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ANALYSIS

OF

CHINESE CHARACTERS

G. D.

WILDER

AND

J.

H.

INGRAM

North China Union Language School

1922

4l*fe.

PL I17( Wb7

W,

2^

liiJU^''

INTRODUCTION
TO

ANALYSIS OF CHINESE CHARACTERS.

The author

of the great Chinese English dictionary Mr. Giles, has


it

not hesitated to express most trenchantly his contempt of etymology as has been applied to

Chinese

Characters.
is

He

says that

"Much
we can
it,

of the

etymology of the Shuo

Wen

childish in
is

the extreme", and that the

phonetic principle of combination


to

the only one of which

pretend

know

aiiything.

Notwithstanding the ridicule heaped upon

scholars,

like

Chalmers, Chalfant, Wieger and others have continued to pursue the

fascinating study of the origin of these


interesting results.

symbols and have given us most

These

results are so convincing that in the teaching of

character writing

we have
earliest
fanciful,

unhesitatingly

adopted the principle that the

etymology of the
it

Chinese writers on the subject, childish though


is

may

often

be and

yet superior to the numerous mnemonics


assist

that

have been invented by foreign students to

in the

difficult task

of memorizing the forms of a few thousand characters. of these pages

The

student

may

often

consider the etymology suggested fanciful


far fetched

and the logic of the combinations


eration should be borne
in

but the following consid-

mind.

fancy and imagination and to

They are the products of Chinese some extent show the workings of the

Chinese mind.
thought.

Therefore they interest us


often

who

are students of Chinese

Moreover they
utensils of

may

only seem to be fanciful because we


out of which they arise, or of the
pictures, or of the variations of pro-

are ignorant of the ancient customs

forms of the

which they are


If

nunciation in the different dialects.

any oue of us were entrusted with


and

the task of inventing written symbols for both concrete objects and abstract
ideas
it is

doubtful

if

we would produce anything much


primitive characters.
is

less fanciful

we
/
.

certainly could produce nothing of such rich historic interest, as cer-

tainly invests the

3000 most

Writing Chinese characters

a task of memory.
fanciful links

'

Modern pedagogy
fixing

insists

on the value of logical or even Those who try

between ideas for

them in mind.

to learn Chinese characters almost in-

Iv

INTRODUCTION

variably grope for

some

association of ideas,

some

logic in the formation

by which

to hold

them

in

memory.
already

We have no doubt
by
more

that the groupings

which have been arrived

at

a study of the ancient inscriptions of


interesting,

the early seal writings and etymologies are

more

logical,

and wider
invented

in-

range than any

memory

system that has been or can be

by

the superficial study of the characters as written with the


pen.

modern Chinese

These etymological studies

enlist the interest

of the

historic imagination to aid the dry-as-dust task of committing to

memory

these curious symbols of the thought of three or four milleniums.

Missionaries in China have been spared the task

which

their brethren

many places have had,' of reducing the language The genealogy of Chinese characters takes ing.
in

of the people to writ-

us back neariy 4000


is

years.

For an

interesting

historical

sketch the student

referred to

Wieger's introduction,
firmed

of which we

here give a summary.

Tradition con-

by

well grounded

induction ascribes the idea of writing to the

mythical Emperor Fu^ Hsi' i)^^ and the systemization of written charac'ters to Ts'ang' Chieh^

^^,
acters

j^fg in the 27th century B.C. Emperor Huang^ Ti^ B.C. 2697-2598, had recorders trained in official schools under a zk.

It t'ai" s/iiP or

Grand Master. Bronzes of the i8th century B.C. with charextant.


in

on them are

The

stone

drums exhibited

in the

gateway of

the Confucian

Temple

Peking, referred

by some

to the 12th century,


in the

by

others to the 9th century B.C.


imperial recorder

show

inscriptions

style

used

by an

^ Chou''
"^"^
200)

in

a catalog of characters called the

^^ Chou*

wen' or large
characters,

seal,

ta* chumi''.

Later they became


ton' tzu*,

(B.C.

^^^

k'o^

known as tadpole because so many of the

penstrokes suggest the form of a tadpole.

Confucius, B.C. 500, complained,

of scribes

forgot characters,
characters.

who were dishonest and instead of leaving blanks when they made new ones. These he called '^^ ck't^ tzu^ Or odd
Ch'in^ Shih'

Huang^

^^M.

213 B.C. had

his

prime minister
It

Li* Ssu^

^%\ make a new catalog called the H;^ sai^ ts'ang}

contained

3300 characters which are known as the small seal /h^ hsiao^ ckuan*. U? Ssu^-- invented no new symbols but combined the primitive picture
characters with
phonetics.

/Thus the

creation of

new

characters ceased

before 200 B.C. and probably long before that, as the phonetic principle,

which renders unnecessary the invention of new symbolic elements, was in Li' Ssu' was deceived by the " odd characters " and as he use in 800 B.C.

had not enough

ancient

documents

to

ascertain the

meaning of many

g
INTRODUCTION
'

^-/

symbols he fixed wrongly the meaning of many characters.


correct

We

can

now

some

of his mistakes.

In the period of literary enthusiasm following

Li^ Ssu*

many new

characters

were invented by the easy process of

phonetic combination.
dialects prevailing

As

there were

many

I'terary centers

with different
useless

and no standard or center of control, c^pMtlesi


Li* Ssu's

and duplicate characters were formed.


seven times until
it

catalog

was reedifed

contained 7380 at the time of Christ and two hundred

years later over ten thousand.

The modern

standard dictionary of

Kan

Hsi finished A.D.


monstrosities
little

17 17

has 40,000 characters.


;

Of
Of

these 34,000 are

and

useless doubles

2000 more are surnames and doubles of

use, leaving

4000

that are in

common

use. \

these

3000 are

all

that

need be studied for etymological purposes, although there are also


rare or obsolete characters that are of etymological and historical

some

interest. Importunately

the 3000 ancient primitives are

still

the most useful

characters and anyone


will

who

gets a mastery of
all

them and

their combiriations

have a magnificent vocabulary for

departments of literat ure,


j

Let

no one be appalled by the popular misstatement


characters or even

that there

are 80,000

by the

fact that there are

40,000

in the dictiohary.

The

vocabularies of Goodrich and Soothill have but

10,000 and the larger


masters^'^QOO, will find
after his

Chinese English dictionaries but 14,000.

One who

himself fairly well equipped for public speech.

Dr. Goodrich

many

decades of experience
characters.

is

surprised that he can catalog but

4000

colloquial

^
\

Besides the multiplication of characters there have been

many trans-"^

formations for ease in writing or condensations for the sake of speed.


of these changes occurred as writing materials changed.
stylus, writing
(

Many

At first

the metal

on wood made uniform strokes equally easy


were common.

in all directions.-

Curves and

circles

Then

the

wooden

pencil used
finfe

on

silk
'

caused, poor writing and

some

peculiar changes.

Finally

pointed
in exe-

hair brushes used on paper gave great

power of shading^ and speed

cution but

still

further distorts the shapes of the classic small seal characters.

The brush has produced


ts'ao* t0u*,

the

modern |f
still

^'ai^

i3u*,

in

which curves-^

are reduced to straight lines and angles, and

the grass characters,

^^
classi/!

or running hand which

further obliterates the

forms.

Other transformations are due to abbreviation

for securing

moro
J,

space for inscriptions on small pieces of bone, shell or metal, as Mr.

'

VI

INTRODUCTION

Mellon Menzies has pointed out, and these abbreviations have become
precedents for permanent forms.

and
ety-

About
(B.C. 86).

20 A.D. there was printed a posthumous work of Hsii' Shen

It

was the

first

publication of genuine archaeological

mological studies.

This father

of Chinese archaeology had

travelled

exteisively and studied Li' Ssu's catalog.

His great work

is

the

^%M^

Shuo* Wen"" Chieh' Tzu*.

10516 standard characters arranged under 534 to 544 primitive symbols which are the^o:rigin of our 214 radicals. All Chinese dictionaries claim to be based upon the Shuo Wen,
It

contains

though they

show ignorance of it and few scholars to-day are acquainted with it. Our Character Analysis is based upon Wieger's EtyOur mological Lissons which is drawn largely from the Shuo Wen. But references usually m;an that our explanation is taken from Wieger. it is not always so, for the original Shuo Wen as well as the works of Chalfant, Chalmers and others have been used. Original or at least modern
often

suggestions have been

made and

usually placed after

the reference to

Wieger.

In Wieger's Lessons will often be found the quotation trom the


in

Shuo

Wen

Chinese justifying the explanation.


expressions which are best explained

/^ We shall use a few technical


are divided into the

by

the ancient classification of characters into six categories.

All characters
t2u* or

^
^

wen"' or

simple

figures

and the f^

comeach

pound.

On

the basis of form or composition the?e


i.

two

classes are

divided into two other classes,

The wen' or simple

characters

may

be either (i) pictures


of which there are

hsiang^ or imitative symbols,!

-^I^

ksiang'^ hsing^,

364

in the

Shuo

Wen

or they

may be

(2) indicative

symbols

^^

chiK" shih*, pointing to things, affairs.


2.

The Shuo

Wen

has

125 of these.

The compound

characters

^ are divided
phonetic

into (i) logical

combinations, '^M. ^^'^

A in which each
Shuo Wen:

component part of the character

has a meaning relevant to the meaning of the character as a whole.


are 1167 of these in the
hsing"'

There which

(2)

combinations^^
in

sheng^ (form and sound), also called


significant

f^^

hsief^ sheng^,

one part has a


tion only.

meaning and the

rest points

out the pronuncia-

Of these the Shuo Wen explains 7697. We should note however that in many of these phonetic combinations the phonetic part was chosen because its meaning had some suggestion of the meaning of the
character so that they incline towards the logical combination class and

may be

called suggestive phonetics. e.g. f^ -wer^ to ask has P5 ^^n!-

door


INTRODUCTION
for the phonetic
J

vH

and

k'ou>

mouth

to signify the meaning of ask, but a

mouth

in

a doorway certainly suggests asking.

So too
is

in

|]fl

weif' to

hear, an ear at a crack in the door, the phonetic P^

suggestive.

We give the following examples of the four classes mentioned above,


1.

Imitative symbols or pictures such as


;

yj^

yi^, right

hand

Y"

left

hand

P^ mer^, door, of the Chinese two leaved style with projecting

pins at top

and bottom

for hinges.

2. Indicative

symbols, that suggest meaning often with the idea of


suspension from above or action of force
;

motion

as,

kutl' representing

or authority from above

downwards

H. tan'', the

sun

horizon
3.

just

above the

suggesting the meaning of morning.


in

Logical combination,
all
[<

which the meaning of the character


i^ charC
is

re-

sults

from the meaning of

the elements,

mouth

k'oil,

meaning to ask, under a

///, a diviner or the lines on a tortoise shell,


consult the diviner or simply to divine,

so the whole character means to


i.e.

to ask the tortoise shell lines.


4.

Phonetic compounds, in which one part has to do with the mean-

ing and the other with the sound only. the water radical
i^H

\^

chart''

to moisten, naturally ha^

shu?

to suggest moisture

and has the


forms a

^ chan^ for the


little like-

phonetic, to indicate the sound.

In

many

cases the phonetic has


it

ness in sound to that of the character of which

part.

Such

discr^.

pancies will be understood

if

one remembers that the Chinese custom

requires that only the latter part of the sound of the phonetic shall be like
that of the character

whose sound

it

indicates.

Thus '^ shang*


fung^ for

is,

con-

sidered a perfect phonetic


pari^ for

for^

t'ang^,

and

chung^,

p'atf' etc.

Moreover many of the phonetic combinations


country where the dialect varies greatly from

were invented

in parts of the

that familiar to the student.

These four
acters.

classes are

based on the form or composition of the chardistinguishes

The Shuo

Wen

two more

classes of characters

based upon use.


5-

^'&

chuaii chu^,

is

an acceptation of a character

in

a meaning

more extended, or
figurative,

derived, generalized, metaphorical, analogous, adapted,

or even inverted and opposite to the original meaning.


[

For

jnstance in

pii the original meaning seems to be a horizontal and a peris,

pendicular line from the lines appearing in a heated tortoise shell, that

what the diviner consults

then

by

extension

it

meant the diviner or one

VJii

INTRODUCTION
consults the lines.

who

^ wan^
it

is

a picture of a fishing

net.

By

ex-

tension of the primitive meaning


late design
;

means any network, cobweb or

reticu-

also to catch with a net, to catch in general,

to envelope or
interpreta-

wrap, to gather.
tion.

These meanings are gotten by turnings

^ of

Primitives are usually pictures of concrete objects.

Abstract ttr ns
original

are usually extensions of meaning or turns of thought from the

concrete characters.
therefore,' father,
6.

"^ ^ /"

is

a hand holding a

stick

of authority,

by

a metaphorical extension.
chieh^ or
is

-Igfa

chluc'

false

borrowing, refers to the use of a


its

character in a sensa which


substituting
it

not

own

originally, either

by

(i) error,

by convention to debut which has language signate an object which has a name in the spoken no written name. e.g. to take the character for some obsolete utensil arbiSee No. trarily to stand for some new idea for which a symbol is wanted.
for another existing character

or (2)

4-

ffl.'tf

yeK'.

the Analects

As an example of the former we have in the first |^ now pronounced in other places sku(^ meaning
ahvays pronounced yueft*, meaning to
rejoice.

chapter of
to speak,

but

in this place
is

YHek to
it

rejoice

written \^, but a scribe once wrote

for 'f^

by

mistake, and
ko^,

was not corrected out of respect

for the classical text.

to sing,

was taken by convention


Another
'^
of
interesting

to

mean

elder brothers.

method of forming characters was by inverting

an old character to make a new one of opposite meaning.


ksia*

For example

below
son,

is

tzil',

the inversion of Jt shang^ above Vi^, an inversion ip t'a to go on, is only, jh means an unnatural child
;
;

chif^ to stop, turned

bottom up

^
feet

pt^ walking

is

a combination of the

two preceding containing both stopping and going owing to the advancing
and stopping alternately of the
hua*, to change.
in

walking.

jet^ inverted

is

{^

Some

characters are formed

by doubling and trebling other characters

either to emphasize the meaning, as

^ yao^ the

finest

thread,

yii^

an

almost invisible filament, or to express simple reduplication or multiplication as k^m('

and

y^'lir^

mouth and no hsuan clamor of many voices forest, sen many trees, green, many.

^jc

mu*

tree

This book explains a thousand characters.

After the student has

studied these he will have learned about 1400 useful characters.

We

re-

commend
ia

he proceed then to read Wieger's Etymological lessons order, and to learn to write all the list of " 340 -Characters selected
that

INTRODUCTION

fX
First list."

from those Lessons which do not occur in the


Wieger's Phonetic
characters "
will
series, learning to

Then

a study of

write the " second thousand selected

place

all

the student has learned in phonetic groups'


easily.

enabling him to

remember them much more

The study

of the

phonetic groups in Soothill's pocket dictionary or in Wieger throughout


the course will rapidly increase the numbers ot characters the student can
write.

-J5-

SUGGESTIONS TO THE BEGINNER FOR WRITING CHARACTERS.


If the student begins

with the

first

character and studies

them

in

order he very soon comes to very complicated symbols.


ease his task
if

It will

he takes one or two lessons on simpler forms such as

the numerals and simple characters occurring early in the

book

as

designated below, in the suggested


It

first

lesson.

be found a pleasing diversion to practice under the guidance of a teacher with a Chinese pen and the red copy forms
will

that schoolboys use.

In this

way one

will at the

same time learn the


highly important

order of the strokes which the Chinese follow.


to learn this order
if

It is

one wishes

to write at

all,

as a regular habit formis

ed by the hand
assistance to the

in

making the strokes of each character

a great

memory.

The Language School also has a table


first

giving the order of strokes for the

150 of the characters

in this

book.

From

this the

student can easily acquire the principles of


Bailer's suggestions in the Introduction to his

order in writing.

Mr.

Mandarin Primer
be observed
possible.
I.

will also give the

same. P. xxv.

In writing with either pan or pencil, the following rules should


in order to secure as

much

of proportion and style as


,

Each character should occupy

as nearly as possible a

square

space of equal size


strokes
I

with those above and below, no matter


contain.
2.

how many
follows

it

may

The

elemental strokes are as


3-

^'XTILL-i/J-

Where

space

is

en-

closed the perpendiculars slope inwards, making the space broader


at the top

than at the bottom,

4. Perpendiculars in

the middle of

the character should be absolutely upright, but the horizontals tend


to slope

upwards toward the reader's right hand.


suggest the following for the

We

FIRST LESSON.
,

all

J*

One, represents the primordial unity.


of numerals,
It is
it

The

first

in the series

represents the source of

beings.

the

first

radical.

In composition to

make up another

character

it

has the following symbolic meanings.

SUGGESTIONS TO THE BEGINNER FOR WRITING CHARACTERS.


1.

xi

i^

at the

top of any character usually means

heaven, a roof or any cover as in

t'ien,

heaven,

^
the

yi^

rain.
2.

At

the bottom

it

means the surface

of

earth, a base, or foundation.

^ peif
is

trunk of a tree

or base
horizon.

H.
:ft

tar^,

morning, the sun just above the


to
stand,

ground,
3.

li^

man

-j^

on the

barrier or hindrance

as in

"5^

ch'iao,

a P^

difficult

breathing,

representing
4.

the breath.

shian^ a bolt to a door.

Something contained, as
it.

^ shao^
"~*
erk*

a spoon with something in

Two, The number of


pair with heaven.
principles
pj(

the earth, because

it

makes a

It signifies

the masculine
yin}.
It is
i.

and feminine

yang^ and [^
it

the 7th radical.

In composition

has three uses.

The meaning
other.
2,

of two as in fn fet^, two men, love each

Two

extremes as in

2
of

wi^

five
3.

^ ko^ a
An old
below.
y'uan^,

sheep-skin

stretched on a frame

^.

form of
e.g.

J:,

shan^ above, or
is

hsia*

shih^,

a revelation from above.


the top

7c

head, that which

H on man

JL.

tH^

san^ Three, the order of humanity coming after

heaven and earth.

The Chinese commonly

explain 3E

wang'
man.

king, as the one

who

unites heaven, earth

and

-|
in

shil^,

Ten.

The number

that includes all the rest

of the simple numbers, a symbol of separation, extent

two dimensions, and the


It is

cardinal
e.g.
It

points

of the

compass.

the 24th radical,

-^

ml'', is

-f-

separating the kernels of grain ^>.

means threshed

out grain br any such substance.

For the

rest

of the numerals study the following numbers in the

book, 29 to ZZ, inclusive, 58, 59. For more easy characters first study No, 57, I, 5, 6, 14, IS, 35, 27, 19, 12, 2, 3, 4, after mastering these one may as well begin with No, 7 and go on in the order
given in the book.

iVS cv

ANALYSIS OF CHINESE CHARACTERS, FROM, BALLER'S

MANDARIN PRIMER.
BASED MAINLY ON DR. t. WIEGER'S ETYMOLOGICAL LESSONS AND THE SHUO WEN.
(W. with a nnmber and

letter refers to these lessons.


it

A comma

after the Romanization in tbe first

column means that

is

coilcqnial character.

The form given

at the right is

the seal writing of 100 A.D.)

BALLEE, LESSON
^fc

I.

/^

*^"*>

To have
f^ mien^.

children

tea*

under one's roof

Logicalfcomposition, to shelter,

to nurse, to bear. By extension it refers to the characters produced or bom hj combining the simple wer?, into com-

pound characters,
composition
f^

^,

either

by

logical

#M M (See introduction, Page 6, in Wiener


W. 94
A.)

orjphonetic combination,
;

also

^^ >^

tztf,

The radicaliof the character, a picture o a newborn child swathed so that its legs
are not visible.
In an ancient form
it

has

'^

the hair.

By

exte:nsion it

means

disciple,

then sage or teacher because the emperors honored the sages by calling them tzu^ or
sons.
It is the

39th

radical, reli^-ting to

^^^

f\

(W. 94 A.) mien^ Picture of a roof, a shelter, a house. It is the 4dth radical of characters relating to (W. 36 A.) Called dwellings. pao'
children.

^m

4^
"iXi,

30^ Xm, wo',

I,

me.

Two

spears,

n^.-^Y^

wards each

other,
1)3'-

ko\ pointing totwo rights opposing


extension

each other, and

my

right,

%^ 7^^

ko^.

me. (W. 71 Q.) -yi, is the radical. grasping a Williams says it is a hand spear, defending my rights, therefore I. Picture of a spear with a hook or crescent

on top, a crosspiece below and a sword knot at the handle the 62nd radical, of characters relating to spears and weapons generally. (W. 71 F.)
;

f>5t

ni\ You.

Aien^ man
is

(picture)

9th radical,

is

the radical of n?.

^, TK

erW you,

a contraction of
full

81 the classic

^ o^

character for you.


equivalent to a

It is final expletive " stop, or " There now !


is

(At the

end

of a phrase the voice

drawn
J

in Aju", and the reserve of breath

is

separated,

A pa',

sent forth.
for
5''ou.)

character
O,

is borrowed and 35 L.)

The (W. 18

ita

t'a^,

He, the other, she,


radical, combined

it.

A jet^, man is the


also; therefore

with j'e/i'',

the other man, he.


'til,

(Man

also -&.)

veA",

This character
either

is

a picture of an ancient
funnel

utensil,

or a' drinking

vessel;

borrowed (W, 107 B.)

for. the

conjunction, also.

jPj

meti',

Sign of plural in pronouns and other


jjcrsons.

words indicating
A,
called
:3r

The

radical

is

A 5i

or standing
left

man when

written ^ at the

of a character.

P^ BH
fljg
'
*

nien-, gate,

radical l69, is

picture ot a

two-

leavetl

gate turning on jjivots {hu* J3 being a one-leaved door). (W.129C.) This may have been taken to form the sign of the plural because it is a door with two leaves.

t/"*;*

Target,
white,
daylight,

mark
is

;-

clear,

true.

Adjectival

0,

a par,

particle, sign of possessive.

the radical,
cf.

