetic,
fixed
order.
bj'^
the
ancients
ton
was a kind of linen or flax. Cota modern development. Fu* 5C is * the 88th radical. (See No. 317).
is
341
fang^,
house.
hu*,
door,
a window (No.
5).
X15
^ in
a suggesor rooms aie nearly square. A thing which is squax-e and has doors and windows is a hoiise.. For :^ fang" see No. 14,7 (W. 117
This
is
most
hoiises,
A.)
it is
342 g&l,
^.
Thanks, to thank. Sj- jea^ Radical No. 149, word. (See No. 10). ^1. *^ she*. Phonetic, to throw out to shoot, as an arrow, against someone ^. See the oldest form. CombineiS with the rad., ^, the idea is to throw out words of thanks. (W. 131. D).
_^
hsieh*,
343
__
^
?,
iaa*.
To
tsou*. Radical No. 156, to walk. (See No. 146). S. han*, Phonetic, droughth, rainless, dry. This kan^, (supposed to \?e a is composed of pestle, thus by extension to grind, to offend), and B jih*; with the addition of jih^, the fierce effects =p of the sun are set
the radical :^ is added, fthe idea of driving or hurrying is convej'^ed. The sun is the signal which
forth.
When
work.
P^
g yen^ m f.
tsan*,
To commend,
,
to praise.
Radical No. 149, word. (See No. 10). shen\ (W. 79 B.). From tsan*, Phonetic. to advance in order to make a statement pei*, money to come forward with and
a present, to aid. When the above radical is added the idea of commending is given.
IIG
345 -^1^
^ ^
^
4^
slieep.
(See 253).
it
meant a
(W. 103 A). A man who has the disposition of a sheep, mild and gentle.
man.
346
^ ^^
JiL
*
'
s/h'AS
song or hymn.
a word.
ssu^ Phonetic, a court or temple. (W. 79 B.). The place where the law -*f is pfdlniilgated.
continually
(See
No.
125).
The
upper part is ili, cbih^, a small plant issuing from the ground, conveying the idea of development or progress something which is continual. With the addition of the radical M it stands for prolonged words, a song. The words from the throne should be as music in the ears of
;
the people.
Z&
mm
nan', South.
-p
(See No. 47). shih\ Radical No. 24, ten. This character cannot be broken tip into a radical and a phonetic as it is an old
Jen",
luxuriant
vegetation.
of-
The
fj are
the
and the boundaries vegetation forces its way over them by constant growth += f. (W. 79 G).
field
a place or
'"*,jiR
inverted man.
117
This is another chatacter which cannot be reduced to a radical and phqneticf (W.
27
G.).-
It represents two'
men stand;
ing back to back in the seal writing compare **> ts'ang^ to follow. The custom of the Chinese is to face the south, therefore the back is toward the north.
319
chih-. Straight.
@
-p
mu\
Radical No. 109, the eye. (See No. 102). shih\ Phonetic, ten. (W. 10 K.). What ten eyes declare to be without deviation l
must be
straight.
"^mM.
wang^,
To go towards, towards.
^^
step'' with left foot. wang^ Phonetic, luxuriant vegetation which springs from the earth in tufts here and there rambling, (W. 79 D.). With the addition of the radical it means to strax'
;
or roam about. This phonetic has nothing in common chtt a lord or w^ith wang^ a with piinceIn its modern writing it is confusing as it is not always written the same
w^ay.
this phonetic,
This is a suggestive phonetic in Jfl as a mad dog wanders about aimlessly. The idea of aimless is suggested as these tufts of -vegetation spring up without regard to
order.
351
^|i
/r.
To
leave, to separate
118
<
fi^
bird.
^. ^
Phonetic, a
yak or
elk.
(W. 23 E).
Thi.s
was
for-
merly used for the Chinese oriole, a verjbeautifitl yellow bird now called ^ haatig^ Ir. According to Kuei Shih Shuo Wen, when this bird was heard or seen in
the spring,
it
was
the
summons
for the
tached
itseif
2^1,
^
~r
cfi'a*,
To
diifer
disci'epanc^'.
kting^,
Radical No. 48, work. This is doing violence to the construction of the character to^say that kun^ is the rad., as the is only a part of : tso^, left hand. (No
89).
^,^,
/vfe
ch'ur, Phonetic,
to
E.).
changes.
C).
The right and left hand are not working in unison, one is directed upward and the other downward. The idea of the present writing is that the left hand is hanging down, not doing its. -part, thus
there
is
a discrepancy.
^^^
119
\^
/fl j'e"
through which thd torre'nts flow. (W. IS IJ.). Tuaii Shih Shuo Wen gives a bfcttcr expUiiiation. He says that th phonetic is ?& _vei2"S a coast thus wc wibulcl have this character taking the place of our English word, coaster, as the Chinese did not build boats for crossing the oceans, a
;
SoniQ
have
tried
Noah's ark as
eight persons.
it is
much over
2000' yeai's
agolong
354
A^^ i^
7K.
chiaiig\
large river.
(See No. 79).
This phonetic
may
have originally been ktwg'' tribute. The Yang Tzu Chiang was the river which bore the tribute from the nine chou, iLW For(nine ]5rovinces) to the Emjieror. merh'^ official documents were carved on
tortoise shell
was
limited in
occa-
sionall3'
account
*
of lack
of space.
An abbredocu-
viation of a character in
an,_ official
120
/
f
'
it is difficult
355
fill, to pretend. Radical No. 145, clothes. (See No. 51). The idea of chuang-*. Phonetic, a stout man. !tt,tt stout is obtained from j:\ ch'iang^. (See
chuan^, To pack, to
i\
No. 84).
69).
The
-i:
shih* is
man.
(See No.
As
'
was
officer
.,
and as
officers
wore
;!!.'
office, there
are
many
characters which
f; r
have the abovfe phonetic whose meaning has to do with appearance. Thus when
the radical for clothing
is is
to pretend to be
what
fill full.
7^
^^-^ ^^1
yuan
Distant.
i^ cho\
j^uan* Phonetic,
Radical No. 162, to go. (See No. 10). a long robe. (See No. 51).
L.).
{W. 16
There
is
character has been changed from the original writing and the -present writing is
not explained. If one remembers when going on a long journey long clothes are
worn
357
it
may
make
up of the character.
^^
3(^ ;h
W.IfI
iieng', Able.
jou*.
Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). This character refuses to be broken up into radical and phonetic, it formerly
meant the
" large
be-
121
cause of his great strength he was considered extremely able. This indicates that
into
the language as the correct expression for able. (W. 27 ].). The character is explained thus
;
two g paws, ^
the body,
and
358
Jj,
the head.
i
J^
chin*, Near, in
time or place.
L, cho* Radical No. 162, to go (See No. 10). fA c/hb', Phonetic, ax, battle ax; catty. A picture
of the axhead.
It
was used
for
a weight*
of 16 dunces or cattj^
to advance, (to
go to
with
his battle
near.
359
Both near
;
luh^,
To
revolve
cA'e',
Radical
No.
a wheel. 159 a
;
cart,
(No. 136).
lan^ Phonetic,
l^er orri er
a bundle
"(
W. 1 4 G. )
must have the spokes arranged properly. The ancient documents were engraved on bamboo slips and tied together, as shown in the seal w^riting,
retained as
w^heel
is
suggestive.
Plums baggage.
;
(See No. 22). ;ijC wu*. Radical No. 75, wood. jv^ tzu^. Phonetic, son. Kang Hsi's dictionary affirms that, owing to the plum being verj^
prolific, it
was
represented
by wood and
1-22
son the character son is here r-/^rosent ing the fruit on the tree. When travelling ones baggage should stick to him as un;
Pupils are
sometimes referred to as
peaches
and
plums,they are unripe fruit receiving their development from the teacher.
361
/c*,
To
hire,
to engage.
;
yV,
Jcn^f
Radical No. 9
man.
f^
^
This character is written in two ways, with and without the radical for man and it has the same meaning. The upper part of the phonetic is ^ An*
..the
63
rad.,
Ji
door,
is jg
famil3',
farmer.
would
In
ku*.
of
these M. ku*, on
was regarded as
lines of
mencing certain
husbandry. Thus
when
it
the quail
was
seen in early
summer
set
the
;
farmers to
harvesting their
when wild geese appeared in the fall, the crops must be gathered in. Thus the character means to set a person to work. Shuo Wen. (cf. W. 129 A.).
wheat
.
362
ching^, Classic
books
to pass through
'
al-
^ ^
ready.
silk.
'
128
ground .
.
.><
(W. 12. H.) These wateicourses are of first importance in the mind of the geoinancar, hence this phonetic
characters.
136).
With the
stood for
addition of the
silk radical it
the warp, the long threg.ds in a piece of cloth. These threads were vei'j' import-
ant in Chinese
civilization.
In
^ chitig'
were
363
visible, this
phonetic
was
itsed.
Hi
,
^
m
No. 181
head
leaf of
a book.
ch'it;in\ Phonetic,
a large \iver formed 1>y the junction of several others. Perhaps the when affairs idea of this combination is flow in a current which is in accordance with ones head or wishes, H. it is tlien (W. 12 E). favourable.
:
364
/v'o',
A'isitor,
traveler.
i,#
/co-'"-^,
A
a
their heads.
Such an individual
is
called
^ k'o*.
365
V^
^23
fen^, Radical No. 182 the wind. Insects * are bom under the influence of wind or
;
^^
vapor
she',
-V
(W. 21 B).
(See No. 73). Phonetic, the tongue. character and is not This is a modern
124
found in the Shuo Wen. The combination would suggest that the character was
coined for a blustering wind which licked up the dust as if by a tongue.
366^
^, J^
U
chiu^
367
^
^
,
which was formerly used alone, but in the rearranging of characters a radical had to be written with it, as the primitive is not one of the radicals. The clinging of tendrils is a very suggestive symbol for the above meaning. (W. 54 F.).
^^ n
'J
sbih^,
to pick up
ten.
Ao^
Phonetic, with. (See No. 103). The phonetic seems to have no phonetic value
in
this character,
but
it
indicates that
when
come together.
368
*^
^ ^3
^3i
;g5;
measure of ten
1, one.
feet.
Radical No.
This is an old character and it was composed of the right hand ^%yu*, holding
shih^, ten, (a ten foot pole).
369
1^
Lightning, electricity. Radical No. 173, rain. (See No. 61). yu*. H sAenS Phonetic, Chalfant says that this was a representation of lightning which eventien*.
"
123
ttially
fof
"
deit:^-."
foi-
The
rain arid
npt an incon(See
Nd
227).
370
^
^^ W;
an essay. (See No. 10). j'enS Radical-No. 149, a word. Phonetic, /uM"^ documents assembled in order. y&^ BB (See No. 359). With the addition of the above radical the idea is conveyed of
iuS
discuss
;
To
thought is made
lucid.
(W. 14 G).
^^
Wa
The
original
was
to depict a
word
The phonetic of
,..;,;
this character
has no
phonetic value.
was originally two by side, but it was jJ: li* afterwards changed to two ^ fu^ characters, and the lower part^was g tzu, ^ thus the idea was that the first man ^ li* could
It
characters side
//
did
it
the
first
j5c
man had
@.
Both
and
60
^^^
L.).
1*6
i[
P*^*'
il>
tfi
To
tear
lest.
par, Phonetic, white. White heart no courage. Fright causes one to turn pale. (See No. 6).
^, hang', 1 o measure.
,.
373
jm^
126
IP,
(See No.
The phonetic
lian^, but
it is
it
of this character
was ^
writing that
it.
The etymology of the chara<iter is difficult to trace and the Chinese have invented an etymodogy which after once
it is difficult
hearing
to forget
the
dis-
tance to the sun H has been measured ^ and it was found to Ije one IP above the
Earth.
374
sun
one S ^P-
*|L
5X
kou^.
Enough,
fully.
%!k
'
kung', Radical No. 57, a bow. (See No. 55). ch'iieh*, /t'e', Phonetic, shell, husk. It is pro-
something hollow When bow is A'e** added to this phonetic the idea of enough
is
shu^
an
archer,
in shooting,
draws the bow to the full. He makes a large vacant space between the bow and the string. (W. 34 I).
a
foot,
375
tt ?^ /^, f\
jF-*
ch!ih',
a span.
shih^,
reclining posture,
an
;
adult.
V^ 2i
''*'
Phonetic, germination
here
it
indicates the
opening out of the hand in the act of making a span. The p shiW is said to be the male, adult hand It is probable that this character has been contracted and thus the part w'hich indicated the hand has been deleted. In 'the C/iou dynasty the
.
127
wiU
(W. 32
F.).
"'mM
Jl
5te
pao*.
To announce
to recompense
a news-
p9,per.
who has committed a criminal, a man crime ^,jen\ cf. No. 274 (W. 102 G., D.). It is unfortunate that the scribes have
-jfc
^, ^
^,1^
character caused the left part of the to be identical with fortunate, kickj^ as it has a veryhsing*, different meaning. fu' The right part of the character shows a hand holding a seal, and about to stamp the order for punishment. (W. 55 C.) is obtained The idea of to announce owing to an official trying a crixninal case
^ and
377 |t
g,.
^^
zs> [qI
a shop. p* shil^, Radical No. 44, a corpse. This is another character which cannot be divided up into radical and phonetic aj^'the base of the character is R ch'ilf, the expanded hand, a span and P k'oti^, the mouth. The explanation given is that in fixing up a shop one must not onlj' use the hand but the mouth must also be used to inquire
chi?,
an
office,
the best
mode
of procedure.
There
is
128
ch'ih^ ;^ is
foot, (a
one of the positions on a chess chess board a foot square is large enough and the squares are places (W. 32 F,). for stopping or resting.
k'ou^
is
board.
378
igg
'iTO
^
^
'
-d fu*
Phonetic, abundance.
(W. 75
D.).
The
this
'
most satisfactory
phonetic
is
explanation
of
'
a contraction of Wt Aao\ high and ffl t'ien', a field, the products of the field piled higli is a good symbol tor With the addition of the abundance. radical the idea is that a superhuman inthat
it is
fluence
the
379-^
~^!^,
^^
-*-*
-d*
bsiang'.
t'oa^,
To
receive, to enjoy.
into
and phonetic.
iti
The ancient
writ-
ing
was two
and the other inverted, they were contracted to ^. Hei-e is another illustration of the reversing the meaning of a
character bj'
inverting
it.
The
upper
part -^
is w^titten in
;
the ordinary
way
and
is
inverted and
in the seal
is being
inferior.
@C
cheng*:,
To
rule
government.
129
^
Tr
rod.
A govemment
should act : p'u* in an orderly and exact jE manner. (See No. 12). (W. 112 I).
381
Mft
t'ieh^,
To
paste.
^ cban\
pei*,
f*
Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). Phonetic, to usurp, to seize, to divine.
An
old definition of the character 5fi is " to leave in pledge." An article left in
is
marked by pasting a written statement upon it. It is possible that the meaning which is now prevalent The above originated in this way. phonetic also means to divine, but the meaning to usurp seems to be more (W. 56 B). logical in this combination.
pledge
382
mo*. Ink. -p t'a*. Radical No. 32, earth. Gg heP, Phonetic, black. The]^seal writing of this
^*n,sins.
a vent^for^ smoke and the lower part is two fires, one above the other, indicating a succession of fires. Around the vent lampblack accumulates, hence a very appropriate symbol for black. Mixing lampIt is the 203rd radical
character
is
is
was
first
made.
way
"^m
H
ei
Dark. jih*, Radical No. 72, sun. y^"^' Phonetic, sound. This
an*,
is
130
cal.
(See No.
39),
There
are several
obscure
it
been attached to this phonetic owing to sound being invisible. When the sun is
384
M
fSS
en^t
invisible it is dark.
(W. 73 E).
Grace, to
show
favor.
Jl^ hsin^,
yirH^,
Phonetic, because.
ginal
The
ori-
meaning
confined in
for
of this
phonetic
man
feel sorrj^
a cell. a prisoner thus confined. If this feeUng of sorrow leads one to hberate him, that is grace and it is represented
by placing
yin^.
J^,
^
>L^
hui*,
Kind, grace. hsit^, Radical No. 61, heart. This is supposed to reprech'uan\ Phonetic. sent an ox w^ith a trace attached to a
and at the end of a hook for attaching which are to be drawn. By ex;
his
when ones heart is drawn into work he is kind, he allows his better
his actions.
(W.
91E,G)..
386 iBi
,,
:>^,
^v
)itt(
tietf,
-,.
dictionary, records.
eight.
nn
131
the
seal
writing,
represents
bamboo
books placed
The lower part of the character was a table % wu^, and not A pa\ but when radicals were sought to
in order.
classify all characters, the legs of the table
were taken
387
for
pa^
'$
& ^
yu^.
i\
Post house.
city.
ch'uP, Phonetic, a
bough loaded with leaves and drooping flowers (W. 13 E). Chalfant says that this phonetic is a spray of wistaria. As these flowers hang pendent, this symbol has been adopted for characters
w^hich
convey
the idea
of hang-'
ing or suspension.
Thus
M shui* to sleep,
A post-house
the only
This
was
know
the condition of
which were located on the fringes of his domain. They are looked upon as the "hanging on " cities.
affairs in the villages or cities
BALLEE LESSON
388
fu^,
XIV.
prefecture
palace.
vj^
fu*,
With the addition of the radical the meaning of the character is a place J" where taxes ar<!i paid, ^. A man i takes and a hand ^ gives. (W. 45 C).
1.32
chou^,
//./
political district.
J*\.
U\
ch'uan\ Radical No. 47, streams. (W. 12 E). This is. an old character and does not
break up into radical and phonetic. In the old writing it represents tracts of land surrounded by rivers. (W. 12 L).
390
hsieti^,
district.
silk.
^
|B
.
ll.
is
160 A).
hsi\ a
modification of
mi*
silk,
head being hung up is emphasized. A bsiea* was a place w^here an official resided whose rank enabled him to execute criminals. (See Chalmers No. 187).
391 >dfe
|g
sheng^, or hsin^.
Sheng^, a province
hsin^,
watchful.
mu\
(See No.
102).
This phonetic is devoid of phonetic, significance. There are three ways of explaining this character, but
only
them are worth recording. The ^ is said to be the eyebrow frowning as if endeavoring to see more distinctly. The other explanation is that the /J? shao^ indicates a narrowing of the palpebral
.of
two
them
clearer vision.
392
lou^, Loft,
more than
133
^
-^ ^^
men
are confined.
^ # wu^, prison
of the gynecium. With the addition of the w^ood radical it is the symbol for a house which is higher than the ordinary
dwelling.
393 >fc=;
3^ "^
sbih^,
tou*, Phonetic,
(W. 165 A.) The character for short was formed by putting
dish.
together
ancients,
two
a dart and a dish. The character for long ^, was hair that was so long it 'had to be fastened with a brooch. (For long, see W. 113 A).
namely,
394
hsin^,
New,
recent.
JX
Radical No. 69, an ax. (See No. 358). chen^ Phonetic, the Chinese hazel bush. Rods of this shrub were used for beating criminals and, for this purpose, it was necessary
chin^,
that they be
freshly cut.
brush
^
W
cheti^
and ax Jf
or fresh,
symbol
cut.
for
new
(W. 102 H). The present writing of cheii^ is not like the above, which hazel
is
395
chiu*, Old,
worn out,
fornlerly.
^^
a mortar.
This seems to be a
134
originally used for j^ chim, a corpse placed in a coffin. In the shops coffins are euphemistically spoken of as %i^ shorn ts'ai^, material for the aged or
old.
chiwi,
was
This usage
of old
it
meaning
writing
coffin.
on
(W. 103 C)
(cf. 42.8.)
396
huai*,
To
spoil, ruined.
;^
m;
t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth. huaP, Phonetic, to hide in the bosom, covered from the eye by putting in the breast.
tic is
(W. 16 J). The upper part of the phonea cover, the part which looks like m
w^ng^
space,
is
g mu*
it
vsrritten
horizontally in
vip
order that
may
not take
is
so much
represented.
5ji
tai*
means to hide as the eyelashes fall over the eye and hide it, and is here placed inside of the
,
i.e.
'
-,;
cf.
With the addition of the radical for earth the idea may have been, if instead of hiding the article in the breast
in the earth it
it
was
buried
would be
ruine'd.
397
c/2'a^.
To
Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 22). TfC n ch^ieh^ Phonetic, a chair, without a back. It
mu\
135
acter
was
originally used
it
in
sacrificial
ceremonies and
tioil
of
many
characters.
tion of
398
^
J^
Rad. No. 172, a short tailed bird. (See 21). in the sun. In the old seal writing the sun is shining on the loess with fiery heiat and drying out the mois-
With the addition of the radical for short tailed birds, (most water fowl have
ture.
is
that
where these birds get their food are dried up they are in distress. (W, 171 B).
399
ts'ao^r Grass, herbs.
ljn|l_
-tt ts'ao^ Radical No. 14Q, grass. (See No. 111). *sao*, Phonetic, early.
This
character originally
was used
With the addition of the radical it now means any kind of grass or herb. (W. 143 E).
400
chiao^,
To
teach-;
religion
to allow.
(See No. 17).
v^
;^ &.
two crosses
B).
has the it, 5^ vao^ (See No. 165). The character meaning of influence from the cutting of
shears
which
it
pictures.
Here being
136
doubled
it
the rod
is
portrayed.
(W. 39 G, H).
The
-y.
with ^ hsiao*, filial piety, but it has nothingbut ^ in common with it. (W. 30 E).
chu\
To boil.
^*^^
iK,*^^^ /zuo^ Radical No. 86, fire. > che' Phonetic, a final particle,
a suffix. (See No. 270). This phonetic can be regarded as the pronoun it then the etymology is> fire iK it ^. Boil it by putting fire under it.
;
402 /^
chin*,
To
enter
in,
to advance.
and stopping.
It has no
this character.
Phonetic,
short-tailed bird.
in
phonetic significance
172nd
radical.
With
the
stands for to
advance this may be because birds in flying always move forwards, they never fly backwards.
403
Jt>|.t
njfll
an occasion. cA'eS Radical, No. 159, a cart. (See No. 136). shang*, Phonetic, a roof of a house. (See No. 52). (W. 36 E). With the addition of the cart radical it is used for the number of times a trip has been taken. The cart suggests that the idea may have been, the number of trips the cart made to a certain house and back.
t^ang*,
^*'
A time,
^W
Advantage,
profit.
JE mm^
137
^V
on
its side,
ance.
dish
advantage or profit. (W. 125 C). This is an old character and antedated the glazing of pottery. Unglazed pottery if made of sandy clay will not hold water, but pottery made of good clay will retain it. It would not be strange if pottery which held water was taken as the symbol of advantage or profit.
405
sao^,
To
sweep.
64 the hand.
;
(W. 44 K).
406
a.
^
In the seal writing a hand ^ is represented as holding a broom. The addition of the hand radical at the side was made about 200 B.C.
hsiao*,
To honor
parents,
filial
piety.
a son.
lao^,
Phonetic, old. This phonetic is not brought out in the modern writing. (W. 30 E). The phonetic in ffcfj; chiao^ in
modern writing
is the same as hsiao*, but it has nothing in common with it in etymology. (See No. 400). Lao^ old, stands for parents and the ^p tztP son should render that devotion and reverence
which
407
ching^,
is fitting
and proper.
To
reverence.
j^
;gj
ra
G).
This phonetic
is
138
sheep, contracted,
and
'^
pao^ to cover
and n as a sheep and restrain ones words. With the addition of the radical which here can
k'ou^ the mouth.
To stand meek
be taken as the one w^ho wields pow^er the idea is to be modest in the presence of
those in authority.
408
t'ang^,
i
-^
hall,
a ineeting place.
;
hence
the
a suggestive phonetic.
With
have an inclosure n which is roofed over ^ but the earth is the floor, a condition which is by no means uncommon at the present time. (W. 36 E).
addition of the radical for earth
409
we
^ hu\
ch'u*,
A place,
circumstances.
(See No. 258).
^Jjt c/z'u*,
Suggestive phonetic.
The
was
and
sw}^,
come to a seat JL chP. This character had the radical hu^ added to it when the characters were being put under radicals
but
it
in writing.
To
breviated form
is
without this
radical.
(W. 20 B).
410
ch'ang^, Constantly.
|tj
chin^,
(See No.
143).
139
36 E). The radical cbin^ is a banner which is constantly ^ floating in front of the headquarters, fl shan^, of the general.
411
^
>^
/c'o^,
Numerative of trees.
mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 22). kuo\ Phonetic, fruit. (W. 120 F). The fruit
represented by IH fier^ on the tree. This combination would make an appropriate numerative of fruit trees, but it is used for
is
all
kinds of trees.
412
shu^,
A tree.
Radical No. 75, wood. (W ^=1 chu^ or shu*, Phonetic, upright, vertical. 165 D). This seems to be a hand ^t
'^^
Mu\
beating a
vertical'
drum M.
chou^.
The idea of
held.
may have
drum was
part is a drum n on a stand and an ornament. With the addition of the wood radical we have vertical or
The
left
above
is
standing wood,
trees.
f^
ban* Radical No. 27, a cliff. (See No. 42). is the hou^ Phonetic, liberal, generosity.
^
;
reverse of
^=^
i.e.
^=^. The.0
is
gift
and the
is
thus
'it
gift
come down to an
inferior -^.
superior
man
140
meaning of generous The f' han* is not cliff but a stroke which indicates descent or the coming down of the gift from above. (W. 75 G).
lavish gifts, thus the
is
414
J^
/^
ch'uan^,
To propagate
to
hand down.
(W. 91
^
-^
J^
jen^,
^ ~
The upper part of this phonetic is an ox harnessed and a trace dragging behind with a ring for attaching
F).
ch^uan^
When the
lower part of the phonetic -^ hand, is added, it is the character for a writing tablet which was worn attached ;^ to the -^ wrist. These tablets were worn by the
official
scribes.
A man A
proclaims
what
1^, nl^
AsjV,
is
^
/p^
To
man.
ones
feel
way
across a ford
This
with a
stick
^.
.,
__^
f
phonetic has added to it shan^, feathers, long hair, ornament. This compound phonetic and the radical for man stand for to cultivate, to repair. (W. 12 C).
W'
thin, mean.
is
Pr
ts'ad',
connected
i^
p'a^,
water
^Jc.
(For
iT fu^ see
phonetic
141
broad, amplitude. From this meaning the idea of breadth runs through several characters which have this phonetic, (W.
109 D).
417
YS
^^
(See-No. 7).
J'^oS Phonetic, a
man
in
more easily.
the character
used
for,
to laugh, because
when the wind waves the bamboo it resembles the movements of a man convulsed with laughter. (W. 61 B) (See
No. 323).
418 rst
yiian^,
|~|
Round.
Origi-
weP, Radical No. 31, enclosure. yuan'. Phonetic, round. (W. 161 B).
nally this phonetic
The character
weP. round like
is
was the full writing of weP was added later. now has two weP radi-
419 rPC
fp
lis.
cbiang-^,
An artisan.
22, a log hollowed
out.
I.
/T, /^
(W. 51 A).
chiii^,
Phonetic, an ax.
No phonetic significance.
'
(W. 128 A). The seal writing is said to be a representation of the instrument. The little stroke to the right is thought to be a chip of wood. This is the 69th
142
radical.
No. 358). When the radical for a hollowed out log is added it stands for an artisan or the work of an artisan.
(Cf.
of the
first
ch'in^,
1^
The
^ ^
i^
hsin^,
63), (W.
115 D).
feelings
^e
character stands
421
sbih^, Real, true, really, solid.
t^--
roof.
(W. 153 A). The upper part of the phonetic, which by the w^ay has ^no
phonetic value,
is
two
articles
w strung
roof
is
; kuan\ and the together on a string lower part shows that these articles are
,
cowries or coins
"
pei*.
When
added the character stands for real wealth stored away where it is available for use, not a false pretense of wealth.
422
wake
_
up, to startle.
;
^ yu^
a kind of jar which was used for keeping fermented liquors. The
is
something
in the jar,
,^
(W. 79 F).
The
143
up to heaven,
hsing^
423
is
i^
chwg^=tleSLi\ crystal.
intoxication.
^
buo*, Calamity, misfortune.
7J>,
>v
shih*,
(See No.
227).
1^ kaa^
(See
is
No. 119).
When
combined with this phonetic there is the suggestion of divine judgment. If a child is born with a hare lip or a cleft palate j^ it is regarded as a calamity |^ sent from heaven^. (W. 118 A).
424
k'u\
To
cry.
-^
P ^
mouth.
phonetic
ch'uan^,
Phonetic,
dog, without
significance.
remarked that The this character is a picture of a dog. ua a call or indicate bsuan^ two mouths
Confucius
outcry, hence
after the
^ means
to howl or cry ra
i^.
manner of dogs
(W. 72 C).
425
v
cWien^, Shallow.
7K,
The common work of two or more halberds. (W. 71 R). (See No. 13). This phonetic always gives a bad
dangerous.
144
Shallow water
is
dangerous to a
sailor.
^^/^
shih^,
An
age,
'
iS
Radical No.