JSIo.

106.

The

sun just appearing and


fi
3<t

paP

making white t'ien\ (W.


the white

88 A.)
cocoon. V,

Chalmers says
a spoon.

it is

"P

shad',

ladle,

^ is

j)rimitive pic-

ture of a kind of spoon, and the (W. 54 H.) position for arrow.

indicates

t5",

ppj Pen, (made of hair with bamboo handle^ The ^^"^ bamboo is the radical, No. US. seal writing represents the drooping whorl
of leaves, /^ the inverse of 9* ch'ei^, a sprouting plant. When written above another character in composition it is

^.,
8^___.

^
^

called Yi
yii*

^ m..

stylus,

writing
chiti^.

(W- 77 B.) = a 3- hand holding a lines on a tablet.

pen

7^,

From ^ ssu^, silk the radical, and a flat floating plant, the phonetic. K ssu^, Silk, a strong thread. The upper part represents two cocoons, ya& the lower part, fh is a primitive i-epresenting the twisting of several threads into a big one, the threads from two or more cocoions twisted. It is the 120th radical of charPaper.
,

shrh*,

:it

acters relating to textile matters.

0^

92

A.)

^, R

sbih*,

surname. A family, clan, sect. Used Originally in married women's surnames. a floating plant, that ramifies and branches and finally fixes itself by a root

to

bottom and develops greatly. Therefore by extension, development, multiplication a wandering horde of primitive times, a clan, family. It is the 83rd radical, here used as a pure phonetic. (W. 114 A.) Silk was used for writing on before
the
;

hence the radical paper was invented ^. The plant spreads out flat on the water hence the fitness of this element to form the character for paper.
;
;

^^
pH LH
'|S

sht^f

To

w^rite,

a writing, a book.

jrueh^ to speak, is the radical. No. 73.

The mouth P k^ou^ exhaling a breath or a word therefore by extension, emanaA more ancient form tion, exhalation. exhibits the breath as forming a cloud over the mouth (W. 73 A.)
;

yu*

stylus (see No. 7).


is

While jueh

given as the radical by Kang Hsi, yet the seal form shows that historically it is but a contraction for che^, phrase speech, document. (See No. 270. W, 159 B.) A book is the emanation or speech El of a pen

10

;?a

cAe*, This, here, now;.

This at word

9 gods M.

^
|L.

W Uj ^

cho*

the radical, No. 162, to run and to stop ; from ?f ch'e\ to step with the left foot,
is

and

.ih chih^, to stop, which is a representation of a foot standing, heel at the left, toes at ,the right, and ankle above. (W-

112 A and
ten

E.)

In combination

^writ-

W^
11

x_, is called

M %. %.
k'oii^,

J'en*.

Words.
C.)

The P

issuing fromj'iit.

mouth with words 149th radical (W.

73

3J1J

^O
vT^

na^, Where?, in third tone; there, in fourth


tone.
i*,

P_^ S

A city. The radical,


tion w^ritten
|5

No. 163, in combinaand always at the rights

^.^

The O and the Q is a seal or stamp authority. (W*. 74 C.) The i is a SKiodification of ^ by the

The P

seat of El chieh' authority.

represents the walled town,

scribes.

Tke

'^isrhole

character

S|5

was

the

natne of

city

west of Szuchuari, whose


ifif.

inhabitatl'ts

wore furs weak, And was borrowed (W. 116 B.) there, that.

It also
for

means the meaning

12

B
^*-'

_B

'^ Q
rp

shih*, Right, exact, to be, yes.


jihf,

the sun,
stop.

is

the radical. No.


i^,

72,a

picture,

cheng*,

from

one, limit

and

Jh cbil^ to

Stopping only at the proper limit set beforehand, upright, correct. (W. 112 I.) The sun B exactly IE on the meridian,
right, straight:;!:.

13

__
ch'ien''.

Money.

chiV, metal,
"

is

the radical, No. 167.


is

^ chin^,
(See No-

now, present,"
t'u^,

phonetic.

18.) db

earth, bearing in its

bosom

two nuggets r\o{ gold or metal. In earth there are present -4* two nuggets ^' of
gold ^.

db

*''>

earth, is the

32nd

radical.

i that produces all things.


|

The earth The top line

represents the surface, the low^er line the

rock or subsoil, and the upright, the things that it produces. (W. 81 A and 14

^ ^
" ^,

K.
chien^

T.)

To exterminate, to destroy. The common w^ork of two or many spears ^. (W. 71 R.) Most of the characters of which
this

mean or

fonns a part have the sense of small, to ruin, as cbien* cheap, Jg

chien* trample,

M ^ ch'iett shallow.
;

f h 'y

wai*. Outside, foreign.


bsi^

Evening. The radical. No. 36 represents the half moon which appears in the even-

One moon.
ing.
p*

line is

lejft

out of

yiieh, the

pu^,

The 25th radical. (W. 56 A and F.) The divination is by looking at the veins appearing in a heated tortoise shell, and the f pu* represents a perpendicular and horizontal vein. ^1- outside, is a diviner, b in the evening :^ i. e,, a person must consult the diviner outside of woi'king hours, before a new day.
soothsayer, to divine.

''.^

sheng^.

Grow, beget, produce.

Radical No.

100.


A
plant that grows more and more.

whorl was added to Z.. (W. 79 B, F.) Otliers make it a combination of dt i'* (c^arth) and ]/J cA'e* (grass). That is, the
16

earth

produces

dfe

grass

iU.

63
yiid\ (l.oins, waist), to want, to wish.
Originall^'^

^^C f^
^y^

written as a picture of a
face ^,

wo-was

man, with
figure
w^itli

two hands y, and


($.

bust taken for waist, that part


enlarged

It

being more
in

marked

in

woman's

figure

than

man's

but in this sense it is now written with the H ^ 70H* radical added M. The primitive meaning is nov\r lost, and the
character
is

borrow^ed for the meaning to

i,,

S^ M
3C, rS,
\$.

(W. 50 M.) hsi\ West (radical No. 146) was taken arbitrarily by Kang Hsi as the radical for
classification

want.

of

the

character

in

his

dictionary.
nu'-i

(See No. 26.)

woman,
radical.
in

is

a picture character. The 38th Originally a wotnan standing


!

attitude, altered to /f for " What China \srants ease in w^riting


respectful
'

the Western jnnemonic tor


so^i

woma n "is
S-.

convenient

jg)^

To make,

to act as.

,J\.jen^

is

the radical. No. 9.

'^

ku^,

Cause, purpose, old. Combined with K man, we have man as cause, that is,
doing, making.
is,

t^ ku", Ancient, that


ten
-f-

what has passed through


ri

shih-,

mouths or generations,

k'oti^,

(pictate of

a mouth, 30th radi-

cal.)

(W. 24

F.).

J^j^^
18

p'a^

To
yu'^

tap, rap.

(hand, pu* diviner's rod.

66th radical. From a. 29th radical) holding a h

ya^ iS>

Biefl*,

To

read, to chant.

To

think, to study.

'L^,hJ& hsiV, Heart,

picture in the seal writing.


It

61st radical.

shows the pericardium

opened, the lobes and the aoita below. (W. 107 A.) In combination at the left
it is

written

1'.

't'

c/jiflS

now, is made up of a triangle^, chi meaning union, and T chP, an abbreviation of meaning contact, up to, (W. 19 D.) (a hand holding a man A). The

combination is thus tautological. ( W. 14 K.) The idea of the character may be that all past time unites in the present. Therefore to read or think, is to make

present 4* to the mind


19

jC?.

?P,S

-r^

20

&

puS Not, a negative. Primitively a bird flying up to the sky" not able to get there " for a mnemonic. The radical, f is often used as a limit, or the sky, at the top of a character. (W. 1 B and 133 A.)
Jfi

hsiehl,

little,

some.

Sign of comparative,

several.

Jmj te'u^,

This,

turn
verted

Originally it meant to K on one's heel Jh. " This " is a


here.
ixieaning.
(3

borrowed

pj^

is

an

in-

man A,

to

turn.

(W.

26 A

112

A.)

erb*.

The number of the earth because Also the number it is paired with heaven. of the two principles i^ yin^ and ^ yan^, (W. 2 A.) The radical of , the 7th. The combination of t'^a*, this, and Zl erA*, two, means pointing to this and that,
jJfc

Two.

sign of plurality.

PpC
pE, i,

shuP,

Who ? who

any

one.

"a

j^en* is

the

radical, the 149th.

chuP^ Short-tailed birds (a picture), the


radical.

172nd

(W. 168 A.)

A pTionetic combi-

nation.
22

tun^. To understand. The radical is ^6, here written and c&,lled shn >& As/n*, ver'f

tical heart, the

61st radical.

jj tvm^ To
ple

lead or influence, to rule or lead peoinfluence the

on to right ways. With j& heart meaning to


mind, or to understand.
-H* t'sao', grass,

picture, the

140th

radical, is

its radical.

It is written Pi

when stand-

and -h- in composition. chuTig*, Heavy, important. Composed by superimposing t^in^ i. upon fH tun^,
ing
aloire,

the

two

oblique strokes of the latter being

^ ^^

reduced to a horizontal stroke. standing at his place t^ing^ is a inan on the earth j;, the earth denoting the

business of

life,

position.

The

positions

on the east of the thi-one were the more important and honorable, hence the combination with "M. tun^, east, to mean important or heavy. (W. 81 D.)

10

ys

A^,
23

The sun H shining through the trees, ?fc ma* i.e., on the horizon where it appears in the morning, so, east. (W. 120 K.) ^"*' Tree, a picture of trunk, roots and branches, the 75th radical. (W. 119 A.)
tang^,

-H,

tSi

^ESJ

shetP\

Very, superlative,

what ?

Before

read- sheri^.

'kan\ sweet, the

99th radical is the radical, from P k'ou^, mouth, and something held
in
it,

i.e.,

agreeable to the taste, sweet,

^,

satisfaction.
p'i",

(W. 73 B.)
It is

To

pair,

pair.

which is represented more than half of the character is retained so as to be recognizable. (W. 42 A.)
Therefore
ift

a half of the whole by H ssu*. A little,

means

affection for the mate.

As
24;

this is the strongest affection, the char-

acter comes to

mean

superlative, very.

l/jiljj

a sort also used, ironically. These are borrowed meanings. The primitive meaning is small,, delicate, from jSt tns? hemp fibre, and ^ (W. 90 A.) yao^, the finest thread. ma?, Hemp, hemp fibre, pockinarked the 200th radical it is the radical of this character. It is made up of the followma^,
interrogative particle,
; ;

m&y An

ing:

paS to divide /K p^an* To strfp hemp^ from (12th radical) the fibres from the ^ ch'e*,
stalk.

(Distinguish firom
it

>fc

mn*.)

When
fibres.

doubled

forms

p'ai*, textile

When the stalks are soaked and stripped off and brought under cover or stored in

11

a shed
ed

r* J'en^ it

is

called

M mn%

prepar-

hemp or tow, kept tinder shelter. (W, 79 H.) In combination this character has the idea of entanglement, troublesome.
J^,

y^o^ The

finest thread as obtained from winding the filaments of only two cocoons which are represented in the character.

By extension, any fine thread, tow, slender,


tender,
25

52nd

radical.

(W. 90 A.)

^.

M
^

tung^, East.

Sun H shining through the trees, :^ mu\ See No. 22. /Jc mu* is the radical,
the 75th.

26

MM
%n.

hs?, West.

The primitive writings picture a bird settling on its nest. The birds go to roost at sunset hence the use of the char;

acter for west


27
hsien^.

the 146th R.

(W. 41 D.)

First.

The

radical is Jl jen\

a man.

sometimes means feet, support. The 10th radical. (W. 29 A.) f-t, ^ci, Uc chib^ A small plant vp issuing from the ground to grow; development, continuity, proIt

borrowed as the sign of the (W. 79 B.) Accordingly the combination hsien^ means to a,dvance &. on one's feet JL, to be first.
gress.

It is

possessive.

28

IBI ^5t

ko*.

^^
<^\
/J\

The culm of the bamboo, a joint of bamboo with a knot and a whorl of leaves, in the primitive writing. An article, a classifier. (W. 77 A.) In the common form Kjer?
is

the radical, combined with the phonetic


ku*,

shut up, to

make

firm, foi-tified

12

composed of ,P weP, an enclosure, (the 31st radical) and ka^, ancient (see No. 17) as phonetic. Only when written with the Wchu^, as radical has it the meaning ot bamboo.

balijER, lesson
29

II.

kH,7r

ssu',

Four.

An even number

easily divided
;

by the A pa^, to divide all around. The radical is O wePy No. 31, used in words relating to enclosures. (W. 42 A. ) The old form represents the division into halves. For A see under No. 32.
into halves

JDL,

-^

wa^

written x being four Unes then placed between and a heaven and earth, ss the dual powers yin^ and iif yan^, begetting the five
Five.

At

first

center, or five

n ^

elements, 3

^
is

wv?. hsitig'.

(W. 39

A.).

The
31

radical

the 7th.

-j^ (Yn
^>, 7\;

/iV, Six.

*k:
32
"T^,
1

The even number that comes after four marked with a dot. Note that all the even digits are written so as to show their divisibility, H erh*, tw^o, and A eight. pa!^, (W. 42 A.) The radical is A, 12th.
Seven
lines,

ch'?,

in

old

writing.

All the

digits are found written in this style in

old inscriptions,
lines

with the nurfiber of indicated by the digit. (W. 33 A.).


i.e.,

Radical

is

/*.

13..

An
33

pa^, Eight

to divide. The meaning is indicated by the form. Also written with eight lines in the angular form. The 12th
;

radical.

(W. 18 A.)

ii.^

chiu^, Nine.

meaning.
nine lines.

numerical sign without other An original writing contains Radical is ZL i* a hook, the 5th.

34
cbp,
^^ yad. (See No. 24.) It is a guard J^ sAu*, of soldiers on the

Few,

nearly.

The

radical

is

frontier w^ho are

watching the
Therefore
to

slightest

movements and are


things

attentive to the least

&

jv^.

examine,
i.e.,

subtle, hidden, small, few.

aK,

66

J'u\ has the mcxining of :5C ya& reinforced,

very small, slender, almost

invisible.

(W.

90 D.)
*

(See No. 24.)

^>C uYL^^^' ^ guard


carrying a
ik^

the frontiers; from


ko^, 'spear.

man
(W.

See No. 2.

25 D.)

PW

Prl

liang^.

Two.

An

ounce,

pair.

From a

a standing scale rtl the upper stroke having been added in modern times
picture of

y\.,

/\

ju*,

to indicate the beam (or equilibrium). The idea of a pair may have been suggested by the balanced scale pans. (W. 35 H.) is the radical, No. 11, meaning to enter, or It to put on either pan of the scales. represents roots entering the ground the opposite of {i} ch'u^ to go out, which (W. represents a plant growing up.

15 A.)

14

36

-^

'^' '**

pen".

The trunk of a

tree.

The

line across

the

;^

mu\

tree, represents the surface of the

ground, drawing attention to the part of So the tree below ground, the roots. capital. root, source, natural, native Books. (W. 120 A.) TfC mn*, wood, is the
;

radical, No. 75.

37

3fl!

jen^,

To know
ledge.
cal.

well
g^

to recognize

to acknoiwis

h" ^

j'CK* tzu*

p^ang^

the radipatient

No. .149. Words and (phonetic combination).


is

i&jeti',

(He

iSi jetf. Patient, to bear, suffer,

endure, patience,
71-

harsh. j& hsin^

the

i-adical.

jea\ a

cutting weapon, formed of 7J tao^, w^ith a stain on the edge, Or something being cut

by

it.

Tap^

73 is

the 18th radical,

f)

picture of the Chinese razor or cleaver.

heart vinder a knife-edge means to


(

suffer,

S
38

In composition at the right 73' is written (1. A heart that has endured the monotony of continual practise
B.)
w^ell its

W. 52

knows

lesson

flS-

n^

^^, J^l

|g]

^, "

map, To buy. Mencius says, " net |J^ the market gains T^ ^j " better explained by " to -wrap up a thing with its price in cowries K in a net 1^." (W. 161 D.) pei*, A cowrie shell. These were used for money in early times. The seal character shows the feelers of the live shell. It is
;

the radical, No. 154, of things relating to


values and trade.

(W. 161 A.)

R^

wang'',

Net,

radical No.

122

(called

V^'-^U

ssu^ tzu* pu*

by the

vvriters,

because modi-

15

X
39 331

to look like a H szu*' when used at the top of characters) in some it is written or pg. To entangle. (W. 39 C.)
fiecl
;

gmr

shih^, chih*

To
is

keep in mind, know, recognize.


to

^^,^

7^n^,
chih^

word

the radical, No. 149.

sword,

gather

jjotters'

clay
M,).

office,

official

duty

(now written

Ancient chiefs or officials. These held a :5c ko^, when they gathered the people ^

and announced

their will ^;

i*

(shorten-

_ _
t3.

ed to
yiti^,

^y;V).
is

(W. 71 HJ)
"a

sound,

the 180th radical, formed of

yetl^,

utterance,

placed in

The is the P mouth to- represent a word


and

a sound.

or sound issuing and in the seal character this line is the only difference between 'a
yeii^

and

ym\ ^

(W. 73 E.) '^When


repeat the
thej"-

the
of
40
ch'a',

people^" could

words m
to

the

officials

were said

know." MTea. Pf fsao^ tzu t^ou^ is the radical. (See No. 22.) like a tree, TJc The plant for man A- This taa.y do for a mnemonic, but the etymology is as follow^

^^ yir'

I,

me, in wen

li.

F^rom

pa*, to dis-

tinguish,

and

-^ sAe* house, in wliich

com-

bination the
acter
is

P at

the bottom of the char7v pa^.

replaced

by the

Chinese

custom requires any one entering a house to call out and distinguish himself from anj' other person bj^ saying, "It is I, so and so, come for such and such a purpose."
Silence

renders

one

liable

to

16

J.

f5.

suspicion. In it is a pure phonetic combination, combination, c ontracted. she* A shed, booth, house. It is the joining chp of n walls and of the thatch roof Y to

form a house.
hsieh^,

(W. 14 C.)

To write. Primitively to set in order the things in a house, *** raien^, is the radical, 40th. By extension, to set in order
one's ideas, to write.

The lower pari is


jfe

a phonetic
yeh*

only.

niao^,

magpie. It -is a modification of with a special head given it.

J^

a long-tailed bird, a picture, the (W. 138 A. & C.) The magpie is a bird of neat, trim appearance, which may suggest the idea of order in
niao^) is

19'6th radical.

the combination.

42

wan^, Basin, cup, howl.

a piece of rock n fallen from a cliff Aaa* (27th' radical). It forms the 112th . radical. (W. 59 D.) j^ iSfo R vt'a/i* Good behavior ^e y'iiat^, in the house ^j to comply with the demands of others, therefore the derived meaning, to bend, to cover yield. Fuan' ^b> to turn in bed, a curling up, dignity or modesty H chieh^,

^^ /o
,

shih^,

Stone.

It is

during the night, d^ bsi^ (See No. 14) " It is not decent," says Cohfacius, " to lie
like

a corpse."

" Stand, like


Sit like

a pine

(jfc

n* ia ju"

satJg^;)

bell

(^

tso"^

iaju" it cbung^;) Lie like a bow (g\ jvo* in /n" ^ kiia^ ;) Walk like the wind {^ tsot^
4n ju^ m. fengK")

These are models of

17

behaviour.

yuat^, behaviour in general.


ti,

From modesty in l3'ing down, comes by extension to mean good


(W. 64 D.) Some say the form where one
4

chielf,

seal.

has slept. It is one half of the cliaracter ?^=5P ch'iag'^ or seal. One half of the seal is kept at the yamen and the other given
to the individual concerned in the case.

(W. 55 A, B.) The phonetic has the idea of order, and bowls Wa are a means
to secure order in eating.

43

^,Pi

Tu^,

To
it.

have.

Primitively

of the

moon /I as Some say the

meant the phases a hand covered eclipse of the moon,


it if

with the same interpretation. To have, is a borrowed ineaning. (W. 46 H.) To have the hand on the moon might_v.'eU be
called possession.

M ,^ yiieh*, the moon,


ble

the radical, No. 74.

A pic-

ture of the crescent

moon

completely visi-

(compare

y ,^, ^

yu^,

The right hand.


radical.

hsi\ No. 14), (W. 64 G.) The fingers reduced to


It is the

three for ease in writing.

29th

The
44

right

(W. 43B.) It means also, again. band returning repeatedly to


in eating suggests " again."

^
i^>

W ^
^t^

the
/*,

mouth

Intention, thought.
is
jC?

hsiW, heart,

the radical. No. 61.

or mind
soitnds
it.

The heaii: of the speaker is known by the


he utters.

^ that

By

extension

means

also the thought that the

of the.hearer gets from the speaker.

mind words /^ of the

(W. 73 E.)

18

^ yw\ A
iS^,

sound.
think
;

(See No. 39.)

c^
^,

ssu^,

To
the

radifcal,

the wish of the heart. No. 61.

j&

is

B3,

Asin*

the cover of the brain (altered to look like EH t'ien\ field). " When one
skull,

The

thinks, S,

the vital fluid of the heai-t j&


\^

acts on the brain


|I|. -"s,

hsin^."

Shuo Wen.

cA'u',

To go forth, to go out.
eject.

Toissiie, tobeget,

to

Primitively

it

represents stalks

growing out of the ground, the opposite of A /V, No. 35. The *f small plant has grown another pair of leaves. (W. 78 E.) In combination often I'cduced to db. The radical is U /f'an*, a receptacle, the
47

^ ^^
[i,

17th.
ch^i*,

Vapor, the
:Jft

ch'i*
^

or fiunes rising from


;

fermenting
air.

mP

rice

ether,

breath,

It is substituted in

the radical

and

is in

common use for much use in philo-

sophy for the primal aura or vital fluid. ^ "^ ch^i*, vapor, is the radical. No. 84, meaning curling vapors rising from the ground and forming clouds. Ancient forms show the sun 13 and ik. fire which cause the vapors. Contracted into - ch'P it means to beg. (W. 98 A.) mP, Kice after it is hulled qther small grains and things small like rice. It represents

four grains >; sepai-ated -p.

The

+ often
(W.

means separation toward


ters

tlie

four quar-

North, South, East and West.


It is the

122 A^

119th

radical.

19

48

nn

jS
'Wf

P'^'^g'-< A- friend,

companion, peer. Now composed of two jnoons but it has nothing to do with ^ yiieh^, the radical of classification in Kang Hsi, but comes from an
;

ancient primitive

^ kng^, representing the


and

by extension meaning the bird itself, now written JH. The character ^ was then changed in pronunciation to p'eng^, and taken to
tail of the phoenix,

because the phoenix draw^s it or two birds together, therefore friend, (Chalfant) JJ8| p'eng^, was a fabulous bird, the roc, from may have derived its prow^hich the
friend,
all

mean

other birds after

nunciation ofp'ezJ^.
49

(W. 64

I.)

^
'f^

yu^.

Friend, associate.

From two hands


direction.

acting in the same the radical, No. 29.

yu*, is

(W. 43 P.)
item,' a,

chien\ Classifier of many things, part, is the radical.

^.

/J?u-,

Cow,

ox.

The 93rd

radical,

a picture of

head, horns, legs and tail. This combination suggests any thing from a man to an ox. Thus it can be applied to almost anything.

''ti.

/^O

i^.

145th Clothes, especially upper garments. radical of many characters relating to


clothing.

In composition
:

it

has the

fol-

lowing forms
-i-

1.
;

when

at the

left

of

2. the cliaracter ^ and the top the at being

cut into halves, the

^ being at the
(It

bottom of the

character.

must not

then be confused with -^ the eighth Radical, 3. at the bottom being the test) the both parts may be changed by fusion -with other parts of the character when split, It also is placed either at e.g., the top or the bottom of a character unchanged. It pictures the sleeves, and the

MM^.

skirts hanging- belov^'.

(W.

-16 A.)

"^^

W,

Clothes for the lower part of the body. :^ is the radical (see No. 51.) shang^, is a phonetic here. -^ is contracted to 'S' when in composition, meaning a ropf or a house, it represents the ridgepole and sides of the house as in *** mien^, but has a
shang",

window d added and a

A paf, divide, inileng^


is

dicating that the ridgepeople divides the

wind and water, or M. ^JC


ridge raised at both ends
all,

shuP. This
to,

placed last of
It is

and so the character

means to add

still,

elevated, noble, superior.

suggestive phonetic as the clothing is

a a

house or cover for the body.

(W. 36 E.)

5ti

pa^*^,

To

take hold

of,

grasp, classifier of

things

held in the hand.

Read

pa*,

handle, pa^,

handful.

"To

clap E the
It is

^,

hand ^ on something." vp shou^, The hand, handy, skill, workman.

written at the ^ is the picture of a side view of the hand, is the full palm. In the ancient writing the represents the lines in the palm. (W.
side exiled Ji

the radical, No. 64.

When

t'i'

sbot^.

48

A.)

21

pg JB pa*,

A kind

of boa, short and thick.

It is reis

o presented raised

on

its tail.

It

found

in the south
is

its flesh is

eaten and

its skin

used to cover guitars,


it also

pa*.

(W. 55

L.)
51

means a
radical

slap, clap.
is ?jc

1m
J

T*,

A chair. The
(See No. 25.)

ma*, the 75th.

^,
'

"^J" ch'P,
~/\. ts^.

Unusual, strange, rare. That which causes men "K to exclaim in admiration nT. Great, 37th radical, in combination means man, representing head, arms and
legs.

Pj,

JSr'o',

send forth a breathing of approbation 1 from the mouth n, to express satisfaction, to be willing, permit, admire.

To

The Logical combination (W. 58 I). Chinese, being used to sitting on their
heels,

or flat on the A'ang-*, the chair seems


to be a sur-

so
55

much more comfortable as

prising or strange thing.

;je

chan^, To draw^ a bow,


a.

stretch,

extend.

Classifier of things of extended surface.

^^ p Q kun^,
^

bow,

is

the radical, No. 57.

pic-

forms also represent it ture. 1^^ bent or vibrating. (W. 87 A.) ^_ -^ chaag-^ *, To grow, excel, senior. gg ch'ang'^, Long. The primitive form represents locks of hair so long that they must be
Ancient
'*'

and a hairpin Y. With by a band K, an inverted or changed man, added, it means manhood, grown up so the hair is long. By extension it means long in time or space, to grow. The modern form is
tied

22

an ai-bitrfii-N- contraction. (W. 113 A.)

168th

radical.

>f^

cho\ Table,
25.)

yic

mu*

is

the radical.

(See No.

^,

cAo', Surpassing, high elevated.

It represents

mast surmounted by a globe and a flame, an ornament of which the Chinese


a
are fond.
staffs.

It is

imitated in the yainen flag

(W. 143 P.) A table being high as compared with chairs and stools, this phonetic meaning high is selected appropriately.

BALLBK, LESSON

III.

Ff^

^^
-?

cAuH^, The middle, among, in. C/ian^g*, to hit the mark, attain, pass an examination.

The character represents a square target The pierced in the center by an arrow.
form of the target is lost in this modem (W. ivriting, but is retained in M yung." 225.' 109 A.) See No. kutf, A down stroke, a perpendicular, is the radical. No. 2. It has a symbolic signification in

many characters,
;

e.g.

the trunk

an arrow in 4* chung^; a spindle running through tw^o objects in ch^uan*, i.e., to string together a bow string in ^1 yjn^, to draw a bow, to lead a man standing in ^ shen^, to gird one's (W. 6 A.) self.
in i^ mn*, tree
;
;

58

WO
,

pai',

One hundred, many,


hundreds
is

all.

Thef unity ot

represented

by

i\

one,

and

23

paP, white. It Is purely a phonetic combination, fi is the radical, 106th. (See No. 6.) (W. 88 A. and B.)
69

1^.4-

Thousand, very many. Ten hundred (but the pai^ is not here). ~r* shih^, Ten, symbol of extension in two dimensions, i the radical, No. 24. The ^ at the top of the character is the abbreviation for jen^, which is phonetic in this character. (W.-24 D. and k.)
chVen^,

60

wan*, Ten thousand an indefinite number, wholly, emphatic particle. Written Ft! it is the Indian swastika, symbol of Buddha's
;

heart, dlso

meaning 10,000.
-f

The

radical

in Kang Hsi's dictionary is t'sAo'^, but the character has nothing to do with that

radical

originally
65
--

it

being the picture of a


feelers,
)

scorpion,

being the

&

being the head, and tt\. Vl the legs and the tail. It was then pronounced ch'ai*, but as there were other words for scorpion it
A!vas

borrowed

for the

meaning 10,000.

61

(W. 23 H.)
lin^, Small rain, or last drops of a shower,

-^y

fraction, residue.

yii^, rain, is

the radical, the 173rd. It sents drops of water The law is to come in drops or showers deluges, thus this is an appropriate

repreof rain

not in

symbol

for a fraction.

(W. 14

I.)

^, 5

I' tig*,

law, an order, to
It is

command, your

honored.

formed of

chP.

the

24

notion of union, assemblage, being the joining of three lines (see No, 18), and P Therefore chieb^, a seal (see No. 42.)

an

order,

is

the

urdting -^

of the

written document and the P seal, ^i.e., the stamping of the order. (Note that when CJ k'ou^, is added, we have ^ ming*, an order or command by word of mouth, and the decree of heaven). (W. 14 A. 1.)
62 iBjf

Is

^"'^' '^*^

return to or from

a time.

MohamIt re-

medan.

turn or revolution.

presents an eddy (like the curling clouds

of smoke, or whirlpools in w^ater) or an object that rolls, turns on an axis lience the abstract idea of revolving, return.
;

P
63

we?

is

the

radical,

(See No. 28.)

(W. 76 G.)

twice written. Also written [g.

^
jlPl

q
P9 fn

cAfng^,
yezi',
is

To

invite,

to request, to engage.

the

radical, the

149th.

(See No.

10.)

cA'/n^,The green of sprouting plants, also blue, black, gray, white of an egg. The 174th radical. It is made up of sheng\ plants, and :W- tati^, their color (red).,' as if the makers of the character were color blind, -p^ tan^ is cinnabar, a Ted mercury ore, represented by -the for the ore in a crucible /K where it was sublimed by the

alchemists in search of the philosophers' stone for turning base metals to gold.

(W. 115 D.) p{ may be the Chinese stove with the round hole red with fire.

25

64

M.t;

lap,

To come
jen^.

in the future.

The

radical

is

formed of ;f\, a primitive representing a plant and M. or ears of grain hanging from it a sort of bearded barley, used as food in the Chou Dynasty. The Shuo Wen says it means come, because the gtain eaten by men conies from heaven. It is more probably i borrowed meaning without logical explanation. (W. 13 B.)
It is
;

65

m
SkM
-|^
jEfc,

wen*,

To
a

ask, inquire.

The
is

radical

is

k'ou^,

mouth
in
P5

(radical No.

30).

The

placed

metP, door,

for the meaning, t.o ask . (See Nos. 5

a suitable character and 9


.

66

tso*,

To
The

sit

down, to
is

rest,
t'u^,

to place, to reign.

radical

the 32nd.

Two men

M sitting on the
to talk.
67

earth

t'',

face to face

(W. 27 D.)
i ssu\ is the radical, the 28th.

"^

^U

cb'ii*.

To

go.

made, however, from a pictufe of an empty vessel U ch'iii^ and its cover ; hence the meaning of to empty, to remove, leave, go, all being ideas connected with the removing of the cover of a vessel and The top resembles t'u' in its contents. the modem writing, and iz ta* in the old. The bottom is like M, ssu^, but here stands for U ch'a\ a basin. (W. 38 F.)
It is

68

J
'

y
'' "^^

hao\
"

"''"'

swaddling clothes. (Compare This character being of no use ^^, No. 1.) was borrowed for the common suffix to denote past time in a verb, or the end of
in

A child

26

a sentence, conclusion, intelligent, clear. (W. 94 H.) J kun' is the radical, No. 2,
perpetidicular.

^^

*^^

tui^,

Opposite

parallel

sentences
;

on
;

scrolls

hung opposite each other


to, to suit, mfitch,

to correspond
sign of

agreeing -with

dative.
"J

t'sun*, inch, is the i-adical,

the 41st, to meaIn

sure.

The dot

represents the pulse on the

wrist about an inch from the hand.

composition used often for

hand.

(W,

45

B.)

^p

tsao^

Luxuriant vegetation, being a representation of its branching into manj'' twigs from a single stem emanation,
;

multitude, faggot.
~f^ shih*,

(W. 102

I.)

scholar, gentleman; the

33rd radical;

because all things are comprised between the numerative one


i*

from

and

-f-

shih^,

and ten, therefore an affair (same as ^), a thing, and bj' extension a sage, scholar (W. 24C.). Before 100 B.G.'n Jfc'oa' was
in

the place of

shih*.

Tui^ therefore
-^ fsutx* to -the

n
[^

means to apply a measure


luxuriant emanation
k'ou^,
i.e.,

^ of men's mouths

Wen
to

Ti, in

men's testimonies. Emperor 100 B. C. changed the writing

shih^ to remind his officers that men's


P must not

testimonies

be believed, but only the words of the sages, which alone deserve to be examined -^. (W. 102 I.)
70 kad^, A, state, country.

From P

^vei^,

a boun-

AsiYj (the radical, No. 31)

and

ju* a primitive appanage, post, a center; the hao*, land that one baron defended with the weapons -^ of his retainers, around his P castle, or town, w^hose limits are not indicated because there were none. Pronounced huo* it means bj'' extension an indeterminate person, whose name is not given, being known only as from a certain

estate

by

extension,

again, uncertain,

perhaps,
'tt'-er

"a

certain one."
it

With the

or boundary added,

estate well defined,

becomes an a country M. (W.

TIJ.)
71

shen^, Sound, music,


declare.

voice, accent,

tone

to

!^,

er/^^ ear, is

the radical, the 128th, used in

natural group of characters relating to hearing. It is a picture of the external


ear.

(W. 146 A.)


the right
is it

^f>%

ch'ing*
cal

On

shu',

the 79th radi-

meaning the right hand (W. 22 D.), making a jerky motion, to strike, a staff, to kill. On the left is a primitive picturing sonorous jade or quartz stones suspended from a frame to make a musical instrument these atones w>ere in the form
;

like

of a carpenter's square, and were struck The character is now a triangle.

written with a ^ shih' ^. P is used as an abbreviation of ^. The combination of ear 3f and musical stones P struck by the hand 5: naturally makes M sound. (W. 173 A.)

28

72

^a

shao^, _^

To

talk,

speak,

converse,

sayings,

"^

doctrines.
is

"^ yen\

the radical, No. 149.

(See No. 10.)

-j^ j'iieA*,

i.e., good words and rejoice ft the hearer. This is made up of 56 (huan^, ancient pronunciation, a mouth P on top of a man }L, or to speak authoritatively

To

speak, to rejoice,

51 that dispel

grief

pronounced hsiung^ it is the oldest brother who must exhort his brothers) and to dissipate the breath or divide it into words, to speak. By an arbitrary modem borrowing the character is read tai*, and means exchange. (W. 29 D.)

73

a*L
pl^
/jua*.

Words, discourse, a language.


"S"

Words
;

of the

sAe',

tongue.

^^

yet^, is the radical. No. 149.


she^.

(See No. 10.)

Tongue, is a picture of the tongue protruding from the mouth. (Compare @ hatP, the tongue drawn back into the mouth S.) It is the 135th radical. (W.

102
74

C.)

ch'ih^,

To stutter,
mouth
beg.
is

O
/t-

k!ou^,

to swallow, to eat the radical, No. 30.

to suffer.

cHP To

It is

a contraction of

ch'i^,

vapor, breath,the 84th radical. (See No. In this fonn it is borrowed for ^ 47.)
kai* to

mean

beg.
ng is

(W. 98 A.)

To stammer to fill the mouth D with breath , and make no progress in speech. In eating one mouths the food as in stamnjering one mouths the breath, hence to eat.

29

75 /Qif^

fan*,

meal, cooked rice (the chief dish of a


to eat,
is

meal).
shih^,

the radical, No. 184, re-

"^

lating to food in general. It is formed of -^ chi^, to collect (see No.' 18), and %

the sweet smeH of a picture of the bowl 6 and its con tents and a (^ pi^, spoon, to
hsiang'-, boiled grain,

the WL fan\

It is

ladle it out.
radical.

^ pp, spoon, is the 21st (W. 26,C.L.M.) Gather the

^
Ja

family to eat -^ the rice


fan^,

S.
;

To

return, turn back, turn over

oppo-

site; to rebel.

vova.%yu*, hand, and^r*

a representation of the motion of the hand in turning over, {f ban*, is a cliff, a


retreat,

Radical No. 27.) (W. 43 E.) In eating the hand returns again and again Jx. to the mouth with food.
shelter.

erh^,

A male
les

child,

a person with the


is

fontanel-

of the skull not yet closed the 10th radical,


the radical of

JL

jen^, inan,

this character.

The upper part is written


134th
radical,

like

1^3

chiu*',

the

but it is really |Sl hsin^, skull, written open above, as the skull is (W. 29 B.) in an infant.
77 |fe
hsiao^.

Dawn,

bright, to understand

i.e.,

jih*,

sun H high and bright sun, is the radical combined with

^ J^
!^

yao^, eminent, lofty.

From

yad^, earth,

earths) and % wn*, a heaped up (three Yao^ is the name high base, level on top. of a famous ancient emperor, 2300 B.C.

30

(W. 81 C.) When the sun H one can see and understand ^.
78

is

high

^
te^,

To

get, receive.

'f

ch'ih* to

foot, to w^alk

take a step forward with the left (60th radical) is the radical (W. 63 A). It was added to this char-

acter late,

and

is

superfluous.
is

^,

W}

te^

to obtain, to get,

the original writing of

and in the seal w^riting shows its etjanology, viz., to get. the hand -^ on that w^hich one has in view ^. The M. chien*, see, is reduced to S.- (W. 45 E.) See No. 85.
the character,

"^
79

t'sun\ Inch.
mo'^ or raeP,
iserish
;

See No. 69.

To

sink in the water, to dive, to

7K,

^^

none of, not, least, without. .The shuP, Water, is the radical (No; 85.) central stroke represents a rivulet, and the others the ripples on the surface of (W. 12 A, B 125 A.) the water. mar To dive, while turning tH hiiP, on oneself in order to get something under the water, the head being below. The 12 haP, is changed bj'^ scribes to 7J. (W. 76 I.)
;

80

chu^, A. sentence.

P
/- rt

k'oti',

mouth,

is

the radical with

pno^ to wrap up, (the 20th radical), from a picture of a man bending over to envelop

an object in his apron therefore to enfold, a bundle, to contain, a whole. The mouth P used to form a whole O phrase or sentence. (\Y. 54 A, for pao^.
;

81 ^^

Tfe

i-l*

tsai*.

To

be in or at

i.e.,

to exert
;

one's

powers

:? t'saP, oil the earth dh

or pre-

sence in a place
one's activity

i fu*, is manifested by the rad. (W. q6 D.). t

^s

A.-^. T

t'saP,

has been modified to ?r. It is a tree grown to a size for timber, materials, now written ;^ t'saP; then force of expansion, natural activity, mental capacity, talents, the substance of a tiling. (W. 96 A.)
lining of clothes
inner, inside

^^. ;^
4x.

/i\

The

to the

left (in rules


i',

of the road).

clothes, is the radical. No. l-iS; (see No. 51.)

Jg

IP,

village, is the phonetic,

but being placed


or inside.

inside the radical for clothes it suggests

(W. 16 G.) It is the 166th radical, of a few incongruous characters. It is made up of pEl t'len-, field, the (102nd radical), being a representation of a furrowed field, and of it tUf, earth. Its common meaning of IP, or one-third of an English mile, comes from tlie ancient custom of the smallest village being composed of the fields of eight families being arranged around a ninth public field with a well represented by the
the
lining
pictorial character

meaning of

# ching^ (the dot being


^

the well.)
IP in

One side of the square was one When the custom went out length.

ching^- lost the dot of use the character and retained the simple meaning of well.
E9

t'kh^ being easy to write,

is

used to re-

liresent

many objects. (W.

149,

A and

D.

32

"

4^' him

f^ ^^

i-

1 /

weP, To be, to make order to.


cbua^,

wei*, for, beqanse, in

>^

chao^, claws, the prone hand, is the

f'^

radical (No. 87.)

The seal character represents a mother monkey, sitting with one hand at its head and the other at the bottom of the character mixed up with its tail and feet. In
is the character for man A because of the monkey's likeness to a man, and the primitive character for breasts to

the middle

show that

it is

a mother.

The Shuo Wen

says that of all animals (iiteratlly " birds ") the female monkey is most prone to claw "^ J^ and therefore the character Jfi chao^, stands as its symbol. There is

^^

an ancient writing consisting solely of tWo claws ^^. The character has lost its primitive meaning, and now is borrowed for to be, because, etc. (W. 49 H.

BALLEE, LESSON

IV.

m
TYt^,

nin

ch'aan^,
cViang^,
slab,

A
is

bed, couch, sled.

m.
/fC^

the radical (No. 90),


thick, Sitrong plank.
7|c

a heavy

half of the

ixiu*

It is the lefb as written in the^seal

mo*.

form (W. 127 A.) Wood. A bed JK


yf of

is

made of strong

pieces

wood
see.

:^.

85

n n
^tu,

S,

chien*.

the 147th radical, {of characters relating to sight, perception.

To

This

is

35

Wieger explains it as an eye U mu*, ow a man A (W. 158 C.\ But Chalfant finds a writing more ancient than the seal writing ^, which is a picture of the eye emitting
light.

The Chinese
.

believe

that

light

comes out of a normal


to
/%!<

eye, enabling^ it

see.

ti*,

An

order, series

before

a number

it]^foniis

the ordinal.

Ti

chu",

bamboo, the 118th

radical, is the radical.

(See No. 7.)


stalk.
_

It is chosen

perhaps because

of the graduation of joints in a

bamboo

f^

ti*,

Kepresents a thread or strap wound around a spindle having a catch on top and a catch or winch below. It is a primitive

bobbin
sion

or

reel,

succession of brothers,

and means hj extenand now-

only the Ai-ounger brothers. This primitive is appropriate for series, as is also (W. the bamboo, Yi used as its radical.
87

.:^ -^.

^ ^
J^

87 E.) chnn^\
//',

strain in music or
;

a chapter

book, or an easay to establish, stand, (the 117th radical) is arbitrarily taken for the radical but the yin^ (See No, 39), etymology is from
rules.
;

sound, and Therefore ten


of music
;

shih!^,
-f-

ten,

a
"m

perfect

number.
strain

sounds

make a
is"

and the meaning a chapter, or an essay.


88

extended to

^J,S^

tao\

To

arrive at, to reacli.

34

Tj

tao^, knife, is the radical (No.

18- )

(See No.

37.)
well.
3t, it!

But here
go,

it

has phonetic force as


(classical).

cA/A*

To

to

arrive at

The
>

133rd
flying
arrive;

radical.

It represents

a bird

down

to the earth,

therefore to

reach.

pictorial

(W. 138 B.) It is both and indicative in its composition.

89

^w^

^J^

^.

hung^, Red, lucky, pleasant.


ssu^ or mi^ is the radical (No. 120.)
8.)

(See No.
silk,

Textile inatters, especially

in-

terested the Chinese

from ancient times


ele-

hence the importance given to these

ments in their writing. / <b sst^, the 28th radical, is a single cocoOn in which
the

worm wraps

hiinself up, caring for

nothing but

self; therefore

the meaning,

selfish, private,

separation.

ZL,-^

kttng^f is

purely phonetic.

(W. 92 A.) Work, workman,

time of w^ork.