Jffk
san^ shih^,
Phonetic,
thirty.
No
j]\-
phonetic
the con-
significance.
(W. 24 O).
is
traction of three
is
the radical i^
one.
427
X,A
wen', Strokes,
elegant.
This
it is
wood
(W. 61 F).
428
ch'uan*,
To
exhort, to advise.
(See No. 212).
^
H"
(W. 72 J). A chui^, with egrets, X short-tailed bird or horns, which has a loud call "^ bsiiad. The horns of a sheep are taken to repre-
etymology for this phonetic in combination with the above radical. It may be that this combination was used owing to
the
Its
",
Chinese
common name
It will
is
gaze into the water iot hours without moving, in order to secure
lao* ten'^.
a fish. If we could use the same patience and vigilance in J)ersuading men much would be accomplished, hence it is not an inappropriate symbol for, to exhort.
145
*^^
P^ i^
to
revile.
122, a net.
(W. 39 C).
ma^. Phonetic, horse.
Radical No. 187.
(See
No. 261), (W. 137 A). The Shuo Wen does not explain this character ^. It seems to be an arbitrary combination of radical and phonetic. Catch a horse 15 in a net
1^
and you
430 -gH?
i^^
je*,
To
provoke, to
^H^ hsin\
^^ ^
'
jc*,
Radical No. 61, heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, the primitive sense is to pick 3) herbs ft to eat P to select. (W. 46 G).
;
is
if.
Just
why this
combination of radical and phonetic should mean to irritate is not verj' apparent. If the ^ je^is regarded as selecting, one who is over particular in selecting is most exasperating, or irritating to the mind ^6.
~fflc
rf>'
^$-
mm
86,
fire.
Fire
...
element in
composition but
# forest
the original form for the -"". Chalfant suggests that this character is made up of
.^&
ch'en^, primitive meaning, a warriors wang^, lost. This last characcar and
an old writing, is placed where the horses should be and the idea, according to the above mentioned authority, is that the animals have strayed away in the
ter, in
forest.
The
forest is represented
by
146
lin^,
in seal writing
and the
virang^ is
(See ChalI).
:5p
chieh*,
H
XK
til
parate
field
pa\ men
/'enl
(W. 18
is
F).
radical for
boundaries
very
evident.
433
lan^,
A basket.
7).
jail.
^^,^
Radical No. 118, bamboo. (See No. chien^, Phonetic, to examine, to oversee, a
cbu",
(W. 82 F).
By
taking
jail or
by the
addition
of the
bamboo
which
radical
articles
we have a
wicker
utensil in
may
be placed or
434
shui^,
To
sleep.
mu\
ch'uP, Phonetic, to
ing
down and
set forth,
To
perceive, to
feel.
@
P^
chien*.
(W. 39
I).
The two
147
two hands of
two Jii i* between the hands indicate the questioning and answering of teacher and pupil. jJ = doubl-
ing of X> cutting shears, idea of influence (see No. 400 and 165). With the addition of the radical, to perceive, the characrer means, to perceive, to know.
436
^
1=1
.
/^
iol
hai*,
BA.LLEB,
VOGABULAEY
III.
'^
mieti^
injure to contract a disease. Radical No. 40, a roof, (See No. 1). This being a verj' old character it does not
;
To
fall easilj'
into radical
and
phonetic.
The
the
first
mnemonic invention
It represents,
stick.
The
stick
was
the
notches.
When
that one injures another by slander and when the above radical is added, the injury is done under cover '^ i.e. secretly.
like,
^ feng^
or chP Radical No. 104, disease. This radical is made up of i^ a straight horizontal
line,
148
tI
Thus
p)^"
[jijl
It
is a fire jJH in a house f\ and thus it is a suggestive phonetic, as a feverish person, a When the sick person, is hot (W. 41 A). is added to this phoneradical for disease
tic it
438
^ m^
^5*, j^l
hstieh^,
Snow.
(See No. 61).
j^
-J
,
(W. 44 A). The original phonetic was broom, ^ izai* but it has been contracted to ch'ou^ and there is little use in remembering the original
a hand.
(W. 44
AQQ
isa**
With the addition of the rain radical J). we have the rain '^ .which can be taken up in the hand a- or swept aw^ay ^. A good combination for symbolizing snow.
i\
To
heal.
wine or a
cordial.
(See
No. 422).
i^
^ from
the Cjuiver
?.
The idea
is
that these
The
cordial radical
is
added as
C).
are
to be ad-
440
r^
^
(W. 131
yang^,
shih-,
To
nourish, to rear.
J\I),
(See
M9
^ yan^^ a
441
This
is
mutton
one
-M3^V)
^ TT
H^
/jK
nourishment,
yati^, Phonetic, a
large space,
rt
;
man
:fc
in the
midst of a
man
in. the
midst of a jungle.
is
still
(W. 60 K).
,h-
radical
the
further elaborated.
442
^fo l^^
eS Virtue,
moral
excellence.
left foot.
Phonetic, virtue,
heart.
This
was
%., but it was finally put under the 60th radical. i[See No. 99 for explanation of phonetic). The addition of the radical may impart the idea of action or going out ^ in order to develope virtue it must be exercised, and go
the character
out to others.
443
B,^
yuan*, A court yard a public building. In the seal /u^Radical No. 170, a mound. writing a mound F is depicted with three
;
steps
(W. 86 A).
(See No. 93). watf, Phonetic, finished, done. reference to buildhas often This phonetic
it
indi-
150
cates
large
court surrounded
with
M4
|j
huatig^, Imperial
the sovereign.
(See No. 6).
Q
qrT
wang^, Phonetic, king, ruler, royal. (W. 83 C ) Chalfant has the most likely explanation of this character. He has found old
.
it
was a
covild
as jade beads
this
was
was adopted
is
to
(See Chalfant,
Plate XVIi;.
The
g paP
self,
contracted
from
tzu* beginning,
character
445
lang-,
wolf, cruel.
^ ,^
g S
ch'iian^ Radical
(See 424).
has undergone many varying ideas as to man's original nature. The primary meaning was the nature of man, a gift from heaven, is good. The
gift
is
represented
by .
The coming
represented by/*.
The next more modern form is 1.. The two convergent strokes at the top are heaven and earth coming together, the
middle part of the character is the gift and the bottom part indicates that this gift may be lost li, (W. 75 F). This seems a
as follows
The
wolf
is
151
extremely sagacious, in knowing where to go to escape danger and where food can
be obtained, he
446
is
an expert
g.
dog,
j^,
^
~KtK.
best of the
dog
tribe.
^ ^^ ^
173
rain.
by
the
the three
circles.
These
circles
have been
changed
modern
This phonetic does not conform to the usual rule of phonetics, in that it includes the radical and does not
writing.
contain
all
(^
the radical
The rain
made
supplication for
The lower part of the character is a symbol w^hich represents witches M dancing to obtain rain the work X of witches M. (W. 72 K and for wu" W. 27 E).
;
Because the
spirit
spirits
this character
or spiritual.
soul.
;
447 rit_
han^,
The
7^,
/S.
(W, 40 C).
into the air.
The
old character
a primi-
tive representing a
gone several changes. The upper part is said to be the head of a demon, the lower part is a human being and the X is a
152
made by
the
demon when
:2^
yiJn'',
it
moves.
Phonetic,
speak.
evanescence.
448
The
(
spirit is
not
visible to
W. 9 3 B )
SJ^l
1^
[Tt
/e?,
Thunder.
173
Phonetic,
field.
Without phonetic
sig-
nificance.
This character
or'
^y
if
was
orif^inally
four
ig t'ieti'
in the
;
as
was
caused on
See
account
449
ts'eng',
/
impinging.
44
a person
sitting
in either the
recumbent
dressed
or
the
posture.
32 A).
ts'en^. Past, already
;
t&etig^,
still
more, to
add.
The
radical
shih^ seems
an inapwas
as follows
needed
when houses were l)uilt more than one story high. This was another room
wu^ (See No. 337) added tseng (See No. 230) above the ordinary room. It was may be that the character ts'en^
originally written; i^
i.e.
M room # added,
158
contracted
to
its
To
yy%
^r
s/zu?,
Radical No. 85
I,
Piionetic,
ones
it
self.
No
phonetic sienifi-
cance.
river
This
was
originally the
name
of
seems to have been adopted to stand for the verb to cure without
etj'mologlcal justification.
.451
and
ming^,
/f'oui,
No phonetic value. J^ hsf Phonetic, evening. In the evening -^ one should call out p his name ^, in order that others may know who approaches. (See No. 14).
452
^^
S.
tao',
To
pra3'',
prayer.
shih\
known,
make
(W. 144B). The upper part of this phonetic is supposed to represent a ploughed field J ch'ou^, and indicates constaiit repetition, the furrows are turned over one after the other. With
the addition of
inquiry
is
convej^ed.
-rf-
has hand,
ts'un*,
With
"for
they think
much
453
speaking."
shih^,
lion.
154
-^
ch'iiatP Radical
No. 94, a
dog.
(See No.
424).
pip shih^, Phonetic,
a leader or master.
Composed
of ^ tuf^ an elevation of two steps, elevated, and rfJ chin^ and ?, one or first.
first
banner
.or
master
is set
is
the king
of beasts.
454 n^t
ch'iang^,
wall.
split log,
(See No.
84).
^
;^
she*
se*.
frugal, stingy.
may have
been originally used as the phonetic and contracted to the present form. (W. 76
E).
^ She* is composed
A>
A jv*, to put
The
in,
(contracted) and
tracted.
(This
character
now means
"With
is
to come).
the stalk.
the
addition
of the
radical which
a symbol of strength, we have a good combination for wall. Walls were early built around
155
*55
j^l
^J
chi*,
[j
,
To
adjust, to trim
dose of medicine.
^K ^6
knife. (See No. 37). Doses of medicine should be of uniform size. (W. 174 A). This is the 210th radical. In the seal character
Phonetic, even.
Stalks of
These three appear to us as quite uneven, but this is because our ideas of the perspective differ
from those of the framer of the character. The lower of the two horizontal lines at the bottom, is the foreground and the upper of these two lines is the background, thus because each head of grain ground, the is equally high from the character stands for even. With the addition of the knife radical we have the idea of the apothecary using the spatula
in apportioning doses of medicine.
456 :?H
yao*, Medicine.
+f
an ornamented frame on which drums and a bell are placed. The drums are on the sides and the bell is in the middle. (W. 88 C.) This instrument
gives the five sounds of the Chinese scale. to observe the seal necessary is It
writing in order to see the intention of the symbol. These five parts of the instrument are all in tune. With the addition of the radical for grass, the idea
anj^
is
will re-
.156
body
harmony.
used as
YegetallDle
niedicinefe.
substances
were
first
BALLEE LESSON
XVI.
to
^^
^
:^
pei^,
Bed-clothes,
suffer.
i\
(W. 43 H.) (See No. 224). This is the 107th radical. Its use here as a phonetic with the radiThe cal for cloth or clothing is logical. integument not being sufficient* to keep
the individual w^arni, blankets w^ere re-
garded as cloth
skin.
The use
of this
its
J^
-yj^
ch'iao^,
warrant.
bridge.
(See No. 36).
7^
m
459
75 B).
often
pa*,
bridge
is
a high
structure,
made
;
of w^ood
TfC-
To
stop
finish, resign
, W\ wang\
(W. 27
J).
(See No.
The explanation of ^ by the Shuo Wen is an ofl5cer,gg an able man, taken in the meshes [^ of the law and
357).
;
dismissed.
157
^^0 i^f
tnetig^,
To
cover, to conceal
sign of passive.
(See No. 22).
T).
^
.
(W. 34
The
^V
upper part of this phonetic is D mad'; to cover something. The lower part is sA/A^, a pig under cover. Another explanation
is
that
it is
a representation of the
it.
The ^ ed and
461
shih'' is
coiled
around
;
M
^
;4f;
p'en^.
To'' strike
against
to
happen
to meet
with.
shiW, Radical No. 112, a stone.
pfng^'
^^
Phonetic, together. (W. 115B). From jf chUen two scale pans or shields (? evenly poised in pin^ a man is placed above each pan, or shield, indicating that the two are going along together. When one comes into collision with a stone he is struck J^.
)
;
^#
462
e^ J^ t^sf^ v^
^
hstieh^,
tzff,
To
learn, to study.
(W. 39
I).
bination with
for,
to learn.
463 ;ig^
J5^. ^^
;^ '^ J^
.
This character cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic the upper part
;
is
;iv
is
158
Between these two hands, one of which is giving and the other receiving, there is a boat, only seen
in
the
seal
writing.
;
common
to
occurrence
received
shipment,
464 Ifei
temple. miao ^
.
r*^ yen^,
f|l
chao^, Phonetic,
morning to have an audience with the Emperor. (W. 117 D). This phonetic is made up oi kaif (See No. 137), and ^ chou^, a boat, changed to ^ in modern writing. The rising of the mist
;
;fij-
"7
through the jungle i^ as seen from-the deck of a boat, in the morning. By extension, morning the Imperial court, so
;
was
morning. A temple
465
hsiang^,
hsiti\
To
Radical No. 61, the heart, (See No. 18). j^ jjQ hsiang^, Phonetic, to examine, to inspect. (W. *" 158 B), (See No. 106). There is another
explanation of this phonetic which is not, given under the 106th character which
suggests one of
its
meanings,
it is
as
fol-
lows
about to build, one goes into the wood, tjc and examines g mu* the trees until one is found which answers
:
When
the requirements.
With
tl;is
explanation
a
159
brought out. In hoping, the heart longs for that which is considered appropriate, or that which
is
is suited
to
its needs.
466
m.m
&, B
The countrJ^ (See No. 11). ?, Radical No. 163, a city, hsiaa^ Phonetic, cooked grain. (See No. 75). (W. 26 L). This character is made up of two ^ R 7 radicals, one on the right, written in the usual manner and one on the left is reversed ^ The % is written
hsiang^,
|S
-
between these for the country is the region between cities, AArhere food is produced.
y^, P'^
^
X
nung*,
(See No.
^
lAt
247.)
^"*'
Without phonetic significance. (See No. 124.) The hands are toying w^ith a string of jade beads,
Phonetic, jade.
1
ri
/u*,
(W. 15 A.)
chiun^ Phonetic, space, a waste area. (W. 34 A.) The two vertical strokes indicate the limits, and the horizontal stroke indicates the space between.
When
is
added, the idea of going into this area is set forth, so this character is the symbol
for inside.
-^j
A'u^, Bitter,
sorrow, suffering.
160
pu
_f^
^ ku\
^
Phonetic, old. (See No. 17.) (W. 24 F.) This phonetic plus W, grass, originally stood for a bitter plant which became
It is
now used
mere-
To
Gen-
erallj'-
evil conditions.
^m
J_
120
K.).
In anin
cient tribunals,
t^?vo
judges sat
the
Eastern Hall, represented by two 'M. characters,' to pronounce judgment El on cases brought before them. When \_ is added, we have the picture of a man who goes before the judges to endure an unpleasant
ordeal.
im.plies
meet-
ing
with undesirable
conditions.
The
modern arbitrary contraction makes the character lose much of its original significance.
471 3i
_^
2*,
To
"^
^^
(W.
71 O.) This phonetic is made up of ^ wo^ (See No. 2) and ^yavg^, sheep. (See (\Y. 103 A.) No. 253). When the above
two
has
flict,
^ wo'
a con-
two spears attacking each other. With the addition of ^ yang^, the two combatants have changed and become
161
lamblike
neither
one
is
aggressive, con0"
cord
yet?,
is
restored.
this
in
a righteous
;
^ way.
To
lead, to guide
to receive.
^^
^
473
but the meaning often is restricted to the head. (See No. 105.) ling*. Phonetic, an order. (See No. 61.) With the addition of M, a man, the idea is that
this
man
cedure.
a hamlet. (See No. 36.) >fC rnu*, Radical No. 75, wood. -U ts'un*, Phonetic, hand niodern meaningan
ts'un^,
village,
;
inch.
ts^un^
but i^ has
is
supplanted the former entirely. As there no etj'mological reason for using the
present character, therefore there is no In looking over the logical explanation. winter, the North China plains in
villages seem to be nothing but little clumps or handfuls ^ of trees :^, and by keeping this in mind one can remember
how
474
tt
^^fj
^
-r^
f^
Jing*,
Fot^, Radical No. 30, mouth. This does not break up into phonetic and In the seal radical, as it is a primitive. character it represents a knuckle bone.
162
(joint)
verj'
closely re-
sembles
iWj
7cua^
but
it is
The knuckle or bone extending beyond the meat is taken as the sj'mbol for that
which is extra, or something (W. 118 B.)
4yg -jy -sr
left
over.
shang^,
To
consult,
liberate.
k'ou\ Radical No. 30, mouth. This is a character wrhose modern radical does not agree with the original composition of the character.
The
is
and
the
is
words
a house, Between
the
lower two
elements
is
of jen^
sj'mbol
gives
others,
in
A ju*,
the
w^here
to enter, of
inserted.
This
idea
being
away
from
consult
In the oldest writing two day) characters are added, thus implying that the consultation took place between two days, at night. To
private.
jih* (sun,
trade or to do business
;
consultation
476
ch'ou', Silk.
it is logical.
^
m
silk.
chou\ Phonetic, complete, (W. 109 C). This is a combination of ^ yutig*, useful, and
7
ffi
The
idea of
target, ability,
and when
or
ed arbitrarily
163
idea
is ability
rimversally.
radical for
the character for silk fabric. It may be that originally silk threads were sometimes mixed with other fibre, and this was
to indicate that
it
was pure
silk.
477
-^^ -^
',
Y'^
">]* ts'un*,
tsun\ Honorable, noble. (W. 47 C.) Radical No. 41, a hand or measure. (See No. 69.)
tation
is
Thus spirits that have settled and are kept in a w^ine vessel, only used on sacrificial occasions. With the
separated
addition of
is
A pa\
-^,
two hands f% we have the idea of offering good spirits with both hands, reverCompare
;
^^
wine
only.
W. 47
It is
(W. 46 E a common
left
glass, presented
with the
hand
^
.
BALLEE LESSON
478
XVII.
i^
^g
tang^,
tang*,
36 E.)
H
-^
t'ien',
164
being of most value, all other articles are included and because in pavs-ning the value of the article or thing
and
field
that of most importance, therefore the character stands for " to be equal to," to
is
479
^
,
value.
E?3 f"^
J"^)
To
give, with.
cAiV,
Radical
is
No.
character
tar
;
not strik-
was arbitrarily given, ing. and has nothing in common with the
original idea.
f^
a full spoon with in it. (at the top) shows that something is being given away, i.e., removed from the
with.
-^
indicates
This character
|a,
was
way
and
is still
so abbreviated.
great changes.
and the
fyf^
receiver
But it has suffered The hands of the giver fei f^ have been added.
Pk
so
a place,
tension,
by ex-
a house.
seal writing
is
No.
5.)
JX /q
,
chivvy Phonetic,
an axe
It
has no phophonetics
that
Sf
were adopted.
this character
chopping.
It w^ould
be more logical to
1G5
say
is
it
was done near the has come to mean a door or house P, it (W. 128 A.) place or building, ^ft.
prepared*
As
this
481
j^ ^^
YS
kuatf,
a tube. chu^, Radical No. 118, bamboo. kuan\ Phonetic, an official. (W. 86 C.)
care, to control
;
To
(See
No. 310.) With the addition or ft chu^, it forms the character for tube and it is reasonable to suppose that this was the original mean;
ing,
to care for
shao^,
To
fever.
pictorial repre-
sentation of a flame of
.
fire,
in the
seal
^
^S
yao^ Phonetic eminent, great. (See No. 77.) (W. 81 G.) The phonetic is made up of ^yao^, earth heaped up, and wv*, a stool or platform. (W. 29 K.) Thus the idea of very high is set forth. When the
;
483
hung^,
To
cheat, to deceive.
P
|[.
/i:'ou^
-t-
kung*, Phonetic,
together.
(W. 24
I.)
In
^^'^T|
r^
one old w^riting four hands are represented as working in unison. With the addition of
from
166
thing, deception
is
easier of accomplish-
ment.
484
(The
seal
writing
is
twenty
"W-
Pairs of hands.
f=^.)
DO
^
keii^,
To
(W. 112 B.) The Shuo Wen says that the upper part of this radical is O; the circle indicates that the foot is at rest. When motion is indicated ^, 7E is used. The lower part is
.ih
chih^,
to stop.
J is
now
103rd
radical,
was
the counterpart of
JE.
The
seal writing
foot in
fortunate
but in walking the foot is constantly starting T and stopping ih. The
This
is is a bolt of undone by turning it over
The character ;$ pu*, to walk, also represents stopping ih and starting The is ih chih^, reversed so meaning to start. Thus walking is a repetition of stopping and starting of the feet. (W. 112 C, G.)
starting
jtE?("'.
kctl^
(See No.
In following' there must be persistence of action, or it is not accoinplished. The fixed or hard part ^
of the foot
is
Jg.
(W. 26 L.)
is
"To
heel"
the order to a
dog to
follow.
485
t^ Hi
sht^,
To
J.)
is
The modern writing of this character identical with K mai\ to sell but it
;
is
from a
have a
different root,
and
this explains
is ik /u*, a mushroom, a plant ^ that stands as a man ic. Below the there is a S mv^, eye, written hori'^ mu*, a loving eye. zontally. With the
of this phonetic
addition of the
hawking
is set forth.
Hawkers look on
and
in this
way
highest price.
With the addition of a second K pei* this is the symbol for to ransom in ransoming the full value must be paid.
;
486
r&I, Is)
mien*,
The
face,
surface,
side.
This radical
heg,d,
line
is
made up
and a primitive
O
fn,
H which
the out-
of a face.
is
The
while said to be
the face,
nose @, all save thedash above. The nose is the most prominent part of the face.
487
S**
168
No. 180) When com'oined with it has only simple phonetic force.
yen^
^J^
haa^,
Flowers
to spend.
(See xNo. 22.) -H- ts'ao^ Radical No. 3 40, grass. J^ hua\ Phonetic, to change. (W. 30, D.) Originally ft, was S fS, man tumbled
heels over
head
i.e.
changed and
later the
radical
The
is
character
^ /ao^ old.
added to
for flower.
ts'ao\
forms the symbol that part of a plant which is strikingly different or changed from the
flower
other parts.
489 ^1
pp. That, the other, there. ch^ih* Radical No. 60 a step, to go.
;
r^ p'i^ Phonetic, skin. (W. 43 H.) (See No. 224.) This is the 107th radical. It is here used as a simple phonetic. The radical -t going, is chosen for the demonstrative pi-onouri " that," because it is distant and one must go ^ to it. Jtb t'su^ here, has _ih stop, as the radicalone stops and that object now becomes
,
"this." (cf491.)
490
ke^,
IJ
To
cut, to hack,
to reap.
knife.
^ ^
Jj
(F.
97
E.)
(See
No. 436.) This when combined with 71 tao^ is a suggestive phonetic, as in reaping violence
169
reap
491
jifc.
was
meaning of
this character.
^^
(Chalfant, ih chih^ Radical No. 77, to stop. Plate VIII.) Chalfant has an old writing
\^
(\
pP
the
21st radical.
(W. 26 B.)
is
The modern
with
\^
;
identical
and Jh a convenient mnemonic for chiH' is a logical radical, as one going to a distant object, ( designated as that, there,) stops on arrival and may now say
jIfc,
this,
here
Jtfc.
(cf.
489).
492 iag1^^,
pien*, Convenient,
jen^.
advantageous.
(W. from ping^, fire comes a 41 A). This 0i| burning a house, calamity. When ;^ p'u, a right hand using a rod, a sign of control, is added, the fire, instead of being a de^ stroyer, is a convenience, an advantage.
(See No. 226).
When
idaa
man
is
added the
is set
sol that
men
493 R^^
nH
suP,
To
follow, to
accompany.
170
^\l^
^"*
Radical No, 170, a mound. (W. 86 A.) In the seal -writing it represents a terraced
embankment
by extension earthworks,
etc.
einbankments,
suP, Phonetic,
This
phonetic has
siege
root in |^
to*,
to build
earthworks about a
it.
The tc left hand repeated indicates that the enemy is in great numbers, and
that the action
the besieged.
the ;
tso^, is
replaced bx"
jou*.
This
account of the mutilation of the vanquished With the addition of 3l_ cho*, the character indicates following around the ramparts, perhaps in order to avoid being wounded,
!
(mutilated). 494
Ija
77
c/jiV,
li^,
To add
to,
to increase.
(W. 53 D.)
(See No,
While n
phonetic,
is
:
has no phonetic value. The give the order, P and if it is not heeded follow it up with chastisement (muscular punishment) ij.
idea
first
495
p'ao^,
To
run.
wrap
of
up.
(W. 54
B.)
This
is
made up
pao^, a person
bending over to enfold an object (See No. With the addition of E S- it means 80). to -w^rsLp up. The primitive ineaning was
171
gestation.
a simple phonetic, but when one runs the feet J may be wrapped -gj in a cloud of dust.
In
Sfe
the "Q
is
496
fei*,
To
waste, to expend.
shell, precious.
^
*.ft
pel*,
(See No.
fu'*
Phonetic, not.
Two
rods,
bound together
In the charac-
which bend
ter SJ it is
a suggestive phonetic,to look on valuables (money) as if they were of no value thus to waste them.
;
497 J
i.
/^
rafl^ Phonetic, blossoming. 5 ban, a bud, opening flower (W. 55 K). The phonetic of this phonetic is ffl with the addition of 5_ cho*, to go, the idea is that it is open This character was on in all directions. all " cash " to indicate that it was current coin, passing everywhere, M^7kp, A door screen, an ante-room, feminine apartments. men\ Radical. No. 169, a door. (See No. 5.) (See No. ke*, Phonetic, each, to be separate.
(W. 31 B.) This phonetic implied separation and when the radical P5 men^,
272.)
;
(door)
is
added,
is
the
idea
of separate
apartments
obtained.
A
lien-,
To
connect.
172
(vSee
No. 10.)
(See Xo.
136.)
Without
lahonetic force.
says that the character represents a string of carriages moving along as if connected.
is
obtained.
continuous
/an*,
To
transgress, to offend.
3P
-^
The
seal
character
a dog.
tion.
of
li han^ Phonetic
(W. 55 K). (See No. 497.) This combination of radical and phonetic is very apt. What could be more suggestive of heedlessness than a dog in a flower garden ? unless it were a bull in a china
shop.
^^^
*aoS
To
fall
over.
man.
(See No. 88.)"
"
to arrive at.
The
original
The liaugman's noose wiU be his end " as a sword was used for executions, the man
;
is
prostrate
when
present meaning
may have
been acquired
73 arrives
by
the
extension.
man
falls
M-
173
502
1^
"^
kati\
To
influence, to affect.
lieart.
(W. 71 F.)
*t^
j^
A wound
jr^
made by
the
jgJt
mouth p.
//st?, is
(W. 71 P.)
wu*, a halberd.
wound
the character
ed
is
used for a
most painful therefore when ;6 is added it forms an appropriate symbol for moving the emotions. This is the character which
teeth.
;
by
This kind of
wound wound
inflictis
is
503
^^
pr:
f>Tl
>^
p'^^^f
By
the side
of,
(W. 117 A.) It is supposed to be two boats lashed together so that they fonn a square pontoon. ^ j[ p'ang^ Phonetic. A space with three boundaries. The -i- shang^, is the top, and tlie two lower lines are the side limits. The radical : fang^, w^as added later, and it conveys no additional meaning, as the sides are the parts of the character on which emphasis is laid. cf. M.
i.
jj
^*
^\
)f}(
^1^^
(W. 18 G.)
(See No. 18.)
hsiTi\
This character has been so mutilated in its modern writing that all of its etymology is lost but a glance at the seal writing enables one to understand the meanpa^ eight, forms the two sides, and ing.
;
174
means to divide between these two strokes is a dart. The arrow must strike the
;
target in a certain spot, like the arrow shot by WiUiam Tell. It seems primaril3r
to have
been
an
interjection
pointing
out a strict order. The placing of this character under the radical for heart is
a mistake.
505
suP,
Though, even
-Radical
if.
^ ^
chuP
bird.
The phonetic of this character is not common, and is not found in the dictionaries.
Williams says the character is composed of Pi weP, only, and A, ch'uti^, a worm,
and that it was a lizard. Others say it is an insect iU w^ith a special head UThis meaning has long since been lost, and the character now means though.
506
.^
JBii',
>AC.'^^^
tt^
(W. 65 G.) huo\ Radical No. 86, fire. (See Xo. 482.) Jan' Phonetic, dog meat. From F3 jou^, and i^ ch^uarf, dog. With the addition of the
radical for
fire
Yes hand.
still,
nevertheless,
on the
other
was
but
it is
now
as a conjunction,
is
sequently there
its ijresent use.
no
logical
and warrant
confor
507
Am
chP, Since
wa" Radical No. 71, without. (W. 61 C.) A lame man wartg^, who makes an eifort,
175
^^
but meets with an obstacle which he is unable to overcome. While the above is the radical under which Kang Hsi places this character, it has nothing to do w^ith it. It is chi* (W. 99 E), to breathe in, or to swallow which is the reverse of ch'ien*, to breathe out but as this is not a radical it was placed under wu^. Cf. 273. (W. 26 L.) 6 hsiang^ Phonetic, boiled rice. is a kettle, and the dash is its contents U is the spoon with which it is eaten.