It pictures the ancient

means work,

and so by extension any ornament requiring skill. (W. 82 A.) Red In not being a natural color of silk ^
carpenter's square,
skill,

or

it requires

the

work
very

X of the dyer to probe fond


of.

duce red

silk.

""M.m

hao^ Good,

hao\ to ic nu\ woman, and ^ Wife -k and child dF are what fond of M. (Or the fondness
right,
;

From

tzu\ child.

one of a

is

most

woman
was

*g^ ^"''

for her child.)


^^

See No. 1. *^^ Radical, No. 38. It originally

woman

standing in ceremonial attitude

35

with arms hanging and crossed over the body. So symmetrical a character was hard to write, and the seal is a raodificartion of the more ancient form. (W. 67 A.)
91

,
'

shang-*,
?,

Above, superior, to momit, upon.


line,
is

representing a horizontal -base


radical.

the
it

The perpendicular

line

above

represetits

something above the


upper

level.

(An

indicative character.)
-written Zl, the short

It w^as originally
line represent-

ing something above the longer base line. At the top of some characters it is written as in where it is distinguished

^^^
A.'.)

from
cal.

Ji-

t'ou^,

the fictitious eighth radi-

(W. 5

92

-j^ -T-

hsia*,
*

Below, to descend,

inferior.

P, is

the radical, with the perpendicular below


it

"5"

to represent something below as in the


character.
It

preceding
base.

w^ritten ~ the longer line representing the

was

anciently

(W. 5 B.)
complete, to settle
(as

93 >=S^

1^
ll<\

yiU'

wah^, Finished,
afifair)

an
(See

^*

m/en? house, roof,

is

the radical, No. 40.


is

No.
Jb,

1.)

Ttl yiian^,

That which

upon

(equivalent to

See No. 91.)

a man

JL, i.e.,

the head.

origin, principle.

While phonetic in force

in this character,

we may

say, " Putting-

on the roof r^ over the head


the building."

% finishes ^

(W. 29 H.)

m
#1 Ijg^
sung*,

To
;

escort, to see

a guest out to give a


;

1^^
x^

gift

to accuse at court.

^ ^

c/20* going, is the radical. No. 162.

cheti^

that can be handled, as to bend planks for a boat or to caulk a boat


fire

charcoal.

a guest out ^. ^ is a suggestive phonetic and of no (W. 47 J.) value to the beginner.
iK carried f^ to escort

A torch

W^
P^

kuan^,
*

cross bar of

a gate, to shut or bar

the gate, a custom-house barrier, suburb. tnet^, door, is the radical, No. 169. (See No. 5.)

*^ %% kuan^ To

pass threads through a vyreb with 9, The ssa' (contracted into i!fc) represents the warp. The down strokes in the lower part represent the shuttle carrying the thread through to form a woof. (See Nos. 8 and 24.) By extenshuttle.

means to join, to fix transversely. (W. 92 G.) The cross-bar of tlie gate passes through the slots and iron loops
sion it
like

a shuttle passipg through the warp.


office,

^pc, ^p{

^
mi

matter, anything. kou^ is the radical, the 6th. It is from J sj shih^ shows a hand ^ holding a stylus. A 9 recorder, to record. In the top is ili=:5: chih^, the pronoun it. An event ^, record
shih*,

To serve, affairs,

*
*.

it ;^ faithfully.

ch'uati^,

with the teeth forate; to put on clothes, wear


5t

To bore

:^-,
;

to per-

to thread,

to string.

A.

hsiieb^,

cave,

hole,

any dwelling,

i.e.,

37

room or space

r^

made by
;

the removal /V

pa^ of the earth


>!*.

to dig through, here.


teeth,

ya^,

The 116th radical. (W. 37 A, D.) The teeth, the grinders or molar
hooks.
It is

a picture of the grinding

The teeth of rodents make holes through which thoy gain access.
face of a molar.

mt^
/ti.

chiu*,

To go or come to, to follow to make the best of; then, soon, immediately.
;

/C-w-an^ radical No. 43, is the radical under which it is found in the dictionaries. A man
ic

who puts his weight on


;

his right leg

to
^t.

spring

lame, crooked, also written

This classification was an etymological error, however, for it comes

(W. 61 C.)

from
jC. rk y^y
"which
in

the
its

seal

writing

pictures

a dog with

ears pricked

up.

By

extension, attracted to, surprise", strange.

^,

__

^ S

(W, 134 C.)


ching^.

The capital originally high, elevated being a contraction of Jg kao^, high, the bottom changed by substituting j for n, adding the idea of elevation, and by reducing TJ to -'^ it has nothing to do with /j> hsiao^. The capital is the place to ^yhich the people go hence towards.
;

^__^

'1^

Wt Admiration or attraction to it something high i^ therefore to go towards, to follow, consequently. (W. 75 C.) Chalfant finds an ancient form of M picturing the gate tower of a walled city with the opening in perspective.
.

38

99 gtft

i^ ^2l^
Jf
.y

i^i^g^j

To

hear, to listen, to understand,

to

allow.
erA',

the ear (see No. 71.),

is

t'/fl^

Good,

full

from a
official

man

the R., No. 128. standing on the

earth in his

position (to be dis-

tinguished fi-om 3& Jen"), is the phonetic.

(W. 81 D.)

^,

te^ Virtue.

Therefore

we have M

t'ing^

as the
;

virtue

practised
obe3'.

hearing, to

by the ear ^, te^, used

1^

i.e.,

for the

Christian term character, virtue,

is

usually

adding the idea of going out to others, action. Its composiwritten


f^,

with the

tion

is
;

of iS chiW, upright, and j5 hsit^,

g" jg"

an upright heart, composed of l_ representing a horizonchih?, is tal and a perpendicular, ten and @ eye. Before the days of square and plumb-line, ten eyes were called on to test the straightness of the frame of a house. The L is often changed to a single straight line. It
heart

is

often written incorrectly fi as

if

of two

strokes.

(W. 10, K.)

'IJU

perceive; chih^, wisdom. dart, is the radical. No. 111. arrow, an h^ -db shiK' It is a picture, the point above, notch and ' * feathers below. Therefore an action that come to an end, irrevocable, as an has 3^ ancient form shows the arrow fixed in a man's body. (W. 131 A.) United with P k'oi', mouth, we have the knowledge possessed by one who can give
chih^
'

To know,

39

word, opinion, with the priecision and speed of an arrow. Knowledge is an


his

101

m
.

arrow
tao
,

^ mouth

P.
;

To go at the head, to lead a road, a path, principle, doctrine tl^e progress of a


;

'

_^ ~^cAo*
,

speech, to speak.
is

the

-R.,

the 162nd, the pritaitive

to

go.

(See

^ m
Hj

No. 10.) shoti', the head,

is

sAoo*, head,

with the heir added, being a pictorial character. {Ill is not ( ch'uan^, streams,) 185th radical. To lead, road, sS, is to go ^ at the h^ad, '^. (W. 160 A.) It is the w^y not only for the feet to walk in ^ but also for the thoughts '^ to move in.
k'ati*,

102

To

look, to see, to regard carefully.

It

^ ^ ^

composed of ; ma*', an eye (wliieh is the radical. No. 109), a picture (compressed and often set upright to save room), (W. 158 A.) and
is

shou"',

the hand, covering the eye or shading it. " For," says the Shuo Wen, " one shades
oflF

the eyes in order to see better, cutting


the rays of the sun,
light "

from the eye.


united
'o-

and gathering the (W. 48 C.)


;

103
na^,

Hands'^
the noun.

ho^

to take, to sieze

a sign of the accusative when placed before

stiou^,

hand,

is

the radical, No. 64.

(See No.

53.)
ho^, joining, unitin

Z union, hgnmiony.

Form-


40

ed of .^ chP, a triangle, union, being three


lines united

(see

No. 18), and

k'ou^,

mouth.
together
,

Three or

many

mouths P

shows good understanding, harmony. (W. 14 A, B.) To take with the hand ^ requires the hand ^ to come in contact w^ith -S" the
object.

104 iJM,
piea^,

the edge of a precipice, to^ disappear a bank between fall in and fields, margin, edge, boundary, i.e., the

To walk on

^
e,

place where the thing disappears.


cho*, to go, is the radical, the

162nd.

(See No.

10.)

yen^ Disappearance, absence. In modem writing the fnl (double co^'er) has been changed

to
tza*,

::;&

arbitrarily.

It is
;

a picture of the nose


origin,

made up a starting
;

of:

point,

beginning,

evolution

the

nose

being, according to Chinese embryology,

the starting point in the development of

the body self, I, my behavior, to act the nose being the projecting part and in a way the characteristic of the person the
; ;

^=

132nd radical (W. 159 A.) and yV hsueh" a cave, storehouse, and a double cover meaning invisibility. (f^ Therefore # jen^ is an object that was at one time g tzu* in a storeroom ^ and later on disappeared Therefore JS is to walk g, on the disappearing line # the edge. (W. 34 K.)
;

ffjl.

105 iSiS
t'ot^,

The head, the end of a beam or

street,

41
etc.,

the beginning

classifier

of

afifairs,

cattle, etc.

Head, page, man. A picture of ahead or M upon a man X. It is the radical, the 181st. (W. 160 C.) __ __ toit*, A sacrificial dish, a dish in which, meat was S, .S.
yefe*.

face

The ton*) served beans, (being used for 151st radical. It is possibly a suggestive
;
.

phonetic

in

this

character.

The

skull

encloses the brain as

a dish its contents, and the Thibetans use the skull bone for a dish, on a tripod standard. (W. 165 A.)

106
hsiang^,

box, a chest.

(Larger than

M^

hsia^ tzu.)

Tj

chu^, batnboo, is the radical, the 118th, indi-

cating the material.

(See No. 7.)


It

>TO hsiatig^, to examine, to inspect.

may

be

MfQ ^

from @
zna*,

aiu*,
;

to watch from behind a

^
in

tree

or to keep the eye

@ open

foes or beasts.

woods s6 as to avoid danger from The more common abstract meaning of mutual, reciprocity, etc., is said to come from a kind of pun, both elements,
the
/fc ::^

is

and H being pronounced alike, rau*.. purely phonetic here. (W. 158 B.)

It

BALLEE, LESSON

V.

Hw

vi'an\ Late, evening, sunset, twilight, late in


life,

tardy. the radical. No. 72, as the characdo w^ith the declining sun.

Q
^, f^

jih*, sun, is

ter has to
mien?,

a man

whose

sides are swollen out

42

with his

effort,

and whose legs are


;

spread out to prop himself firrnly to fight

or ward off some


phonetic.

evil

therefore

it

means
purely

to avoid, without.

In

it is

(W. 106 A.)

Chalmers jfe is a man by drawing in to his clothing hence to avoid. The sun H w^ithdrawing M, it
self
;

According to Mr. trying to hide him-

is late

Rfe;

""l&.t
/J

ch'ietf,

To

advance, forward, to'ward, before,


i-adical,

formerly.
tao^,
is

the

18th, arbitrarily

fixed

without reference to the etymology. upper part -i^ is a contraction of Jh,


to
stop,

The
cA/A',

and the
the

is

a contraction of
radical.
It
is

^,t^

chot^' a

boat,

137th

pictOre in the seal writing of a boat with high curved prow, a/ ^eck supported by one of the partitions in the hull, an oar in front and a rudder behind. It is straightened and placed upright to save room. (W. 66 A.) A boat advancing m into the harbor w^here it will stop ih. (W. 66 D.)

109

jkU iTv
T'

k'tt^i*,
..

flow of

spirits, cheerful

promptness,

rapid, sharp, quiclc.


is

~ 'L^

shu*. hsiti^,

the radical, the 61st, meaning to partake, a hand

heart.
y\^,

See No. 18.

chiieW

To divide,

holding

a half of a

cbung^ or object of any kind,

that may be equally divided. (W. 43 O.) Chalmer's explains it as a hand drawing

a bowstring and about to

let

the arrow

41
fly
;

therefore quick.

As quickness depends
>(>

on the
110

inind, the radical

is

added.

#.$
-,

tiien^,

A year A

at

first,

the crop or harvest, and

then the year, for that is the time taken to produce the thousand grains.
shield, is
;

I,

"T" kan^,

the radical, the 51st

a trunk
;

or stem

to look after or concern

origi-

nally a picture of a pestle, so to grind,

destroy offend against, blunt arms, crime. The seal writing of nien^ shows that ^ kan^ has nothing to do with it, but that it is really composed of ho^, grain in the

field,

115th thousand. (W. 24 D.)


the

radical,

and

=f:

ch'ien^,

^^

*^ tsao^,
jih*,

Early, morning, soon, formerly.

sun, is the radical, the 72nd, as the idea


early,

has to do with the rising sun.


is

The

+ shih'

a primitive writing of chia^, is the first of the heavenly stems, therefore this indicates the first sun early.

(W. 143 E.)


112

m
^
Jk
jLij

t'i'aoS

carry a load from the two ends of a pole, to stir up, to choose, to reduce.
See No. 53. a picture of the lines on the
is

To

shou^ or t'P shoti^


chao*, omen,' is

the radical.

back of a tortoise shell brought out by heating for divination in the middle is h
;

pu' in its ancient form an omen, a million or vast number. (W. 56 D.) This phonetic It is two t'ao^ to run. is the same as in other the pa^ characters, one outside
;

44
It has been because in the modern confused with writing they are identical. Loads carried in this way must be widely separated.

indicating wide separation;

113

^V >^

t'ien\

Heaven, the sky, a day, the, weather, the Emperor, great, high, any celestial superior over an inferior moral superi; ;

ority.
ta*,

great, is the radical, but the

meaning

of

the character is not the one great iz, as


it is

often translated, but the one sky


is

which
tion.

cative charaeter, not

thus it is an india logical combina(W. 60 C and l.C)


over
',

man

71*

The nodes or joints of the bamboo, any joint, knot, verse; a feast day; temperance. (See chtP, is the radical, No, 118, bamboo.
chieh^.

up,

No. 7.)

chP

that which is done as soon as the fragrance of the cooked rice ^ .(see No.
eat,

To

75)

is

smelt.

By

extension
li

a conjunction
fc

meaning consequence
equivalent in
wexz

in general, being the

of the

cA/a* of

common

use.

(W. 26 M.)
in IP, It is written

thieh^, indicates order,

either

It is the (See No; 42.) P or '&. 26th radical, meaning joint^ (W. 55 B.)

115

^^ ^^-5

:?:

^^'^'^

cut out 73 tao"^ clothes i^ to begin making garments, which


step in civilization
;

'^^

i.e.,

is

the

first
first,

to beg^n, the

at

first.

4&

71 tao\

116

^
7n

For 3t^ I'S see No. 51. ^ The first thing in making clothes :^ is to cut out 71. (W. 16 B.)
knife, is the radical, the 18tb.

Aei*,

To
to.

give to, to

let,

allow,

for,

instead

of,

Read

chi^,

to receive, to afford, to give

out.
ssu^ silk floss, is the radical,
10*, .To

-^
ogfet

join, union,

harmony.
silk

To
is

give

is

to join -&

No. 120. (See No. 103.) threads ^. Silk

a popular present.
;

117

1,^

chiao*,

To call, to tell, to cbmxnand, to cause the cries of the birds and animals named, termed.
;

P
S\-

k'ou^,
tou^,

118

^
I
,

mouth, is the radical. No. 30. Measure, ten -f- sheng^ or pints ^. It is a picture of the peck measure, said to be a scoop with a handle 68th R. (W. 98 B.) lEI- is to call out P the measure i|-.
;

yA\
I"l

pan*,

To

divide in

two a
;

half,

a large piece of.

shih^, ten, is

dictionary,

the classification in the standard the 24th radical. It comes

etyniologically from

A, to

an ox.

(See No. 50.)

and 4=^ To divide A an ox


divide,

^ into two
119 ^la

halves as butchers split the

beef dow^n the backbone.

(W. 18 D.)

ara
kuo*,

-jS^. ^|B]

pass by, cross over, to pass time, to exceed, sin of ignorance, sign of past time.
rest is

To

The is the radical, the 162nd. a suggestive phonetic. See No. 10. f^ kttei^, A wry mouth, hare lip or cleft palate and It is from P k'ou^, mouth
cho* to go,
;

46

fO^ kua:\ Skull

o
''

and bones, to strip oflfthe flesh, to bone, dislocate a skeleton, broken, and so a defect. The ^ to go, means action and
*

1^ kua'',

defective; defective action is sin

m.
120
cbirf,

(W. 118 A.)


fast,

To bind
a

to press tight, urgent, imthe 120th radical and

portant.

From
solid.

ssa^, mi*,

silk thi-ead,

^^ 5^

chiei^,

hold ^ of one's servants g, ch'er^; S a servant bending (W. before his master, the 131st radical.
firm,

To have

82
121

E.)

as
J\^
is

7^,

A form
by
pj"

of B or E. already. When preceded i'o*, could, it is equivalent to can be,


be.

rad.

may

It is

a very ancient primitive

re-

presenting the exhalation of breath, the

and so use until exhaustion, tp end, to be no more, passed,


already.
It is -written in four Avays in

virtue of any object, its use,

modem
&. it
122
ch^etf,

times,

S B i*

JSi.

When

written

means

use, by, \yith,

by means.

(W.

85 B, F.)

Sun shining
i

Jg

Q e

jVA*,

sun,

morning. the radical, No. 72.


forth,
;

cA'el^

day, time, the* 161st radical 7 to 9 A.M., the heavenly bodies. These are

borrowed meanings
to be pregnant, a

the original means

^,

bends formien* her pregnancy, " her shame," says the Shuo Wen. ( W. 30 B ) Purely phonetic here. (See S6f) mien\ A woman sitting, is the girdle, at the

woman who

ward

^ jeT^ to
.

conceal

47

the seat, at the right is an apron that hides the front of the body, the pregnancy, says the Shuo Wen. Therefore the meaning to hide, conceal. (W. 112 L.)
left is

123

n/^

Hp
I\ [^
14-

tso^,
jjh*,

Yesterday, time past.


sun, is the radical, the 72nd.

wariff',

A
I5t

primitive xneaning to hide, from

^, ^

ju*,

to enter, and
plus r

a hiding place.

cha*, is

which represents an obstacle, that is, to seek to hide and to be hindered therefore the modem meanings of suddenly, hastily, unexpectedly. (W. 10 F.)
H^

yesterday has passed suddenly put of

existence.

124

Z^
3,'3&

qcg

hsien*.

The

glitter
;

% of gems,

IS.

to appear,

to manifest
j^ii*,

at once, now.
pL-arlj-,

a gem,

(the radic3.1. No. 96), jade,

half translucent stones.


gether, the dot being

The

cliaracter

represents three pieces of jade strung to-

M^
125

added to distinguish (W. 83 A.) it from S wang^i king. chien*, to see; the appearance of. (See No. 85.)
shih-,

tA Q^ 1^. O^

Time.
is

jih\ sun, is the radical, No. 72.


ssu^,

temple,

the conventional phonetic for

the modern writing.

=;2l chih^ is a small to plant 4* issuing from the ground Standing continuity. development, grow, alone it is borrowed now for the sign of

the genitive or possessive


classic

case

in

the
rule,

language.

^-

t'stin*,

inch,

law.

Hence the

ssu* or temple is the

4S

place where the

law

-^ is applied con-

stantly

:k.

(W. 79 B.)

^
126
l!

The ancient writing of ^ shih^, was , meaning the tune of sprouting of plants
under the influence of the sun, or perhaps the continuity .= ::^ of the solkr H
periods.
hott*,

(W. 79 B.)

To

wait, to expect, to inquire,

a time or

period.

The character w^as originally written ^ meaning a nobleman, and read /zou^. '^, ^^, nr hou^, The upright stroke was inserted, some say, to diiferentiate the meaning of wait, time,
is

yv jerP',

the radical, the 9th.

Others say it is the archer's attetidant. The origina;! character is composed of arrow (see No. 100), sticking in the target above r* with a man beside it ^. The man is reduced to f and the target to :i. Shooting at a target was the means of selecting oflicials, for the! good shot mast have an upright heart, so the character means a nobleman. With the and another \ added it f reduced to means to wait as a target marker (W. 59 H.) does.
etc.

PJi.e^
tl

ming^. bright, the


ligent
jiii*,
;

dawn

evident, open

intel-

illustrious in virtue.

sun, is the radical,' No. 72.

^
qS
'

yiiei*,

moon (see No. moon are the two


earlj'^

43.)

The sun and

tlie

brightest things.

The

seal characterhas the character

Q for

vsrindow instead of H sun.

Here the idea

49

of brightness
in at the

was from

the

moon

shining

window.
follow,

(W. 42 C.)

128

>SJUi

S
t'sung^,

1^."{III|

To

obey.

A man walking
s^ to re-

after another,

and often written

present that idea.

ch'ih^ is the radical,

No. 60. is two men j^k. walking ;f and stopping Jh together, ue:., to follow, obe3^ (W. 27 A.) In the seal character the ;f and .ih are vinited into a

cho*^,

going.

See No. 10.

VOCABULAEY
129

OF BALLBR'S LESSONS.

3|

mL

c^^^

remember, being composed of W word, and g, self, succession to record a sign


'^"o
;

q
^i,
i''

the succession EL of facts. yen-, words, is the R., the 149th. No. 10.)
tell B"

to

(See

^."C

chP,

self,

in the seal writing represents threads

on a loom, two of the warp, horizontal, and one of the woof, perpendicular hence the meaning of succession ; the 49'th R. It is borrowed to mean self. W. 84 A.)
; {

130

.
maii', Remiss, rude
eas3', sluggish.
;

to treat haughtily

slow,

*^

hsin\ called the shu* hsin\

is

the radical. No.

61, as the qualities are those of the heart

No. 109. wan- the phonetic, means to draw, extend or pull out with the hand, long. (=| mao* is a torehat or cap (picture R with a mao*, to rush on l^resent the head). /) or mind,
cf
'fc

k'uai*, quick.

50

heedlessly or with the eyes covered.

The
J.)
.

g
131

is

written horizontally to

make room
(W, 34
.

for the

m ,7l JS.

X hand, which pulls,

ch'ang^.