This
an endeavor to put into pictorial form an intangible condition, and therefore belongs to a class of characters which but here v^re have is often disappointing an exception. The ^ is to swallow. The
is
;
remainder of the character is boiled rice, a mouthful or a meal swallowed is something finished or ended, hence it is taken
as the sign of the past.
508
=^ __ .HL
.
^.
/2si^
Pleasure, joy.
p
J^
.St
k'ou^, Radical No, 30, mouth. chou^ Phonetic, a drum on a stand, the P representing the head of the drum. Above are the ornaments. This phonetic has no
phonetic value.
it
When n
k'ou'
is
added
represents vocal
and by
^^
extension, joy.
ch'ueh\ Yet, still, to reject. (W. 17 H.) cA/eF Radical No. 26, a joint. (See No. 42.)
It
it is
part
176
The meaning of joint may have originated owing to this being only a section of the
of a seal,a seal prevents forgery.
seal.
^, -^
the flesh
above the mouth p Ivovi^. This phonetic when "P chieh^ is added means to restrain
one's desires
;
more
is desired.
We
E3
;,
;?
1^
I=
P,
weP, The tail of animals. (W. 100 B.) a person in the shih^, Radical No. 44
;
re-
cumbent postui'e. (See No. 449.) The phonetic in the seal character
773a o^ inverted
;
>
is
ten
it
but the scribes have writin the regular way in the modern
Inverted
it
character.
hair
511
'K
ch'ien*,
to owe.
kuan* Phonetic, the heron. (See No. 428). When a heron has just swallowed a
fish
it
frequentlj^
;
emits
a
be
scream
of
satisfaction
and
this
may
why
heron
f and to exhale
rejoicing.
512
pien*,
queue
to plait.
silk.
^f:-
Two
hsh}
hsin^,
criminals (W.
/er/,
102 H.)
^-
is
composed of ^
177
serious offence*
and
Jfc,
sbang*
("^
old writ-
ing)
In the
phonetic
two criminals are supposed to be mutually incriminating one another each accusation is met with a retort of the
;
With the addition of the radical for silk the character is used for, to plait, as the two outer strands are
other's deeper guilt.
In
all
compounds
it
reciprocal action.
Everywhere, the whole. cbo* Radical No. 162, walking. (See No. 10.) thin pietf. Phonetic, a tablet, or signboard and flat an inscription hung over a door. (W. 156 D.) With the addition of i^
;
go where you
over doors.
514
jaa^.
will,
To
shih\ Radical No. 184, food. (See No. 75.) yac^. Phonetic, eminent, great earth heaped
;
on a high
base.
addition of -ft
shih^, the
.
g of food -^
a debt to one
;
in
want.
J4I
ma?. To bury to
lie
in wait.
178'
-j-
t'u',
IP,
farm land, Milage;' ( W. 149 D. ) (See No. 339). Because ^uS is added, it is re'
first
use
was
up the land as
if
M ^
7K,
To
allow, to permit
ice.
exactly, certainly.
The
seal writing
when
water
is freezing.
(W. 17 A.)
(See No. 79.)
7^
and
is
sure in
its
its
prey.
(W.
,168 B.) ?iisacontraction;of^. Thus* shiin^, is taken as a sign of certainty. Water 7jC or ice " js the most level sub-
Formerly ^ chan^, was used as a syipbol for weighing the scale pans were always {M shun^) even or level (7jC shuP or 7 ping^)This old meaning is obsolete^ ^ and the present meaning is certainly, br to allow. The meaning to allow came abo^t thus when one applies for pferiiaission to do a certain thin^, he must assemble reasons sufficient to equal the reasons opposing this mode of action before lie can obtain the desired
stance in the worlds','
:
permission.
''
517
3ik
Ry^C
^ yen\
_^
t'anP,
To
chat, to converse.
Nc>.'
Radical
I4^','^dfd^.
(See
Not..
10.)
179,
3^ yer^ Phonetic, flames riising. (W, 126 D.) Flames that rise high. This is indicated, as there is one fire above another. When
yet^ is added, the idea is that in conversing words follow each other, or pile up like flames>' and one bethe radical
518 g^t^
^>
^L^
t)I
Radical No. 61, the heart. A' MDg^ Phonetic, to take hold of, to undertake.
/js/'n^.
(W. 11 F.)
order to do
From
work
of
i^ l^ (abbreviated)
in
kung^.
When
has'
who
heart under-
taken a piece
to accomplish
519
work
_
buo*, Goods, wares.
(See
No. 38.) man changed to 'fb hua*, Phonetic, to change When pei\ is added, the etymology t; is goods which ai-e to be exchanged for
;
money.
520 ^Hfc
M-
IQ
*|
{
,
bsi^,
To
regard, to love, to be
sparmg
of.
dtb.
^,
^ bsP
it^
meat
These strips
meat ap-
180
one should be sparing in the use of the prepared meat. (W. 17 J.).
>& hsin^
is
:
'"'M 3C4\
hn
shti^,
To
forgive, to excuse.
Phonetic,
like.
To
speak
with womanly
conformity to the
is
to act
in accordance
with the higher impulses of one's nature, or in harmony with the desires of the suppliant,
i.e.,
forgive.
I.)
'"^mM
:f
fu\
To
return, to repeat.
(W. 75
to
step.
Phonetic,
to return
is
quarters.
This
in the
phonetic
derived from
^^
kuo^, walls,
fortifications.
The
seal writing
and the two smaller above and one below, are the gates, each surmounted by a tower. In the lower gate and tower are rechih\ to walk single file. placed by
center is the city,
circles,
one
With the addition of ;f nothing is added to the meaning thus the 60th radical is
,
here a redundancy.
To
return to quarters
was
523
mu*,
grave.
-U t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth. (See No. 13.) ** mu^ Phonetic, the sun setting to disappear. (W. 7 8 G.) The sun is seen through the vegetation, $+ mattg^ setting in the west.
181
When
is
that the
is
buried
^,
^
:;fC
wei\ Not yet, not. (W. 120 C.) ""* Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 36.) The phonetic is a curved line in the seal
writing
;
and contrasting
this character
with mo*, the highest branches or twigs of a tree, it may be that in ^ the tree had not yet attained its full growth. In ?fe the top or end is emphasized In it is small, hidden, not yet grown.
M^
525
1^ 4^
hS* "^
ieii',
A^grave, a tomb.
J2. t'*.
fen* Phonetic,
# huP,
Plants
used in
vegetation, and
pei*,
shells.
and
decorating.
the grave
corated.
more or
less
526
-r^ ^1^
peP,
>^
shiti',
^ peiS Phonetic, ordinary, mean. (W. 46 E.) Originally this phonetic was a drinking
vessel which had a handle on the left side, and which was held with the left hand f^ .
vessel, the
used only for the sacmeaning, honorable. (W. 47 C). The^pei^, was a common, permanent thing, not something only seen on
tsun^, this
rifices,
was
hence
its
sacrificial occasions.
Hence
its
use with
182
;^,
; .
of.
No. 477.
527
;;j^
^p
^
4n 41 ^'
'
To. promise, to allow, perhaps. -C (Seie Nbl 10.) yet^, Radical No. 149, words, ^"^' Phonetic, noon. (W. 130 A.) Chalfant and Wieger give different explanations of Chalfant appears to conthis symbol. form more nearly to the meaning imparted
/Isu^
by
this phonetic.
The
sents a
ridge
pole
down through
When word
When
mark
tlie
the
shadow
noon.
ing
.
with
a" is
this
it is
added,
mean-
is
will be iulfilled,a
fcannot depend
on
is
no promise.
i^(^
kai^, Generally,
for the
most
part.
Original
meaninga striker to level off the grain from the top of the measure. (See No. 36.) ^fc mt^, Radical No. 75, wood. (modern meaning chi^. Phonetic, to swallow since, already). (See No. 507.) The striker pushed off all the grain which was higher than the top of the measure, all
;
cannot be held inside of the measure; thus the idea of sum, general, average.
thg,t
529
'
^
i^, ^
AueiS
chien*,
Rvtle,
custom.
to perceive.
Phonetic, an adult.
s/w'A*,
This should be
;
but owing
183
to the seal writing of ^/a^ and 3c shih^, ;being very similar (a*^ fu^ shih?) was
for^. Neither of these phonetics has any phonetic significance, as -the character is old, having been in
substituted
was
The
significance of the
original cbmbiiiation
was
in order to
practicing archery,
according to reand adjust the arrow quirements. To watch % the workmen ^, and keep them to the rules S.
530
m
7K,
niovable.
(See No. 79.) s^"'""' Radical No, 85, water. hold in one's mouth; (W. Phonetic, to iuo* g& 114 C), abbreviated to =S she^. This phonetic comes frbiii a different writing of
'
Sk tP
(see
No.
257).
in the
In
shih^ is deleted.
is
The idea
that something
they observed
that nibisture in the mouth was a sign of health and life. A moist 7K tongue "S is
'
'
lively
lueh*.
;,
ffi
is
an easy mnemonic.
P^
Slightly,
little,
in general,
a sumfietiK
mary.
'
Original
"
meaning
boundaries
(See No. 82.)
-<
'
# ko*, field H
field
:
f
^ ko\ The
.
PhohetiGJ eachj
every.
(See
No.
liieh*,
272.)
was
but owing to the tendency of the farmers to encroach little by little on the land of their neighbors, it has obtained a new meaning, of few, slightly.
logical
532
it-ff
H^
P
3t
k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the mouth. This phoneai*, Phonetic, artemisija, a plant. tic is made up of the two blades of shears ? (W. 39 B) and + ts'ao\ grass. It is used here with A' ou* as a simple phonetic.
533
HJj
ya\ An
interjection.
No. 30, the mouth.. arlJa^ Phonetic, the teeth. (See No, 97.) It is the 92nd radical. It is used here with
k^ovi^
k'ou^, Radical
as a simple phonetic.
To
cast
off,
to abandon
;
to undress.
%,^
iou\ Radical No. 130, flesh (See No. 133.) yueh, tui*, Phonetic, to exchange, to barter.
Original meaning, to dispel grief and give
pleasure, (See No, 72)
(W. 29 D).
The
it is
it
Shuo
tion,
<
Wen
but
if
one recalls
how
pleasant
may
535
J^
/|V
yueh^,
To
bind,
a covenant, an agreement.
silk,
(^See
No.
8.)
18
Aj shao%
Phonetic,
6.)
a spoon.
(W. 54 H.)
(See
No.
is silent
on
this character.
In order to aid the memory as to its construction one should remember that at the conclusion of a treaty or contract there are presents of ^ silk and a feast. shad^, spoon, stands for the feast.
!
536,
chieh^ or ke^,
To separate
divided
by a parti;
Jp'. IS
^ sT
tion.
ke* Phonetic,
'
a large three-legged caldron a (W. 155 statesman; radical No. 193. A.) This being large, it differed from ordinary utensils and -with the addition of a radical ^vhich indicates lofty, it forms a character which suggests separation or a removal from the common class.
;
^, ^g
shan\ Good, moral. (W, 73 D.) k'on\ Radical No. 30, mouth.
This character, in
its
not break up into Kang Hsi has used P k^oti^ instead of b" yet^, word, for the radical. It had its
root in a character composed of two b chin^, to dispute. yen^ characters, i.e. It is now often written j^ and when #:
"
above ft it implied yang'' was that harmony or good feeling was restored after a quarrel. (See^^ i*, righteousAs this character was ness, No. 471.)
w^ritten
complicated
it
was
abbreviated
to
its
Onea
jen^
186
has been discarded, and the seal writmg is partially followed in the one retained.
538 -gS-
j^^
P5
o*,
Evil, wicked.
Read wu*,
it
means to
hate*
i^\ hsin^,
j'a',
It is sup-
posed to be
talking
When
heart
is
added, the
wicked.
,
539
^,
-H- -MTnf-
/^
He, she, it. (W. 70 C.) paS Radical No. 12, eight.
cb'f,
a phonetic is a
the
object.
sieve,
(W. 70 A.)
The
the
pictorial representation of
bottom part of this character is % wtj*, a stand, and not A pa^. This character lost its original meaning, and is borrowed for a personal pronoun.
540
rlfc?
,
'
>L^ hsin^,
fei",
Radical No.
not explained in the Shuo Wen, but the etymology is not difficult to trace. It is something which is not ^^ /eiS according to one's desire j& hsin^ therefore it causes sorrow.
is
;
This combination
541
'f
^ ^
sAangS To wound, to injure, distress. Je^^ Riadical No. 9. a man. shang^, Phonetic, to wound. (W. 101 B.) To wound with a spear. shang^, was
The
yang',
197
fi
two
above
its
radical
left.
takes
place on
^^
she*,
To
ijfe ch'ih*,
color-
It
is
ta*,
a man, and
>fi.
hud',
shame,
;fe
the blush of
flush of anger.
pV
43 D.)
It
is
The
the
hand
holding
It has
rod.
66th radical.
significance.
here
no phonetic
Here
it
may
ofiicial
,
,
marks on a
is
^to
granted, to strike J^
pardon ^.
mien^,
To
give.
,
JLje^^ Radical No. 10 man. This character does not break up into radical and phonetic. It is old, and according to Chalmers
into
seen.
it
represents
a man
clothing,
^**
"a
fi
^^^'
interrogative particle.
It is .a
drum (not g
tou*,
188
the writing
is identical) which was beaten with the left hand. The drum which was beaten with the right hand was written thus 5|. The upper stroke is the drum head, the c> is the drum, and the -tA. the Observe the character ^ tai^, stand.
A dog it is beside himself when a foolish. drum is beaten. As this character has long
since lost its original
this kind of
meaning, owing to
discarded, the
a drum being
meaning.
545
six
^^"^>
To
dare, to venture.
J^
The phonetic
able,
is
is
a bear,
No. 357).
pressed to
But
in : the
paws
are sup;
make room
person
who
strike a
-f
fu"",
ch'P, Phonetic,
The Shuo Wen does not treat of this combination. As t'u^ earth, is below S
be that the inventor of the character intended to show that the earth
ch'P, it
may
beneath it (a structure) is the foundation, or the place where the foundation must
be laid
547
tu^f
;
its
^ earth
^J^.
.'.
To
oversee, to superintend.
189
g
qjj
mu\
Radical No. 109, the eye. (W. 158 A.) In the oldest writing two eyelids and the
pupil are represented
;
was
suppressed.
M,, jft^ shu\ Phonetic, to collect ^ beans 7^. The character is supposed to represent a stalk /h of beans with two pods attached. This
tion of
With the addia person who oversees the bean picking and
is
meaning
now
obsolete.
g mu* it
the character
seer,
now
is
used to
mean
a
over-
for uncle,
father's
Strange, to blame.
't^,
*|*
'?' ^ kuai^ Phonetic, to till the ground, (W. 81 A.) . over the earth .
a hand
tilled
of strange or abnormal.
Jdk
1^
shu,
comb.
mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. ;*? 'u^ Phonetic, a child being born, with long
hair.
'^^
(W. 94 F.)
From
:C
(W. 94 E);
:
the
most favorable position. In the above, hair is added, and it is the striking part of the character. With the addition of
the radical for
are
wood
made
of wood.
^ = ^ inverted.
190
550
-^^
s/^e^
To
^"
_^
reject.
^, T
Phonetic, a cottage.
When
hand
is
added,
it
PP, 0^
m/ag'*, Ivife
fate
destiny
a command.
(Wj
^
552
^Hh!
141.) A'paS Radical No. 30, the mouth. lin^. Phonetic, an order, a law. (See No. 61.) When the order is stamped it is published or made known P an order
or
command by
w^ord of mouth.
all,
the whole.
(W.
15 B.)
;*.
Radical No. 11, to etiter. (See No. 35.) As this character has been placed under
A ja*,
ed of
ten
it is not now possible to break it up into radical and phonetic. The more
plausible explanation
is
that
it is
compos-
A chi and X kung^. It is also writ^ and ^ the work X has been comIn making a chair or other wheii all the parts were finished
pleted A..
article,
ying^-*,
hsin^,
ying^,
now
written
( V\
168
J.)
It is
made up
'
of
r yen^, a
house - here indicating domesticated - and '^ cAti? and A jen^ a tame bird which
191
serves
man.
With the addition of heart the character means to answer, or obey, to do what one feels This meaning is placed on iC is proper.
used for hunting small game.
;
fulfills
the de-
554
m
^
fo^,
Buddha.
9,
Phonetic,
not.
Two
bent
rods or
for not.
bows
force is neutralized
^ man A
is
by
the Buddhists
Buddha was
555
m
S
^=MMA
^
g
yeh\
/*,
A final particle.
No phone-
This character
said to be
It originally
was
the. name of
of Shantung.
erroneous.
It
now means
these
depraved,
At present
two charac-
M is only used as
a
556
final particle.
su\
To
glean, to revive.
:^
'
growing
192
yff,
Phonetic, a
fish.
any
light
etymology. To the present day gleaning after the field is reaped is an im-
on
its
portant affair in the rural districts. It is possible that formerly the fishermen left the small fish after they had remoYi from their nets the larger ones, but the present custom is to remove every thing for themselves.
Both
fish
may
be revived
by water.
ch'ieh\
tao^,
To
cut, to slice.
(W. 33 A).
Radical No. 18, a knife. 71 (See No. 32). This f> cA'iS Phonetic, seven. may have been selected as the phonetic as
the permanent, incisor teeth appear about the seventh year and these are the cutting
teeth.
558
m
J[,
IV.
vase,
a jug, a
bottle.
He
believes it to be a pictorial
tiles
representation of the
Originally
.,>
written
changed to ^
^'
ping'^,
Phonetic,
side
ing
phonetic.
i9^
559
J^ ^^' ''*'
"^o*-
Jiatig^,
(W, 75 C).
roof.
Ju
a cover or
This character has been given a radica which prevents its being divided into radical and phonetic. There is an old writing )l^, and it is thus explained
The men
A at the capital, m
of the
character
is
those
who
The present
is
writing
relatively
from i^ kao^, high, referring to the capital and man is subs-tituted for the lower n in kao^. The etymology is the same as that of the older
the upper part
writing.
560
r-;
modem,
:^,
P? f^H
jf\^
iri
pin^. Soldier, military. (W. 47 D). pa^. Radical No. 12, eight.
chit^, Phonetic,
an ax or battle-ax.
is
A).
kuti^ thus in the seal writing two hands are wielding a battlecontraction of
iV
ax.
561
t'nfS
To push
to shirk
to refuse.
^ MU shou% ^ chuP
;t
is
Radical
No. 172.
;
as to the etymology of this character but it may be that it was suggested by poultry raising. When the feed
trough
surrounded by those first on the spot, the tardy bird pushes and shoves
is
m
562 jfct
jb+
ts'&i',
Material,
stuff.
i^
J.
'
power, genius.
This
phonetic originally
suitable for
was used
its
for material
building,
for
was adopted
writing,
the
large
branches
is
of a tree
tree
when
of
proper
of as
size for
building purposes
befiare it
is
spoken
# t'saP,
fire
attains to that
distinction it is referred
ch^afi,
to as
of the
^^
first
p'i'
wood.
:^
Financial pow^er
is If
t^saP.
Wood
was one
sub-
stances :^
563
^vi, Wi\
shou^, Ripe
experienced
versed in
cooked
intimate.
^, X
huo\ Radical No. 86, fire. (See No. 47). shu^ Phonetic, who, which, what but originally, a lamb of proper size and condition for roasting. (W. 75 E). The right side phonetic of the %, ^ chi*, implies holding the animal. (See No. 139) J, ^, Ch'un' is a lamb large enough to be offered as a present 0, to a superior bT. The writing has bfeen' contracted to the present form. (W. 75, ). With the addition of fire,
;
-
is set forth.
ae*^
.
^'
"S.'S
This
is
195
(W. 24, F). It is not a fortunate combination for " girl" in a country where, formerly, a girl twenty years of age and unmarried was almost unheard of.
simple phonetic.
"^m
-f/^
niang^,
A girl, a woman^
a mother.
j^
f^
a woman. (See No. 16). good. (See No. 445). Because this phonetic sets forth respect, dignity and sagacity its combinations also partake of
same.
Mother
lose
;
J^ is
;
a good
err.
'Bk.
woman ic.
i^TV, /i,
shih^,
jjtj
To
to slip
to
-f^
(See No. 113). This radical was arbitrarily given to the character and has no further use than to
aid in looking
aries.
which indicates slipaway or shooting. There is no resemblance, in the ancient writing, to an arrow as there is in the modern form. This is an old character and it has no phonetic. (W. 48 B).
ping
-^JJ^
chan^. To rely on
to fight.
A
_4^
jcti^,
^ ^
Radical No. 9, man. chan^, Phonetic, ten feet. Under the Chou D3''nasty this was about six and. a half English feet. When a man X is accompanied by a person of over six feet in
height (revised
F),
measurement),
it
gives
(W. 32
3fc
One can
rely
man
196
568
M
''
liao*,
S^
Material; ingredients; to estimate. tou^, Radical No. 68, a peck measure, a dipper. (See No. 117).
Phonetic,
No.. 47).
rice,
(See
phonetic
measured wjth a i|toif, but chaff and straw, on account of their being of less yalue are not thus measured. According to the make up of this character materials of worth are ^ liao\ (W. 98 B),
significance.
569
7t
'Ctfc,
Jll
1^1
yt
?\
kung^, Public
fair,
just
male.
as the symbol
for separation.
^^
presented a
itself into
its
By
extension
it
was
selfish.
(W. 89
A).
The
^ implies
fu'-'S To
spit,
to vomit.
n
571
tl
_L,
mouth.
place,
local.
t'u^ Phonetic,
the
soil,
earth,
From mouth P
to the earth , to
spit,
To hack, to chop to throw stones at. shih\ Radicg,! No. 112, a stone. (See No. 42).
A'an^,
;
,;197
^^
,
.
,
ch'ien*,
This character]
stone age
If so the
may
date
back to the
of stone.
of radical
and
phonetic
'
is
ax
choppers often
make
;
audible expiration
with every stroke how much more diflficult would chopping be if a stone ax were
used
572
!
m^ng^.
To dream a dream.
;
^ ^
jfe fi
hsi^*,
xnen^ Phonetic, dimness of vision. The g mu* at the bottom of this phonetic is replaced by ^ hsi^, evening, as dreams belong to the hours of sleep Or the night. (W. 158 F). Dreams are frequently hazy and indefinite,
consequently this combination of elements
is
573
not inappropriate.
ts'aP, Property.
B S
:*,t
pei*.
Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). powers, genius. (See No, 562). This is a happy combination
of radical
and phonetic as
avaricious.
it
portrays the
line.
574^^*
^^
To
covet
M
y^
pei*,
Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). (See No. 18). cA/nS Phoneticj now.
is
excited in
articles. the presence 4" of valuable charphonetic in this The (W. 14, -H).
acter
is
nien*^,
and
its rather
is .the
same
both instances.
This
made tip of 3}S laP, which originally was the character for barley, (See No. 64), and jfc so/', a man who persists
radical
is
in
advancing in
This
sjpite
of trammels and
obstacles.
may have
been added to
l5
raiea*,
(See 486).
Its use
here
^,
^p^^ ^Jr
-u.
form, a pattern.
Radical No. 56, a dart. This radical is not looked on alike by all scholars. Some are
of opinion that
in
it
a wall on which articles may be hung. Still another theory is that it is a tally for counting or ordering ; when this tally was
placed upon an article, this article
pattern.
its
was
the
advantages, but no one comes up to all requirements. It seems wise to adhere to the first explanation and regard it as a
dart, as these must
fal
"Tt
not improbable that they were used as tallies and as pegs. (W. 71, A). kung^, Phonetic, work. No phonetic significance. (See No. ,89). Here the most
it is
a peg on which
is suspended
a pattern
of
id9
^^
KS
^^ g
y^flj^j
/ti*
The sun
open, front.
(See No. 493).
;
yang^ Phonetic, glorious, open out, a flag the sun above the horizon fi tati.*^ ^ vnt*, rays of light. This is a suggestive phonetic. (W.101,B).
578
ch'ii^.
To marry.
5C, re ""*' Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). Ga> c/i'u*. Phonetic, to take. A hand ^ holding an ear ^ . To hold by the ear, to hold securely. A betrothal in .China has been regarded as more binding than the marriage ceremony in many lands. (W.
146
579
F).
*>^ (f^
Ilbll
jtm^y Appearance
^^^ tniet^ Radical
i'^ ktt^
* ^,
to allow
to endure.
No. 40,
a roof.
This is the 150th radical. The old writing depicts two strata or ridges of rock, one above the other and at the bottom a mouth, a place where water flowed. This valley is open and one can see all within, jung^ there is a cover over the but in Here the valley is said to refer to valley. the depths of the heart, the emotions which are concealed from others. Thus the idea of to contain and to allow is
(W. 18 E).
^35
terrace a title of resipect. Radical No. 133, to arrive. (See No. chih*, 337). The phonetic part of this character kac^ and :t,}iL chih^. The former is
faPf
^00
^
;
,r
changed both at the top and bottom, on the top the chih^ \j/ i^ plri.ced, which indicates the summit, and M chili'^ replaces the P at the bottom. This character was constructed before they had definitely settled on, the scheme of radicals and
is
phonetics,
kao^ and :^
chih^ both
in
pro-
Mi
a head, pendent things. >K, rK raw*, Radical No, 75, wood. (See No. 36). Ih /> shu^ Phonetic, a wing, which on account
o*,
cluster,
of
in
its
flight.
(W. 22.
A).
This
it
is
without
suggests the
movement and appearance of pendent flowers in the wind. The modern writing
is
identical
wife,
with
75
naP.
582
ch'P^,
nu^,
woman.
The phonetic part of this character is not used alone # and it is not given a pronunciation. It is a hand holding a duster. It is not an old character. The hand that manages the household affairs is the wife. The present form is a contraction of an
older writing.
583
&
.
A fan the leaf of a door, Radical No. 63, a door, a window, (See ,No, 480). yii^, Phonetic, win^s; plumes. It is a represhan*,
;
hu*,
(.
two wing
201
quills.
(W. 62.;E),
In appearance
it is
cance.
sembles a wing in that its attachment is at one extremity or side and has a vibrating movement.
584
_
ch'ttang'^,
A window.
(See No. 97).
/y
hsiieh*,
^
grn^
and the other has lattice work w^ithin. The make up of this character indicates
that
585
tz^u^, it
when
caves
in general use.
jQ* bsiti^,
(See No.
18).
''
''
'-'./
gg
tzti^
of rain.
above beautiful
to the disposition.
but
586ift!6t
is
easily lost
life.
w^orries of
ts'ang^,
ei^,
^
^
clever.
Radical No. 128, the ear. (See No. 71). When ts^tttiU, Phonetic, the feelings stirred. A.t is fearful" of being apprehended he is
constantly lo jking out of the wind o
w @ to
202
see if the officers are coming.
radical
^ ei^, the
arrest.
BALLEE LESSON
XXI.
Radical
No.
'"^M^
bsiang^f
Incense,
fragrance.
186.
this
There are
radical.
writings of
explained as
undergoing fermentation.
presents millet held in
the flavor
588 Jdl&
hen^,
is
agreeable.
^^
^|
i^\
To pity. bsm\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). iin^, Phonetic, an ignis fatuus* This phonetic
has been unfortunately changed so that the original idea is not portrayed by the present writing. It should be ^. The light is supposed, to be seen on old battlefields and is tbe result of the mingling of the blood of men and horses. The light is indicated by ^ ^ yen^, one fire above another. The battle is indicated by ^
ch'uan^, to contend, as
variance.
an
was
caus-
ed as above stated.
203
^^
^W
chitiy
Wme,
spirits.
yu* Phonetic, a jar for holding liquors. The old writing is not a bad picture of these jars. When ^/ water is added to the
phonetic the character
spirituous beverages.
590
is
used for
all
(W. 41 G).
am
bu^,
lake.
y'./jC sbuP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). H bu^ Phonetic, dewlap. This phonetic is made
up of old "S^ kt^, and ^ jou\ meat. The dewlap is made up of a fold in the skin and is tough, hence the idea of old or
tough
is fitting.
Its use as
a phonetic in
is
this character is
when
heavy the dewlap of the ox plows through it and is wet like the prow of a vessel in a lake.
the
dew on the
grass
591
bsia^, Blind.
^
592
ma*. Radical No. 109, the eye. (See No. 102)This bai*, Phonetic, to injure. (See No. 436). but signification, phonetic has no phonetic it indicates why the eye is blind, that is, it
had been
injured.
5 m
BB,
598
Itmg', Deaf.
#1 ^f
Radical No. 128, the ear. (See No. 71). Itmg^, Phonetic, the dragon.. (See No. 286). ^j^^ dragon is supposed to be deaf and
er*.
with the addition of the radical we have a dragon's ear, or a deaf ear.