Long. The 168th radical, used m matters relating to hair, as it is a contraction of ^S piao^, bushy hair, the 190th
,

radical.
is

The
,

seal writing

shows that
tied

it

hair so long that it must be band and pinned with a brooch y. It also means growth to manhood when the hair is long, and is read chang', for the meaning growth. It also had the inverted

with a

man

placed below

\^

to indicate change or
is

growth. The modern form contraction. (W. 113 A.)


132

an

arbitrai-y

m
)-,
I

tien*,

yen*

A A

shop, an inn.
single

slope

shed

roof,

being half
or

of ^
slope
;

mierP,

or roof;

declivity

the radical of this character, the

53rd

an outhouse or hut.

(W. 59

I.)

(See No. 24.)

cS chan^, To ask p about some enterprise by heating a tortoise shell Y divination. It is


',

purely phonetic unless


diviner lived in

we

think that the


or

a sort of public inn

shop,
first

and a

diviner's house

was one of the

(W. 56 B.) ^ has the same sense as fi^ to usurp or to occupy, hence well used in fjj tien^ inn where one occu]}ies a room for fi consideration.
kinds of shop.
Face.

133
lieti',

P3,

jou*, Flesh,

meat,

made up

of -^ pao^, a bundle,

51

and

radical

strips of dried meat the 130th and the radical of this character. (W. 17 G. and 54.)
;

ch'ien^

All,

unanimous, meeting,

together,

'^
^

From /^ chP, together, 6K several men and mhsuan\ clamor, A crowd cannot keep
silent.

Suggestive phonetic, for the faces are the conspicuous feature of a crowd.

134

j^ SS,

^ <>
~n

(W. 14E.)
hu'-,

A pot,

a jug.

shih*,

a s#-iolar, is the radical, the 33rd, but has nothing to do with the meanita, as it is simply the picture of the cover on a vase

S?.

Compare cA'ii*,

* No. 67.

(W. 38 G,)

135

m
^n
'

chiao^,

foot,

base.

No. 130. See No. 133. ch'iieh*, To throw aside, referring to the leg being thrust back when sitting flat on the ^SS ground. It is composed of p chieh^, the radical, No. 26 (see No. 42), and c/i'a*, ch'iao*, the upper to go, reduced from
jou*, flesh, is the radical.

lip

above the P mouth. To restrain P the desi^ ;s ^. The character is still written ggp. W. 17 H.)
or
:^

flesh

136
ch'ing^, Light,

not heavy. To think lightly of;


chii^),

to slight.
c/i'eS is

a cart the axle two wheels, Zl and the body H it is set upright in writing to give more room in composition it means to roll, to crush. It is the 159th radical of characters relating to vehicles. (W. 167 A.')
the radical, (classic
1
;

^^

ching^

a pure phonemic here. It rcspreseaatts the streams ^. flawing under '^le sttrface of the ground and the is not ktmg^, but t'7H^Vand is of phonetic force onty, as seen in the seal writing. (W. 12 H.)
is

^^^i^^

A^aH\

The drying

effect

of the sun, dry, ex-

hausted, to dry,

?lean. Adopfted as a son Read c//'/efl", theolowd^- sky, heaven, the powers of natwre, fiather.

by contract.
f
1

iS one,

5th.
^i\,

a stem, curved, vapor, is the A redundancy, however.

radical, the

kail* is the

sun H penetrating the jungle and drying up the vapors -that were 13'iing low
jjp*^

on the ground "S"


t/^ is

The lower -part of the

suppressed to give lylace to, the "5 vapors. It has the idea of evaporation,
fogs
lifting,

sun

rising,

etc.

With

the

adding of
character
bj'

ZJ to

form
is

ch'ietv,

the idea

of rising vapors

intensified,

means

cloudy'

sky,

and the not the

blue firmament.

It is used for kan^, di-y,

license instead of $2 in whi<ih


tlie

^ re-

drying effect- Tli of the sun ujion dampness. (W. 117 D.)
presents
138

Cip

^^
V Jc
,

Jeiig''',

Cold, chill j\

jP^"i^'

T"

freeze, ice.

It represents the crystals

that form on the surface of freezing water. It is the 15th radical of characters referring to cold and ice. (W. 17 A.)

g^
'

^^

ling*,

law, an order, to

command, your
is

honored.
ice.

The
I.

seal or evidence of cold

(W. 14

See No. 5i.)

53
jo*,
j/l^

Hot, to warnii
fire, is

fever.

huo^,

the

i:adical,
^"^

No. 86.

(See No. 47).

Here written

to save space.
to hold, to attend to.

^,^

c/j/A*,

to grasp, to

seize,

^
ji$i

It is

nieh*

nr
-ii<

Iri
,

tL

chi*

composed of a man :fc (changed to ) who committed an oflFence T twice or repeatedly, i.e., a criminal; (^ Jen*, is a second offence.) (W. 102 F.) and to hold, to keep. A pictuVe of a land ^
'"''

grasping something 1 It in composition frequently to


.

is

changes!

A and Jl )L. (W. 11 E.) Hence the meaning of ft chib^, is to sieze % a criminal #, or to grasp anything. (W. 102 G.) Jo* % is the sensation when you grasp fire ^.

140

w9B

shen^,

Deep, profound, ardent, intense

deep

tinted.

7K

shui^, is the radical, the 85th.

(See No. 79.)

shen^

is

the Chinese hearth or stove, or small


kettle;,

cave-like hole yC under the

(or in

the k'ang*) in which the hand -^^ pokes the fire jy. It looks dark and deep, therefore the meanings deep, profound.

The

lire

and hand ^ have ic and the dot on the "X hs'iteli^ has heexy Comarbitrarily omitted by the scribes. bined with ^/ water it means deep combined with ^ hand, it means to fathom, or probe fil t'an'\ (W. 126 B.)
been transformed into
;

7JhL

shih\

Moist,

wet, damp, low

lying ground,

dejected.

Hi

^V

shuP,

water,

is

the radical, the 85th.

(See

No. 79.)
hsien^,

Two

silk

threads

^ exposed to the sun


visible
;

a where
visible,

thej^

become

so, to

be

to appear, remar-kable, evident, bright. The bottom of the character is

' .

(W. 92 E.) The water 7K appears ^. in a w^et place Wkthe is replaced by In another w^riting and the -"" by fti^, giving the meanv^rhere water 7jt aping of the earth (W. E.) pears jgs92
contracted from W to
'"\

1^

Jl

kao\ Lofty, high, eminent, noble, high


excellent.

priced,

The 189th

In coraiJosition it is variouslj' contracted, overturned and mingled with other elements. It represents a high pavilion "* on a lofty foundation H, and w^ith a hall O where (W. 75 B.) See No.' 98. the people sit.
radical.

^ff mRV

^^^*'

^ girdle, a sash, belt, zone to take along with one as if worn at the girdle, to bring,
;

to take, to lead, together w^ith. It represents a belt -~ with trinkets hang^g from
it
'U*,

and the robes


rtl

falling

below
is

^ one
made

over the other.


rjl

The lower part


itJ

up of two chin
the other.

characters one outside


is

Chin^

a handkerchief sus-

pended from a
ing down, the
It is

girdle, the
1

two ends hang-

also

meaning suspension.
rfl

radical

No. 50, relating to cloth.


chin^ is the

(W. 35 A, and W. 24 Q.)


radical of this character.

,;

55

1**

*^ /^ -^'^' ''*'

k'uan^, Large,

broad

gentle, to forbear, slow^

to enlarge.

mieti^, roof, is

& huan^

A chamois
(W.
]

the radical, No. 40. (See No. 1.) with slender horns, +" = T

kuai^,
legs,

03

C.)

represients the hciad,

and

tail,

(often

omitted).

may

mean broad becattse a spacious enclosure is


needed for
animals.
145

the breeding

of these wild

(W. 106 D.)


the opposite

^,1^
/V

chaP, Narrow, contracted,


k'uan^; narrow-minded.

of

hsiieh' cave, is the radical. No. 116.

(See No.

p
At

97.)
cha*, To enter a hiding place and be hindered
,

i.e.

crouching. Therefore w^e have

ing

down

in

J>t

cave,

^^ ^ narrow.
,

crouch-

(W. 37

G, and 10 F.)
tsou^.

(See No.

123

for cba'.)

UiL

walk, to travel, to hasten, to depart. The 156th radical. The seal character above represents a man bending over to walk rapidly ^, and therefore means to
bend.

To

The part underneath


;

is Jt chih^,

foot at rest, or to stop hence the coinbination maj' inean to bend the leg and to stop,
i.e.,

to walk.

Williams.

(W. 112 A, D.)


let go, to

WC> >0n

iitig*,

To

put out to pasture, to

put

loosen, liberate, to set free, disorderl3'.

^, ^
-t: tr-

p'u^ to tap, to strike, oversee,

is

the radical,

No. 66.
isLi^^i A.

^-1

with a stick. (W. 43 D.) square, an open space, the 70th radi-

A hand

y^

cal.

Two

boats lashed together forming a

56

The X indicates that they are cut apart and allowed J:o proceed on their
square.
several ways;

(W. 117 A.)

148

chian^.

To

converse together, to preach, to

explain.

Wi

ye.T^, is

the radical, the 149th.

kou*

a graphic representation of the timbers in the roof and framework of a Chinese building hence its meaning of a network, a setting in order, a combination. Combined with g" it means setting words s in order if, i.e., to explain, to converse.
is
;

Compare % wood if, set in order, the truss of a roof. (W. 1 04 B.) Tuan shih's Shuo Wen says this character represents a network of irrigating ditches.
149

^
^

tso^,

To

act,
;

to do, to to arouse.

make
It

to arisen to

appear
things,

refers

to doing

while

fit

refers

more to inaking

things.

J!^ jer^,

man,

is

the radical, the 9th.


(See No. 123.)
f^.-

cha*, Suddenly, to excite.

No

etjanology
150
chia^.

is

given for

To

assist, to rescue, to

save from wrong.


(See
IIo.

J^

p'n* to tap, is the radical, the 66th.

^,

147.)
c/i'iu^,

to ask,

is

the phonetic.
is

Its

meaning

of

found in the supposed custom of offering sacrifice and taking the skin of the offering in the hand, to present with the petition. The character repreto ask, pray,

57
vSents the
f\^.

hand

s^

holding the

tail

or skiu

(W.45K.)
shop.

p-u*,

cZi/m*

Correctly written If with for the radical.


is

15",

o"

sAe-,

tongue,

the radical, the 135th.

pic-

ture of the tongue protruding from the

m, ffl

mouth. (W. 102 C.) (See No. 73.) It is, however, really composed of -^ she' (See No. 40), cottage, and A" as a pure

phonetic, it

is

aptitude

Myung^

(an arrow
at

hitting a target) for founding a family,

manhood, and

then, the

name assumed

manhood or

given by a friend.

(W. 109

D)
152
kci^.

Older brother.

W
^f
o|

i^'oa^
i'o*,

mouth,

is

the radical. No. 30.

To

send forth a breathing 7" of approba~

tion from the mouth.

Doubled

it

means

to sing. It is borrowed for brother. When the lower stroke "^ is curved the other way, it is a cry, or difficult breathing. See No. 258. (W. 58 I.)
153

m.

^^

Younger brother. ktm^, bow, is the radical,


t?.

(the 57th) according


classification.

to

Kang
see

Hsi*s

arbitrary

But
154

No, 86 for the primitive form and

etymology.

(W. 87 E.)

cbih^,

holding a single bird #, not a shaang^; hence the meaning pair as iri by itself, a numerative. of one single,

A hand ^

53
sliips,

animals, birds, single individuals of

things in i^airs or sets, as arm, eye, shoe,


etc.

(W. 168 G.)


radical,
it

'^, j^

chui'^

short-tailed birds, is the

No.

%
%,
155

172.
tvtre

The

seal

forms show
tail.

to be a piccf.

of a bird with a short tail,

M niad*,
(See

bird with

a long

(W. 168 A.)

No. 41.)

*r
],

^
I

tei',

To

strike, to

beat

doing in general.
is

shou', hand,

here called the t^P shot/,


is

the

radical, No. 64-.


tino^,

that which the hand strikes. Therefore the hand and the nail together form the verb to strike (the subject and the object of the verb). (W. 57 A.) Read t/ag* it means to nail.

a nail (a picture)

156
hsi',

To wash. The
(See No. 79.)

radical

is

7K shui*, water.

In order to
7K.

wash
(For

86

you

must
157
|JL^
il2i^

first

^ have water

hsien^

5feseeNo. 27.)

wan^^, To forget.
cal.

j& hsin^, heart, is the radi-

No. 61.

CT, (^,

vrang^ to enter
]jerish,

A a hiding place L
ijj.

to hide

to

to run away, to cease.


ceases to act

(W. 10
that
is,

E.)
for-

The mind
gets
158 tttt
^.

lU^

yen', Eye,

a
is

hole.

@
J^ M,

'mvi\ eve, is the radical,


kcff^ firm,

No. 109. (See No. 102.)


It is the

a suggestive phonetic

to stop. It

138th K. meaning also, perverse, obstinate, is from S mu*, eye, and K hua'

59

to turn, change stiddenh' (a


'
'

man

A invert;

'

''
'

ed K
fore

as the eye changes in anger


It is in the eye that

there-

anger, defiance, haughtily, etc. (W.


L.)

26
first

anger may be seen in another person, hence the

use of
159

I^

S in the character for eye.


;

g
R,

chmg^, The iris of the eye, the pupil some say the eyeball. mu%\s the radical, No. 109. (See No. 102.)
ch'iiig^,

..^i

The

first

of the five colors, the color of

nature, as the green of sprouting plants,

the blue of the sky, the azure of the ocean,

dark green, and black.

(See No. 63.)


is

The black

W
;

part of the eye

the pupil

^ or the

iris.

^^
Mt
Jjik

t'lad^,

twig
is is
),

bill

classifier

of long,

slender things.
>fC tnu^,

wood,
ed
to-Zl

yu^ to ford,

the radical. No. 75. crossing water (reduca man and tapping with a stick : to

sound the depth. It was borrowed to mean a relative pronoun, and equivalent
In the :?K li, of Bt so^j a place. character maj'' have been added because the pole used in sounding was of wood,
in vsren

and so the meaning of twig, came naturally by extension,

slender, etc.,

A slender stick man who fords


^a^
ft- ^^
(^^^^^^f

i^ of
f!fc

wood

.tIc

(W. 12 C.) is tised by a

the stream.
;

street,

avenue

place of markets.
It re-

As/ng"^,

to go,

is

the radical. No. 144.


footprints, one step

presents
left

two

with the

cli'ih*

and one with the right

so
ch'e* (the reverse of 5f). ff As/ng* is the radical of characters relating to motion, the phonetic being inserted in the middle.

(W. 63 C.) kuev, Lands, feudal appanages


soil,

from
it is

t't^,

doubled.
thej'

By

extension

used of

the sceptres or batons given the nobles

when
162

were invested with their 'fief.

(W. 81 B.)

shvang^
2 chuP

pair,

a match

an equal

to go

with, to be matched.
birds, is the radical,

154.)

Two
;

birds

No. 172. (See No. held in one hand

make a
163
hsxeh^,

pair M.

(W. 168 G.)

Shoes

also written

^.
or degrade him
represents the
It

ko^.

To skin,
from

to skin an

officer,

office,

leather.

skin of a sheep Y

stretched between

two bars

(contracted from ^) ZI with two

3^

hands 5 at work on it to scrape off the wool. Radical No. 177. (W. 105 A.) Aer^ is the phonetic. (See No. 161.) Leather next to the land ktteP, is a proper

sign for shoes,

^.
VI.

BALLEE, LESSON
164
IP,

An

worship, which w^ill bring happiness ceremony, propriety,


act, particularly acts of
;

good
usage.

manners

offerings

required

by

in >J\ shih*, is the radical, No. 113, written composition. It means a revelation (aus-

picious or unlucky)

from heaven.

The

61
-

two

horizontal lines are the old fonn of Jt


;

shang-*, high, superior

and the

/]>

repre-

sents sun,

moon and

stars, or signs in

heaven which reveal transcendent things to men.


fg.

Ji*

vessel used in sacrificing.


(see

From

a. tou*

vessel, and LI l<!an\ a above it, ornamented with two sprays ft feti^, symbol of plenty. (W. 97 B.) Revelation ^ is needed in abundance to teach how to worship IB..

No. 105), a

receptacle

165

_^
sha}.

To mow
a

grass

to cut, shear,

slaj-, kill.

J3C shv^ the right hand


strike,

making a jerky motion, to


the radical, No. 79.

stick, kill, is

^^ ^ ^ X
tI^

(See Nq. 71.)

(W. 22 D.)
kill.

^a}, to shear off the heads of grain, to


^^

Shears, representing the cutting blades.


glutinous kind with
the' seal

^
^V

sAn", Millet, the

loose

drooping

heads.,

character being

^ picture of it. (Also another writing is a hand separating three grains, hence
glutinous millet, requiring effort to separate.) One dot is omitted in the modern writing ^. So we have for sha^ ^, to cut

oiFX tl^e heads of the millet #, and for the whole ^ sAa*, the addition of the
radical gives the strong motion of strik(W. ing, intensifying the idea of to kill.

39 B and 45
166

J.)

^^ ^^
l

chng\ Upright,
dox,
etc.

correct, exact, proper, ortho-

fi2

jjU chih\ is the radical,

No, 77. (See Nos. 10 and 12.) To stop Jh at the appointed limit without going astray is correct !. (W.

112
167

A,

and

I.)

:^ i^
^hF>

>

ch'un^. Spring, pleasant,

wanton, lewd.

jV/z*,

is

the radical. No. 72.

The

seal writing

has been strangely modified by modems. It represents the budding and growth > ot" plants P} under the influence of the Sun fj (W. 47 P.)
168

-j^
:^^,

^ ^
^V

hsia*,

Summer, variegated,
*

large.

The
,

first

great dynasty.
chib^'

to follow,

is

the radical, No. 34.

yeh*

A man, head. A man who walks ^ with his hands hanging down folded O as farmers do in summer when

the croiDs

grow by

themselves.
is

In the

modem
160 D.)
*w%> Ani
cA'/aS

character

contracted.

(W.

Autumn, harvest.
is

^, ^
!K.,

bo^, grain

(growing) (a picture), No. 115.

the radical,
Therethe

Aao*, fire (picture) is the


fore

86th

radical.

autumn

fs*:

is

the season

when

grain
>K,

^ standing

in the fields, is burned

i.e.,

whitened and ripe (W. 121 C.)


last or winter season
;

""^.^
y

tung^,

The

the end

to

store up.

ping, ice (picture, see No. 138)

is

the radical,

No. 15.

yC,,^ chung^ End,

fixed.

(To be distinguished from

63

radicals

sm\ 36 ^ hsi\ a skeiu of thread fastened at the end by a spindle or tie.


and 66
ji.

34 ^ chiH\ 35
p'u^.)

It is

The

frozen

v'

end

4C

of the year

is

the

#
171
chi^.

winter season, ^. An older form had sun H meaning the cessation of the action of the sun or it might mean the sun confined. (W. 17 F.)
;

Tender, the youngest of brothers, the end of a series of months or a season the four
;

seasons.
"T* tzt^, son, is the radical, No. 39.

^^

ho"

is

contracted from

M chih*,
^.

the most deli-

cate Ji among the children ?, i.e., the last; then the last month of a season,

and the season


172
/a*,

itself

(W. 94 A.)

To dry
stice.

meat, the 12th month; winter sol-

^^
,

jou*,

meat (see No. 133) is the radical, No. 130. Heh* Hairy, bristly, disorderly. It is a hairj'
<

head &,
tail

hsiz^

and

M shu'' rat, contractlegs,

ed into ^.

It

has the

head whiskers

and
^^

of a rodent.

(W. 40 B, C.)

'S, 3^

J^h\ Night.

hsi*

evening (see No. 14)

is

the radical. No. 36.


it

The
is

seal

form shows that

means what
^, that
sleep
;

done by
lie

man

:^ at evening
his side

is,

to

down on

aiftd

then

by

The modern form is of invention the scribes, a man A a quaint under a cover ju at evening i^. (W. 60 I.)
extension, night;j

64

174

^A "^

m
175

^
_:

far,
t'aP,

To

cai-ry
is

on a

pole, to elevate.

shou'\ hand,

the radical. No. 64.


is

exhaling a breath X. This an arbitrary contraction for the form

A mouth P
is

which

point -^

a high place i^ "with the topmost changed to and M chih* (under-

neath in place of P), birds alighting there. (W. 75 B.) (See No. 88) to elevate.
;

k'ai^,

To

open, to begin

to boil.

menr, two-leaved door


-44-

is

the radical, No. 169.

^un^^

Two hands folded, the 55th radical.


two hands
the bar
it.

The
is,

character represents

away
176

firom

H- taking

the door, that

ojiening

cf. Fi

shuan^, bolt. (W.

115

C.)

J3^,

'^

shad'.

Few

shao*, young.

^'^ hsJao^, small, is the radical.

No. 42.

^
177

p'ieh^

A left stroke,
that which

to diminish.

To

diminish
;

/
chung^,

less.

is already small /h (W. 18 M.)

few^,

^ un^,

A bell, a clock.
is

chin\ metal,
spinster.

the R. No. 167.

(See No. 13.)

A boy

under 15 and

unmarried, a

like 2^ c/j'/eAS

a slave boy, a slave girl. It is from ^ Asin*, crime, and fi chujug^, grave. A grave crime committed by pa,rents caused the children to be, reduced to slavery. The
It w-as originally

slaves w^ere forced to remain vmmarried,

and so the meaning spinster, bachelor, virgin, and then concubine and catamite,
for thej- w^ere used as such.

slave might

be beaten just as a

bell.

(W. 120 K.)


65
^^^

fit

t/en',

A black

light, as

spot, a point, to punctuate, tO' a lamp; to count or check off, ap

hour of time.

^. ^

^^'^''

l^l^ck, soot, is

the radical, the 203rd.