^^^
fext^y Pain, to
pain,,
to ache.
204
J^
ni*
This
is
in the
ancient writing the representatidii of a bed v,rith a horizontal line at the top to
indicate the posture of
a person when
ill.
The dot on the top of this line has been arbitrarily added by the scribes.
^^:^
tuB^, Phonetic, winter. (See No. 170). This suggestive and very appropriate is a phonetic as the pain which is .experienced from cold is very intense and there are few persons who have not experienced it. Pain beirig a pathological manifestation the above radical is also a happy se,
lection.
594
ch'iieh^,
Lame.
(See No. 593).
f" An
not found inmost modern dictionaries. The idea of a swelling is set forth by an
addition
chia^ of flesh
jou*.
Most
The
leg,
the thigh,
Sg
M^
.
JO"*. Radical No. 130, the flesh. (See No. 133). The jg^ fui*, Phonetic, to retreat, to decline. idea of to retreat seems to be derived from
the apparent
movement of the
sun,
^ each
morning it slowly J^ ascends until midday and then slowly recedes. This is not like Wieger's description (W. 31. C). The 162 radical added to the phonetic is a redundancy as it contributes nothing. The limbs in walking go through the same movement, each one is one half of the
205
shang^,
To reward,
^ ^ sbang*
pei*,
to grant
a reward.
(See No, 38).
(Archaic meaning).
and money
to
of value or
what
nn
tz'u\
To bestow,
to confer on
an
inferior, to
give.
Phonetic, to exchange.
represent the
It is supposed to
lizard,
house
which
is
agile
rapidity.
Some
is dependent on the creachanging its colour to that of the object on which it rests. The lizards in North China have this power to a certain extent, but it is not noticed when the animal is in the house. With the addition of the radical we have the idea of giving, that is exchanging articles of value. If the giving is always on one side it sooner or later ceases. (W. 101 C).
"to change"
ture's
598 <<<
tsai^,
i/^
\)\
representation
^^
Phonetic, streams.
It represents
stream which is formed by the union of other streams < I chuan* is a small
206
stream; {{ T^ kuai* is a stream which is formed by the union with another stream. The overflow of rivers is one of the great
calamities of China.
common
in
North China
but at times they cause great loss of pro~ perty and < floods and iK fire make up the character w^hich stands for divine judgment ; as these are regarded as calamities sent from Heaven.
;
599
l^J
P^ men\
moon. (See No. 43). coming in through the moonlight The cracks of the door and doing nothing is taken as a symbol of idleness or leisure.
600
^
i'o*,
A lesson,
task.
kuo\ Phonetic,
fruit.
To
so
s
601
yen^ received
kuo^.
chin^.
To
plough, to
till.
^.^
The old writing resembles a harrow more nearly than it does a plough. It probably was a tree
a plough.
with branches so cut as to scratcE furroughs in the earth. .(W. 120 E). yt ching^, Phonetic, a weU. A very necessary part of a farmer's equipment ii| .North China where irrigation is required for niauy kinds of agriculture. Breaking the
.
207
is
soil.
602
Aa^^ "To
call,
to halloo.
^
603
k'ou^, Radical
hsieti^
Phonetic, to
wound by biting,
all.
(Ar-
chaic).
of another
from biting to
ch'u^,
To remove,
to do
away
% ^
tract, to discount.
1$
fu*
-^
yv? Phonetic,
me.
addition of the radical the meaning of the character can be remembered by the following :If one extols or elevates himself he is sure to be discounted.
601
^
M.
chun^, Seed
ho^. Radical
class or kind.
The
hoi^ is
where the
M is found.
(See No. 22).,,
^^
jfj^
,;
chuan^, Phonetic, strong. (See No. 355). With the addition of the grass radical the character is used for a farm or serious. The lajtter meaning is difficult of explanation, but the first might be explained as
\
208
the strong
ts'ao^,
St>
luxuriant vegetation, ^^
^ ^
607 ^1^
chia*^,
Growing
/^o^
cA/aS Phonetic,
a family.
(See
No, 221).
it implies,
radical
^i J\ ^
,
sheng^,
Si-
measure equivalent to one tenth of a' ton* a peck, to promote. The old
is
similar to the
writing of the character for peck save that it has an oblique line across the handle.
This
line
(^
p'hh,
is
supposed to
indi-
shil?,
been taken out. (W. 98 B). Radical No. 24, ten. This by some is regarded as a contraction of two contracted fives
^
This has no phonetic
in the old writ-
toti^,
Phonetic, a peck.
has the meaning of to promote is not easy to understand, unless this measure, being the smallest in common use, any change is necessarily an increase or promotion. (W. 98 B).
608
Why shen^
^
^IJ
F,
7i*,
plough, to plough.
niu^,
Radical No. 93, an ox. (See No. 50). Phonetic, to cut grain, (archaic) profit.
;
Standing grain and sickle was adopted as the symbol for, to reap. The addition of
209
iiUf:; ;
!
for plough as that animal was used for pulling the plough, the use of which was a necessary step before reaping. (W. 52 F).
with
the planks
before
for
a boat B-
was
it
partialh' destroyed
by the
fire
requirements.
precious, the
value.
The
/3
tracted to
610
sheng*,
modern
writing.
To
conquer, to excel.
tj h\ Radical No. 19, strength. (See No. 212). ^^ cheng* Phonetic, to curve with fire the planks for a boat. (See No. 60y). In the process of bending the planks the strength
of the
fire
;tj
of the
work-
men's hands
of the
plank,
to conquer
611
is
formed.
(W. 47
J).
^pl*
^
^^
k'e^.
class,
series.
/2o^ Radical
tou^, Phonetic,
210
It is
was
612
idea of class
set forth.
m^
R
-i.
fe?,
To
fly.
This radical
;
is
the
neck
rests
is
on
on either
presented
center.
and the long bill The pinions are seen The body and tail are reline
by the straight
in
the
(W. 11 A).
to,
613
^^^
chiao^,
To commit
(W. 61 D). t'oa* Radical No. 8, above. Kanghsi says that the meaning of this radical is lost. The meaning " above " has been given it because it is always used at the top of a
intercourse.
chai'acter.
The
in the
modem
is
writing
/u*.
it is
arbitrarily introduced.
Phonetic, father.
This phonetic
also a
fellow.
From
this the
idea of " to
is
commit
to or to
hand over
obtained.
eK^_y;yj
chih^ He, she, it
;
No. 176).
bitrarily
given
211
which was a small plant y issuing from the ground . The need of a character for the above process not being great, and owing to its being easy to write, it was adopted to represent
;
&fc
'PH
Tfl
chieh^,
To make a
;
contract
to produce, as
(See No. 8).
fruit
a knot.
This phonetic is used
^, ^
chiF,
made up
of
shih*^,
which often
for
and n
fortu-
To announce a
It
nate
seems reasonable to believe that this phonetic has been abbreviated from ^ chieW, to be level headaffaii:
or condition.
ed.
chieW
is
When a
plies
thing
is
fortunate
make
it
secure.
The addition
616
hud'. Numerous,
hsi*
of the radical
often im-
(W. 24 C).
a company, an
associate.
Radical No. 36, evening. (See No. 14.). to^ many, The radical should be doubled as its use here has no reference to the
evening or
to
many
or
much.
When
ovrt
;
or
many
fruit
brought
tree.
as
numerous as the
on the
^12
617 ^J.
ST
_^
chi*,
plan,
'^ -p
yeti'i
The
seems to be a contraction of two conthis was aftertracted forms of five ^ wards contracted to 4 and as this was
;
difficult
to
make it was
finally written in
is
This
an old charIf
-f-
a person can count "a yexi^ up to ten they are able to reckon, to plan.
618
^*
ch'ang^,
To
taste, to experience.
P
-^
k'ou^.
17).
Radical No. 30, the mouth. (See No. This selection of the radical is unit is
fortunate as
shang*,
Phonetic,
This
should
a house. complete
No. 52).
character,
the
but in the present instance the important or distinctive part is not yet touched.
H,
tastcy that
which
is
pleasant to hear, as
the edict
of the Emperor.
The
fc
p?, the
may
be regarded as a
spoon
and
lower something agreeable to the taste held It is in the month, hence to taste. fortunate that few characters in their transition from the old, to the new writing, have undergone such destructive alterations. (W. 26 K).
part in the old writing is -^ kat^,
619
chietP,
To
select,
to pick up.
(See No. 53).
^^
chieh^.
Phonetic, to select,
is
to choose.
This
phonetic
made p
tied to or
hung on a
A paS
A).
eight,
to this
is
opened or divided.
With the addition of the radical for hand the act of selecting is more emphatically
brought out.
ruin.
flj^
pai^.
p'ti^
To
17).
:^ ^ /^^^
Tftr
(See No.
pei*,
The
their
evident, yiz.,
is
chian^,
hsiang^,
To
descend.
To submit,
to surrender.
j^
mound. (See No. 493). (W. 31 F). the 34th, radical ^ chih^, a man
in
two ways,
above it is upright, the usual writing, and below it is inverted. The idea of the combination is, a suppliant overtakes a man and prostrates hiinself in token of subjection. The meaiiing ot to descetfd is
set forth in prostration or inversion of the
suppliant.
is
farther,
o
J
'
,
reader.
The
radical
fu*
214
added to
redundancy.
622^
tr
su',
Vulgar,
^'V jez^,
^,(ti\ ku^f Phonetic, a valley, a ravine. This is pa* characters supercomposed of two
imposed one above the other which indicates a gorge of great depth, below is O k'ou which stands for a water-course. (W. 18 E). The addition of the radical implies that the nian is a rustic from the ravines or mountains, uncouth.
623 >ex&
OS ^
TM^ Like
-4^
undecided
still.
*:
ch'tian^ Radical
No. 94, a dog. (See No. 424.) In modern writing, w^hen used at the left'
is
used
in
g^
A.
tation
is
settled, divided
pa\
If
the
Chinese,
a thirsty dog ;;^ the resemblance to water is striking, but the odor would cause him
colorless
liquor
were
placed before
to hesitate
624 %f-
about drinking.
the hand
(W. 41 G).
;
JIJ
t'o*^^,
To support with
mission.
to com-
^
rll
^
^t
a plant just appearing above the ground befeiiring the cotyledons. The
stalk seems often too delicate to support
and on
215
attract attention
by this phonetic. When the radical for hand is added the meaning of to support is changed from the plant to the hand. (W. 33 B).
port
is
set forth
625
^
^^
]^
c/ju',
shib^,
a pattern, a custom. (W. 82 D), Radical No. Ill, a dart, an arrow. (See
rule,
No. 100).
chu* Phonetic, a square.
larger than the
This
is
an instrument
X kun^, the ordinaryThe square was the guide when building or laying out a plot of ground.
square.
When
^ shiW
is
added
it indicates,
apThis
pointed,
determined,
irrevocable.
;
meaning is derived from archery after the arrow is shot one knows the skill of the archer, as its position on the target cannot be changed. Thus this combination
626
is
M&
/a*.
The hair
human
head.
jgj^
piao^ Radical No. 190, hair, shaggy hair or In the old writing it is the same locks. cVati^, long, save three strokes as
are added on
long locks.
No. 131.)
^, f^
pa" Phonetic, a dog led by a leash, by a strap behind the shoulders and in front of one foreleg. During the Manchu rule, prisonThis practise ers were led by their cues. from the down handed been have may dim past as the Chinese have long worn
long hair, dressed in different styles as the dynasty determined. The long braided
216
looks like a leash and thus phonetic was adopted. (W. 134 A).
hair
627 >SK
ch'iao^,
the
A sparrow
or small bird.
^
'^,
172, , a
short-tailed
bird.
Phonetic, small.
It is
made up
of
The idea of to
divide
two parts
are identical
they do not touch, thus they suggest Between these two parts there is a vertical line. This is an object which is to be divided and as that will make it smaller, this combination is used for small.
division.
Add
propriate appellation.
628
tiiao^,
(W. 18 N).
A bird.
pictorial
Toow,
to
drift.
^
:
(See No. 79). 7jC shuP, Radical No. 85, water. t^u^ Phonetic, position a fetus in the easiest /^
for delivery,
viz.,
a head
presentation.
child,
r.li
to :fe 'a^ the delivery of a save the present phonetic depicts a child with long flowing hair. With the
This
is similar
>.;'
addition of the above radical the character is used foi:, the; current or the flow of a
-
"
.river,
(W. 94 F).
'
21.7
630
Jk
in.
f
M,,
vCi^
hsln^,
(See No.
^
'
pei\ to pierce, to
tie,
to string.
The
sea-shells were kept on a string and only opened when it was necessary to do so to make change. Thus with the addition of heart a character is formed which means, usage, custom or experience. It having become as familiar or common to one as the condition of being strung was to the cowries. (W. 153 A).
tiao*,
631
To
fall
down, to
lose.
.
f ,^
(See No.
53
^^
It represents a kind oi mast w^ith a hopper shaped box half way from the ground to the top. Manj' characters with this phonetic have an ending like the character under consideration, and it is probable that. the phonetic has been abbreviated from one of these. The addi-
sbou^
signifies, to
i^ if
ones
hold
632
lo^,
A gong.
Badical Noi 167, gold or metal.
-^
J
chin^,
;
No. 13).
Phonetic, a net,
|M
*^o^>
sieve.
net
int
wang'
made
of silk
tni*',
^
-
chuT^.
These
a gong and
218
used for
633
all
kinds of metal
is
is
formed.
p'o*,
Broken, to break.
Radical No. 112, a stone. (See No. 42). ri^ p'P, Phonetic, the skin. (See No. 224). The
shih',
present form of p^o* is quite different from the old writing and this accounts for the variance of the phonetic. (For old form see K'ang Hsi). Although the combination of this character has been arbitrarily changed its present form is not inappropriate: if one comes in contact with a rock or stone, the skin is apt to be broken.
634
.._
kuei*,
To
kneel, to
bow down
to.
Jg, tsa". Radical No. 157, the foot. (See No. 484). j^ weP, Phonetic, peril, hazard. This is made up
from f^ weP, a man standing on a rock in order to get a better view. When B.
means he restrains his movements owing to the height of his position and danger of falling. With the above radical the emotions of one on a rock with a precarious footing
chieh^ is added, (See No. 42), it
is
self
with apprehension.
126,
stroke
(W. 59 H).
still,
"'=
Bp -^
er*.
Radical No,
horizontal
and, yet,
is
is
tTie
but.
the beard.
The
(W.
mouth.
radical as
above
set forth
219
is
and the above connectives act as appendages for connecting together the various
parts of the sentence.
636
yiian^,
an orchard. fl weP, Radical No. 31, an inclosure. J^ yuatp Phonetic, trailing robes. This is a combination of :aK i^. clothing and
A garden,
(See No.
at the end of a trace. This is contracted to "^, which is placed at the top df the character, and ri which is
385)
and lower parts of 3St i*, making ;g and with the additional top yuar^. With the ra.dical which often means a fence, placed around the phonetic we have the character for garden. A garden with its tall stalks and long vines gives one the imthe
placed between
upper
has donned
637
its
long garments.
>^
^
iJ
c/ju^,
'^
he?. Phonetic,
agreement,
joints of
ho^,
harmony.
The
chu\
bamboo, harmonize
each other,
-g-
or answer to
positions on the and stalk, as to size shape. From this the idea of to answer or respond to is obin their
tained.
638
^1^^
i ,^
sow, to let loose. shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53)
scatter, to
ggi^
To
2'20
JH^
saH* Phonetic, to pound J^ p'a^ meat ^ until the fibres separate, like shredded hemp,
jjijli
p'ait
When
is
the hand
of,
is
added to
scatter or
to
disperse
conveyed.
The'
modern writing is quite arbitrary and it only by consulting the seal character that the etymology can be traced.
is
639
M
^-,
g
fi:
huan^, To
talk wildly, to
lie,
lies.
is
derived from
^ wang^
-*f
ch'uan^, an
is
overflow.
indicates
When
ts^ao^
an overgrowth vegetation on wild lands. When word a" is added it indicates wild,
worthless
*
added it of weeds or
640
^
Jh
worthless talk or
lies.
(W. 12J).
^i^
ko\ Phonetic, halberd. (See No. 2). For some unaccountable reason the stroke
'
across the handle of the halberd has been placed above the
horizontal stroke on
the
left.
(W. 71K).'
:3c who stop Jh the hostile thus allowing the people to
The
1
lancers
,
incursion,
t'i\
.
To
shave.
IS,
knife.
Phonetic, a thread
No. 86).
/.
221
"
being unvvowild from a hidden spindle and the idea of to shave was set forth by placing a razor 7J tao^ by the side of this
phonetic.
642
,^
y,7^
R.
m.
cb'iijg^,
an account.
shaP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). ch^ing^, Phonetic, light green, the color of
sprouting vegetation.
As
trans-
to watch.
(See No.
294).
614
tt
'^
,
J^
^C^ bsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). sbeng^, Phonetic to grow, bear, produce.
A plant that grows more and more. A whorl w^as added to ili 5l showing increasing growth (W. 79, B, F). When t bsin^, heart, is added the
Radical 100.
character
645
is
used
for
the
natural
in-
I
>f
,^
jin^.
chla^, Phonetic,
a family.
is
not
The only
jet^,
{explanation
what
man ^
sup-
m^^
4 yv
,
M cbia^
Radical No.
9,
a man.
/^
jt'^
huo*, Phonetic,
fire.
A pictorial representation
of a flame of fire.
This, ik like No. 645, is an unauthorized character. It is supposed to have originated from the expression -^rKl^^'X. ten men make one mess or fire. The mess includes the utensils for cooking.
"^m
fif,
^^i".
fu^,
This
is
com-
and dog, it- It was first posed of man used as the character for, to ambush, a man ^ assuming the posture of the dog
it in
addition of
?, cloth, it
^hides them.
^^t
chm^.
All, entirely,
exhaust.
M.inl
rnin^,
dish.
This
is
pictorial representation of
a dish with a
^.
cbiti*
fire.
This phonetic, in modern writing, has one less horizontal stroke than in the
ancient writing.
for the use of
It is difficult to account
cA/q* as
a phonetic
in
223
this character.
^K Kuei Shih Shuo Wen has the most plausible explanation he says that H is a contraction of ^ hsiii^
:
fuel,
and 'X huo', fire. Thus when the fire has consumed the fuel, its force is expended
nothing remains save the ashes. The radical JDL min^ indicates the stove. It might have been a brazier for holding
;
coals for
warming
;$:.
649
A'o^
To
thirst, thirsty.
a' ji
With
is
:
To
650
ask
for
water
7jC
because one
is
thirsty M.
hsieh^. Vicious,
depraved, heterodox.
g,
'
(See No. 11). i\ Radical No. 163, a city. nl Ja^ Phonetic, tooth. (See No. 97). This is a conti'action of the original phonetic ^ hsieti', a garment like a buskin w^hich wraps around the legs, a,wry. The con-
proper phonetic.
this
The
radical added
to
was
the
name
of an ancient city in
Eastern Shantung. The city may have Owing to the had a bad reputation. original meaning of the phonetic being, this character has been used for awry,
depraved or hetrodox.
651
t'ing',
To
stop, to delay
9,
suitable.
A .\jen^
*^,
Radical No.
Phonetic,
a man.
t'ing^,
pavilion, terrace.
This
is
224
formed of
ting^, a high, and the lower combination, person. the p, of the ^ao* is deleted. With the addition of the radical the idea is When a ^
Ifi
W ^a6\
A
man comes
652
to a pavilion
^ -while
:
on a
M.l^M M. chien\ The shoulder. jou\ Radical No. 130 1^ ^ Phonetic, door.
jg
/zu*.
meat.
(See No. 5). A glance a at the development of this character will reveal why ^ Au*, a door has b?een added it has gradually been substitiited for a curved line which represented the arm.
;
Because this line was only used for this one character, its form was not easy to remember; first P shih^, a person in the sitting or reclining posture, was substituted, and afterwards it was changed to ^ ha\ This shows that early in the development of the written language, unusual symbols were gradually replaced by
\
those in
expense,
too at the
of logical
etj-mology.
of remembering
muscles
changes.
man and
beast must
be strong, the former for carrying burdens and the latter for pulling the plow. This
may
653
yuan\ To be
a vow.
225
"S
leaf of
a book, the
(Se^-
archaic meaning
is,
the head.
No.
105).
]^, J/U
yiiati^.
Phonetic, a spring.
It is represented
hillside
han*, or
a projecting cliff. The little dot at the top of /t\ ch'iian^, and the short horizontal line are the springs and the other lines are the rills which are fed by them, (See W. 125
F). ;^ yeh* is here used to represent the brain or the soul that which issues fiom
;
1^
T^f
>]*
chiang^'*,
To
take, to hold.
;
ts' an*,
archaic
mean-
flPi,
character under consideration show its development. The first one is a meat-
block and meat. The second is the same plus salt and the last is the first plus the for preserving the meat. pickle or brine
is
the
first
of this
it
tai*,
_ To
treat, to
wait
..
for.
^ Mf ^^' ^
-Fr.
(See No. 78). ch'Jh\ Radical No. 60, a step. place where court, a the law ssu*. Phonetic, a
-^ rule
is
constantly iH (continually as
the growth of a plant), applied. (See No. This phonetic has no phonetic 125). value, but it sets forth the way one should
226
6onstantly%.ccording to
is
The
radical
it
not particularly
appropriate, but
serves to distinguish
the character from others which have the same phonetic. Characters which have
this radical generally indicate action.
^J
IJ
IT/)
bs'mg^,
tao^,
To
punish, punishment.
re-
Tt 9^
"^"l"
ch'ien^ Phonetic,
The
two
objects
as being even.
phonetic,
This
was not
is
the original
the archaic
ching^,
a well
The
well,
was
in the centre
of a plot of ground
divided
into nine
by
by the joint labor of the eight families. The well being in the centre, w^as where
all
to.
The
^,
To wau^.
fine,
to punish, punishment.
(See No. 38).
There was a mistake made in putting this wang^, as it destroys the phonetic which was ^ li\ to blame or accuse one M with a fault and thus, entangle I^ wang^, them. To this is
character under
added the
torture.
knife
which
is
an instrument
of
227
658
J^
*^*
To
TN
mP, Phonetic,
still
rice.
There
is
No. 47*
5:>
rice
;
them as they are identical in appearance it would be impossible to keep track of any one grain if their position were disturbed. It
without any
may
rice
be that this
was
the reason
why
was adopted
character.
659 -^ if*^
i^\
-dg?
huo*,
To
doubt, to mislead.
hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). huo*, Phonetic, an appanage, or feudal holding
(archaic meaning). (See
No.
70).
As
these appanages
barons of contiguous regions, as one could never be sure on whose territory he was when nearing the imaginary boundaries. Add heart to this phonetic and we have a
good symbol
660 CSSt
lili)
jp
^
^_J^
wang^, The full moon to expect, to hope, to look toward. (See No. yueh*. Radical No. 74, the moon.
;
43).
ctieti,
when
228
from the sun. The E ch'en^ is deleted and Cl wang^, destroyed or ruined, is substituted. This is a very old character and the absence of the radical does not leave a definite phonetic this
receives light
;
is
was
in use before
adopted.
(W. 81 G).
JQ2>,
ix^
chi^.
i> hsin",
S ^''^
"ft
c/^J^
324). This phonetic indicates a person running after another and laying hold of him a
;
and with
the
man.
rest,
662
hsieh^,
^
J^
To
to stop.
ch^ieti*,
Radical
No.
76,
to
owe,
to
lack
Phonetic,
why ?
There
is
an old
etymology
breathing
6B3
spell ?
Sweet, pleasant. "H* kan\ Radical No. 99, sweet. "^ she", Phonetic, the tongue.
t'ien^,
No.
73)^
229
This phonetic has no phonetic significance. The old writing of this character was @. The present writing conveys the idea of sweet owing to the adoption of the
above
664
which
is
sweet
"fr
to the tongue,
i
^^
walk slowly.
This
is
com-
posed of JiJl g P, the exhalation of the breath and ^L J^ jenr, man = ;fc ^ yun^, to consent and ^ sui^, to walk slowly. It is probable that the acid was obtained by a process of fermentation and as this is a slovsr, steadily advancing condition,
;
is
appropriate.
ifc
q>|V
1=
mo^,
To
shoti',
Radical No.
The
horizontal
line
indicates the
part of the tree referred to just as in the lower the character i^ pen^, root horizontal line does the same. With the
;
addition of hand, which generally indicates motion, the character for rubbing Jfe is
formed.
ch'iang'.
To
take openly by
force, to
snatch or
grab.
^ shou\
Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). This is a conts'ang^, Phonetic, a granary.
traction of
shih\ food.
230
is
deleted to
make room
P weP, the store-room for grain. The granary was the most important asset which the farmer possessed, it was his money, it was his very life, therefore he used all diligence in guarding it. When
added it implie^s hand of a forager or robber removing grain by force.
is
the
the
667
ch'eh\
To
,^
^,^ ch^ieh\
The modem
a concubine.
composed of ^ kati^, fault, crime, against a superior Jt shang*, and ft hu* a girl or daughter. Children of offenders were appropriated by officials. With the addiphonetic
is,
tion of
hand
this
was
first
taking of a concubine from among the daughters of the vanquished but it now has no restrictions and simply means, to
take, or receive.
668
lieti^,
screen.
^'^
^, 11^
frugal.
From
roof or shelter, and M. chien^, stalks of grain held together by a hand, corn stalks
r T J'^"^
bound together to form a wall. When the radical for bamboo is added to this
phonetic
it
231
made
669^
woven
together.
ym
iV^S 'C^
//iji^
Suddenly,
,
all
at once.
hsin
^'"^
^ "^
670
Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, a flag of three pennons attached
staff.
to a
Used to signal a negative reply. When the heart is added it indicates that the action was not intentional but^nstinctive, sudden. (W. 101 A).
ja^,
koti^
A slave girl.
There
6, a barb. no phonetic to this character owing to its being an old symbol which
Radical No.
is
Some take
it
it
to be
a forked
girls
.
stick
others think
;4c Hi
was an
Slave
abbreviation of
mu*, wood.
wear their hair in two tufts, wrapped with a cord, which stand up from the
head and, with the body, resemble the
character
ya^, therefore
a slave
girl is
671
^
^
D
jjj[
out words, to give a command. A'oa^ Radical No. 30, the mouth. fen\ Phonetic, to divide. (See No. 181).
iiti^,
To mete
As
with -^ seems to
made
therefore
A'ou^, the
mouth, in combinaseparation of
tion with
an order from ordinary speech and giving the same to the person addressed.
'''''';
672 ntX^
'ia\
'
''
'"
To
give a
232
pl
A'o*,
fa*,
/^
?)3
Radical No. 30, the mouth. Phonetic, to give. This represents two men, the one on the tight is only the hand
of a
is
man
When n
not pictured), to the man A on the left. k'ot^, the mouth, is added it
a command.
Eh
yin*,
To
.print,
to stamp, an
official
seal,
stamp.
P
)|^ f?T~
chieh^,
seal.
(See
No. 42).
chad', Phonetic,
This
is
on the
tips of the
an old character and the phonetic has no value as such,- but it indicates a hand pressing a seal. It also
This
is
may
finger-marks as a seal. The Chinese have long used finger-prints on bank notes.
joint, or seal
latter.
we
Ul
pictorial reprefire
in the old
^,^,
^ ya*, Phonetic,
bination
It
has no phonetic
This com;
was
first
the
product of fire w^hich can be handled. Limestone, is burned and converted into
^
lime and this can be handled, but
said
233
it is
to contain
fire
which
is
apparent
:^ ^K
^R, Tw
rH
P^^s^ To
chin^,
help,
class,
guild.
(See
^ ^^ pan^. The ^
leafy
a region, a country.
fen^,
the
is
a primitive representing
|5
bough.
is
The
f*
city,
the upper
part
part
official
residence
is
is
kept in the
residence.
The ^
represents the
wooded
The
was
with ^ po*, silk, wealth. From Q paP, white and rlJ chiti^, a cloth, a kerchief, or rolls of silk which are still used as legal tender in Mongolia. Thus the help which the emperor recognized was the financial aid received from his nobles.
676
JL
I
f
r*^
tnan^. Hurried, in haste, busy. i^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart,
(A '^
vrang^, Phonetic,
(See
No. 123). To lose ones senses because of pressure of duties is the etymology. This would be sufficient to enable one to remember the
composition of the character were it not for <^ wan^, to forget, being made up of
the
same radical and phonetic in the case " hurried," tC the heart is at the side of
;
and
it
may
the radical
we
234
is
.^>
case of to forget
cbu\
To
aid, to help.
^,^
R Q
U\ Radical No. 19, strength. (See No. 212). tsu^ ch'ieh^ Phonetic, a small stand used at
sacrifices (archaic)
;
is
them, but this requires utensils J[. tsu^ and perform the ;tl li* strength in order to ceremonies according to prescribed rules.
678
field.
pictorial
representation of a
-,
field.
J"* Phonetic, to trace hues, to draw. (See No. 7). The radical and phonetic do not
in this int'ien^
formerly
the
EQ
was
at the
bottom of the character. This phonetic has no phonetic value, it indicates how dravving is accomplished, by showing a pdncil tracing the boundaries of a field.
679
^
^
Cheap, mean, worthless. pel*, Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). chiett^, Phttnetic, to destroy, narrow, small. (See No. 13). This phonetic is generally
chien^,
235
attached to characters which have the idea of small or mean in this instance the
;
meaning
is
The
radical, here,
interpreted
680
A^
iH^
:the value
^
%
^
so^,
lock, to lock.
gold, metal.
(See No.
13).
These small shells were also used as money. With the addition of the radical, metal, the combination is used to represent a lock, a small metal obIt is a safe preject, round like a cowrie. money under lock and key. caution to keep
a cowrie,
^ pei*.
W^
pao^,
To
eat to the
full,
satiated.
s/z/A^
(See No.
75).
^
682 T-f,
pao^, Phonetic, to
wrap
up.
When one
has over eaten he realizes the aptness of this combination, the stomach feels as if it had difficulty in surrounding
its contents.
y/
^
-r
li\
Radical No. 19, strength. (See No. 212). kuvg^. Phonetic, labor. (See No. 89). This is not a bad combination to fulfill the
idea of efficiency
;
to be
f
efficient.
683
^^
lao^,
To
toil,
to suffer, weary.
(See No. 212).
li\
236
yin^, Phonetic, the light of many lamps in a ^miSa house. (W. 126 F). There is but little phonetic value in this symbol, but there is much significance as to the
meaning of
the
to toil
to labor through
light. This at the bottom to
night
with
artificial
ik.
U SPt opj
Ji
\|l.fc
i^u',
A drum,
No.
to drum, to arouse
;
it is radical
207
bulging.
A drum
3.
chot^,
beaten by a hand holding a stick J^ pW. The lower part of cbou^ is not tou^, as one might think, it is a drum placed on a
The straight line above the drum is the skin and all above this line is supposed to be ornaments. (W. 165 C).
stand.
Written
^^^
^ ^ A
,
san^,
7e/i*,
An
umbrella, a parasol.
arbitrarily given as
This radical was has nothing to do with the original character, w^hich was a
it
pictorial representation of
an
umbrella.
686
chan^, To
swell,
P^ jou\ Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). cAun^, Phonetic, heavy. (See No. 22). This
phonetic also conveys the idea of being
large
satisfactory-
687
P^
chtao^,
To
quarrel, to dispute.
237
^ sAao\ mean
688 If3^
Phonetic, small.
talk
is
Small,
a very proper
definition of
to quarrel.
nao*.
To make a
to fight, to grapple
an antagonist.
of
This
radical
is
of,
made up
to seize.
two
jEL^
chii^,
to lay hold
ni shih\ Phonetic,
(W. 11 H). (See No. 139). a market. (See No. 256). The market place is where each man is alert to his own interests and altercations which lead to disturbances are not uncommon. This symbol has no phonetic value but it does aid in explaining the meaning of the combination.
Mixed, confused.
Radical No. 172, a short- tailed bird. (See No, 21). In giving this character a
-'
\/ts'
rKE
tsa^.
chui^.
was destroyed
^ chP,
^ a flock of birds on
a coming together.
;
tree,
is
collection or
should be :^
but the latter is w^ritten in an unusual form and consequently the above radical was adopted. A garment made of odds and ends of
clothing
mixed or confused
680
m
R
^ nu\
woman.
jQ_ ch'ieh^, Phonetic, a square bench. It resembles a chair without a back. This is a very
238
common
article
of furniture.
Women
were regarded more or less as chattels and the make up of this character was not regarded as humiliating.
691
m
3C ^_
mei*,
nii^,
A younger sister.
;
wei*, Phonetic,
Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). not yet a tree in full leaf and
branch, but probably not of large size. (See No. 524). With the addition of the*
rapdical for girl
or
woman
formed.
the character
for
younger
sister is
692
sai*,
To
contest, to rival.
pei*,
sai^,
Radical No. 154, precious (See No. 38). Phonetic, to w^all in, to shut up, to cork.
An empty
space
^ H,
X
is
kung^,
by
it
the
men (W. 47
added,
T).
to the labor
the one
who works
best
is
rewarded.
693 **M.
4b
ch'ietf.
To
depute, to send.
choi^
Radical No. 162, to run fast and stop, to go. (See No. 10).
Phonetic, to carry earth in a ^]dui\
basket, for erecting
S,"^
c/2';eH^
wall,
g (W. Ill
C).
This being an important undertaking, an officer was deputed who had charge of the construction. The sending of a per-
is
implied
when
the
yu\ Prepared
239
^
H&
shih^ Radical No. 152, a pig. (See No. 221). /"^ Phonetic, to pass from one hand to another, to haiid down, to give I, me. (W. 95 A). The seal writing depicts one hand giving to another. This may be just a repetition of the act of passing from one hand to another, as a person, at
;
times, will
mind
is
occupied.
Add
excursions
back and forth, indecision. A caged elephant goes from one side of the cage to the other for hours without stopping. He is all ready to escape at the first opportunity.
695
pei*.
Complete, to prepare.
yV,
"t
Ml
make
ready.
ching^,
^ ^
de-
behaviour, (See No. 407) conyviag^. tracted, the P being replaced by preparation the how indicates The ching 1
ferential
is
to be made,
viz.,
indicates that
for use.
what
prepared
is
wanted
(W. 54
G).
This phonetic
was
It
has had
696 _ ^
many
dififerent
is
writings.
The
modern.
k'aang^, Waste, wilds, desert. jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun (See No. 12).
;;
240
Jiuang^, Fhonetic,
hall.
broad,
enlarged,
a large
shelter
From
)" yei^,
a covering, a
and
^ huang^,
is
made large, spacious. (W. 171 A). It is evident that ^ buavg^ was originally used as a synonym of earth or soil, and
thus J^ kuang^, a hall, resembles t'ang^, a hall (See No. 408), as they both are
used for holding large assemblies and both have the earth as the floor. Kuan^ is
not
all
now
fulfills
the requirements,
and
kuan^
is
is
When
the sun
added
it
waste.
hall,
notwithstanding
is is
has
non-productive
and
^ k'uang*
rustic.
IP,
(See No.
^^ ^
yiP Phonetic,
No. 694").
is yit^,
To
pass
is
hand to the
but
other, to
hand
over.
(See
a reading of Sf which ^ ^^SC Tuan Shih Shuo Wen has a good description of
There
it is
archaic.
this character
Bj'^m:tMM ^f mit^M
Beyond the limits of the
;
9\-mitm.
it is
"
city
called
% ch'iad
beyond the
limits of
241
the chiac^
it
is
called pasture, ft
it is called KF
mw*
yeh^."
in
A
all
pasture region
and in such cases the yeh^ was immediately beyond the limits of the chiao^. The
$P chiao^
was
w^here intercourse
^ chiao^,
They
they
lest
held.
g,
/*
should learn of its, vulnerable points <and thus attack the stronghold This charac.
ter
that
was originally written ffi indicating it was covered w^ith forests. After
the forests were cleared off the composition was changed to the present form,
which is t'u^ land for fields H t'ien^. During the feudal times the Sf yeh^ was
given into the charge of the military to manage, and timber, grain and straw
w^ere
demanded as
taxes.
There were
that the squatters or occupants handed over to the proper authorities the taxes or a rent.
698
Jj^ )5^
sbih\
To
bestow.
fan^, Radical, No. 70, square (See No. 503). This radical has been given to the character because the original classifier
is
not
It is
among
it is
now
is !^.
242
tree
striking root,
of these accessory trunks it is here used as a symbol for many. (W. 117
many
'^
yeh^, Phonetic,
vessel.)
also.
(Archaic,
a drinking
This combination indicates a pouring out ifi, at frequent intervals 1i^ as or something freely wine at a feast
;
gixren,
M-
699
_.__
haP,
To
repent, to regret.
*I*
*t^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart (See No. 18). (See No, ife meP, Phonetic, each, every, many.
269).
The combination of
radical
and
it is
because his
swarms
kaP,
To
17)-
j^
p ^
i.
this
for,
symbol
"to change."
(W. 85
701
B and
No. IQ^
'^iJ
lo\
A camel.
Radical No. 187, a horse (See No. 261). Phonetic, to go on one's way without heeding others.
(See No. 272).
ma\
/fo*,
243
The camel is a beast of burden for which ^ ma^ is a generic symbol. The camel moves along the road apparently oblivious
to his surroundings
is
;
a happy one.
(of
702
an
*^
ma^
Radical No. 187, a horse (See No. 261). fo^ Phonetic, another. Archaic meaning, a cobra, or snake that raises its head from
its coil, its
The head
of this
seemed more than the body could support. Maliy of the characters which use this as a phonetic have the meaning of to bear or sustain. The camel is generally used as a pack animal.
it
703
yao^,
The
loins,
the waist.
(See No. 133).
to want,
to need.
Archaic,
Be-
by its present ineaning, in order to make a character for the waist the. radical for
flesh
was added.
insect,
704
^^
l|l
cVutig^,
An
reptile (See
No. 232).
snake,
worm, a
244
lice,
mosquitoes and silk worms. (W. 110 C). This phonetic is more of a
locusts,
than a phonetic and when the radical is added the character takes the sound of the radical. The multiplication of one symbol indicates that the character is used for something which occurs in swarms or great numbers.
classifier
705
mi*,
rfa
Honey.
An
insect,
a worm.
Jj^ mi*, Phonetic, quiet, close, still, silent, secret. From '^ mien^, a sheltered place, and
pi* (See No.
#
a
504).
When
one
is
in
dilemma, or has to decide {i^ shoot) between two, (A pa^ to divide), modes of action, a quiet or secret place is desirable.
Both these
phonetic.
When A ch'ung', here used for a bee, is added we have the character for honey. The bees make their honey in the
darkness of a hollow tree or other secret
place.
706
i^
wan^,
To draw a bow,
bent, curved.
^
S|
III
kuag^. Radical No. 57, a bow (See No. 55). luan* Phonetic, to adjust, to quarrel. The
oldest writing represents a
hand
;
Tt
dis-
their lower ends were contracted into shih^, ten. A later writing has "b yen^, word, taking the place of the middle thread, as the untangling of thread; it done in common,,
words and
re-
245
ciprocal
fault
finding
was
(W.
In shooting an arrow the bending of the bow is very marked and so ^ kung^ is a
fitting radical for the character
meaning,
bent, curved
707
mM S
/I,
%.
cbieW,
To
chiao\ Radical No. 148, a horn. (See No. 250) ? The phonetic of this character is made
up of two radicals which do not occur together in any other character and consequently it has no pronunciation. ^ ^
IS 3t
gives
4^
the
following
explanation,
^ 71
a cow's horn with f>l :ft a knife.'' Horn is put to a number of uses and this has been true for thousands of years. A horn being hard it was a difficult thus a symbol operation to divide it which represents dividing a horn is used as the symbol for to open. A bodkin, 73, made from the horn, ^ of an ox, 4^, and
;
" Dividing
used to untie
M knots.
H2
35
j.n
mate, to pair, marriage. yt^. Radical No. 164, a jug for holding wine.
p'ei*,
fei^,
A woman
Contracted
^"^
This combination of radical yu^ and phonetic was used for the wine (contracted), drunk at a wedding feast
to
chp.
246
709 rC||
'*
7i*,
Archaic, to
^
7J,
Ij
cut grain.
knife,
a reaping hook.
(See No. 556).
^, ^
standing grain.
In order to secure the benefits fij //*, firom the ripened grain it was necessary to reap it, in other wrords to cut 73 the stalks'
^.
^J
i]
Ic,^'
^1 *,
/ei*.
To
bridle, to curb,
to restrain, to
(See No.
force,
li\
212).
^,^,^
ko\ Phonetic, hides, skins with the hair on. (See No. 163). Leather or rawhide is exceedingly strong, and w^ith the addition of ;^ /r*, strength, a good symbol for to
curb or restrain
lieh,
is
formed.
To
;^
7,
The
was
a river, <, ch'tian" (See No. 598) which on account of breaking its banks has caused Jgreat destruction ? taf^, by cutting 71, new channels through the fields.
'^ll,
!lj
tai^ is
^ or A
in seal writing
these are
the
human bones
247
radical
i^,
formed a
nants of cloth left after a garment was cut out another old meaning was the sound of the tearing of cloth but it is now used only for the meaning given above.
; ;
712 A/ari^.
To be
like.
left
:^
c/z'/A*,
foot.
Qffi, >^.3^
the Shuo
This seems to be a simple phonetic, but Wen says that the symbol is composed of two boats tied together forming a square, therefore the boats must have been similar in shape and size, thus they resembled each other. The radical ^ may have been selected because
left
foot
is
naturally sucfoot.
by one
like it
4^
fu^,
Like.
left foot.
^^
/*
This phonetic may have been selected as the two rods or bows which are tied together are of equal strength and thus neutralize each other, consequently they are similar or alike. For the use of the radical see No. 712.
^^*
-4^
J^
a bird.
'^
harmony, agreement.
248
103
1.
The
relsome
phonetic.
715
____
caused
the
selection
of
this
ts'uP^,
To
urge, to hasten.
yV jen^, Radical
No.
9,
a man.
a high mountain a surname. This phonetic is made up of a mountain, and # chuP, a lU shan, short-tailed bird. Grouse do not live on the low hills but are found on the higher hills and mountains, as they there find more seclusion and shelter. The addition of the radical for man may have been suggested by the energy required if one wrishes to follow a flock of rock grouse up a mountain if this is tried the appro;
priateness of the
composition of fS
is
An
animal, a brute.
No. 94, a dog, a pictorial representation of the animal. (See No. 424). ^^"* Phonetic, the domestic animals dis"^, W\ tinguished from ch'itp, wild animals. The domestic animals w^ere nit^, 122a', yang", chi", it cb'uan^ sbih\ the
ch'ixan^ Radical
dog and
pig.
The archaic
and a
tail.
w^riting
depicts
two
ears,
animal but w^hen the radical for dog is added it means wild animals chased bv
249
dogs.
The
modern writing.
717
1^
IRJ
-q
,
szu*,
/^
jen^,
To wait
WI wl
^^"^' I*honetic,
This
is
hou*,
(a
man
who
a princess) reversed to indicate the subordinate or servant who receives orders. It is the imprint of the prince. The prince has informed his minister of his desire, impressed or imextension,
by
puts
them
into
execution.
is
When
the
radical for
added the character represents the superior f with his attendant "Pi who waits upon him.
Burning,
fiery, virtuous.
man
718
^^
i^^
i|l(^
-fftt
liehr,
^ii
With the radical !k. we have the fierceness of fire added to floods.
711).
719
wang^,
net.
^
E!
mi^ ssB Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). vvan^, Phonetic, a net, to capture with a net.
The idea of capturing or taking is set forth by Cl wang^, to destroy, (See No. Owing to the I^ wang^ being 123).
written
in
an
is
abbreviated
form,
the
shao^,
little,
to diminish.
250
ho^,
(See
'^ hsiao* Phonetic, like, similar. The archaic meaning was, to be like one's father, not a degenerate. The idea of small is attached to this phonetic as the child is smaller than the parent. A small piece
of the father's flesh.
block."
"
When
m
^
a tooth.
There
is
was
being very similar to ysf, the latter has entirely supplanted the old form and ys?, hasfthe advantage of being a per-
S hu*, reciprocal, ^
fect
conveys the ideas of satisfaction. A person who is reciprocal is courteous and is generally in high favor.
of elegance,
111
S hu*,
15
chao^.
To
beckon, to
call,
to proclaim.
f ,^
shon\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). ;g cbao\ Phonetic, to summon, to call. The
archaic meaning
was
to criticise,
^to
use
the
With the addi^ it has the meaning of to beckon:^, as the hand is used in that act. This is a term used in summonknife 7J.
mouth as a
251
723
1^ ^^
3ft
hu''
To
call,
i'ou^ Radical No. 30, the mouth. S< hu^' ^ Phonetic, an exclamation an interrogative, a sigh a sound which is tittered after the completion of a sentence. The "5 ch'iao^ is the breath meeting with an obstruction. The ^ is composed of y
; ;
p'Jeb^,
A pa^, to disis
perse or scatter.
The obstruction
over-
724
i@/ ^H^
iti*
between impeded respiration and unimpeded, is taken as a symbol for wonderful. (See No. 258, 853). The radical for mouth is added to indicate a call.
come.
difference
The
\^
^^^*'
To produce interest,
respiration.
to stop, a
full
breath,
ft t^u^ Phonetic,
believe that during a full ch^i* of the heart is expelled breath the when the outside air isf'brought in through the nose @ and goes to the heart j5. As breathing is necessary for the maintenance of life, the meaning was extended to interest^on a loan, a requirement necessary
The Chinese
^||
hsiin*,
To
instruct,
to teach,
to exhort,
to
persuade.
^ yen\ RadicaFNo.
Ijr
149, a word.
ch'uan^, Phonetic,
river.
For
it is
252
upon precept
line
;
line
here
ai,
little,
726
-M^
(See
No.
428,
511).
At
first
tf
glance
is
it is difficult
to understand
of this
why
character, but
which use
of the bird as set forth in i^ R, Kuei Shih Shuo Wen, aid in the understanding of
The heron is supposed to announce by his call the approach of rain hence he is possessed of great intelligence. He stands by the hour in the water motionless, watching for food ; when within
its use.
;
reach, action
is is
common name
with wood M^, (the steelyard beam being made of wood), as a fitting symbol, for the pee on the steelyard. The string
suspending the pee resembles the long neck and its shape is not unlike the body of the bird. The pee only indicates the weight when in precisely the correct position,
thus
it is
just
For
253
;feff
ping^, Authority,
a handle.
:^ mu\
"p^
wood
pin^ Phonetic,
fire. (See No. 437). has authority over wood, hence the combination, to the Chinese mind, is suggestive of authority. Wood, in a sense, is the handle by which fire can secure a hold on the structure.
728
m
\^
V-p
>^,7K
wu\
shui',
-^
~^_
"^
"^
an obstruction, spreads
in all directions.
character
was
originally written PH
i.e.
yii^, a basin, a tub, with the addition of water i^ it is the symbol of water which has been used for w^ashing.
;
UpJ
fu*,
To
g^
fij*
by.
/u* /bu*
493). (See No. 672). fa\ Phonetic, to give. Tuan Shih Ml ]^ Shuo Wen explains this
character more
P
-$.
fullj'
than
the
others.
foothill looks
a mound or small hill. A up to the mountain, a small state must do the same with reference to a large, powerful state, and is obliged to adopt the customs and usages of the latter and pay it tribute, if.
fou^ is
254
I
'^^^
^t<&
iaie/z*,
To put
out (as a
fire),
to destroy, to
exterminate.
7jC shuP, Radical No. 85, water (See No. 79). mieh* Phonetic, to extinguish or kill
;
to wound I'S with a halberd l yiieb, and iK. fire. This phonetic was originally the full character, but later water was added to indicate the substance used to extinguish fire. (W. 71 P.)
731
t'.
^ hsii^
yxs
^^,
tse^,
^^ )^
It represents
a thorny
The modern
no trace of thorns There are two meanings of this character 1. To reprove or to punish. The thorns tz'u*, indicate torture, and indicates a fine. 2. The care and pGJ* M. worry, The z'*, of property, K pei*. possession of property brings responsibility. (W. 120 H.)
this phonetic so that
remains.
gPl
^
rj-i
^
^
ch^ou^,
shoii',
To draw
The old writing represents a sprout which is drawing its strength and nourishment from the seed.
is
There has ^
H liu^,
when ^ shot^
that the hand
is
something
, = H.
255
^33 tNb
'
Ppr
cben*,
To
'/^
493).
the shock
have been pleased to liken to a thunderbolt. The other form is 1^ ^, not "M. ittngf, east, but two hands supporting or planting a tree. It seems to indicate the planting of trees on a hillside, perhaps a park. The present forms of the character seem to be a combination of these two old forms. (W 50 H.)
734
may
into eight
and northregarded were as having Some east, etc. good and some as having bad influences. This is not an old character and is not described in the Wl %, but leprosy or insanity was supposed to be caused by bad f wind. Rabies in dogs is attributed to the evil influences of a certain kind
of wind.
735
256
ma^
a horse.
which a horse ^ experiences in the presence of that which he regards as being more powerful than himself.
The
terror :
736
a
ya^,
To wonder
to.
at,
Radical No. 149, a word. (See No. 10). Et jaS Phonetic, a tooth. (See No. 97). Tuan Shih says that this character,
yeix^,
HK
originally w^ritten
receive
;
person there
now is
737
^t
^1^
pien*, p'ien^.
ch'Ih*
left
foot, or
left foot.
an
inscription
hung over
the door.
jfc
Wen
^R
IS:
official
f5J
:#.
Therefore
it
must
include
all.
if ch^ih*,
to go, the
is
738
t^an^,
To
lie
down, to
lie.
(See No.
291).
"j^ shatig^, Phonetic,
a house.
This
is
not found
mology of it
not
difficult.
When
lying
257
dfo'wn
them to
739
cold or stonns.
fe
^ shou^
-^
//*,
la}.
To draw,
to pull, to lead.
Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). Phonetic, to set up, to rise, instantly. (See
No. 216).
The
7a',
was
Jft
which indicated the putting forth of great strength, but as the three ;fy li*
characters were more
difficult
to write
than
"iL
li\
was sub:
stituted,
and
explained thus
in
exerting great strength in pulUng one has to stop and take a firm stand.
740
^
^B
^
-fr.
/d^.
To
uphold, to help.
shou'y Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). fd. Phonetic,, a husband, a man. (See No. IS; 3t says *, 5t 234). Kuei Shih hand of the husband The husband. a Wt
#K
JQ
5_
t'u/*,
To
retreat, to decline.
(See No. 10). cho* Radical, No. 162, action. retreat to have to ts'm* Phonetic to refuse, '^ walked with difficulty ?? all day long e,
;
;
and
refuse to
go
farther, or to
go backbeen
ward on
vandng.
may have
saggested because the sun, each morning, slowly ascends until midday, when the indications are that it will continue to go
258
higher
but at noon
it
starts to descend.
With the addition of L. it forms the character for to retreat. Compare No. 402,
to advance.
742
J^
^3i
'^^
S
]^^
chii*.
To
gather, to assemble.
(See No. 71).
(See
^^
No. 578). The oldest use of this phonetic was for the cutting off of the left ear of captives and presenting them to the officer this was evidence of the in command
;
The meaning
When
three
men
"S^
what
is
to be
thus the speaker, figuratively, holds This character his audience by the ear. radical and phonetic is not composed of
said
;
is
743
/^
sis
cbP,
To
assemble, to collect, a
fair.
'^
cAui^ Radical
No.
172,
short-tailed
bird.
This character >fC mu*, Phonetic, wood or tree. was originally written /i^ three lines coming together at the ends forming a triangle-
was afterwards supplanted by a tree with three birds on it, and later the number was reduced to one. (W. 14 A, 119 G).
It
259
744
/a?
*
pan*,
A comrade,
to attend on.
9,
Jl
jen^,
Radical No.
a man.
(See No. 118).
this phonetic the
'^
""
When
idea
jen^ is
added to
is
two persons
are
is
man
is
usage
it is
chu?,
J
To
pursue, to follow.
a terrace, ramparts, a city. (See No. 310) With the addition of 5_ cbo* the idea may have been to follow the person or enemy even down to his strong-hold, to his ramparts. This phonetic is also used for troops w^hich guard the city and thus this character is sometimes explained as the legion on the march pursuing an enemy. (W. 86 B).
Near, contiguous, neighbor.
city.
746
lir^,
g_ P
1*,
lin^
an
ignis fatuus.
The reason
for using this phonetic in the character for " near " is owing to the
an ignis fatuus before it is seen. A city which is not farther away than this light
to
is visible
must be
close at hand.
747
cAieA^,. Pure, clean, neat, tidy.
260
^V
^/ shuP,
says that * cb'i* in this II combination indicates the cutting of a bundle of hemp threads, thus making them of one length and the ^ signifies that they are tied up into bundles after having been washed ? and cleansed.
748
ren^, Stern, majestic, strict, tight.
Tuan Shih
P
'
(See No.
17).
1^
him to move forward. The modern writing is quite different from the original that shows a hand striking X shu' a bear ^ (as in tfc katf see No. 545) in a cave )" yen^, accompanied with great outcries "^ hsiiat^. The modern meaning
force
emphasises the sternness of outcry, such as is heard in the court when the magistrate
browbeats a witness.
(W. 146
H).
749
ne
cht^,
To
p
',
(See No.
/IP sba^
Phonetic, a
tail,
an appendage.
tail,
This
is
made up
^ sha^,
of
wep,
contracted,
and
a silkworm
;
ning its thread as the worm is constantly moving during this operation, this iJart
of the phonetic indicates motion.
Thus
is
the
two
parts indicate a
tail
which
261
constantly wagging.
When
CI
i'oa^
is
added
tion,
it
has been talked through. For another meaning of ^ sha^ see No.
after the business
800.
750
3a_
^ yen\
^^^
chin^.
Watchful, respectful.
(W. 171 B.) When a" yen^ is added the idea may have been that one should be as careful and watchful as to what he says as a potter is in shaping the clay.
potter's
clay,
751 shin*, Cautien, attentive.
i*
.
>ll^
^
752
true
heart
is
E^
^
mo^
',
To
feel,
^ shou^
Painters
of
hemp
for painting.
that this character was md', to grind, as formerly written consideration are under character and the
It is probable
sometimes interchanged. J> may have been first used as the symbol for rubbing the hands together, the hands acting as the upper and nether mill-stones 5 and
gradually
rubbing.
it
was
26'2
753
^^
cheng*^,
Evidence, proof.
(See No. 10).
^
754
i=t
(See No.
240 and
243).
This phonetic indicates cUmbing to a high platform and is to proclaim, from a'
^
fi
wild boar
fighting,
755
jraiJ^,
To
w^innow.
,^
"^
to ex;pand,
glorious.
(See
No. 541) The hand placed beside the phonetic indicates that something is exhibited in bright light in order that all
understand.
^P
ch'ai^,
To
break, to destroy.
(See No. 288)
^ ,^
jS: ch'ib\
Phonetic, to attack.
an
abbreviation of J^.
>&
1*
(it is it is
katH^
means
in his
that
repeated attacks) a
man
263
own
house
/**
yetf.
When
the
hand
is
PJK
wo^,
To
lie
down.
(See No.
1
E
^
man.
for
20).
i^ jen^, Phonetic, a
man.
man
is
in
symbol 82 F).
758
;u*,
used
"to
lie
down."
(W.
mattress, a cushion.
^
"~^
:^
fM 3^
i\
/"*
Radical No. 145, clothing. (See No. 51). Phonetic, to shame, to insult, to reveal with the hand "sf ^ a disgraceful condition,
cA'efl^,
122).
The
a simple
phonetic and the radical 5K indicates that the mattress is made of cloth.
759
chui*,
cord, to let
down by a
rope.
^
?ft '^
(See No. 8). ssi?, mi'' Radical No. 120, silk. chuP, Phonetic, to pursue, to follow. (See No.
745).
The
radical here indicates a rope or cord and the article suspended follows the lowering or raising of the rope.
760
^
:=.
Tax, duty on merchandise. i2o^ Radical No. 115, growing grain. No. 556).
shui*,
(See
^,
(See
264
No. 72). The character indicates the giving of grain ho^ to -the government
761
^
P
//*,
An
officer,
magistrate.
In the seal writiiig the basis of the character is it sbihP, a scribe, a hand holding a stylus. This is also the char-
it
was
;
the w^ork of
the scribes to record history. 'M H* has one stroke above the ^ this is a contraction of Jt shang'*.
Thus
this character
vsrere
direc-
Jf^
rfj
hsP,
mat, a
table,
repast,
feast.
a napkin, a
;
towel.
(See
j^
all
the indivi-
In ancient
flat surface
made
while reclining.
The
was
all
the illumina-
The rlJ chin^ was originally and is described as being a flat stone on which the meal w^as served; This eventually gave place to a mat. ^, shu* is a logical element rather than a
written
phonetic.
^^
healthy, delightful.
jer/ Radical No. 53, a shelter. (>See No. 132). The phonetic is not easily separated, as it is only in the modern writing that /T
jen* arbitrarily appears. f^ keng^ (a pestle in two hands) is the hulling of rice, and is the same, save that in the
^^
grain of
was
to which
was
of hulling.
and
(VV.
102 B).
V64 _.
9,
a man.
to write regulations
for the
yii^
(See
No.
;
7),
march
k. %, yirf
(archaic
out).
long strides,
able to
the regulations
and vigorous.
^^
:^r;
^
^^
chin\
shib*^,
To
prohibit.
(See No.
164).
jsk Ha', Phonetic,
by doubling the radical for tree. ^ bad omens Ty: from trees #, (W. 119 M). The ^ when seen was regarded as a fevelation of divine or supernatural disapproval, and
a
forest
;
indicated
266
766 "gt^
latig^,
A son,
g, R
i^
liang^. Phonetic,
good.