The

soot JH which the fires jfe leave around the vent \35? where the smoke escapes. The

a contraction of ^ yen*. (W. 40 D.) 1^ chan\ To ask p a diviner |>, to divine. It is


j^ is

purely phonetic.
tung*,
fi

(See No, 132.)

To move,
sheath.

excite, to begin.

jS

]i*,

Strength, muscle.
its
ter,

A picture of
53 A).

a muscle

in

It is the radical of the charac(VV.

Heavy. g chang\ When


W.,

No. 19.
force

(See No. 22).


-fj

is

(W. 120 K.) exerted on heavy things

thev

move

Wl.

180

181

a quarter of an hour. 7J, ij tao\ the Rad., No. 18, a knife. "^ 5K hai* purely phonetic, an horary character, 9 sbih' 11 P.M. It is a picture of a pig, /vV. 69 K.) with a tail added. a minute. Fen*, distinguish, divide, To Ten',
k^o\
cut, to

To

carve

duty, share. 73 tao\ knife, is the radical, the 18th,


rt

pa^,

To

divide.

A
182
'

knife TJ that divides

A=

iJ?"

to divide.

^^ *^
:^

p/ao*.

The outside, to make known, to manifest a watch, indicator.


;

i^,

clothes, is the R., the 145th.

mao-, Skins, furs, hair. Clothes were originally skins with the hair outside, therefore this
character means the outside of clothes,
thie

66

manifestation
to manifest
time.

of the

person,

tiierefore,

^.

AAratcli

manifests the

(W. 16 K.) The emperor dressed his huntsmen in diflerent kinds of skin

^
183

to indicate

their ftinctions in the

chase.

1^
P^

chien\

space, interval, division of

house.

meii', door, is

the R., No. 169. fal has the sun a shining through the opening, therefore the meaning, space, interval. See No. 5

and 12.
184

^,^
:5^,

to^,

Many, much, too much,


to write
it

reduplication.

hsi* evening, is the K.,

was repeated
it

the 36th. Because easy for the meaning

many.
ceasing.
185
tsan''

Perhaps

meatis many,

like the,

evenings-that follow one another without

(W. 64 A, E.)
To'

j]^

I,

we.
n&.

tsan

when,

sometimes

written

yV ^'

/en'', is

the radical
Bjl.

k'oir* is

the radical when

written

tsan^. I, w^e, is

186

an arbitrary modern abbreviation for which is jfc tsaii^ doubled, meaning a brooch or hairpin and S yiieh added, meaning to murmur, 5^ (W. 26 D.)

hou*, After, behind, to ijostpone

posterity.

:^

ch'ih*

step, to

march,

is

the R., the 60th.

{/ yao'

A fine thiead. (See No. 8 and 24.) To march ;f while stretching a fine thread
ii

out behind.

The

^^ chih^. to follow

is

a radical redundancy as go. (W. 90 A.)


187

it

also

means to

m
+.
1^

ti*,

The

earth, the ground,

place.

t'u\ earth, is the R., the 32nd.


ieh^,

Also, see No. 4.

188

m.^
^ ^

pai*,

To worship, pay
Ls

rCvSpect to either

man or

God. shoti\ hand,


It

the R., No. G4.

character

^ is also shoit^

The resiofthe ^ and As/a*, T-

was

formerly written with the hsia*

under both hands itieafling both hands hanging down, in the attitude of respect, or worship. (W. 48 E.)
189 n*|
M|HI
'

shang^, Noontide, midday.


jih*,

sun,

is

the R., the 72nd.

bsiang*, is a picture of a small north window |nl fS) tinder the eaves of the house /^ by exten'

sion it means, direction, to face

to

like,

to favor.

(W. 36
sun
B||i.

E.)
|p]

When the
it is

faces

the south

window

midday

190

'^^I^
"h
iC- /ts

wtr, 11 A.M. to 1 P.M., noon; 7th of the 12 stems. shi, ten is the R., the 24th.

Some say this noon mark on

is

the representation of a

the side or end of a house.

In combinations it has the sense of definite, fixed, exact as in ,f^ hsu\ to promise,

^
"'

wu"* obstinate, etc.

B.

Pf Already, past, to cease, to decline.

m
g^

ch?,

self, is the R., the 49th, The original writing of this character S S is nowfound in four forms B / B JSl. It is a

Tfery

ancient

.symbol,

to

represent the

exhalations of the breath, the virtue that


springs from an object, its action, its use,
then, use until exhaustion, to end, to pass

away.
192 lAr
JJPr
tso*,

cf.

-g"

(W. 85 B.)
numerative
of

A
To
It is

raised

seat,
cities,

throne, houses.

mountains,
/
j'e/j'

covering, shelter, shed, is the R., the 53rd.


sit

Aj^ <tjA tso*,

down, to
-*^

rest,

to place

to

reigjn.

two men
radical

seated, facing each other,

on the ground

db.

{See No. 66.)

The

/**

indicates larger things, or


a.

men

sitting in

a house, so

seat M.

(W.

27 D.)

^H^

cb'eiiff',

A city,
is

city wall.

J2
iJfe
'

t'u', is

the R., the 32nd.

fJt cVeng^,

T a nail, a and \vu* in which ^ Ao* is the a battle axe When a boy T is big enough to radical.
made from a
jf^

boj--

wield a battle axe he

is

grown up or com-

pleted, a man, i.e. ch'eng^ tiag^, jg; -f. The character means, completed, to be-

come, to
into a

finish.

When
it

earth dh

is built
iS.

citj'

its liighest

M has attained usefulness. (W. 71 M.)


wall
;

to

^^

dt-|

^B^\ A

fief,

a territory
fief;

to appoint to

office

over a
"}*

to seal up, to blockade,


4rlst.

to.

stamp, an envelope.
ts'un\ inch,
is

the R., the

(See No. 69.)

69

kueP^, is>

land

according to the seal character, the and crops \J/ under the rule "+ of a landlord, that is a fief. Such is the Chinese explanation. Wieger considers it erroneous. He thinks it a tree }^ on a

mound

i in the eenter to indicate the feua


letter^

datory or imperial possession of the land, (W. 79 E.) -.f added indicates rule.
195

Jt^ 7|S
IPS*

ivS

hsin*, Faith, sincerity, to believe in

w yV

arsenic.

j^^y

A man standing beside that is, faithful. Some ane", cient forms are a man and mouth also a
is

the radical.

his

word

heart and a word that is words coming from the heart,; sincere. (W. 25 H.)
;

BALLEE, LESSON
-^* ^ l \
' ~*

'Vll.

n
Ip

tsai*,

chiung^ a limit,
cally it is
liang^'

Repeated, a second time, also. is the radical according to the dictionaries, the 13tli. But etymologi-

a weighing instrument or scale in equilibrium and n erA*, two, added to indicate a second w^eighing or repetition, twice, etc. (W. 35 J.)
Year, liarvest, age
;

sui^,

Jupiter, the planet

1^1

that indicated whether an attack was to be made or not. chih*, stop, is the R. of the dictionaries, the is from pu*^ 77th, but the combination

J^^ /^

a step, a planet, and hsii^ which is a spear jX vru* arid its wound The lower part of the pu* ^P is enclosed in
>-

7Q

the J^ hsu\ at the bottom. period of twelve years was


period used bj^

Jttpiter's
cj'clical

a the Chinese and

called

great year :^ ]^. It [was later adapted to the twelve months and used commonlj-

ffi

pit^,

(W. 71 P.) A step. It is composed of Jh to stop and the same reversed underneath with the opposite meaning, to start. A step ^, is the starting ^, and stopping Jh of the (W. 112. F.) feet in walking.
forayear.

198
shti'',

To

count, s/ju*

a number.
is

4i p'u^ to tap, to govern,

the radical, the 66th, referring perhaps to the habit of men to

check off w'ith the finger as thej^ count.


lou^ Troublesome, frequent,

and so

approjDriate
off.

in the character meaning to count


is

It

composed of
^r

i)C

nu\

women ^

chung^

enclosed in

wu*- the -women's prison, and


idle, useless,

so has the meaning,


H^ shu*

trouble-

some, repetitious, frequent.

meant

(W. 67 N.) originally to govern J^ these

women
199
teTig\

prisoners :^.
order, series,
class

To compare, an
,

such, like

to wait.
is ti*

Y^ chu\ bamboo, and cf. ^

the R., the 118th, see No. 7 No. 86.

ssu\ Temple, the place w^here the rule -sfis constantly applied jt ik and jjeople a,re
classed.

(See No. 125.)

200

at

TO

^ m?,

ts'u\ Coarse, rough, vulgar.


rice, is

the R., the 119th.

(See No. 4^)

..

tsu^

(archaic
stool

for

chieh^)

is

a picture of a

n chi^ with two rungs=to brace the legs and standing on the groun<] It was boirrowed for the important conjunction, and, moreover. (W. 20D,) tSee No. 228 on ffl as a character showing

contrast.
201

m.^
trj

/js/\

Fine, small

soft

carefully.
is

yfi s'su,

or mi'^a strong thread,


(See No. 8.)

the

K.,

the 120th.
As/n' or

t'ien-, field,

was

originally written

ji]

skull

open above, meaning the fontanelles


;

of a child, tender

so appropriate for, fine,

tender M, like the silky fontanelles ^.


202

^ hair around the

Bn
m

^^
j,

^
^

sheng^, Wise, holy, sacred. (W. 81 H.)


er/2^ ear, is the R., the

128th, a picture*

(W.

146
ch'eng',

A.)

speak p k'ou^, while standing in ones place of office t'ing^ (a man A at


place on
ch'eng^

To

his

the

ground
lay

i.)r

therefore

means to

before

ones

superior, to notify.

^A

shcng^jen\ or wise men, are those who listen 1^ to the P information of those

under them
wise.

in office 3

and so become

(W

81 H.)

For

^ see No.

22.

TEL

^ "^

tsao*,

fo

build, to create.
chih*, to arrive at, is the R.,

cho* or tsou' 162nd.

the
at,

From

this

meaning, to arrive

the meaning to accomplish, to build x is Jcao* is purely phonetic derived and the

72

^ "^
Jig

^^^*'

the

To impeach, to indict thatis^ to do with mouth P what the ox ^ does with By extension it means to tell. his horns.
;

(W. 132 B.)

^
^,

^
^
^

huan^, Also, yet,


^ho* to go
is

still

the R.,

more, to give back. the 162nd.

yiiaii^, M- huatr The eye g, horizontal, and trailing robes, that hinder ones walk, a

hesitating gait and timid look.


yiiarr is

ch'uarP

made up of ^ P a long robe and To attach, to trail, being a picture

of

an ox yoked up and attached by a (W. 91 E. H.) trace to a ring.


205

single

.#

Jcvei*,

Honorable, costly, dear.


cowries, precious things,
is

pel*,

the

R., the

-^,

a picture of the cowrie shells with feelers out. They were used for money down to 300 B.C. and then brass representations of them were used. (W. IGl A.) k'ui* a basket, is a picture. (W. Ill A, B.) A basket ^ full of cowries K is a high
154th.
It is
price, dear.

206 JL4.

3ct

hsin^,
ni?,

A surname of a clan. woman, is the R., the 38th and ^ shen^, born. Woman bom, possibly this dates to the time when " mens' mothers were known but not their fathers " and so the woman gave the name to the clan or
family.

(See No, 15.)

jl^

^^

huahg^. Yellow, the color of loess.

201st

R.,

formed of

73

jg

t'iea\ field,

rowed
it

102nd radical, (a picture of furand of an old form of kuaiig' light, (a man A carrying a torch iJi)fields)

31

huan^

is

the yellow light it from the

fields HI.

(W. 171
in vain.

A and

149

and No. 696)

208

a, 6

pur, White
seal

Radical No. 106.


represents the

The

character

sun just

appearing above the horizon and so the white light at dawn. (W. 88 A.) (Sec No. 6.)
209

^.%
,^

Jaa^, Venerable, old, very.

125th

radical.

mao^ changes tj A hua* to white. (See No. 20.) The ^ and A are contracted arbitrarily by the modern scribes. (W. 30 D, E.)

man

whose hair

210

cbvP,

Lord, master, owner. It is a picture of a lamp and the flame rising above it. So by extension a man who spreads light, a lord. The prince rises above other men and is seen by all as the flame rises above "'"he lamp and shines out to all. (W. 4 B.
R., the 3rd.

and 83 D.) chu^ a dot is the


211

M,(^9t
";^'

J^
SK

Rags, unworthj'-, mean. p'u^ to tap is the R., the 66th. pi Broken shreds of cloth.
pi*,

The whole
of tapping
212
f-fY

is

piece of cloth

rj[|

sepat-ated

or riddled /\ withiioles ^^
J^.
(

by the action

W. 35

F.)

nan^,

Male of the human

species

B3

fieir, the land, is the R.,

a son. the 102nd.


;

'

74

~h 5j

ii\

Muscle, strength, a picture q^ a muscle and The 19th radical. its sheath.

The man
213

J|

is

%he one
.

who
(

exerts his
C.)

strength ij in

the,:field |H

W. 53

chi^,

To

ai'range, to narrate, disposition.

ssu\

silk is

the R., the 120th, see No. 8.

pi chP,

self, the 49th .radical, is a picture of the threads of a weft above and of one thread so sorting out and in the shuttle below
;

^
214

ari'anging threads
chi*,

boVrowed
sort
xl

for

self.

as a whole

is

to

thrills ^.

(W. 84 A.)

kgp .;^ ^ ^<>p3^,77t

f^\
^

To shoot an arrow,
;

to send forth, any

expansion or manifestation.
is

r > po* Separation

two

jt

back to back. It chih^ characters back to back.


trampling
;

It is the K., the 105th.

kun^, bow,
to
kill,

is

the 57th radical and the

^ shu^,

shih" formerly w^ritten separate arrow, so the character meant to from the bow ^ i.e. to yife the arrow

was

shoot.
215

(W. 112 H.)


lump.
;

m
ffi

i'u.i',

piece,

^'"^ earth, is the R., the 32nd see No. 13. -|t iaer, devil, spirit of a dead man, the 194th

f v*

rad.
^L is

The

fy

represents the spirits head, the

man and
the

the /

is

a tail or the
vanishes.

swirl

where

demon

Purely
after the

phonetic here.

(W. 40 C.)
fg

-person becomes a spirit


stiffened in

body has

death and when the


75

earth _ becomes
tip

stiff

and hard
iM.

it

breaks

into clods or pieces

ai6

it

Wei*, Seat, throne, condition, dignitj^,

a person.
of a

^'v ;e^^ man is the K., the 9th. _\L, jfc ^^*' 1^0 estabUsh, to stand.

A picture

man

standing firm on the

gro.vind.

The

place,

f]]F

(office,
;

dignity) where a

man

stands erect it each official.


ifj
,

the place assigned to

J/f\
rfj

ti\

The Supreme

Ruler, the sovereign.

chiii^, is

the R., the 50th; It iis doubled to represent the skirts hanging from the gii'dle.
Cf. No.

143 ^.
represented

^[^ IS.

a man clad in manj"- garments and designated by meaning _L above. The scribes added' two arms. LP Ssi; changed the bottom into '^ t'zti*, thorns, and then it was contracted into the modern fonn. (W. 120 H.)

The ancient character

BALLEE, LESSON
218

VIII.

1^,

1^

'

g &

i^

c/jcbS True, truh", genuine

rectitude superior

to the

common
is

perfect simplicity.

mu^

eye,

the radical of classifiaition, No.


is

109, but the character


following
chiti^,
:

made up
;

of the

straight, (see No. 99) rectitude

U
T[^

hua* to change," a man tumbled heels over head wu*, a high platform or base. In the combination the -f- shih^ at the top
;

chih" is replaced by the of the character wu* at top line of the \^ hufi*^ and the

76

the bottom
stroke

is

combined with the lower

of the chi!^ g.
is

The

logic of

% genuine M chenK
219

that moral rectitude iit chihF acquired by a change ^ haa* and raising wu* of the moral nature is true,
the combination

(W. 10 L.)
;

YS -1^

fin^,

The

top, very

the button on a
is

man-

darin's hat.

^
J
,

yeh*^,

man, the head,

the radical, the 181st,


;

see No. 105.

"P t/u^,

A nail,

(picture).

It is of phoiiietic force.

But the button on a mandarin's hat called ^$Sl ting^ tat*, looks like the head of a Chinese nail and as though it were nailed
into the hat or head.

220

-^

}^

Jp[, iP^

mai*, to

sell,

to betray, to vaunt.
is

pel*,

cowrie, precious,

the radical, the l54th

as in

map,

see No. 38.

ZtT'^fU,^^

The springing of plants, to put forth. map, to buy. Therefore K tnaP, to sell, is the
cA'u*,

opposite of

H in that it consists in putting


money

out

{ij

goods, and netting or obtaining

Rq the cowrie

peP.

(W. 78 E

and 161 D.)

'"^.^
r*
*

Home, family, a mienF a roof, or house,


chia^,

profession or class.
is

the rad., the 40th.

31

shih^ Pigs, the

152nd, radical.

The
it is

seal character of

100 B.C. shows that


upper
line for

a picture of a
legs,

pig, the

the head, the

and

showing the belly the right side the back and tail.
left side

77

It is suggested that
'^ roof, it

when

means

placed under a family because pigs

^
222

and dogs lived in the house with the family. (W. 69 A.) But earlier forms of

^
t^.

show various objects under the roof One of the earliest is three people
roof,

under a
child

for

a man,

woman and

make a home.

Chalfant XIX.
to polish

ts'o*,

In disorder, wrong, mistaken


file.

a polishing stone, a
13.)

c&/fl\ metal, is the radical, the

167th. (See No.

^*'^^ O^*^'

ancient, fomierlj'.

Dried meats.

It is forjned of dt contracted

from the seal form ii representing strips of meat hung up to dry and H jih* sun. So the meaning is old, dried meat as compared with fresh meat. (W. 17 J.) Old ^metal ^, scrapped, makes a most disorderly place.
223

An
>|^

hen', \ er3'.

ch'jh*

step, is the radical, the 60th.

ch^uan',
j^ is

other writing J^ the radical is dog (classical) the 94th radical,

In the ^ or it

^^

g ^

Aen'' is

the form used in combinations. composed of @ rau* eye and {j hua*, to keti^ is to turn or turn or change so change the'ej'-e g, looking in anger, de(W. 26 B &L.) fiance; stubborn, hard.
;

seems of phonetic force onlj' in \^ hett'. In the second wi'iting one might say " a, defiance, or obstinacy in holding dog's verv is on Wk extreme.
It

78

224

1^ ^3
A^'
'

p'P,

Skin, leather, bark, wrapping, the case around goods or the tare the 107th R. The seal form shows it to be a priiiiitive meaning to skin, representing the skin } (W. 43 H.) a hand ^ and a knife D
;

225
/-|5
,

f^

yung*.
is

To

hit the centre, to use, with, by.


It is

It

the 101st radical.


t^

from the same

226 -gg-

^ ^

chuti^ which also meant to hit i showing the part of an the arrow that did not go through. By extension the capacity of the archer, the effect, the use, the means. (W. 109 B.)

form as

the target and

ken^,

To

change, keng*, much.


This
It
is

yiieh, to speak, i^ the radical, the 73rd.


is

by convention

in the dictionaries.

l^,/51l

formed of the following, according to the Sbuo^ Wen": ping\ Fire, calaiiiity, bright. A fire in a house with flames rising above the roof. p'u* To tap, to interfere with the hand holding
really

stick.

Therefoie

kmg^y change, may


Fixing the

reprefire

sent fire on the hearth.

R.

hearth, the coais were covered by (W. 41 A.) ashes; the change is great.

on
227

tlje

fljffl

sheiP, Spirits,

animal
is

spirits,

gods.
in

-^

shih*,

to reveal,

the R., the 113th, used

characters denoting spiritual things.


is

It

formed of crh Jb shang* heaven = and /J^ the sun, moon and stars, or signs in the heavens which reveal transcendental things to men.

79

Hi shn\ To

extend, to stretch, to explain.

The

seal wiiting

shows two hands stretching

a rope and
by the

so the idea of stretching, expansion. Later the rope was straightened


scribes and was explained as a standing and with both hands t^ girding his body with a sash. The tbrni tj3 is simply an easier way of writing feji.
.

man

^, ^

The combination #is probably ijhonetic but the idea of god may have some connection with an increased or extended ^spiritual revelation ^. Chal(VV.

50

C.)

fant,

ing forked lighting.

however, finds early forms representHe thinks, probably rightly, that these became the sign for deity from superstitious dread of lightning ^g tien*. It gradually took the form ^ and tt: was added to distinguish the
,

meaning of God and ^ ,vf' rain, was added to show the meaning lightning ^. (Plates VII and XXVI.)
jjiji,

^'#.PI k'eh\ To be ^^^^ M ^,^ Jo"*>

flexible,, pliant,

willing, to assent.

opposed to the skeleton ^^^^ ^yo*,is the R., the 130th. (;See No.l33.)
^s

/e'en" the i^t A'ua\ In early writings of skeleton, was at the top of the character. As this forms the character for bone

ku^ the upper part fi was replaced by jh and thus the etymology is lost.

compared to the bones ^ (changed to ) and hence the derived meanings to yield ones self, to be compliant, to assent. (W. 65 A, C.)

The

flesh is soft

and

pliable as

In

& t'su^,

we have

another example of
characteristics

two

objects of opposite

joined to represent the adjective applying

to one of them

i.e. IH.

t'su^

coarse

is

:^ fine

grains and a large object,

heav\'

two

ranged stool
929 10:$
iBJC
chia^, False,

JL.

(No. 200.)

to borrow, chia* leave of absence.


to borrow.

J^ jeti'-,
03 ga
^'

is

the radical, the 9th.


False,

chia:',

The

seal

shows two Zl

skins j, that

is,

writing double skin,

or a borrowed skin over ones ti-ue skin, disguise, false. " Wolf in sheep's clothing."

(W. 43
hsia^,

for shrimp Jg, uses this suggestive phonetic. It


,1.)

The character

sheds one skin gradually while growing


another.
230 ^gjw

'^J

hui*,

To

meet,

to collect, a

procession,

society, able.

yiieh^ to speak, is the radical, the 73rd.