^15
The character
of a city
was formerly
the
name
a city of excellence.
The mean-
ing given above -was an expression of the hope of the family in the son or bride-
n^
|*pf
p'ei*,
To
match
plants.
-^,
R
?\
/u*
o ^,
Radical No. 170, a mound. (See No. 493). *'o* Phonetic, to cut a speaker short by
The dot on the top indicates the interruption, and the 5 /oh* is an adverb of negation i.e. saying P no
interrupting him.
^.
This seems
be used in visit with," but persons when chatting are constanth' interrupting one another as they speak, in order to get the real meaning, or to correct a w^rong statement. If one is not on intimate terms with the speaker this is not possible.
Bhr
^||a
/u^
To manage a boat
^
/S
yiieh^
has sup-
267
study of the old writing which represents the hand which wields the authority P
on the boat M, the captain. The character also sets forth the opposite of to govern,
this is the action of the boat under the direction of the captain, to yield, to assent to to be attached to,
; ;
viz.,
to be governed
^
f|3
tai
i\
A bag,
a pocket, a
purse, sash.
^K
Phonetic, a substitute.
cession or substitution of
Order
-t
of suc;
men
a reign
to supersede
It
a dynasty.
been the custom, when one
may have
i*,
'T /en^
-t
which when presented allowed him to occupy the position of the one for whom he was substituting. The addition of or ftJ may have been sug(See No. 576)
5fic
gested
when
material,
a cloth
or the clothing SK
could take the place
it
ti H
f
,
^ shou\
g
ch'ia^,
To
pinch, to
claw
to twist.
(See No. 53).
hsien^ Phonetic,
a pit, a pitfall, a snare. This chiu*, a mortar, or hole in comes from the ground or rock for pounding grain. Q hsien* is a pitfall or trap with a man in it. When ^ shou^ is added the idea is that with the hand something is held secure as if in a trap.
268
'^^^
^St
7^
^^'^ I^^s-d of grain, ear. Ao* Radical No. 115, standing grain.
(See
No; 556).
Aui* Phonetic, grace, kindly.
(See No. 385) not the original phonetic of this character, but it has become generally used. It may be that it was used as a recognition of the grace of heaven,
This
is
t'ien^, in
field
or the gracious part of the standing grain The is that where the seed is borne. original writing was 31^ ^ sui'^, a hand
To
escort, to defend,
a military
walk.
station,
Tientsin.
hsing^, Radical No. 144, to
(See No.
thongs, rawhide.
directions
l
A in opposite ^
*!=.
The indicates opposition, refractory. Compare ^ 4* f ch^iiarf, opposition, error. The refractory have to be bound v^rith leather thongs, hence the meaning leather. As leather is
the reverse of
it
strong and used to protect delicate articles is here a suggestive phonetic. The
addition of the radical fi indicates the guarding of something while on the march.
773
ch'iieh^, Deficient,
a vacancy; broken,
defective.
"^.^
(See No.
264).
269
c/jueF Phonetic, to divide, to break. (See No. 109). A dish /bu*, which is broken ^
is deficient.
774
In want, poor, weary. p'ieU Radical, No. 4, a stroke to the No. 176).
is?,
left.
(See
'^
}iJ
chiU, PhoHetic,
is
i*\
chii^
written backis
:
wards.
The explanation
a person
who
ih stospped before
The inference
possessive
775
'ii
Ww. ^K
^r
n
(See No.
a contraction
for
ml.
ch?^\ Phonetic,
little.
When
is
it is
food -^
is
scarce
M a small table
food
is
A.,
large enough.
When
scarce
a time of dearth fL. The character's original meaning seems to have been dearth or famine and hungry is an extension,
is
the
common
condition
776
o*, e*,
Hungry.
Radical No. 184, food, to eat.
I.
shifi.
(See No.
75).
vro^,
Phonetic,
'^
This character
Wen
o*, fi)
# K IS
IC szu^y
was
originally written H^
; ;
270
to feed, and
^ me.
It
was
contracted to
^P
>^ -^
778
k^t^,
(as
a palsied
hi\ Old. Phonetic. (See No. 17). Old wood is probably decayed.
k'uei^,
To
peep, to spy.
kuei^, Phonetic, to
a cave. (See No. 97). shoot an arrow (archaic) rule, custom. (See No. 529). To shoot hsiieb*. W\ a glance through an opening The present writing of breaks up the etymology, as the fu should be sbib^. In archery the eye aims along the arrow shaft but here the eye shoots a glance through an opening.
;
779
k'ung^,
To
rein in, to
draw a bow,
to check,
to accuse.
^, f
shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). k'ang^, Phonetic, vacant, empty. (See No.
302).
This phonetic plus the radical seems to have been first used for draw^ing the bow in shooting an arrow one increases the vacant space k^ung^, between the string
In prosecuting a person
it
shooting an arrow at him if the accusation was substantiated, the defendant suffered perhaps more than if
hit
by an arrow.
271
780
)m,l^\
^1 1^
(See No.
a modern replacement of 17). S contracted to 7. This character is a primitive compound which cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic. It is ffl )ft yung-" (See No. 476) and R chP,
Here
it is
Every
is
bull's eye
has been
hit.
Efficiency
781
weP,
To
28).
surround, to inclose.
enclosure.
(See No.
thongs,
rawhide,
refractory.
be that H is a leather case protecting that which is precious, but more probably it means refractory, 'M- and
may
therefore
when
it is
in CI it
cerated."
782
^
iCi"*
*t^ bsia\
Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). (See No. ch'iu^, Phonetic, autumn, harvest.
169). In the autumn the grain is often blighted with frost and appears as if scorched with When one's desires are thus fire ifi.
blighted,
it
783
j^i/ig*,
Hard, obstinate.
{See No. 42).
7S
With the addition of stone :ff sbiB the idea is to change and become hard like
272
784
#
yv,
shen^,
To
jen^,
Phonetic No.
a man.
(See
shen^. Phonetic,
to extend, to stretch.
No. 227) A man who is taking a rope and measuring off a fathom, six feet, with his outstretched arms. A man who is able to explain or straighten out the tangled
cord.
785
It repre-
and the
ill
was
placed below.
As the threads
;
it conveys the idea of thus by extenloose as opposed to close (W. 39 G). sion scattered, rare, seldom.
786 >t
iu*.
Statute, law.
left foot.
if ch'ib* Radical No. 60, to step with the (See No. 7). vu* Phonetic, to write.
With
acter
tlie is
addition of
Jl^
tang^,
clan,
faction,
an
associate,
a cabal.
shang*, Phonetic,
a house.
M indicates
that the raeffibers of this society are all smoked with one smoke, that is that they
273
niieet
They
meet
dark H, secretly, form a cabal. The '^ shang* here represents the leader
of the clan or association.
^f^
J^^^^To
^,
m ^1 J^^^ Phonetic, a
w^agtail.
harmoifiy, union
the
The
first is
with a moat ^ embracing it, iDut the second form is now^ in general use. < = ->- and e. = ^ as in ^15. With ^ it means the bird that haunts the torders of moats and ponds in harmonious (W. 12 G). This flocks, the wagtail.
character, a city
&
phonetic
action,
is
used to express
harmony
of
with the addition of the it means to jam or press as a radical crowd, and embrace with the arms.
and
789 tJkf
^
790
jt^
To crowd,
The hands
working together
#, to
crowd, to press ^.
iu^
Jl^^ >f
To stoop,
to bow, to condescend.
7efl^
/a',
Phonetic, a palace. (See No. 388). This is not an old character, but
has
come
The etymology is When a man A comes to an apparent ofiBcial department }U to pay his taxes #, the customs of China require him to show
into general use.
:
274
respect
condescend,
791 A-j^
fa*,
To
in
fall
prostrate, to
;
fall
on the
in
face, to lie
;
ambush
a decade
9,
dog days
to
subject.
yV 4
a man. J^ ch'uan^ Phonetic, a dog, a pictorial representation, fv is a man A taking the cringing attitude of a dog i^ or compelling another
jen^,
Radical No.
to
792
take
it,
i.e.
to
humble or subject
another.
hsien^ Conspicuous, to
yeh*^,
make
plain, glorious.
Radical No. 181, the head, a page, a man. (See No. 105).
hsier? Phonetic,
a sunbeam, volatile, minute, fibrous. When a sunbeam shines into a dark room, small motes hke
in
silk fibres,
it.
motes
ing in
added the original idea was that the decorations of the hat w^ere very a]Dparent. The character is now used for anything
conspicuous.
793
7on*' /u*, Dew; lou*, plain, to expose, to disclose. yu\ Radical No. 173, rain. (See No. 61).
#^
Kuei
Shih say's
is
m ^"^^'^^mWm^ "Dew
l!l
the secretion of the dark, female pow^er of nature, dew comes from the earth.''
Z,u* 5
as
275
Rain that wets the feet only, as when walking in grass wet with dew. " The dew is the path of the rain M, and when it falls on grass it turns it white disclosing each stem and leaf."
rain of heaven.
794
ffi
k'uang^,
Mad,
wild, raging
^ ,J^
3E,
jt.
cA'uan^ Radical
character.
(See No. 350). This character indicates that dogs have suffered from rabies in China from the
very beginning of their civilization. This character is described as a mad dog. The
animal wanders around from place to place without any definite aim, and thus this is a very apt phonetic for this disease. The character is not confined to this one
disease, it is at present used for
any kind
of mania.
"^m ^
yii*,
To
instruct, to illustrate.
O
'**"
k'ou\ Radical No. 30, the mouth. a small boat, a primitive barge,
sampan, ^m,san'pan\M.ZiB^.
"The
to
sail
A chP of planks to
the rivers
{{
form a boat
is
fj
kuai*.
k'oti',
by extension
instructions
any
796 AtsM
k'uti^,
kind.
bind, to, hamper.
To
2T&
nri
^ im
it
\Z'
^^.
tree,
tree
which
is
hemmed
in
weP,
by rocks or
in
or wilting from confineThis last is the one which is in general use. The addition of band implies that there is an act of repression. It
grow^th,
ment.
seems probable
different
merged into one. The reason for this view is, the two meanings, viz., sleepy and cramped and hemmed in. The first
seal w^riting is in accord w^ith the idea of
sleepy, to stop
ll;
a nap.
It is difficult to explain
why
this
had
797
tan^' *,
it
To
burden.
^, f
shou^ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). fe cban^ Phonetic, to talk impudently. (W. 59
ti).
from f' weP, a man A standing on a dangerous crag f (See No. 634), and A pa^, to scatter, and e" yerP, w^ords to recklessly scatter indiscreet words. The
This
is
;
radical
indicates
was
first
used as a verb.
indiscreetly has
277
798
-H-
sprout,
wild
tribes.
-H^
ts'ao'-,
i'ien^ Phonetic,
field.
The sprouting vegetation W of the cultivated field 15. That which is planted just
appeai-ing above the ground,
s.
(W.
149
799
B).
Wjgl
Bright sunlight, to dry in the sun. (See No. 12). ^'*^ Phonetic, elegant. This phonetic originalshai^,
etc., animals but it early took on the meaning of elegant, perhaps owing to the graceful appearance of the animals. The upper part ^ li*, is a primitive representing decoration. These animals were decorated with horns. jM In* deer is a
meant
antelope, deer, jS
which
lived in droves,
and tail. hsi^, Phonetic, west. (See No. 26). The westem sun is much warmer than the eastern,
picture /^ of horns, body, feet
thus this
is
without phonetic
800
tu^.
significance.
-^
:;^
-7^
pictorial
(W. 54
I).
If
a silkworm
spinning a cocoon
it is
working alone
278
and
for
itself,
and when
this phonetic is
used -in this combination the idea of " solitary " is derived from the above
fact.
in
As dogs do not usually roam about ijacks the dog radical is appropriate to
ao^,
and phonetic.
given to
The above
it
radical
is arbitrarily'
in the ^modern
thfe
writing.
cha-
the
room
is
one
animal and these w^ere easily distinguished, the one from the other, only by hunters or those who frequently saw them thus this is a symbol for discrimination (See No. 837). As there w^as more or less obscurity about such a corner, by extension the character has acquired the meaning of mysterious. (W. 123 F).
;
802 ^fi
mi*,
pi'^,
5fe^
s/2/A*,
Radical No.
113,
spiritual
ijtifluences'
(See No. 164). Written 4 with a pen^:^. Radical No. 115, standing grain. /^o^ (See
No. 556).
il^^ pi*,
Phonetic, must.
279
M pi* originally
was
god or deity and the manifestations of his will must >^> be complied with. |J5 is another writing of the same character. The meaning of secret may have originated from the fact that the will of the gods could not be known unless set forth by revelation or omen.
803
chati*,
part of a day,
briefly,
temporarily.
(See No. 12).
Sj? chair',
This
phonetic
is
may
have been used to exterminate captives, and so, by extension this symbol Df came to mean beheading by an executioner.
The character may inean to w^hirl or brandish ^ a battle axe Jr. (W. 128 A). See ilf (No. 812). When a day
U
jih* is
is
necessarily
short.
J^S
>f
pi*^,
To
press upon, to
ill
use.
J_ n
c/2o*
iu"
Phonetic, abundance.
The
pi*.
should
is
be
written fg
When
there
an abundance of men, a
crowd of people, they press one another, and if the throng is great, the weaker a very ones suffer from the pressure suggestive symbol for oppression.
;
805
]j^
tieh^,
To
stumble, to
fall.
ja
^
rti
Radical No. 157, the foot. (See No. 484). (See sMb^, Phonetic, to lose, to err, a fault.
tsu^.
No. 566).
Am
error
of the foot
J,
mis-step, leads to
fall !^.
^'^
s^m\ Personal,
selfish, secret.
T^
A
Ao^ Radical No. 115, standing grain. (See No. 556). (See No. 569). szn^ Phonetic, private, selfish. Grain %. was used for paying taxes and
the residue
was
personal /.property ^L
By
extension,
selfiish.
807^
i^
Radical No. 61, the heart. This is yu*. Phonetic, to long for, to desire. (See No. of cHiao*, 135) the made up
hsin^.
upper
lip,
or the flesh
P k'otf. In this phonetic the upper lip seems to be regarded as the center of selfrestraint.
The
indicates
deficiency of restraint
When
;& bsin^ is
lust.
added
808
yen*,
it
^
sfe.
from view^, to shade. sbou% Radical No. 64, the hand, (See No. 53). yeif Phonetic, a man making a long stride,
screen, to hide
To
quickly
by
The
man making a and covering ground the length of shenP, the outstretched arms, a fathom. (See No. 784). When hand i sbou\ is added the hand covers or screens from
old w^riting, depicts a
:;;*;
stride
e"|3
view.
281
809
.Wffl^ iRetired, in
private
life.
|5,#.
/a*
Radical No. 170, a mound. '(See No. 493). V7I2* Phonetic, carefnl, care, taking an interest in, freedom from care to enjoj^ the
;
of the work kung^ of one's hands ^> ^. The *ij> hsin^ indicates peace of mind of one who has what he needs
results
and
P fu*
(W. 49 G).
The
place,
hiding place.
810
mam^ Phonetic,
When
both eyelids are closed (equally tight), then one cannot see. An old meaning of
this character
Bji
was
It
now means
of affairs.
811
to
ja^,
-f|
To
^ j^.
Phonetic, a tooth.
an interesting process and is watched by those interested in children. The sprouting of seeds seemed to the originators of this character to have a
Dentition
is
it
occurs at the
life
282
812
^ai
TK,
cbien*, Gradually,
by
degrees.
(See No. 79).
^'^"^^'
to cut in two.
cuts
its
(See
No.
803).
Water
way
in the process.
through great rocks but ages are required This impressed the scribes
this process as
a symbol
813 ^tt.
5[^
^jXi
^^
.^
^& ^2
I !
hd^,
(See
and vegetation d:, ^ chihi^. By extension, the husk of grain, the shell of nuts' or of an egg. The 5: shu\ to strike, (See No. 165) is added, as frequently the husk requires
a cover
before it
is
re-
^^
ly
tap,
small grains,.
r,:
(See
No. 47).
/i*,
(See No.
Grain in bulk cannot be piled up a bin it is only a single kernel %t. that can stand jt alone mthout
216).
unless
it is in
;
support.
815
S
^^
'^j
chih^,
branch of a
tree.
y^
(See
money
283
:
This phonetic originally was used for the branch of a tree. The old writing shows
'
a hand with a branch as if stripping it from a tree. The radical ;ic is a modem
superfluous addition.
yin*, Shad3', to shelter.
-^^,
lj|
816
^ [^
[^
Phonetic,
to the skj^
it is
secret, cloud 3^
dark, Hades, female, This symbol often refers as being over cast now^ cbin^,
shade,
;
cloudy
ytin".
The
fu*,
high,
is
superfluous.
indicates
that the shade comes from trees or some thatched or artificial shelter.
817
J-^
;
^,7K -^
Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). (See No. 98). ching^, Phonetic, the capital.
^"^''
the most important place and in the Empire, by extension it is most cool w^ater is most desirable desirable and refreshing.
The
capital
is
818
u*, A ferry, to ford, to cross a ferry. Radical No. 85, water. (See No, 79). shui\ J/ ^JC capacity tu*, Phonetic, to measure, a degree made up of J^. to cross. This phonetic is
; ;
=^ shn\ contracted, (See No. 762), and yu*, the right hand which measures by The important (W. 24 M). spans.
thing in fording a stream is to be sure that the water 7j< is not deeper than you
are able
M to ford, W
7j<.
or,
to pass across
^ water
284
819
j^^ ^,
^^Iv, /=Ri
pao*,
To expose
violent,
cruel.
and phonetic.
definitely
The
old
writing shows
which was to
spread f^ grain out HJ in the sun H to dry. On account of the strength of sunlight it has
come to mean
violent or cruel.
820
.^iju
tjJC
poS A wave, a
ripple.
V',7jC shu^, Radical No, 85, water, (See No. 79). p'r, Phonetic, the skin. (See No. 224). The
waves and
layer,
superficial
821
;jA
4^C
J/
^2H^*,
Waves,
7J^
good
a thing.
It is the nature of water 7jC to form waves, the waves tS seem impertinent, rude, lawless, profligate ^.
&
I(JQ
A pillow, to pillow to sleep, yt^ mu*, Radical No. 75, wood, (of which pillows
chin^,
;
are
made
in
^ ^
yin^ Phonetic, to
go away, to withdraw a man )L who walks out of a space t-r ^ (See W, 34 E). When wood 7|C mu" is added it forms the character for pillow and is thus explained when the head is pillowed (asleep) the man makes journeys jfc yiti^ all over the world in his dreams.
:
285
823
^g
^ ^
chtng^f Quiet,
still
clean.
(See No.
(See
No. 315). This character W^ was originally used for thoroughly blended colors ch^iti^, but it is now used for quiet or
still.
for this
was
1^ chitig*,
^
824
proper character
never used.
,^
^=
tan^,
The
gall, courage.
^,^
-^
"^
Jon\ Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). chan^ Phonetic, to talk indiscreetly, oversee.
(See No. 797).
The reason
for this
com-
does indulge in indiscreet statements, he not onlj'- needs to be a man of muscle M jou*, in order to stand
been
may have
^if
man
by these statements, but also a man of courage or gall. The gall bladder is'considered to be the seat of courage.
825 jL-l*
J2C
il^\
ch'ieh*,
'^
826
hsin',
c/i'uS
Timorous, cowardly. Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). (See No. 67). If the Phonetic, to go.
is
heart ;&
cbii*,
gone
* there is no courage.
awe
of.
,
)^\
i|
HP |#
Phonetic, the timid look BB of the bird H, needed to preserve life, looking to right
left.
and to
286
his prey, he is
it,
lest
is
to the
emotions.
^"^
ying^,
To go out and
,
receive, as
a guest.
(See
j^
J[p^jT5
No. 10).
high dignitary
an
official
who
Here
(See
the seal
^
a
No. 42).
is
phoiietic
man
This
as
if
man
is
desiring to
When
added the idea of respectfully going out to meet a guest or high dignitary
828
lien^,
is
expressed.
yan^, to look
(See
up,
W. 26 G)
Lead or
tin ore
lien^,
a chain.
(See No. 13).
(See No. j^po).
-^
chin",
//en^,
This phonetic
it is
suggestive of a chain as
-
The chain
ii is
made
^ con-
nected
829
lii^,
^ like
a string of
carts,
^, going
Many
times, repeatedly.
/,'|\
f^
shih^,
bent posture.
^>
where
287
women
The idea of the phonetic here is not the same as that in lou^. This M lii^ is a very old character and it is easiest to explain it by commencing with the P shih^, which is a contraction of M Tvtt^, a room (See No.
are confined.
(See No. 392).
;
337).
wa^, a negative
4", i<,
chung^
niP are
two
A#
pa^ kua^, w^hich indicate an empty space and it indicates that in this room M,
where the women were confined, there was no # furniture, it was empty. The character eventually came to mean a space as opposed to a solid substance and w^as used for the holes in the lattice windows. From this the idea of "frequent 'J is derived, as in a w^indow there are many
of these spaces.
830
^
^
all.
(See No.
253).
cbun^, Phonetic,
a princely man. It is composed of^ yiti^, and P k^ovt; a magistrate who holds in his hand ^ authority ) and who utters his decrees or orders.
#.
now
means a
831
flock of
any
kind.
yiian^,
A hem
of a garment, a collar,
cause,
,
a connection, because.
silk.
I'
2.88
t'uati' Pho-netic,
By
exten-
to the pig.
(W. 68
I).
When
silk
is
added
it is
garment. The bristles of the pig were regarded as decoration and harmonized with his general appearance.
832
W.
-\r.
p'O^,
t'ti',
declivity,
a mound, a
hill.
The use
a
(See No.
earth, for
and plus
v'
sbuP, for a
wave
820) leads to the supposition that the two characters were originated by the same scribe. The w^ave is an elevation on the surface of the water and a hill is
an elevation on the surface of the earth. In skinning an animal the skin is prone to lie in wrinkles this may have siaggested its use as a phonetic in the two in;
stances.
833
ch'uaxtg^^,
To piash
rudely.
With-
out phonetic
force,,
;
but
it is
suggestive of
dashing forward if once a horse ^ strikes the side of a door P^ w^hen going through, he will ever afterward go through with a rush PS.
834
fotr',
To throw
28^
^ shou\
jXi sht^'
^
-^
Radical No. 64, the hand, (See No. 53). making a quick
motion, to strike. (See No, 165). With the addition of shou^ i the hand, a good character for to throw is formed and to
give over or to join must
ch'iian^,
Cured, recovered.
(See No. 593). (See No.
Phonetic, entire,
finished.
is
Wen, but
of
tii^
it is
not
its
its
composition
when
has run
course
patient recovers.
836
yiian^,
A fountain,
the source.
yj^ i/ shaP, Radical No. 85, water. f^ yiian^, Phonetic, the origin,
'
a spring.
(See
No. 653). The modern character has f shui^, water, added, owing to the present writing of the phonetic having no suggestion of water
left in it.
The
original
character
depicted
fan^,
To
interpret, to translate.
^
'
^ *
szu\ Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). {an\ Phonetic, the tracks of a wild beast, aborigines, discrimination. The ffi is the
ball
of the
foot
and the
rest
of the
290
symbol
the imprints of the claws tR (cf. No. 801). Hunters became expert at recognizing the footprints of the various
is
tell
at a glance
what
The character
^ fan^ was
first
some
tribe
.
from those
in
common
:
use.
Observe that
shen^, to
judge or investigate, uses the same phonetic the judge in his courtroom t^ miet^, investigates fan^ the testimony
female, girl.
sign of
ft
rank.
The character
ioei^ seems to
have been first used to a feudal lord in distinction from the large door used by the 3E wang^, the prince, and it was afterwards used to designate the door of the women's apartment, and finally wae used foi
women
839
jang^,
m general.
To
mouth. bsiang^ Phonetic to remove, to assist, to per"^' '^ feet. It is necessary to study the old
k^ou^. Radical No. 30, the
;
291
writing.
ment 3^ i^ and assist a in a common piece of work X kun^. The nn hsiian^ indicates that there is much discussion, perhaps
many
w^riting,
was changed
into
Si
and 72 H.) With the addition of n mouth, to this already boisterous phonetic we have a strong character for clamor. The modern writing gives but
k'ou^,
little clue
840
f
^*
^
rft*
nien^,
To
sbou% Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). When nien^, Phonetic, the Emperor's chariot. the Emperor went on the street the ordinary traflBc was suspended and the
streets
must be vacated.
The addition of
hand t shou^ to
this phonetic
may have
for
the
was
(W. 60
M)
yen*,
To
disUke, to loathe.
a projecting
cliff.
satiated, ^M* kan^, with I* yen* Phonetic, to be meat B jou*. dog it ch'iian^, The fe i^ and "M* kan^ of the old forms have been changed to g in the modern charSatiety seems to have been the acter.
292
yeii^
means
disgust, aversion.
han* re-
feasting.
(W. 65 G).
to discard.
(See No. 22).
^^
>
f'H
:;fC
ch'i\
To
reject,
mu\
and phonetic. The seal writing represents a newborn child in a scoop and two hands in the act of throwing it awaj^. (W. 94 This indicates that infanticide has G.)
long been practiced in this country.
843
^, f
-Q
As a staff is something used by man in walking and is not a part of himself, this
phonetic aids in explaining the character
but
844
is
i
(^
Phonetic,
deer,
an antelope, a
On
body
is
in the middle.
The original writing of %. ch^en^ was not always the same. ^ indicated the dust which a herd of deer or elk caused to rise
'
when they
deer.
845,
fitl
ran.
There
is
now
but one
to*'^,
To stamp,
7^
tc?,
'
with flowers.
'
(Sfee
No. 581).
When
foot
293
is
added to this phonetic, there is the idea of something hanging or adhering to it, which can be removed by a stamp of the
foot.
'^
^
ytf, Oil.
y\i shuP, Radical No. 85, water. yir, Phonetic, from, origin.
(See No.
732).
the
name
of a river
There
is
no etymological ground
this use.
847
fu*,
-^ J^
a married w^oman. nff, Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). chou^ Phonetic, a dusting cloth attached to a
w^ife,
Invented in the 21st century B. C. When in tivP, a woman, is added it is used as the character for a married
handle.
w^oman or
wife, the
broom-stick.
848
-^S
we?.
To
dread, to respect, to be in
awe
of.
and phonetic.
Originally the
B3
i'ierP field,
was 6
^ fu*,
a demon's head,
and ^ chao^, claw^, and finally )) A jen^, a man, a frightened man, was added as a
demon's head
and a
tiger's
claw^s
are
most
in
fear-inspiring objects to
man.
This
is
entirely lost.
294
^^
^^
hu\ To protect, to defend. a word. (See No. 10). huo* Phonetic, to hold a bird H in the hand % to protect it. This is a bird of the falcon or ha^wk tribe, carried on the arm 3C.
According to Kuei* Shih* Shuo^ Wen^, the bird is eminently able to foresee good fortune or calamity, and there is an intimation that they were kept and protected in order to secure good fortune. With the addition of word, yctf, the character stands for protection or, to
^R^X
defend
850
JFu^
To
float,
to rove, to travel.
7^,7K shu?, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). ife^ y^^ Phonetic, the motion of the arms of a swimmer fluttering of a flag. The phonetic is a contraction oi'^yt^, a sw^immer. The S^ yen^ (See No. 698) a fluttering motion, here means the overhand swimming strokes. The ^ "^ tzv^, a child,
;
swimmer are
hidden by the water and thus invisible as those of a child wrapped in long clothing.
The water
addition.
radical
shuP,
is
a recent
is
By
standing so close together that they require to be transplanted, to move. Radical No. 115, standing grain. (See bo^, No. 556).
P, Stalks
295
When
and
their
growth
^ and
so allows
^
i^^
ch'Ja\ Timely.
harmony.
No. 103). That which occurs just at the right time or just when it is wanted, j5
hsin^, is called timely.
853
XQ
~^
48, work,
workman, time
breathing, air
(See
in
obstruction.
No. 258). This is a phonetic which inthese dicates curves and waves of air kun^, a reprecurves and twists plus
;
when brought
man who
in
skilful, as a workcan combine curves and angles his work must be skilful.
854
p'aP,
To
arrange.
^,
-f
shou\ Eadical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). a primitive with two sides fej^, Phonetic,
opposite to each other.
(See No. 276).
The
with reference to each other and with the addition of hand this forms the character
to arrange.
296
855
ij^
*=*
shih^,
To
vt?!
swear, an oath.
word.
it?
JJ"^
In the
an
In
in two.
when one
desired to affirm
a statement as true, he took an ax and cut a branch in two, the idea being that he expected such a retribution if his state-
true.
used for
an oath.
856
^
J^
the hand (as bread). Radical No. 64, the hand: (See No. 53). jgS pi^p'i*, Phonetic, a prince, a man who pro-
pa?,
shoti",
on criminals
^
P
The
chielf, seal,
shih^,
in
the
modern
kill
As the
sentence
was
is
When hand
addition
by cutting asunder. means to break open with the hand a case where the
added
it
;
of a
radical
very
materially
E^
a*,
shore.
=p
Here
the idea
defense.
is
that arms T kan^, are used for The radical llj shan^, a mountain,
297
should
clifif,
ako include T han*, a projecting as mountains and the cliffs are the
yao^ To shake, to sway to and fro. shou\ Radical, No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). (^ J ad- Phonetic, an earthen vessel for cooking or keeping meat. (W. 130 C). There is no explanation of why this phonetic is
used with the radical t hand, shod', for the verb to move, and consequently it must be regarded as a simple phonetic.
859
iit
to scare
very.
*i^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). huang", Phonetic, barren, wild, reckless. (See No. 639). This is a good phonetic and
when heart
'I'
of the barren
860
yir', Silly,
stupid.
S^
i^
bsin^.
Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). In the old writing the head resembles that of a demon. (See No. 447).
It
has a prehensile
tail
(W.
is
is
23 E).
stupid.
cbji^,
To
grasp, to restrain.
f ,^
298
fel
chu^, Phonetic,
a sentence (See No. 80) to admonisli or warn, and with the addition of i sbou^, the hand, to lay hold on one,
;
but from f 5 cA/V, a primitive representing a creeping plant twining over and circling round other things. That 1 cA/V is here w^ritten
80th
cl^aracter,
^ pao^, to w^rap, is misleadBecause the tendril 1 cbin^ and the placenta *J> pao^ both have the idea of to wrap, or contain, the modern forms are often identical and they are used interchangeably.
precisely like
ing.
862
Hb*
~ij*
*-*-
shou^,
To
keep, to guard.
-^
an
inch,
(See
No. 69).
it
It is
value but
acter.
an official's residence and here the law "^ ts^un*, is kept and used in the administration of the '^ office. Another explanation is that raien^ is a house on the frontier w^here
The
soldiers
are
stationed
to
protect
the
frontier
from encroachment.
lose,
XP^
i^,
j^
To
bequeath, to
to give.
(See
No. 10).
kuei^, Phonetic,
k'uei\
299
a basketful A of precious things, M, valuable. This character has undergone many changes and the present
precious,
writing does not indicate the original meaning. Kang Hsi gives three old writings which are obsolete. The best
way
remember the character is to regard the valuables -M kuei^ as moving ^, changing hands, either as a present or
to
bequeathed
864
jt.
ch'un\ The
.
lips.
flesh.
time,
a.m.
(See No.
122)
Mmmi^
Wen'2
(it
from
Zi
i^,
germination
huaf",
represents the
the ground)
germ and \l
an inverted
;
man, change
(See No.
488
;
the seed
is
H old
is
half indicating that at first the sprout is covered w^ith the earth. As this is the season when vegetation commences to grow it is a most important time for
farmers.
Why
this
is
'
was
selected as the
Xt
TJC
wan^, Crooked wrong, a grievance. mu\ Radical No. 75, wood. (See No.
;
22).
300
Zp
-^ wang^ Phonetic, vegetation which grows here and there w^ithotjt any order. (See No.
350).
this
tree
With the addition of tree ?ic mu* irregular growth is transferred to the and this is a symbol of a crooked,
or unnatural growth, a tree so
it
is
wrong
contorted that
purposes.
rIJX
jjE-
rd^
chieh^, To prohibit, to caution a precept, yen\ Radical No. 149, a word. (See No. 10). This cbieh*, Phonetic, to warn, to caution. phonetic is made up of two h^nds fl" and a halberd ^. It implies an ocular warning. When b" yen^ is added it implies a verbal w^arning. (W. 47 E).
;
867
liffe
r*"
to a house in ruins, useless abandon. yitf Radical No. 53, a covering, a shelter, a
fei*,
Ruined,
house.
^-
fa^,
Phonetic, to shoot
(See No. 214).
etic
an
Some
to place
an arrow
is
^ from a bow ^
is
When shootis
sent
away,
lost
this
;
the idea stressed in this combination and when f yerf, a house, is added it indicates an abandoned house one which owing to its location or for other reasons cannot be used.
;
868
chieb\
To borrow,
of.
to
avail
oneself of ;
by
means
an #4i
n,%Q
chi^ Phonetic,
a field plowed by the Emperor, appanage, to borrow. This is made up of ^, :^ leP, a harrow (See No. 601) and ^, "^ hsi^, dried meat old, ancient. (See No. 222). The crops from the Imperial field w^ere used in sacrifices. This phonetic is made up of the products of the field, grain, and the results of the chase, dried meat in a word, the articles used as food. By planting and hunting one could supplj' himself w^ith these articles and the original meaning was, "to avail oneself of," and this meaning w^as extended to
;
" borrow^."
grass radical
869
hui*,
when used
in this sense.
^^
ho^, Radical
(See
No. 556).
sui*,
Phonetic,
harvest,
a year.
(See No.
197).
ther or not
war was
;
to be waged,
tIc
it
thus
ho^ were
w^hen
war was
being
weeds were not removed and thus the fields w^ere dirty, as the men were called away from their agricultural
pursuits.
270
at
tu^
The
belly.
M^
,
(See No.
302
-j-
t'u^ Phonetic,
earth.
is
(See No.
13).
This
not found in the Shuo Wen and hence is probably a modern invencharacter
tion.
The
871
Aou^
Illicit,
careless,
kov^, Phonetic
entice
;
curved, crooked,
a hook
list.
to
is
This
a creeping vine, This (See No. 861), and P A'o^ mouth. phonetic is often written ^ kou^. Because a creeping vine extends its growth in any
composed of
cbiu^,
and by extension
illicit.
872
-.
t^ox^,
To
'
a man.
(See No. 795).
fif
'HU,
^ yvP The
still
was
% t^ov^, and
in
it
says the vulgar writing is f^ It is evidence that the incongruity i'ovi^. of using nii^, w^hen in the courts and
where
jails ninety-nine
was
by
-i;
jen^,
Why
;
w^as used as
phonetic
is
not apparent
perhaps boat-
women were
propensities.
873
-fip;
Sp
tu*,
Jealous, envious.
30S
-^ n^^
J^
woman, a
girl.
(See
bu*, Phonetic,
single door.
This
is
women
jealousy
were confined to the female portion of the race. The Shuo Wen says that 5P tu is the jealousy of women and ^, chi* the jealousy of men. If this is correct why is nv? used in both characters ? The present character represents a woman back of a ^ door giving vent to her jealousy where she is not seen by others.
human
874
cba},
Sediment, dregs.
85, water.
(See No. 79). (See No. 397).
f ,i^
at one time used as the character for a railing and also for the foundation
It
was
of a pillar, but none of these meanings aid in the explanation of the present
combination, therefore
it
has to be put
J.^
cbing*,
region,
a place
state or condition.
(See No. 13).
;
i. u\
boundaries
yin^, of men where the pronunciations With the ;L differ; only, nothing but.
addition of
t'u\
earth,
the same.
orderly, well-done.
304
^ mu\
ag;
ch'a^,
Phonetic, a place planted A?v^itli trees. This phonetic contains the radical, the lin'. upper part is a grove or forest in part the foot lower is shu^, The JE
877
Iirt
i'
,
(W. 112 C, 119 N). It is a difficult thing to walk through a thicket. The idea of orderly may have been suggested by the regular order of the trees which were planted in the grove.
motion.
wa^,
i|l^
To awaken,
Phonetic,
I,
to discern
to recover.
(See No. 18).
31 wu^
"
composed of S. wti" five (See No. 30), and k'ou^ the mouth, # wu^ is a verj^ lofty appellation
It is
my.
for
I,
mj'self,
as
3l,
it
of
,
all
things
by the w^ord of
my mouth
n but man has ever been prone to elevate himself and with the addition of f hsin^, heart, consciousness, w^e have the symbol
for,
to discern.
float, to drift.
^78
,)BBff
t^Tf^
p'iao^,
To
7K,
7^
1^
Phonetic, a signal,
(See No.
255).
shui",
The
smoke
v'
a signal
when
water,
is
added,
the floating
is
,,
^
J^
c/zeS
To
all
a person
305
or went
away
this
was
all
night.
880
/g^ -^^
ts'aP, Variegated,
gay,
ornamented
with
diverse colors.
^
TIC,
shan^ Radical No, 59, to adorn with feathers or colored hair. It is intended to represent feathers or long hair.
ts'aP, Phonetic,
f^>
from a tree :^ to choose. (W. 49 B). With the addition of shan\ to adorn with feathers or long hair, we have flowers and long hair or feathers
fruit or flowers
all
the natural
ornamentation.
-b^
Jpg^
^ ^
taa^, To obstruct, to withstand. shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). tan^, Phonetic, to be equal to. (See No. 478).
A hand
shou^,
must be equal to
it
"^ the
requirements before
can obstruct or
withstand M.
882
^h.
I^r
jru*,
That which
quarrel
;
decides
who
is
right in a
-^
pictorial
The Shuo Wen explains this character as being two dogs J it ch^iiatf. The phonetic
yen^ but though it has no phonetic force, it assists in explaining the meaning.
is
criminals
who
are
mutually
incriminating
each
306
other
lighter
sentence.
and
883
chia^.
is
ir ^C
u',
cA/aS Phonetic,
221).
a home, a family. (See No. The bride leaves the parental roof
M.
cbia^,
is
started.
This combination of radical and phonetic forms a good character for the above
meaning.
884
p'ieh^,
To throw away,
to give up.
(See No. 53). (See No.
.^
'raJC
added, which indicates the action of discarding or throwing aw^ay w^orn out clothing ^^ w^e have a verj' good symbol for the
211).
t shou^,
above meaning
885
fsrti
W..
r^n. Jp3^
tien*,
A grand
hall,
a palace.
hand making a
jerky motion.
t'on^
not now^ used as a character the buttocks. The explanation given in Chu Shih -^ R Shuo Wen is as
;
The phonetic
follows:
thief is
^mmmm^mBm^^t
^
is
"a
in the hall."
The second
seems to have originally been the chief use of the IS tien*, but as their ciYilization
307
advanced it was used far Ifaifge gatherings of any kind. (W. 22 D).
d
^|t
IP,
fence, to inclose.
351).
To separate off, M IP, a plot of land with a bamboo j^^ chu^ fence is the explanation
of this character.
887
^,ft
F*-*
a species of bamboo with spines. chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo (See No. 7). paS Phonetic, a kind of boa (See No. 53). It may be that a serpent B w^as selected for the phonetic because it, like a hedge, has length without much width and fj chtP, bamboo, is a common material for a hedge, or a fence.
pa',
;
A bamboo hedge
S88
p'u^.
The
vine.
H*]}lljl ts'ao*.
child.
1,
The
''1
of
The
pao^ is reason for this change is that one of the 214 radicals and 1 chit^ is not.
vine
which
M-
The grape.
(See No.
308
j^
fad'. Phonetic,
a furnace for pottery. This seems to be a simple phonetic. It is a of a kiln ^ representation pictorial inside. (W. 54 with porcelain ware ^' D). is a recent character, coined about 100 B.C. An emperor of the Han Chang^ Dynasty in 138 B.C. sent Ch'ienS to the region of the Caspian Sea on a mission and this man brought back grapes, alfalfa and large horses. He saw^ that grapes w^ere good for men and alfalfa w^as good for animals. This man also established a trade route to that part of
m%
the world.
and
K'ang
890
ya^,
^ t'ao^.)
To
press
down, to
repress.
yen*, Phonetic,
to
disUke,
to
loathe,
satiated.
to be This phonetic
is
represents a
man
w^hose stomach
dis-
The addition
is
may
to be filled with earth dt and solidly packed JE as an over-distended stomach is packed with food.
891
pien^,
whip.
(See No. 163).
pien*, Phonetic,
convenient, ready.
(See No-
492),
The
was
originally
it is
an
instru-
ment
of torture, but
now
309
of leather
892 Jt^^
$ may
stimulate,
in'
some,
j3$
^L^
(j
tiin^,
You. (A polite term). This authorized character. bsiti^, Radical No. 61, the heart.
nP, Phonetic, you.
(See No. 3).
is
an un-
of heart
respect.
nir/,
jC?
hsin'-, is
Some think that the origin of ^ was from i^^ ^ nP lao^ which ih the spoken language was contracted to nirf, and this character was coined for the new
sound.
893
t'ang^,
bath tub.
a dish or
vessel.
t^ati^. Phonetic,
^ fan^,
above
hsing^,
;
hot water, broth, min^ and form a good character for the
894
M
IF
Form,
^
^T
(See
two
1p0
y^^ >|
~'
7iV,
Two, a
acter)
.
couple.
jeti^,
Radical No.
9,
RJa
ifazi^*,
was
two
meri,
but
it is
now
used for
two
of anything.
310
896
J^^
a view
appearance
circumstances.
jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.
(See No. 12).
-^
When
ching^ H jih*, is high, then one can get a view of the landscape or can learn tlie appearance of the sur-
the sun,
roundings.
897
wo*,
To
a
business, duty,
must.
li\
1^"* Phonetic, to display one's skill in wielding, ^5t mao^, (a three pronged 3L p'u^, arms,
halberd).
addition.
898
The
;f3 li*,
strength,
is
a modern
/I
i\\
chieh*,
alone;
assist
Boundaries w^hich separate men, one an assistant, one who waits on, to
;
pett3^
9,
yv
/\^
jenP,
Radical No.
a man.
(See No. 32).
It
has no
it
to
explain
the
meaning of the
character.
Man, A
and the A pa^, separates him from others. The meaning of to assist has been added without logical sanction.
899
IQ
sbao*.
To
7^ szu\ Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). S chao*^, Phonetic, to summon, to call. (See No. The original meaning seems to 722).
311
have been a father summoning, S cbao\ his son and requesting him to continue, ^
szu^,
900
^.i|li
>tC
mu\
a struggle
for
life.
opportunity of heaven and the advantages of earth. A man is seen in the seal w^riting, between heaven and earth erh* (the radical) he is striving w^ith voice n> and hand, %, to gain his end. (W. 2 D),
;^ mu*,
tree,
the
The tree, in its position between heaven and earth, attains to a much hiffher altitude than does man.
901
m
niu
JlX.
p'aii^,
To
for.
@
X^
wa\
When one
hopes B^ for something the eye /en\ @, /^^^ is prone to spend a portion of its time looking for it.
902
^'^"''
'i'^e
rump
;
division, share
a band, a gang
a strand
of a rope.
%,H
-^
iou\ Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). shu^ Phonetic, a long pole projecting before a war-chariot, a spear, to kill. (See No. seems to be The meaning in 165).
the
The
312
come from an ancient usage of the word the Shuo Wen says that the ^ shu^
to
;
is
^ shu^,
The
different, to dis-
tinguish between.
cern
made
lip
shares. 903
kung^,
mine.
/g
Radical No. 112, stone. (See No. 42). kuang^. Phonetic, broad. (See No. 696). The
sbih^,
Shuo Wen says that this should be w^ritten m. Here ^, huatig", (See No. 207), is used for i, t'u^, yellow earth, with '^, shih^, metal-bearing stone. Another A!\rriting is M.
S04
hsii*,
^
H
This character w^as invented to represent a connection between w^hat has already been said and what is to follow. The seal writing
Phonetic, this, that,
indicates that it reaches in
two
directions,
is
two
tzQ*,
Q
of
what
ing in
S05
chien^,
the character
^ indicates
reach-
all directions in
or trace
f^t
A bamboo
to abridge, rude.
chien^,
No. 118, bamboo. (See No. 7). Phonetic, between, among. (See No.
313
183).
the
joints,
Strips were
made
of the part of
yr between fS chien^, the and on these sUps directions or descriptions were written if the description w^as lengthy the slips were bound up in book form, but w^hen the description
;
bamboo
was kept within the limits of one slip of bamboo it was regarded as abridged and
eventually the above character took on
that meaning.
906
ya^,
4=:.^.^
The bouse or
tribunal.
office
of
an
official
^, ^^
act
S wu^
161).
Phonetic,
my.
(See No.
877).
it
The
original phonetic
was ^,
;
ya^,
a tooth,
represents
something to be dreaded
the
in
official.
The
who
row on
It is difficult
to explain
how
the writing
was changed
from
907 stA.
^ to ^.
end, finally, only.
^^
j^
cbing*,
Ji\
The
Radical No. 117, to stand. (See No. 216). By using jt li*, as the radical the
etymology
character
chapter.
has
been
destroyed.
This
is ver5'
similar to
chatig^,
(See No. 87) should be the radical, and below this is ching (See No. 875). Another man, }\i,
yin^,
sound,
explanation
is,
# indicates that
this
man
314
was singing, he sent forth tones, "h and we thought only of the melody # when the song is completed ^ there is a
JL
sense of finality.
908 ._
ts'aP,
^
rj%
To
select,
to pluck.
(See No. 53). (See No.
281).
t, t'P
shou\
contributes nothing.
909
hsiang^,
a sort
item,
^
rC
sum, income. j'eA'', Radical No. 181, the head, a page of a book. (See No. 105). kting^, Phonetic, labor. (See No. 89). Owing
to the head, neck
notch resembling one side of the radical kung^, X, this SAinbol w^as selected as the
phonetic for the above character.
Another
nape of the neck is carried, viz., where work, X, kuti^, (W. 82 A). done.
910
ching^,
is
7^,7K shai\ Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). (See No. 7). This ju^'* Phonetic, a stylus. phonetic w^as formerly ^ chiti^, a stylus ^* jru* making marks ^. It was conThere seems to be tracted to j'u*.
much
this character
was written
f^,
a place
315
crossing a river.
character
it
was
sumed
911
its
present form.
^^_
charge with, to entrust. ye^ Radical No. 149, a word. (See No. 10). t t'o* Phonetic, to depend on, to engage a substitute. (See No. 624). By a word or
_^ fo^,
To
command
t'o*
"g"
912
yu^,
,
To roam,
No. 10).
(See
Of-
yr^ Phonetic, the motion of the arms ot a swiminer. (See No. 850). The character is often used for No. 850 W. The 5_ chd^, indicates inovement, and for moving from place to place on land, is more logical than is W- yi^-
913
chi^,
A
',
a spring.
No. 34). used for
y^ mu\
c/zi*'
were looms and these were constructed of wood. A few ^ pieces of wood Tjc, which developed movement is a good symbol for a machine ti.
914
_jv
utensil,
pictorial
representation.
n^
ch'i^
Phonetic,
many mouths,
clamor.
Dishes
316
each mouth represents a dish. The dog was added as he was kept to clean up the dishes after a meal. Another explanation
is,
the
dog
he
is is
watchful and
responsible for
;
careful
of
articles
thus here
must be
There is an old writing chH^, which has the radical -pf fov^, porcelain, instead of :^, chOiar^, which is more logical, but owing to its being obsolete it does not help in remembering
the construction of the character.
915
pa
jf^
chad",
To
m>J^
show
forth.
This
jiit,
phonetic
is
and
chad^, to call or
No. 722).
The sun H
is
(See
calls
ness
When
ik.
huo",
fire, is
added, the
character stands
for,
to illuminate M.
^W
cbing^,
Unmixed,
fine, essence,
semen, vigor.
^ mP, ^
rice (See
No. 47).
black.
As rice grows in weeds or other grain w^hich are found in w^heat and oats cannot flourish in a paddy field therefore rice is seldom mixed with other grain, and consequently it is here used as a symbol of pure or unadulterated. ch'ing^ is also a symbol
(See No. 63).
w^ater the
317
of purity and
these
two
radicals
when
5
^
lietr,
(See No. 71). kuan^ Phonetic, to run threads through the web. (See No. 95). With the addition of '^ er^, ear, one is inclined to believe, that this character was first used for the
collecting of evidence,
shuang^, Cheerful, quick, crisp. JC J'ao^ Radical No. 89, to mix, to lay crosswise. -4^ ta*, Phonetic, large. (See No. 54), without phonetic force. The two ^yacP' represent
919
huo^,
To
catch, to obtain.
yC,
^
^
ch'iian^ Radical
Pictorial re-
presentation.
^S,
huo^ Phonetic, to
seize with the hand X, as an owl -IS chui^ seizes its prey. With % cHiiam added the character was probably first
game
in the chase
with
tsti^,
To
rent
;
fields,
to
lease
taxes.
318
tI^
(See
sacrifice (tsa^,
now
read ch'ieh^
the following
and
chii^).
:
In ;^
il
^ i^ X is
was
statement
land tax
tsu^
originally
the
B3
written M. of as the portion of grain ^, ho^, used as an offering in the ancestral temple.
The character
or tax.
921
ka*.
ffl
is
now
used for
any rent
^ ^ ^
look after, to regard, to consider. yeh^, Radical No. 181, the head, the page of a book. (See No. 105).
A'u*,
To
(See No.
With
M yeh*,
expressed.
If
a person heeded
the migration of
as explained under No. 361, he took the warning to heart yeh*, and acted on it.
these birds
922 &g|$
hsiang Sound, noise, reverberatioa. jiV, Radical No. 180, a sound. (See No. 39).
,
hsiang^, Phonetic,
village,
country,
rustic.
two
kinds,
sound, and
musical
sound.
it is
to the ear
is
^^
is
that
people and
for the
319
may go
it
in
that
clock
was a
^
i
^M^W.
;
chiieh^,
To
decide
tcrpass sentence
ice.
off,
certainly,
-^
Phonetic, to cut
to decide, to settle,
is
certainly.
This
phonetic
described
under No. 109, an additional meaning seems reasonable according to ^ 1^ |g S:, to split with a wedge. The act of splitting a log is suddenly accomplished and once done there is no w^ay of uniting it
again.
With
ice.
ice
as the radical
it
suggests
also
a familiar winter
in thick
indicates a break in
a river bank, a condition once established, there w^as no question as to its existence.
924
i^>
^
'^
chang^,
control.
(See No.
When
the
hand
is
placed
roof.
palm
downwards and
925
kuei*,
sury.
'^
[S
drawers.
is
Read
k^uei*,
wearied.
\Z, iang^,
This phonetic
made up
a wooden trough, a log hollowed out, by extension, a chest, a trunk, (W. 51 A), and ^, kuei*, expenof
320
No. 863). This phonetic itself sets forth the meaning something valuable is placed in a chest or case, and the addition of 7}v, niu*, is supersive,
honorable.
(See
926
^M
-^
rfe
fluous.
cb^i, ^^'*'
relative, grieved.
Ao\ Radical No. 62, a spear, a lance. (See No. 2). That which remains after taking out the radical is not a regular phonetic. The radical is not the regular "Si, ko^, as can be seen in the seal -writing. The original meaning was a battle ax C^, and it had ^ shu^, (contracted) to pick beans^ (See No. 547) in the center. It may have been a weapon which w^as used both in military and agricultural pursuits, and so always at,hand in time of w^ar or peace ; hence its use as a symbol for relatives w^ho are always at hand. The meaning
of grieved
is
explained in the
its
^ ;^
Shuo
Wen
thus : Owing to
it
of war,
when
927
seen.
to, business.
A^
"
-yT
g^
ian*,
To
attend
a crime.
(See No.
110).
^,.^
^arj* Phonetic,
the
sun
penetrating
into
A X,
iV
the jungle
^ and drawing up
The action
the vapoi 5.
of the sun
is
transferred to a
man who
has a ^ kan^, a stick in hand. (See No. 110). The seal writing represents the overhanging branch about to take
.321
root, the
form with
tree.
;u*,
to enter, re-
To
overflow, profuse.
(See No. 79). (See No.
^
1^'
watch, a prison.
is
294).
When
within
confined
where it should be, but when it breaks over ^, it is like a criminal who has broken jail.
banks
it is
929
k'uei^,
hti"
skin.
(See No. 258). This cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic. Perhaps the character
was
ffMM^
weP
ju' hti^,
is
"He
acts
not governed like a tiger," by rules of propriety. The # chui'^, a short-tailed bird, is used to impersonate a
a man who
man.
^,~5f yu^
the breath overcoming an obstacle. Thus the character represents one who
is
overcomes any compunctions of conscience and, like a tiger, forgets all kindnesses
friend or foe.
a law
suit.
H^
ch'iiaif
Pictorial cha-
racter.
(See ch'iang^ Phonetic, the left half of a ti'ee. explains Wen Shuo No. 84). The IS jJt,
322
this character thus
:
There
is
no animal
strikingly
resemble in appearance the father or mother than the offspring of dogs there;
The one
^1
fff,
anarch3\
/j
i^
Radical No.
5,
germination,
movement.
^ being disentangled by two hands ^. The rack H on w^hich the thread is suspended is probably the loom. The L is ZLj iS which represents the thread being draw^n out. (W. 90 B). (Archaic meaning, to put in order).
932
^
j2^
t[^
yiian^,
To
dislike,
ill
will.
An yuan^ Phonetic, to turn in bed, decency. (See No. 42). This character is explained by
starting with
jC>
hsin^,
the heart
the feel-
turns
night,
chieh?,
away ^
hs?,
acts as
if
it
were
and has nothing more to do 11, E with the one who has done the
injury.
933
hui*,
Converge,
deposit,
draft.
a draft
to
send
money by
r! ian^ Radical No. 22, a chest, a log hollowed out. (W. 51 A). V^ AuaP Phonetic, the name of a large river in Honan and Anhw^ei. It may have receiv-
323
ed this
iang^,
name owing
to the great
region.
of water fowl
in this
number The E
925)
a chest or
^ ^ aS shows
she",
an^' en*,
To
Phonetic,
peace,
quiet.
This
phonetic
ful,
how^ w^omen w^ere regarded. If in the house ^" all was peacebut if not, the opposite condition
was
obtained as she would stir up trouble. The Shuo Wen says in explanation of ^ an* if one uses the hand and holds on to his go.ods, keeping them in their proper place, he also will receive advan-
chien^,
7jC,
To
lessen, to diminish.
wound with
the
mouth
305). the
modern meaning, all. (See No. The Shuo^ Wen^ simply affirms
is
;
above
meaning
is
consequently
no
set
is
combination
is
Water
simple phonetic.
936
IP,
IP,
IP
This
324:
is
composed of ^, to cut down a big tree (W. 120 5fe wei*, r represents its falling.
This character was originalh' used for another meaning, but it has long been is a plot of used for the above. A ground divided into small fields. The tree is fallen and split into small fragments and one of these can be regarded
C).
as a grain
937
BB y^
tan\ Single, odd, thin, onh-, but a list, a bill. A'ou^ Radical No. 30. the mouth. (See No. 17). This is a character which originally represented a quarrel ", hsi'ian^, two mouths, and an assault with a shovel pan' or pitchfork. (W. 72 E). It
;
is
The
seen
is
the
tan^
crossbo-w,
bullet,
shell,
and
W. chaif,
to fight.
938
pao^,
To
protect.
was
arbitrarily-
;^
pao^.
to cover
is
its nest.
^, a hen covering her young to jarotect them. This originally did not have a i
as a hen protects
J^^,
ief,^'
'*'
To
S25
'/e^ Phonetic,
field.
This
was
originally
lei",
Because of the difficulty of writing, these have been reduced to ffl and the etymology lost.
nected or tied together.
The
940
chai^,
together.
pledge, to
pawn, hanging
on, repeti-
tion.
pei*,
should
be written ^, to go out tU for relaxation M. f^Hg^y as animals are let out to pasture,
(See
pei*,
No. 147).
valuable,
was used
for
a security
The meaning of repetition may have originated owing to the repeated entreaty
of the borrower to
was
refunded.
ts'ang-,
To
(See No. 22). -H* ts'ao\ Radical No. 140, grass. complitsang^ Phonetic, good, generous,
ance,
ang^,
the virtue
of ministers.
ch'i-
which often means strength, and "; ch'iAo\ weapon, when united form When ch'eni^, to. S atig^, to do violence a minister, is added this force and violence used in accordance with the is only
benign
purposes
of
the
official
state.
326
means covered with Perhaps grass, to store up, to conceal. this phonetic was chosen owing to the mystery attending government action.
ts'ao^,
is
added
it
942
^ ^
hao^,
leP,
To
squander, to consume
bad.
(See No. 601).
not be
lei^
but
Thus the
original
idea
was
the
beard or husk ^ grain threshed and removed, nothing but the chaffy remained.
of grain ^, the chaff;
943
_^
chang*,
To
overflow,
an inundation.
(See No. 79).
bov^r
;
7K,
draw a
to extend,
;
increase
classifier
of tables
paper, a
3g over
surname.
Water
,
7jC
increases
and extends
944
+
^\\
k'ou\
To
^,
-J"
No.
53).
mouth. (See No. 17). This combination tU was originally used for the governing of a horse with bit and
bridle.
The hand ^ exerted influence on the mouth P of the horse. The idea of to buckle or to button may have
originated from the necessity of putting
327
The bridle once on the ammal had to do what the driver desired. Discounts are exacted by those who have power over
another.
945
ii^ 'rT
_^ hsiang^, Fehcity, good luck. shih^, Radical No. 113, to show, a revelation. (See No. 164).
yang^, Phonetic,
sheep.
(See
No.