(See

No.

9.)

ch? To

collect, (see

-Sk tseng^

The words H yiieh^, that ]:)eoplc say when they meet A chr at the fire under the smoke hole IS
add,
still

To

No. 18.) more.

ch'uang^, in greeting or
fidding

more and more.

A in parting, The A pa' at the


i.e.

top

is

modified in the combination with

A chP to form # hui*.


40
231

(W. 14

D and W.

D.)

4^
'IJr

shih^,

To

cause

to order, to send,

A. i^n"'

is tlie rad.,

the 9th, with |^

a messenger. li* an officer

81
kN^

^
5^

shih^

ii*,

A hand ^ grasping a stylus, see No. 96 a historian, scholar. Those of the scholars j^ who were set over (= Jh) the administration. The meanings of ^ shib^ come from the uniting of A man and J^ the superior official of government. (W. 43 M.)
;

232
ch'iang^, Strong, firm, determined,
-

good read
;

'^

chUian^, to fonse, to rob. kun^, a bow, is the radical, the 57th, a picture. As the character ch'iaagf^ was originally
written ^, it meant a bow ^ that shoots over two fields and their boundaries cbiatig^, that is, a strong bow, and byextension, good, firm, determined.
Itard to write the

Being

M chiang\was replaced
a bow and when it falls on its

by ^, an
back.
Xv

insect that bends like

springs into the air

changed to p was the head of

the insect.

^,

ch'ving^

an insect, in the seal writing represents a snake, probably the cobra, called huf^^.

142nd radical which anciently and used for meant animals with legs, but now means
written
Jg.
|i

now

It is the

ch'titig^,

the smaller animals,


snails, insects.

as frogs,

worms,

(W, 110 B.)

233
p'en*,

tub, bowl, basin.

108th, a picture. jj^ mia^, a dish, is the R., the Zk /e\ to divide, is the phonetic. (See No. 181.)
231

^M

/iiS
"J^i^

Husband, man, workman,


great, (in composition,, man)
is

ta*,

the R., the

fn^, to has a stroke added in represent the pin 'in the hair used only when, grown to manhood at the age of twenty, the boy took a cap, and received an honorable name as well as used a hair(W. 60J.) pin.

37th.

It

235

&^

pin^,
shiif,

cake, pastry.
;

3fp,

XT

5f*J*

ssu*^ to feed, to r^ar, is the 184th, of characters relating to (SeeKo. 75.) food. P"'^' ^^^ ^^^^ represents two men marching side by side, or on a level ff cb^ien\ therefore the meaning even, together, harmony. ch^ien} is two poised scales, or shields side by

to eat, food

R., the

side,

even, level.

Pin^
united

is

phonetic, but
,

cooked grains

A form cakes ff

logical combination.'

(W. 115 B.)

236 -jfi^

J^
J1J[

ho^,

A box or
Shut

dish,

with a cover.

m/n*, dish, is the R., the 108th.


bo^,

^Afc

'

J^

^^

A the mouth P join, unite. (See No. 103.) So ^ ho^ is a covered dish,join the dish M and its cover. hat", A child. ^ tzu^, is the R. (See No. 1.)
;

-&

hai* is pure phonetic


;

12th of the twelve stems 10th of the horary cycle 9 to 11 P.M. The 10th month. It is said to be a picture of the pig with tail added. (W. 69 K.)
It is the
i.e.

238 __

p'an^,
HHfl',

plate, tray.
is

dish

the R., the 108th.

paT^y

To make a boat

move along by a

88

regular action

of the oars

so the de-

rived meanings of regular -way, manner,


equally. Plates resemble
little

boats.

'^,-^

chou^,

jC.

showing the high bow the deck, compartments, rudder and an oar.) It is the 137th R. of characters relating to ships. (W. 66 A.) s^"' is the right hand x making a jerky motion JL or a rhythmical motion, therj, to kill, to strike. The 79th R. (See No. (W. 22 A. D.) 71.)
(picture

A boat,

239

4J)C

pan*,
>1C /na*,

A board,
wood,
is

flattened

bamboo.
(See No. 75.)
is flat

the R., the 75th.


inversion.

^^
240

fan*.

To
like

turn* over,

A suggestive phonetic,
a hand. a
teng*,

as a board

A long bench,
is

stool.

>fC mu*,

wood,
a

the R., the 75th.

(See No. 22.)


is

^^
Hj

ten^,
chi^,

A stool

or bench.

This

stool, the

16th radical

(picture)

composed of and

/^ ^^
'

*^^^ to ascend, advance, at once. This is from the radical '/^ po* (See No. 214) to ascend step by step, and a pedestal S tou*. (W. 112 H.) (See No. 105.)
tan*, But, only.

241

j R.

Q
'

A is the radical,

the 9th.

3. tan*, The morning, dawn, daylight. It reprejust above the horizon . sents the sun In fg. it is, of phonetic force only. It is one of the few indicative characters.

242

chan\
rain*,

A classifier of lamps

a shallow cup.

dish, is the R., the 108th.

u
chien'

To

destroj',

13),

A small
Thus
it is

narrow, small. (See No. is a shallow cup dish

^.
243
ttng^,

a suggestive phonetic.
huo^, fire,
is the'R.,

A lamp,

ifi

the 86th.

(See No. 169.)

ten^*,

To ascend,
This

240.)
elevate
for

(See No. 214 and a suggestive phonetic for to fire ^/c is a good designation

to elevate.

is

a lamp

M:.

244 juzf

WB

mao\ A
rash.
\\l

hat, or head covering, to rush on,

B[

PI

a napkin, is the R., the 50th. G| mao*, a hat, is the original writing for l|lg. It is a n mao^ (to cover fj chiung^ something ) and indicating the head within. The modem writers change 3 to [^ and H so that it cannot be distingaished from yueh without reference to the seal
chiti^,

character.

M, mi

^'^* ^o rush on, heedless, to

covered

character.

act with the eye a natural meianing for the ^ M #f &. (W. 34 J.)
,

is

BA-LLiEE, liESSON IX.


249
chang-*,

An

account, a

bill.

pei*,

cowrie, precious, is the R.,


(See No. 38.)

the 154th.
also

^ chan^,
A

to grow, senior,

is

a phonetic and

the 168th R.

(See No. 131.) long or growing list of predojis things M is a gg cbang*. The character is a modern invention to take the place of

85
il^,

the radical M. beipg more appropriate to the meaning than Ift.

246
'JJCi

^
-^

chao^.
sbott't

To

seek, to find, to
is

pay a balance.
(See No. 2 f^,

hand

the R., the 64th.

Ao*,

spear or halbiprd.

from

which the character must


guished.)

be

distin-

The seeking in mind Tay the inventors of this character must have been a search for
an enemy, with spear
often used
:^ in

now

for seeking

hand ^. It is a man in the

spirit of revenge.

24f

saaii*,

To

reckon, calculate, to plan.

M* AV

chu^y

g
p^

bamboo, is the radical, No. 118, because the abacus, upon which mathematical calculations, are
often,

made

is

made

of

bamboo

is

primitive, a picture of the


is called

abacus, which
-H*_

^S suan* p'aif.

katjg^

The hands held up side by side as in presenting anything to another person.


Here it is the two hands f^ working on the abacus g which is made of bamboo ^ means to cipher. (W. 47 G.) and so iV kaug^ is the 55th radical. In combina-

^
;

tion

it is

modified in several
/\

ways as
in

^ in
and

^
248

tsan^

m & ping^
to lend.

:*:

:g^ chii*

|g^

/W^

chieh*,

To borrow,

Jen"

is

the R.,

249

^^

^^

9th.

hsP Old, purely phonetic


rung". Brass. No. 13.)

here, (See No. 222.)

^ chin"

is

the R., No. 167. (See

86

t'ttH^,

With; together, like. Phonetic. It is H ma&' a cover fitted to the n mouth of a vase, thus meaning agreement, union, to(W. 34 I.) gether etc.

250

J^. ^)

chiao^,

a pod a dime, a quarter. It is the 148th It is a picture of a striated horn radical. and is also said to be a combination of strong yj /? and flesh 1^ joii*. (W. 142 B.)
corner,
;

An animal's horn, a projecting

251

-lA
huan*,

To change about with


The R.

the hand, i-emove,


i'^'^

to exchange.

is 4*

shou', the

^;,

^ huatf To be on the watch


is

64th.

for,

to examine.

It

from two hands f\ (contracted to -jz) and a contraction of ch^iung^, w^hich is

a man
hsiieh^,

A standing at the door of a cave

'/Z

peering out g, with a stick in his hand 4^==:^, that is, to watch, or examine.

means ]passing an object from Thus hand p to band ^ while examining it ^


to avoid deception in the exchange. It is now^ written with another hand added as a radical i%, the hand of the other man.

(W. 37 F.)

-^H

pu^,

To reimir, to mend To
begin,

to patch, to substitute.

:^

i\ clothes, is the R., the


fu

145th. (See No. 51.)

great, just

now, an

honorific

ffi.S

name.

and governing a family, manhood, the age at which an honorary name was given to a man. Phonetic combination. (W 109 D.)
It is capacity |g for founding

a?
y^i^g^, The ocean, foreign, European, vast. j^ Y^ ^ y ,7K sAh?, water, the radical, the 85th.
-,

is

"^^

ya.vg^,

a picture of a and tail. The tail is often left off in combinations to make room. Phonetic combination. (W. 103 A.)
sheep,

a goat.

It is

ram

seen from above with horns, legs

254

%%
Ig*
fedd
:3^r?, JAi

mad", Hair,
radical.

fur,

plumage, (Picture). The 82nd (W. 100 A.)

255

p'iao*,

,.

signal,

1^1
***

note.

a ticket, a warrant, abankFor a mnemonic take " a bankbill

is a'^Wegtem untnie however. is

M revelation ^ ".
the R., the 113.

This

is

shih\,a revelation,

(See No.

164.) Etymologically however the modification of the seal writing of ik.


})l,

^ is a
fir^,

Chalfant PI.
it

shows a
fire

beautiful ori-

gin of the character in a


rising from
"

^ with smoke

and manipulated by four This was an ancient method of signalling. The seal writing of 100 A.D. is explained as being an ignis fatuus ik. kveP hud'', below is the fire %, on top^ the head and hands Efij and the line in the
hands
|==1.

&

middle
16. 256

is

the waist.

Compare

No.

(W. 50 0.)

rP,

/n
fjl

Market place, a market. chin^, a handkerchief, is the R., the 50th (See No. 143), a mistake etymologically. The seal shows that it is a broad place n chiung^ outside the town, overgrown with
sA/A*,

88

where people go to get 7 what they want. (W. 34 D.) an open space a limit, is the 13th R. chiung^, P3 jt "jr chp, To reach to, to get. (W. 19 D.)
grass
ik.

chih^,

257 ij^
ti*,

Base, foundation, low, to settle


is

J^

yetf a shed, hut,


132.)
t?,

bottom. the R., the 53rd. (See No.


;

^^ ^^

The

rest of the character is

a development

shih*, (See No. 8), a floating plant of that branches on the surfe.ce of the water and sends a root down to the bottom^

added below to represent the bottom of the water. So the meaning to sink, the bottom. (W. 114 A.B.) JK t? with the ^ yen^ radical means tlie foundation, base, of a house etc. JB.
hao*,

A line is

To

cry out, an order, a signal


;

a mark,

label

honorary name.

y^, (^ bu^ tiger, is the R., the 141st. This is a picture representing the stripes on the tiger's

^
^
^, f^

skin.

(W. 135 A.)


It repre-

cb'iao^ Difficult breathing, sobbing.

sents the breath

obstacle
.

fighting against an

(cf. rT

No. 152. )

The Shuo Wen

says.
is

KWi^^.mn-^^b^M~mm.

"2r bao*

mouth P sending forth cries interrupted by sobs T- (W. 58 A, B.) -i'.Pffi'?


the

^"*

with feet like a man's Ji jen^, added below. This character enters into sevferal compounds meaning cries, clamor. Thus both sides of the | bao^

tiger, is /g hu^

mean

outcry..

89

259 ^rtt

^^

tin^.

An

ingot of silver.

c/iin\ metal, is the R., the

167th. (See No. 13.)


It is

(S| ting*.

To

fix,

td

settle, certain, quiet.

order jE chen^ (See No. 12) in the house >^ mien^ (see No. 1) i.e. peace, quiet. (W.

112 1.) An ingot of silver ^ is therefore a fixed or certain ^ lump of metal ^.


260 AA>
fcB?
<'a*,

Rule, law,
is

model

means.
(See No. 7&.) (See No. 67.)

J^,7K sbaP, water,

the R., the 85th.

-^

cA'tf*,

To

go, to remove.

The

far fetched mnemonic has been suggested " the law, or a model fi fa'^ is

intended to raise the moral


:?fC,

level,

as

w^^ater

by removing

^ vices."

Historically the aijcient character for ?i


fa^

was

written

which means

A
is

chp

to adapt iE cheng* rightly, that


rule.

law,

261

IJK fv^

mst. Weights for money or goods, wharf. shil^, stone, is the R., the 112th. (See No. 42.) The seal writing /na', horse, is the phonetic.

shows the head turned backwards, the mane, legs and tail. It is the 187th R. (W. 137 A.)
262
__ _

chisL,

The value of a
is
Pi.

thing, the price.

^ ^yy
^
ffll,

jexBy

man
kt^

chis^,

the R., the 9th. shopman, as distinguished from a

travelling merchant

^ sban^; from %, pei*


West.

(^

As/a*

precious things under a canopy P5 hsia*. A cover, a canopy. The 146th R., often

confused with

ffi

hsi"

(W. 41 C.)

90

263

J=^ "^^

'

,S^ C

yiiarr.

Head,
uijon

principal, origin.
_t,

It is

of zl, or
is

and

)[ijen^
)l,

man.

made up That which


^L is the
R.,

Jc.

man

the head.

261

^ ^L
"05"

the 10th.
pao^, A gem, a coin, precious, valuable. *** miet^, house, is the R., the 40th.. (See No. 1.)

^^ ^^^
^C

Earthenware vessels in general, the picture of a covered vessel the 121st R. (W. 130 C.) pad', is to have 3E vu*, gems or jade,^-^ /ba*earthenware and ^ pel* money in the house. These w^ere the ancient valuables. (W. 130 D.)
;

t'^'

265

yin\

Silver.

chin^ is the R., the

167th

(See

No. 13.)

,^
266

ien* anger, hard, firm,

is

the phonetic.

(See

No. 223.)

Silver

M is hard S metal ^.
string of

fp
ipa

'

t/ao*.

To

suspend, a
is

1000

cash.

1^

^C

.&'oa^

mouth,

the R., the 30th.

When written ^ it means^ to condole, and ^ Aufl^ bow is the R., the 57th. It is a man A with a bow^ over his shoulder, coming to help keep the birds and beasts away from the corpse which w^as exposed to rot.

Hence the meaning of to condole. The Mongols still expose, but do not keep aw^ay the beasts and birds. The meaning to suspend comes from the fact that the

bow was
28 H.)
267

slung over the shoulder.

(W-

glj

fu*.

To

aid

a duplicate, an alternate, a

pair.

91

J} tao\

knife, is the R., the 18th.


is

(See No. 37.)

ftr^,

abundance, happiness
tracted)

from
;

^ A-ao* (conthe heaping


ffl,

and

t'icn^ fields

up

of the products of the fields

i.e.

abundance, prosperity g. A knife 7J cuts off from ones abundant stores m to help 11]. (W. 75 D.)
268

2p

p'itig-,

Free expansion on
;

all sides

plane, even,

level

tranquil.
;

"T" kati^, arms, crime, is the R., the 51st

(See No.
yiP, the

110.)

This

is arbitrary classification, foy

the seal

vyrriting

shows

it

to be

=f-

breath *7 hao* overcoming the obstacle In'^ and spreading out freely above the sjanbol pa!" to divide, adds to the idea of free expansion on both sides. (W.

58
269

F.)

BALLEE, LESSON
'

X.
;

-^,

ha^, The sea, an arm of the ocean lake, an expanse, as a desert, ^, ;!fc shu^ is the R., the 85th. (See No. 79.)

.lt

meP, Each, eycrj. These are borrowed meanings, as originally it meant swarming, being a combination of ^ or ;j c/z'e* a mt^ mother. sprout, and This is from -^ nii^ female, with tnu^, Mother. the breasts made prominent. (W. 67 O, P.)

^p
P
,
'

iu\ ouS

All,

the whole

the capital.

g
HJ'

i\ city, is the R., the 163rd, (See No, 11). che^, Phrase, speech, document sign of end of
;

a paragraph after other parts of speech This characit changes them into nouns.
;

'

92
tei-

was
two

tion between

invented to represent a connecmembers of a text above


:

are

crossed branches to represent the


;

preceding members in the middle a =& tza*, from, represents the point already arrived at, the starting point for what follows and the "1 at the readr's right is
;

the continuation of the discourse. (W. 159

A,B.)
271
ho^,

To

drink

to shout.
the R., the 30th.
fisJ^Aai*

k'ot^,

mouth,

is

ho^

stranger or beggar
yiieh^, to
?

who
;

speaks,
ask,

ask the w^ay or beg to

^.'^
lih

kai*.

how To

beg,

where ? why ? a beggar.

(W. 73 A.)

seeks to enter A.

A wanderer ^ who ja* a refuge L The ^


now
it covers
cf.

formerly stood at the side,


the
272 ,At
Ki.

(W. 10

G.)

No. 145

^ cha*.
It reprefor

-j^

=^
xS\

ko*, Each,. every, all,

various

apart.

kou^ mouth,
help,

is

the radical, the 30th.

sents a person following

and

calling

ig. ko* means to go on ones way ^ without heeding the calls n or advice of others following, V, therefore, apart, separate,

each.

(W, 31 B.)

^w, ^
_^_

a^*>

To

love, delight in. ^6 hsin^ is the R., the

61st.

^.xi

^
c/ji*

formed of ai* to love and go slowly. The upper part of the character ^ is strangely contracted from 56 chi*, to
It is
suP^ to

93

breathe

in,

to swallow.

The meaning

comes from reversing

^,

ch'ien*,

to breathe out, to be lacking, as both made up of and Jljen^, the being a reverse of ch'ien*. Both are synonyms of ch'i* breath. is the 71st R. Joined
are

ai*.

with if^ it forms To swallow down

in one's heart jfi. to take into one's heart, to love, kindness. The radical suP to walk is added to
;

^
^

form

M
is

at*,

primitively

meaning the same


exclusively

as the radical
in the

^ but now used

Move
274
pan*.

meaning to love. It suggests that an outgoing virtue; (W. 99 E, F.)


;

To

exert ones strength

to manage, to

arrange.

fj

li*,

strength,

^,W

hsiti^.

the R., the 19th, (See No. 212.) Bitter, punishment, criminal, the 160th
is is

No. 110.) to offend, with two V dots indicating a repeated offence, and -^=_t shang* a superior that is an offence against a superior a crime brings punishment,
R. It

made up

of

kati^ (see

bitterness.

lf#

pieti*,

Two

criminals facing and mutually ac;

cusing one another (W. 102 H.) tion.

passionate recriminaofficial is

When

the

li*

strength of the

interposed between the ing each other in court

two parties accuswe have manage;

ment, to manage, to arrange, |^ or each criminal in such a recrimination exerts all his strength :fy.

94
^^^

^
ifJi

stand a stage in a journey, 60 to 90 F. /^'*' to stand is the R., the 117th. (See No. 216). jL, standing on the It is a picture of a man ground. (W. 60 H.) (5 chan^, to consult O the diviner [ is the pho(See No. netic, chan* to seize, invade.
'
;

^^^'

132.)
276

^'
k'ao\

To be dose
;

to; to mutually oppose,

to trust. It is from kao* to That is inform and feP' not. to intell, form of non-agreement, i.e. to oppose, and so to be opposite to, and then to For be next to, to rely on. see No. 203.
lean on

^,fln

^^^'

primitive with

two

sides opposite to
ot

each other and so the abstract notion opposition, negation, wrong, hot.

It

gives j^ its meaning of opposition and the idea of nearness is related to that of opposition, (note that the idea of opposition
is

in

also).

It is the

175th R. (W.

170 A.)
277
ts'aP,

Adverb of time, now, present, just now.


the R., the 120th,

^
lS
iS

TH

ssij, mi*, is

commonly

called

Ian* chiad' ssu^.

ch'arf rodents, or

gnawing animals,

crafty.

It is the pictures of

two

rodents

the one

^
fi|
t'li*,

above
but below

is

ch'ao*

an animal -like the hare


;

larger, (a useless character)


is
is

the one

"^

hare. It

ting,

with

tail

picture of theihare squatperked up. (W. 106 C.)

96

278

p|3 -^^

nP, Interrogative and emphatic .particle, twittering sound.

mouth, is the R., the 30th. j^ 7^ nP, To stop; a nun; ni* near, familiar.
i'ou,
tic force only.

Phone-

It is formed of two|

men

in contact, one

seated

sbib^,
fc

the

reversed,

pP.
;'a

44th R. (W. 26 F.)


kind.

and one

Jra" lESl

^H*>

road, a

way

JH

^
Jhi,

a picture of a foot at rest, the tsu* circle above indicating rest as opposed to motion enough, full, pure. It is the R. the 157th. (W. 112 B) cT. jh chilP sec No. 10. Motion is expressed by . ko\ Each. (See No. 272.) The way /u^ is that through which each Ao* goes JS. tsu^ (W, 31 B.) one

The

foot,

>< IC
,

J^nan^', Light, bright

honor, naked, smooth

the presence of a distinguished person.

Anciently
fire

it

was twenty "b" fires ^.


is
i'C.

modern form
or torch

a man JL A- the R. (W. 24

The bearing alofb a


J.)

^
-/- dnli

ts'aPf Vegetables, herbs, greens, food, viands.


^s'ao^, is the R.,
ts'ai*.

the 140th.
firuits
;

/r\'

To

pick flowers or

variegatied

to gather objects.