253).
of the characters which have #, yatig^, for a phonetic have a good meaning.
Most
fortunate or auspicious
946
^ revelation
ff:.
tuan*, Satin.
rh szu\ Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). J^ tuan*, Phonetic, a fragment, a section.
left
The
part of this phonetic is said to be a contraction of tuan*, origin, a plant which develops both above and under the
^^
ground.
No.
The right
This
(See
combination indicates been violently torn to has that the plant It may have been selected because pieces. in the manufacture of silk the cocoon is thrown into hot water; the chrysalis is
165).
killed,
yi^
p'ei\
esteem.
^, ^
ra
jen^,
Radical No,
dictionary.
man.
not found in K'ang Hsi's
The phonetic
and
rlJ
It is
chit^,
328
from the girdle rft chm\ ^ H, t^ lU (W. 21 D). When a gentleman went out he always wore ornaments on the girdle. These oi-naments he selected because he admired them b3' extension this charac;
ter is
now
sell
chuan^,
To
at a profit, to
make money,
(See No. 38),
;
gain.
^
^^ t^
to join
together
together
a hand holding two stalks of grain, a hand binding sheaves. (W. 44 I). The idea of this combination i is to increase the investment M., to
with, both.
This
is
949
^^
Ph
^"^^^
^^
^
^
huo^,
To open
out, liberal
to remit.
Au^ Radical No. 150, a valley. (See No. 579). hai* ho\ Phonetic, to injure. (See No. 436). This character '^ seems to have two explanations
1.
:
W
^
hai* or
ku^, their
2.
hand
harelip,
who
has a harelip is spoken of as a 1ST tzv?. (See No. 509). ^ ch'iao* not being a radical ku^, was substituted.
huo^
^3^^
^*
c/27A\
bough, to prop up, a branch, to advance money, to draw money. This is the 65th radical. The old w^rit-
329
from a
tree.
(W. 43 ).
is
is
The reason
why
this
character
used to express
giving out
money
Note the
phrase
^%^%
to^
money than
their
wages amount
ia
t'r,
To take
up, to suggest
to bring forward.
-^ shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). .a shih\ Phonetic, right. (See No. 12). Without phonetic significance. To take up H
that which
or instruct.
is
proper
^ in
order to teach
952
shih*,
To
paint,
to
ornament, to adorn, to
pretend.
shih^*, Radical No. 184, food, to eat; ecHpse.
is
is
an exception to the
also the phonetic.
rule,
as the radical
sacrificing
In
the gods
accounts
radical.
the
use
of
shiht',
as
The is %. The upper part is a inan and the lower is a cloth liefore sacrificing the beast a man with a cloth cleansed it and thus imrest of the character
;
proved
adorn.
its
appearance.
By
extension, to
330
953
^,
A
2*
Skill,
an
art.
Phonetic,
to
plant,
is
to
the
from vfe /a*, mushroom. ground. This t'u^ earth which (See No. 485), and form M lu*, arable land, M lu*, dry land, (mushrooms grow on high land), and R cbi*, to hold an instrument or utensil in the hand. Working the soil was the first (See No. art practiced by the Chinese. "" ts'ao^ and 5r yiiti' have 139). The recently added, been yiin', cloud, is composed of shang^ (See No. 93), and ^ X vapor, rising and forming clouds. Thus the character for farming is compos-
ed of
*'*
vegetation,
ife
954
tsan^,
chin^,
A
*,
fine chisel
to engrave.
(See No. 13).
*I? chatf
A metal instrument used This utensil is smaller than the ordinary carpenter's chisel it is
(See No. 803).
for
#
955
fii
pa^,
To
root
to
draw up
or
out
to
elevate,
promote.
(See No. 53). (See No.
^ shou\
a dog
led
by a
leash.
626). This leash enabled one to pull or haul the dog around at will and thus the
331
this
956
^:^ 7m*
f^ffi,
combination.
s^a
.
Silk as it
"wire.
fine,
tH
mi* Phonetic.
The second writing f^ is not allowed by K'ang Hsi. This character was one of the original 540 radicals. The repetition
of ^ mi* indicates that it is not a single thread from a cocoon, but several, tenj are supposed to be required to form a szu^. In characters which use the ^ hsi*
a figurative or real connection. M sun^, a grandson Wk hsien*, a district, (See No. 390) here the criminal's head is hung up for exhibition.
phonetic there
is
;
;
957
Jbm
han*,
chin^,
To
solder.
^.
han*, Phonetic,
drought.
958 i&;t
Great heat
is
yao
No. 10).
yao* Phonetic, to shine. This is made up from Wc fang*, to liberate, (See No. 147 and No. 712) and & paP, white or light the meaning is, to shine. When J_ cho*, is added the idea is to go to the one who can give you light or help. A person is engaged because he can give assistance,
shed light,
make
conditions better.
332
^^^
;^ ^'"
^^''
^
^^
To add
to,
to pile up.
(See No. 53).
vetch,
peas,
vegetation
the
branches of which get entangled, (W. 14 The pea vines and vetch extend, far from the stalk adding joint after joint
B).
character
to.
and thus with the addition of" i shou^, a is formed which means, to add
This character
is
unauthorized.
5^P
Jl^
^R
^ AS
no^,
To move,
to remove.
(See No. 53).
that
a place
IS
&
where people
wore
ing.
^ for cloth-
It may be that this people were nomadic and thus with the addition of hand the character is used, for the above meanings. It is an unauthorized
.
character.
961
chan*, >fC
A storehouse.
(See No. 22).
mu\
^^
chien^ Phonetic,
narrow,
small.
was origi-
camp
to protect an officer
while sleeping from attack, and from the moisture of the ground. It was also used for a lookout during military operations.
By
extension
it is
now
are suppos-
HPv, '9t
apart
separate
a powder.
333
-J^
(contracted) to tap, to
The
original phonetic is
to beat J^
(See
hemp stalks
threads to separate,
No. 24). When ^ jou*, meat, is added the character was used for beating
meat to cause
for cooking.
it
By
extension
it is
now
used
(W. 79
H).
963
Ifn
J^
hsieh
To
seal,
tally. (See
No.
42).
The phonetic part of this character is not used alone and therefore has no pronunciation. The upper part is ^ wu^, (See
No. 190), one of the twelve stems; each stem stands for an animal and the one.
w^hich
is
associated
ma^.
mth
is
4^
is
wu^,
is
the
horse
Mj
This stem
easier to
The
with this stem implies stopping the horse chieh?, and taking off his burden. The indicates that this is done at fixed intervals on the journey.
[]
964
wu^,
d>
thing,
an
article.
93,
a cow, an ox. a
(See No.
^,
flag
with
334
proliibition.
An
ox,
4^,
niu^,
was
the
most valuable asset in ancient times. The addition of the flag to the ox may have indicated its importanceit -was not
to be disposed
965
of.
This character
is
now
^
jgfe
malt candy glazed with sugar. wi' Radical No. 119 rice. (See No. 47). t'an^ Phonetic, boasting talk, a dynasty the song P of men working f^ in unison, as in pounding (rice) f^ keng^ with a heavy stone pestle kan^. This phonetic may have been selected as the preparing of grain for malt candy requires that it
t'ang^, Sugar,
; ;
be crushed in this process large stone mortars may have been employed and
;
several
pestles,
men
manipulated
the
heavy
who
rhythm of a song. (W. 102 B). Shuo Wen makes the following comment ;^ mP tiieh*^ chien^ yeh^,
to the
Hsii Shih
^^
-liL
it is
heated."
WM^^^'^m.
(Candy) can be made from cane, from honey, from millet and from wheat." The sugar (candy) made from millet and w^heat was called fp P.
"
This indicates that as early as the Han Dynasty 200 B. C, the Chinese were
it
was then a
p'?,
To criticise,
335
4^
^ sAou^
Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). Phonetic, to compare. Two characters
reversed
if
com-
paring their height or strength. When t shou^, is added the idea of criticising is given to this combination. In criticising one generally states what has been done and afterwards sets forth what should have been done thus bringing out a comparison.
;
967
p'P,
The
spleen, temper.
^, ^
may have
is
spleen
The
on
work
It is located
the
left
^ pei^,
was
a drinking vessel v/ith a handle on the left, this may have been another reason
for the use of this phonetic.
"fK
ou^,
An
sudden, acci-
dental.
^,
a man.
(archaic)
(See No.
The origin of this phonetic is not the same as of the phonetic in the 860th chaThe two are identical in modern racter. writing and even in the old writing they are frequently interchanged. M yu\ to
dwell
in,
is
336
wood they
of the
individual dwelt
this
image.
spirit.
The ii^ yii^, impersonates the With the addition of \ jen^, there
would be a pair.
is
To use
ffi
for "
sudden "
arbitrary.
969
7|r!S
chia^,
To
Your
m ma\
Jn
Honour.
Radical No. 187, a horse.
(See No. 261).
This combination
the
970
chii',
was
to
add
to the carriage.
YS
Vli
chu-,
k'un^ Phonetic,
This
we
it
have to add
is finished
.
wood, to
it
before
was used
or fortifications used in
'^^
chu^,
was
originally aa,
wooden racks
placed on top of the wall to prevent the enem3^ from climbing over. The Tic mu*,
is
which were
used to
971
ram
weP,
-i/T
To
submit, a grievance
grain,
to depute.
(See No. 16).
niP,
woman.
(archaic
is
-q*
ho-, Phonetic,
phonetic
a proper pho-
337
netic
etc.
and
being gathered.
distinct
two
1.
meanings and
may have
To
submit.
:
this it
when -k nu^, was added to was taken as the symbol of the proper attitude of woman, she should
drooping
acquiesce even to unreasonable
demands
The grain ^ ho^, was stored at home and given into the care of the women when the male members of the household had to leave on business thus the mean2.
:
ing of depute.
972
^
J^
t?,
To hand
An examination
show that
it
there
is
no
common
phonetic.
It is
as a simple
seems to have been used in connection with the sending of messages. The J_ cho^, indicates that originally it might have necessitated a journey. At
present
it is
used
for,
to hand to.
;
973
p'i'enS Inclined to
\/f
one side
partial prejudiced-
a man.
hung over a door. From ^ bn* a door and # ts'e'^, inscribed bamboo slips. (W. 156 D). As these tablets are always hung with the lower
^38
^dge against the wall and the upper edge some iiiches awajr from it, they are taken as the symboFfor not straight, inclined. And when man, -f, jen^, is added he takes on this quality of deflection.
(tIJ
7/*
Laws,
regulations"; -custom.
9,
a man.
This
is
^ij
7/e
order.
not an old
thusrifthe
are sepa-
.'character.
explained
crimes
rated
J
3?,
of a
man
i jen^,
order
lieh*,
.andithe law
975
t'un*
accordingly.
To
swallow, to gulp
down;
tolabsdrb,
(See No.
grasp.
P
'^
A' du',
17).
t'/enS Phonetic,
the heaven. (See No. 113). This character ^ is explained in two different ways 5^ fien^, heaven, the sky,
:
envelopes
'all.
'
It
appears
like
a huge
'
976
pi*,
Used
mine.
up,
deteriorated,
vicious
my
JT hmg^ Radical
up.
pi*,
(Sefe
my, mine.
ffs
The character
% c/i'uan*,
'
339
inste&dfoi i\-kuJigf.
the,
It indicated
that
dog was dead and' useless. The old writiugds now never seen. The present writing is two hands :M* exhibiting a garment which has been worn to shreds f& by beating %.
,
;
RP'
p'ei^
^ ^
pei^,
Lose moniey indeinnify. RddicaiNo. 154, precious. (See No. 38). t'oo* Phonetic, to cut a speaker short. (See No. 332'); Here thei phonetic is used to indicate that something has been injured or a business has not been successful with the addition of.^pei* it indicates that money has, been lost-^by extension,
the giving of money as indemnity.
978
i&
f
ch'ang^,
"^^-/efl^j
To
Radical No.
a man*
-f
i^'ishan^, PhdnetiG,to bestow. (See No. 596). The additin of jeti^, forms the charac-
which amends.
ter
979
is
la
fffl
^
,
u Eyebrows. meV; T? mu\ Radical No. 109; the eye. (See No. 102). This is an oldi character and cannot be
-2
The
top
writing
:t
indicates the
head
mu^,
the ^
is
is
the eye.
arbitrary modification,
features are largely lost.
eAan*,
is
To
usunp, to seize.
jer^,
j^ cban^' ^ Phonetic, to inquire about some enterprise by heating a tortoise shell, divi-
Thei^ is not and an unauthorized character described in the Shuo Wen. It seems to have been invented to make a distinction between the two meanings of the character chan^' * the meaning of the 1st tone
nation
;
to usurp.
is
is
is
to usurp.
981
lm\ To
^
/-p.
pei*,
jen*, Phonetic,
Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). carrying a load susa man
pended from the two ends of a pole I a load, a burden 5. When i jer^, is added the burden is transferred to another A, hence the meaning, a trust, office.
(W. 82 C).
there
is
kuang^,
To
ramble, to
stroll.
^
983
J_
mad, wild, raging. (See The M is an uuauthorized chaI'acter. The combination indicates traveling in any direction the fancy may deterNo. 794).
mine.
^
t''zu^,
'% wa\ Radical No. 98, tile. (See No.' 558). :^ fzvi^, Phonetic, inferior. From ^ ch'iea'^, deficient.
tion of
two, second,
ail
first is
is
inferior.
gold,
ware was
inferior.
substituted
W. is
it
was regarded
as
an unauthorized writing.
984
Tg:
i 3E
j^
wati^,
yii*,
toy, to play.
Here
quality.
When
31 yii^, jade, is
added
such
it
Cheap or inferior
Trinkets
as
jade
is
not prized.
beads and rings have been used to designate rank from prehistoric times and the word 5c wati^, was first employed as the term for such articles, but is now used for toy or plaything.
985
^555f
.
^g
^^
'^
p'letr,
The
leaf of
a book.
bamboo
tablet.
(See
No.
513).
and
With the addition of bamboo It a leaf of a bamboo book. These books were made of slips of bamboo and tied together. After paper came into use for making books the same
width.
this is the character for
character
986 flTf shua^,
jig
er^.
was
retained for
leaf.
To
"pC
This
is
a modern
34Si
character.
To
play, to act.
Chinese ac-
er^, whiskers, Thus the two characters and -^ nii^, women, form the character for, to act. The character, by extension, is now used for practicing any handicraft as an occupation. (W. 164 A)'.
987
chuan^,
To
to forward.
chuan^, Phonetic,
specially,
one object.
tic
plus cart
a
938
ch'ih^,
single function,
to revolve.
;
Slow;
late,
steady
to procrastinate.
(See No. 10).
is
j_
c/zo*
bsi^ Phonetic,
"%
mao^, hair. These, when used together W simply indicate that the animal has a
tail.
4^
in
very careful in their classification of animals.) This beast when not enraged
moves about slowly. Thus L. c/jo*, to move, with the above phonetic makes a good character for slow.
989
lii^,
To
to cogitate.
i'^ bsin^.
Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). This character, cannot be divided into
radical
and
phonetij^..
It is
composed of
@.
45).
is
'thoughts
999
turned
things
which
ni^ mX,
fan^,
To
traffic,
to deal
in.
^ I^
^,M
J^
pel*,
faif,
Radical No, 154, precious. (See No. 38). Phonetic, to turn. (See No. 75).
To
991
____.
money
^ pe/*,
is
the
purpose of a merchant.
nidtzaai*,
The
pulse.
^5
streams.
.constant,
I
This
is
M
it
yung*, a constantly
still
hut as
is
it
divides
up
(This
character
radical.)
as the
The
idea
is
(arteries) break, up into innumerable small arteries and are distributed through the
..flesh.
'
r1
g
'^
chuan\ To love,- to care for, family. (See No. 102). H3U*, Rkdical No; 109, the eye. (W. 47 chiian* Phonetic, to pick and cull. pien*, the K). This is made up of
tracks of
a wild
ihei
tanimal,
(See'-N(>.
f^,
i.
801),
e.
to discriminatcj
select
and hand^
to
for
with
>
hands. --Adding
g
out
mu*,
the eye,
those,
for.
we. have
"to
look
whom
tical
with the
phonetic
bf No.
609
344
shows one to
5S pien*.
T^
'Wr
be from
jJll
^^
sui*, Bits,
fragments, petty.
stone.
is
Phonetic, to die.
clothing,
This
/,
made up
stroke
of
?,
and a
across
994
^ 1^
^
,
the back to indicate the wearer w^as a soldier. When a man swore allegiance to a prince or feudal lord he was regarded he was free from all as having died previous obligation and he henceforth had no will of his own, he did what his lord bade him he was but a fragment of a man, a stone 5 shih^, is used for breaking
;
;
o'^
t'e*,
crushing.
rfe szu*.
(See No.
This character seems to indicate that in ancient times the Chinese were
346).
particular about the quality of animals
used in
^ nia^,
sacrifice.
The
color
was
szu^.
also
decided on
by the court
when added
indicated
Thus an animal
;
was
sacrifice
now
by extension used
IJU
-1
for specially.
jiir,
trust, responsibility,
9,
an
office.
a man.
office,
^
996
(See No.
981)-
a^
fei)^
"* *^^
^ J^"^-
^ F#1
chu%
To
raise,
345
pi
134, a mortar.
is
(See No.
479).
This
The character is made up of H yii^, to give, and 4: ^ shou^, hand the meaning is, to raise,
to the original construction.
to
997
lift
up, etc.
^ ^
shih*,
To
a word. (See No. 10). shih*, Phonetic, a form, a pattern. (See No. 576). The m yeti^, word, seems to imply
that the one
who
is
to undertake to
make
an article according to the pattern is asking questions before he undertakes the task, thus securing the experience of
others in addition to the ocular demonstration, thereby verifying his ideas as to
the
mode
of procedure.
(See 484).
^p^
iH
pu*,
step,
a pace, infantry.
of this character
not
It is
which indicates the reverse of Jh chih?, or to move. In walking first this foot is advancing while that is stationary then that foot is advancing while this is sta;
tionary.
999 t/V,
To
cast
away, to
lose,
to leave behind.
iS
cA' a*,
To go
cA'u*,
once
I'S
is
346
/^ ^^
chiu^,
siriCe. r:
p'ieh^ Radical
No. 4, a
stroke to the
left.
cannot be broken up into radical and The seal writing represents a man who is impeded in his walking by a train. Thus we have the idea of a long time, as it requires him to move slowly and much bme is needed to walk a short
Tliis
phoetic.
distance.
7^i
weP,
vi'eP
To
oppose, to disobey.
(See No. 10).
ij^
This phonetic
cho,
is
is it
suggesimplies
when
3i_
added
lo*,
To
fall,
to drop.
-H*,
l|ll|l
^^
water 7jt used by each -man #. Each man's field was separated from his neighbor's by these trenches thus the idea of
;
separation
tion of
"'''
is
conveyed.
ts'ao^, it
(W. 31
Now
this
is
anything.
->^M4^^-
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Ai
532
532
CHAN
fl33 [178
CHAO
673
it*
218
733
281 tt 112
722
822
309
56
273
980
275 961
273
AN
934
242
ttH
937
m
m
ANG
i\]
934
857
803
803
797
4a
383
CH'AN
827
ff
722 CH'EN f294 915 \120 915 122 246 122 333 733 ie 333 Ft 733 Si IIL 464 733
^77
CH'AO
844
AO
940
CHAKG
nj;
687
368
567
55 f [131
55
CHENG
\166
D
#.
464 277 IE
5:
801 it
380
315
CHA
<^
V*
CHE
10
123
245
943
87
874
855
270 879
CH'A
352
924
40 CH'ANG
397
CH'E
15
298
298
CHAI
4=
161
978 145
410
978
618
M
CHEN
136
CHAI
m m
756
386
55 [131
f
305 305
ALPHABETICAL
LIST,
ALPHABETICAL
LIST.
349
CHUN
516
I
578
578
EN
<lii
826
45
I
(384
CH'UN
167
CHU AN
/&
ER
563
563 864
1609 1992
20
3
#
^
l9i
992
CH'iJAN
CHUNG
^
f^
500
fsoo \424
170
57
^ ^
^
W
m
604
686
/j:.
552 835
CH'UNG
jli
232
f704 \232
a
H,
CHU
r 80 \861 861
377 625
625 742
CH'U
67
350
ALPHABETICAL
77
LIST.
m
HSIEH
390
20
m m
^j
650
963 163 163 41
342
662
HSIEN
^ r* ^
i
?|
*?5
27
1502 1305
770 124
[141 |l [792
M
fel
792
599
U M
390
303
ALPHABETICAL
490
LIST.
351
536 536
% ^
S
K'OU
871
K'UA
KUEI
728
483
903
LE
f^
LIA
1002
871
m
^1
^
KUAI
148
374
^
K'UNG
548
895
714 f5
^
li
1002
456
710
LIANG
196
.35
K'E
M
m
^
17
54 152
g
^
^ S
'^^t'
302
,
779
ll
548 843
'
944
f&
364
180
411
319
601
KU
17
K'UAI
'tfe
m-
KUO
530 522
m
M
a
^.
445 559
710 939
817 373
374 1^
109
600 HI 813
611 649
28
17
215
# ^
LENG
'^
448
939
530
564
f579
KUAN
K'UEI
|693
778
119
LIAO
138
411
|G22
KEI
#
116
292 262
361
310 ^ 481
95 95
51
^
LIEH
68
5e
a
m
KIJN
70 LI
fl79
^
KEN
929
LA
|212
739 172
-ta-
361
921
421
f421
U
57
M
M
t
711 718
711
K
i
It
216 ^l 814
1630
\223
684
360
630
f428
172
684
LAI
82 64
339 LIEN 82 '^ 936 936 974
799 799
351
K'UN
Sa
704 796 796
813
902
|726
K'UAN
K'EH
-J fa.
LAN
-m.
K'U
228
928 643
KEN6
^ ^
te
424 469
"777
M
56
144
KUNG
^ m
LANG
433
KUANG
'^
^ ^
KCTJ
J
280
696 I?
982
55 153
1492
965
KUA
^h
297 297
^
ig 119
301
175 247
m
g|5
821
766
761
351
164
670
296 871
K'UAUG
794
LAO
445 164
709
89
354
nh?.
m
&J
119 ^S 365 il
682
209 683
696 5^
569 ^^
608
352
ALPHABETICAL
LIST.
LIFG
-^
E
474
61
(138
1
472
61
446
446
LIU
31 629
732
^
LO
732
710
701
632 632
LOU
fl98 [392
392 793
LU
485
953
953
844 294
279
m
LUAN
793
320
931
ALPHABETICAL
744
LIST.
353
239
m
^
P'AN
^lO
238
274
937
24
901
09-
m
PANG
238
n ^
i'
675
675
675
PANG
603 503
m
PAO
80
[495 ;327
681 376
938 264
416 819
P'AO
327 495
^
PEI
;ifc
348
354
ALPHABETICAL
231
75
LIST.
1S
m
m
952
453
453
12
141
39 367
141
421
698
5:
855
SHOU
53
Its:
366
463 862
101
101 716
563
452
SHU
34
[71
[165
m
75
876
581 165 547
619 521
762
749
749
ALPHABETICAL
LIST.
355
356
ALPHABETICAL
877
LIST.
WEI
28
634
283 283
YEN
877
964 964 193 337
440
577 577
755
634
524
216
^4
83
83
827
510 848
971 772
YAO
24
456
m
J
456
f417
781
772
897
1322
77 1514 77 16
1001
YA
WEN
427
670 163
97
m
wo
65
703
m
2
5.33
858
721 736
858
958 958
757
wu
t: 77 IK
f527 1190
YEH
4
890
^ % 5
m.
173
YANG
555
105
507
441 253 m-
30 #:
697
446 -m
253
41
is
colloquial.
stroke
358
Rc
^Ic
^c ac
I?
266
53
11
^^ U90
^M571
fee
A,<. (273
139
664
84
He
121
5 Strokes
{5te
359 930
941
Vlll
291
85
If^e
873
894
796
f579
846
857
^ e 1622
624
581
301
93
101
fl05 1240
Me
Be
5f'Je
e
8 Strokes
9i7 955
298
30.;
202
321
709
570
741
,c
445
me #;e 260
555
719 547
!7ile
964 'efe
971 'Me
310
316
336
827
^e
7tte
343
794 355
He me
244
e
ISje
liinT
634
983
IW1
^
fine
315 327
U
;$ C
mo
^
"
799
765
je 5cc
114
114 115
358
374
377
938
#e
^ne fl97
889
526
330
(332 1767
#e
i^e
562
953 359
691
n
^
Bf c
Me
f^c
341 345
{349
117
fl20 1294
f400
598
767
r279 (484
U06
Se
533
538
545
413
419
7 Strokes
122
664
^e
665
e f416 139 135 l|e 713 #15 e 1151 l^e 877 Se 675 963 4P C 135 723 446 467 386 966 c 136 722 |g f422 473 975 ^ne 100 136 (589 tlbc 732 497 585 980 138 iic 739 603 510 2 f563 f 42 IRe 578 855 1522 518 ffe 3 1146 f;J;c 756 733 ;te 388 530 pt 5 fpc 149 #0. 400 644 f549 10 " 157 {955 621 1629 206 10 f!fc 160 768 712 ;fXe 866 ^-J c 669 11 c 274 769 677 ;Se 258 717 20 221 770 597 728 f405 37 212 808 1847 564 608 216 Pffc 729 811 542 582 736 c 66 226 is. ^c J 820 830 690 1492 4fee 740 53 671 ;ie 652 i^c 815 744 57 fB.c 241 861 tte 822 784 fe 554 250 72 ^ 7x ^'^ 785 me 390 *Ee 865 'l^e 825 1534 ^- c 269 827 897 650 806 71 203 902 720 sac -^le 832 i^e 834 1t 73
:#
'I^e
548
^" ^e
fp5fc
350
353
359
Me
il.j!
t
fgc
mc
^e
372
#e
^e
^0
g^e
380
411
Me
*e
^ m
Me
m m
j^e
'x-e
414
439
450
463
(^^6
^e Me
7n
Mo
ge
^e
^0
5Re
^l^e
488 489
#e #e #e
^e ^e
493
281
296 297
178
Me
^0
^c
79
f287 1584
870
510
547
843
360 180
361
920
942
945
Re
218
219
521
959
238
529 536
248
f215 (447
269
270
275
725
731
282
733
284
289
758
;^c
762 ffc
290 292
305
J5J.
764
767
625
772
384 312
724 699
307
314
321
773
a"
E3.
775 788
332 352
790
796
799
802 802
399
404 416
417 436 437 445 457 497 499
501 513
813
821
620
565
826
/198
(392
831
835 877
880
516
362
57-0
697
(956 Jm.e
693 |gc
686
gc
720
407
c
^e
^JjC
464
615
12 Strokes
M.
'^
736
e
^e
ira a
743
1"
5S8
750 755
578 374
I'
I,,??
Me Re me
fSc
374 407
262
Wi
634 668
172
33
39 41
313 lie 32 i
!!^e
602 ,Se
599
760
783 Vic 795
804
me
llice
we ^c
414 416
423 430
/435 1462
590 144
385
884
454 202
595 703
48
53
^c Se Me
He
1^0 lie
+f
c
y^
54 56
75 77
53
334
344
361
Me
818 837
841
845
411 Die
448
649
f421 1530
553
We
pe
Ife
453 471
472
362 F^ve
788
636 22
373
376
704
858
83 98
99
4[if.
m
^e
e
683 1e
478
487
872 874
fiie
931 695
^e me
^e
42 44 60
61
^e ^c
ijp^
498
502 516 522
883
889
Me
ile
If
e
99
431 ?|je
73 !tc
c
me
ie
ire
101
116 119
134
*'ii
460
465
252
685
#;e f875
477
1896
484
c
Se
e
^c Me
?^e
fifie
82
(
^c We
610
83
893 449
177
fr,o
1716
161
490 wn nn
493
381 tic
e
114 133
159
199
f207 (696
BiSCC
^c
fie
flic
493 ^c
495
#e
iJeSte
nt
387
^e
i)|e
164
171
211 SEC
508
{ '.)73
^c
912 f|e
^c
214 230
^
55
51c
ol3 iie
215
525
me
242 258
273
279 306
537
c
967
Bfc
383
797
232 240
538 540
968
^0
981
978 fie
364
^c gc
240 ffc 328 344 452
|c
m
gc
[file
308!.*|c
922 24 Strokes
Mc
428
lie
Sc c
HJ
c
398
^c
c
He
?Ke
653
889
903
921
514
716
537
age
99
^c gc
454
799
i
fc ic ic EC
748
^e
,|c
277
511 735
25 Strokes
750
Me
787
^
11
c
826
828
837
Me
ifc
11 II
^c @c He
643 680
689
m<^
941
954
^c
^c
IMe
726 ||c
^c
294
'''^^
886
953 fie
792
27 Strokes
615
39 20 Strokes
Si
396
172
^c
177
gc ^c Me
mc
793
706
23 Strokes
Ho
632
749 ffc
292
299
799
gc
ffic
914 ijc
925 nlc
$c
839 fie
He
He