The upper part is ^ cAaoS *the contracted modern form of flCV the right hand prone or reaching down,
the paws, claws. Normally at the top of a character because of its meaning and
here
it is

above a

tree

;fc

meaning to pick

96

^ fruit from a tree


radical
it

jjc.

It is often written

with a hand at the side ^.

With grass
?|g.

means the small

vegetables,

(W. 49 B.)
282
ch'P,

4
;

To

rise,

liary

a verb an auxidenoting the beginning and continuto begin


after

^
<
283

ance of the action. tsou', to walk, is the R., the 156th.


"'

(See No.

146.)
chP,
self,

is

the phonetic.

(See No. 191.)

^
3R.

yang*,
rau*,

A pattern,
is

kind, model, manner.

wood,

the R., the 75th, as patterns

are often

made

of wood.

The

character

^
'iiC

has the same meaning and pronunciation without the R. yang*, A rising or unceasing flow of water (same as yun^ w^ith i^yang^ added as phonetic) uniformity,, mod^, pattern,

tediousness.

^.

y^^^j

is

unceasing flow of w^ater in veins


duration, perpetuity.
It is

in

284

JW^'

^ ^
,

a variation of 7jc shuP, adding foam and ripples. (W. 125 D.) yatig", Sheep, (see No. 253). (W, 103 A.)
thfe

eai-th,

j'u^,

Fish, the

195th
fish.

R., relating to

names and

parts of

It is

picture of head,

body,

fins, scales

and, tail.

The four dots

below stand not only for fire 3^ but also for tail, and feet in % niao^ bird, ^ ma* (W. horse, ^, kao^ lamb wei^ monkey.

142

A.)

'97

^^ '0^

y.

JHan^ Steamed bread or dumplings.


sA//J^ food,

"S

to eat, to

feed,

is

the R., the

184th.

(See No. 75).

(W. 26 M.)
closely
J.)

wa * Long. @|| resemljles


(See No. 130)

hooded heads

(W. 33

286

To grasp, to collect to push out, a comb. 4^,^ shott\ hand is the R., the 64th. f^,^|,^\ lan^, A dragon, imperial, glorious, the 212th R., contracted from a picture of the animal'. The modern form has on the right a contraction of jH /eiS to fly or the ^y^ wings (picture of a crane flying W. 11 A.) and on the left at the bottoin is ^ = ^ joa* meat or body, and above it ^jr li*, said to be a contraction of ^ t'utig^, slave boy, as phonetic. This is probably an artificial interpretation of a conventional modification of the picture. ' (W. 140 A.) JH is a hand :^ on a dragon f|, able to grasp or gather together legs, wings, tail and all.
lang^,
;

Phonetic.
287

isung',

a bundle to sura up to unite to comprise, to manage before a negative it makes a strong ascollect

To

and
;

tie

up

in

^
J>.^

sertion.
mi*, called

MW^ ^^^ cbiad' ssu\


;

is

the radical,

the 120th.
ts'ung^

To feel alarm

excited, restless.

When
j^

ones mind j6 is looks anxiously through the

excited or restless, one

windows

ch'uang^, and makes a forecast of pro-

98

bable outcome

now

written

W.

(W.

40
288

D.)

Phonetic combination.
accuse.
jT

^t^
r/|

su\

To

tell,

yen^, words, is the R.,

the 149th.

J^,J^,f^

ch'ih*

5M

"^

1*

attack; a modern abbreviation of J^ to attack a man jfr i*, in liis house r yetf to expel, to scold. is said by the Shuo Wen to be =f- kan^, an offence doubled, though not completely, and so having the idea of repeated offence as in (W. 102 D.) jen', See No. 139. vJp su* is to attack J^ with words 3".
;

To

289 iy-t

^J

^
~r,

tmg

, ,

nail

ting
is

.1

to nail.
167tii, being the
is

chin^,

metal,

the R., the

material of which the nail

made.

(sSee

No.

13.)

ting\
t'u",

nail

with large head, (W. 57 A.)


foot
;

4<

To go on
]5rcntice
futile
;
;

foot soldier
;

disciple, ap-

coinpanion

a low

fellow

onl\-,

ch'ih^ to
is

to banish. walk, called

H
^

shuang ^

1^ }^jea-,
;

the R. in the dictionaries, the 60th

but

originally it was cho*, the character being written ^. Later the jh chilf was moved over under the . t'w* (See No. 10.) To go on the ground , is the etymo-

logy of
291

$^.

(W. 112E.)
;

^t'

shen\ The body, the trunk


al
;
;

ones

self; person-

R.,

pregnant the whole life ; the 158th used in characters relating to the body.
seal

The

form

is

a human

figure with

; ;

99

abdomen and one leg forward to support the bodj' more firmly, or preserve
Large

the equiUbrimn.

Attention
character

is

called to other
jctt^-

forms of the
;

A
v

jen^* erect

{j

pp, to

turn

^ on the top of compounds

JL /\ the legs, at the bottom of compounds ; Jr jet^, leatiing or bent over; fc

over head, to change 7* r* shih\ a seated man, a corpse $ pao^, a man leaning forward to enfold an object

/iHa* heels

in his

A
292
t'P,

apron -^ ta* man with arms |J(. forms of men moving on with hindrances of three forms. (W. Lessons 25-32
; ;

54, 60, 61.)

The body, the whole person a class or the substance body of officers etc. respectable a style of writing Chinese
;
;

characters, of which there are six.

*^,

"^

iu^,

bones
It is

is

the R., the 188th

a framework.

made up

^=^
^i,
293

of skeleton ft kua^ and flesh /oh* opposed to each other, (See 1^

k'en' No. 228.)

(W. 118 A.)


(See No. 164.)

S ^^ ^(W. 97 used
vessel

in sacrificing.

B.)

^J^

yt^

tsen

How ? Why ?

j5 hsiii^ is the R.

For

-^

cha* see No. 145 and 271.

The

surprised ^p heart asks

how?

w:hA'^? ^,.

m
VOCABULARY
^SL
yenP, Salt.
TI

OP BALLEE'S LESSONS.

/u"

Radical No. 197.


rude.

Rock

salt

salt land
^ij'

Composed of

iS=Bff

West and

four grains of salt, as rock salt comes from

the West.
L,

(See No. 26).

chien^,

To watch, prison. The\S is a suggestive

phonetic (W. 82 F.) as the Chou Dynasty (1122 to 255 B.C.) appointed- officers to

have control of salt and salt lands. The chier} is E cWcri (see No. 120) and reclining man ^, which ineans to recline or bendover, and "SL hsiieh, a vessel of blood.
jfJL

One explanation
:

of this phonetic is as fol-

lows an ancient times an oath was taken by having the contracting parties draw blood and an official watch it flow together in a vessel. Wlien the radical for salt fe,nd is added the idea is conveyed
that salt is w^atched over by those who have been appointed to this work.
295

chal, Pig.

f\^^ .^

ch'iian^ Radical No. 94,

a dog.

character and is made up of the above radical and ch^, (See No. 270) which is here a simple phonetic.

This

is

a modem

"^m
^,^ .^ ch'iiaif Radical No. 94 ;J,:^, a
Jp) chu*, or
.

dtig.

AoaS

sentence, (See No. 80) is

a sug-

gestive phonetic, as the


his barli.

This

is

dog guards by a modern character.


101
.

;^L

+r
'

^ua*, To suspend; anxious; classifier of bridles. shou\ Radical No. 64 hand. Wf^ kua*. The # is a combination of M kuep, sceptre, (Sec No. 161) and pt^, (See No. 14-) and it means to divine or a diagram. (W. 56- E.) ^ is said to represent an hexagram and thus it has no connection with
;

the jade sceptre, but as the writing of the

two
tre

are identical,

it is

classed under scep-

^. If we suppose that the charts or diagrams of the diviners were hung up then we may regard this as a suggestive
phonetic.

298 itB

ch'an^. To sing. k'ou", Radical No. 30, mouth.


ch'ang^,

The phonetic;
is

splendid; (W,

73 A).
is

The upper part


is

the sun and the lower

to speak, emanation.

The idea

that

the sun sends forth rays as the

mouth
than

puts forth words,


f^

suggestive jshonetic.

A more
^

refined quality of voice

ordinary conversation.
299

a^

tsang". Dirty.
/fu',

^^.

Radical No. 188, a bone. (See No. 292). phonetsang*, to bury, is a suggestive
tic.

What

could be

more loathsome than

a body
lished

after mortification is well estab-

fill

and the bones appearing? It is composed of -* ts'ao^ grass, (See No. 40) and JE sztiP, to die, which is composed of ^' ^^^' calamity and A jeif, man the calamitv which comes to all men
;

302

(W. 26 H.) The present writhi^ of man in this part of the phonetic is unfortunate as it has but slight resemblance to X- Beneath is :fl- a contraction of grass. The dead were tied up in a reed
death.
HBji

mat
300

$!?.

The

is the
;

rope.

B
c/^'^^

To

ride horseback

to sit astride.

^ -^

raa,'^

cA'i^

Radical No. 187, a horse. (See No. 261). The phonetic; (See No. 54) wonderiul, strange. This phonetic is also used in the
character for chair.
sitting

A chair

^ is used for

a horse, one sits on the horse as he would sit on a chaii-, and in the character for riding 1^ radical 7|c, wood, is replaced by the horse There are not a few cllaracters radical. that have a similarity of action that are formed as the above by a change of
on
;

in

riding

radical.
301

^^

*/^ hsiieh*, Radical No. 116,

eh'mn^. Poor, thoroughly exhausted. a cave. (See No. 97). Caves are used bj"- those who are reditced
to the last extremity.
;

Jg;

The phonetic, (W. 9a t) to bend H kung', bod3' forward and cause the vertebrae
the

to stand

ptit.

The character was formerly

written with

^
JiP

kung'^,

g /ti* on the tight, but a bow has been substituted for the back bone. This is not a bad comEmpty,
leisure
;

bination to stand for poor.

^i^

RH
9i

k'ung^,

the firmament.

hsueh-*. Radical No. 116, a.cave (See No. 97).

103
nr. /vun^V,

The phonetic

is

labor, (See No. 89).

This character may have been originality used for caves made b}' man; a place made

empty by
303
hsien*^.

X labor.

(W. 82 A.)

Thread.

7j^

mi\ Radical No. 120 but


chiao^ ssu^
;

common^

called lan*^

silk.

(See No. 8).

The phonetic
(See No. 13).

is

chiet^ small,
is

narrow.
of mintite

Thread

made

304

^M ^

strands of
ssu',
tai^.

silk.

To

die

Radical

death
Ij jerr,

death firm closed. No. 78, bones fallen apart bad, perverse.
; ;

Man
This

inverted.
is

existence before radicals

an old character which came into and phonetics

were adopted, hence when we say that the radical is "^F taP there is no discrepancy, but when we say that the phonetic is X /eB'* it is a misnomer as \ has (See No. no phonetic value. ( W. 26 H ) 299). Death JE is the calamity ij that comes to man ^
.

305

it

^ chm\ ^
^. j|

chet},

a pin, a probe. Radical No. 167., gold, metal.


needle,

(See No.

13).

cher^, is the correct writing of this character, but if- cheri^ is shortei' and is very often

used.
hsiet^,

The phonetic of the correct writing is to bite, to wound with the mouth. ^ with hsu" is to wound with a weapon
jrJc
;

104

the addition of

A'ou' to the above, the

character

71 P.)
little

means to wound bj' biting. (W. The needle takes up as it were,


if

mouthftiUs of cloth as

biting

its

way along. There is short way of writing this


306 _
_

no etymology for the


character.
people.

xnan\ Full

complete

pride

Manchu

7K ^

shuP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). equality, equilibrium, man^ The phonetic, is

(W. 35. M.) The scale pans M are even when the water is even with the brim of
the vessel, then it is full. (See No. 35). The upper part of this phonetic is, b\some, supposed to be horns, to indicate
equality, as the
similar.

two hornS
it is

are apt to be

By others
level.

beam
367

which indicates

when

supposed to be a the two' scale

pans are

tt
cAi'S

Chicken.
(Sec

'^

chui Radical 1^2, a short tailed bird.

No. 21).
niao", Radical 196,

a long

tailed, bird.

The phonetic is H hsP, a woman condemned to spinning in. official prisons. The top is fll chao^, hand the center of
;

the character

is is

silk,

contracted, and
adult.

the lower part


think thatit
/h the

iz ta*,.

an

Some

f^

was not ic ta* originally but lower part of ^, and the 4* was changed to ic ta\ The hand working at spinning, a spinster. These women were condemned to this work, and consequently got no benefit from their labor. The

103
Ijulk of the eggs that chickens lay goes to their owners, thus the appropri(W. 92, C.) ateness of this phonetic.

great

308
Vieti',

Iron.

yK chm\ Radical 167, gold or metal. !^& ^^ it'c/j' The phonetic to scrape, to
;

(See No. 13).


pick.

This comes from _ ch'eng^, to speak P while standing at one's post z with the addition of i^ ko^ it. is read tieb*, to notify in a menacing manner with the addition of :fc ta* man, now reduced to -+- shih^ it means to scrape or pick or stab. The metal with which one can scrape or stab best is iron, hence the appropriateness of
;

the phonetic.
'Bnu,

(W. 81. H).


;

^R
Mi

cVin^, near, a relative


chien*,

self.
;

Radical 147

to see

perceive.
;

chen^,

The

phonetic,

now

reduced to

hazel.

Hazel shrubs grow in clumps, this charac,ter is used for those persons which one
sees

constantly

those

in

the

same

family, relatives.

(W. 102 H.).

B^^ IPl
*-

kuan^, An official, public. mietf Radical 40, a roof.

(See No. 1).

This is conform to rules governing phonetics. The lower part of the character is ^ tui^, terThe f^* hall of the races, ramparts, city.

an old character w^hich does not

city.

It originally referred to the resi-

dence of the official who governed a city. Now it stands for the officer. (W. 86. C*).

The top

stroke

is left

oflffrom the

||.

106 311

^g
J^

tai*,

ko^,

To wear, as hat or spectacles, to bear. Radical 62, a spear. (See No. 2). This is an old character and the radical
and phonetic are
not separable.
is

The
ts^aP,

foundation of the character


to do
is

damage with a spear. The + shiti^ a contraction of ^ saP, property or matei'ials (W. 71. H.), to plunder with
;

the use of weapons.


,

i\

To

(W. 47. R.). The m a modification of ^ /u*, devil's head, but here used for the earnest money w^hich is placed on a table 7C wu*, hands*, f^ are represented as pushing the money away, it is not acceptable. The character After a place is plunW. is explained thus. dered the marauders divide the spoils accoi-ding to the number of men, the
disagree, different.
is

fietf

articles

on the several
conveyed.
312
feng^,

are placed in order, one by one piles thus the idea of plac;

ing on, as the hat

is

placed on the head

is.

To sew

ieng*,

a crack, seam.
(See No. 8).

^^
1^

mi\ Radical 120,


feng^,

silk.

The phonetic, means to pick ones way (to walk slowly) ^ through ^ &n^, brushwood, to meet. (W. 97. A.). The i_ cho^
is

a i-edundancy, as of walking. When


phonetic the idea
is

^ suiVconve3's the idea


silk is

added to

this

that this silk thread, threads its way through the cloth as a man picks his way through brushwood.

107

313

<^

^*, Rich, abundant, wealth.


*^* mien- Radical 40,

iu^,

a roof. (See No. 1). This phonetic seems to be a contraction of ^ kao^ on IH t'ieii^. The meaning is
that the products of the IH t'ien^, field arc piled high, kao^, under cover ,w mieti' abundance. (W. 75. D). (See 267.)/

314

ken^,

root, origin,

a base, as of a

wall.

>t^ ma*. Radical 75, wood. Ae* Phonetic perverse.

(See 223).

Wood added to
acter for root. the ground.

this jihonetic is the char-

The root

is

firmly fixed in

315

VE ^g {y, K'^

ching*. Clean, pure

to cleanse

only.

Y' 7J^ sbuP, Radical 85, water. The phonetic is cheag\ to pull in differ-

ent

directions,
;iv.

part is holding a stick, the two hands are pulling the stick in opposite directions. (W. 49. In order to cleanse an article, it D.). must go through what appears to be an active struggle with water.

The upper chao^ the lower part is a ^ hand


to contend.

jSf

Ao^Ariver.

sbui^.

Radical 85, water.

-pT k'o;'

The
the
tion.

phonetic.

(See 54).

The idea of
breath leaves

this phonetic is that tlie

mouth without meeting obstrucWith the addition of j' the idea is

that the current is unobstructed, a river flows, but the water of a jjond is hemmed in on all sides.


108

317

>v>

.^ 31

I.M

la

/S Father.

This

character

is
is'

the

The

seal character

radical hand holding a

88th

hand which wields authority. The modern writing failed in bringing out this idea (W. 43 G.)
rod, the 318 ..

Frame, staging, a rads, to support. yfC Ju*, Radical 75, wood. hn chja*, Phonetic to add to. To- add M muscle Muscle is :fj to persuasion fcl, violence.
chia*,
;

iJ

J'*,

k'ou'^,

indicates

a command.
added to
is

(W. 53.
this

D.).

When wood
it

* is

phonetic

indicates that this

frame on w^hich articles can be added.


319

m
"jSa

Hang*,

classifier

of

carriag^Sj

a.

pair

of

wheels, the important part of a cart.

cAV, Radical 159, a


liatig^,

cart,

a barrow:.

The

phonetic, two, (See No. 35.).

an appropriate phonetic as the two wheels of a cart should be a pair, equal in size. With the addition of the
This
is

cart radical the numerative of carts

is

completed.
320
lu',

donkey. md', Radical 187, ahorse. (See No. 261). This phonetic lu^ The phonetic; a hound. might have been selected as a donkey
is

not very different in size a large from hound. This phonetic also means a vessel or pan. It is from ;& hu^ and ft tzv^ a vase. This is now made like EB t'/enS a field, but it has nothing in

small and

109

common with
is

it.

ELaiitf,

a redundancy.

added later, (W. 135. D.) and

(W. 150 A).


32^

ctien^,
p'ieh},

To

ride,

to mount, to drive.

Radical 4, a stroke to the left. This is a character which does not divide
into radical
torial

and phonetic. It is a picrepresentation of a war chariot in

the seal writing (^'. 31. E.)


chariot has
322
cbiad*,

4b=^

ch'uaif

represents men sitting" baifek to back.

The an awning over the men. A good symbol for riding or mounting.

sedan, chair.
cart,

cAV, Radical 159, a


i,

a barrow.
tree,

ch'iao^.

Phonetic

something high, as a

the top of which bends forwards. 75. B.). It is composed of

^W.

X. y^<^y ^^^

a man bending his head forward getting ready to jump. ch'iad' is the phonetic in (W. 61 B.). bridge, i^ and as a sedan chair when carried looks like a moving bridge, this
kao^.

Yao^ 5c

is

may

be the reason for using this phonetic in sedan chair.

BALLEE, LESSON
iij, l\U
pP,

XI.

To compare.
This character is radical No. 81. Two men standing together as if comparing heights.

(W, 27.

1.).

324

^^, 1^

chP,

To

reach to, to come up

to.

110

yu*, Radical 29, the right hand.

which is not When the man. A ie^-, radical is added it indicates that a hand has caught up with the man aiid has laid hold of him. (W. 19. D.). This character has no connection with Ji naP, but.
this character

The part of

the radical

is

iR,ff^

;-,

Like^as.
(See No. 10.).
Jc'ot^,

]5f nu*, Radical 38, a woman. r| k'ou^, mouth, is the phonetic.

(W. 67. D).

To speak p
is,

like

woman
326

-ic,

that

appropriately to the

circumstances.

iCa

n^
P

tsuP,

A bird's bill,

the mouth.

t S'
327

J^

r Fou", Radical 30, the mouth, tsuP The phonetic is tsuP, egret of 3. heron. (W. 142 B.). jtfc this horn, with the radical P A'oa" is a bill, or inouth.

p'ao*,

To

soak, a blister.

^
328

^,7K

sAaP, Radica,l 85, water. (^ pao', The phonetic to


;

wrap up

primitive

With Water added to this we have, water wrapped up, a blister (W 54. B.).
meaning
:

^gestation.

^^
J
,

paP,
"1

To

place, to put, to spread out.

shou'\ Radical 64, the hand.


pa*, Phonetic,

f^

an

officer

wang^, an

officer

nen^, acble and ^ taken in the net of the


;

law

to discharge.

With the addition

of

hand, which usually indicates that the character is used as a verb, the idea of

Ill

placing articles in order is conveyed, for in


securing the dismissal of an officer one

must
is

set forth the evidence

here the hand

setting articles in their proper position".


fig

For
329

See No. 357.

_^
yiieh*, to exceed.

tsou^, Radical 156, to walk.

^^

yiieh*

The phonetic a lance :^ ko^ with a hook >. (W. 71. L.). jS yiieh is a halberd with an additional hook thus something extra is itiferred. With the
;

addition of the above I'adical

it

forms the

character for exceed.


330

fn,^

^
331 pit |j^

with. Radical k'ou^, 30, the mouth. grain and mouth are adapted ho^. Phonetic one to the other, hence the meaning of
Ao*,
;

Harmony

harmony.
tsai*, Sin,

crime.

wang% Radical 122, a net. With the addition of ife?, Phonetic, not right.
that transcaught in the net of the law and it is called sin. This charactsui*, (W. 102. ter was formerly w^ritten
p5q

wanj^ the idea

is convej'-ed

gression

/ei\

is

H.).

malicious scribe substituted the

character M. huang^ for this character and the Emperor Ch'in-sliih-huang forthwith

changed the writing of tsui* by Imperial decree to its present form and tabooed the former writins:-

112

332

jh^
*

pei\

To
ing

increase, fold, times.

Original

mean-

was

to rebel.
9,

/\,^,y\

jen\ Radical

a man.
cut

^ -^

t'on' Phonetic, to

interrrupting
A).

him

in his speech,
is

a speaker short by (W. 133.


>f
little

The

older writing

k'ou'',

mouth and a
is

stroke

pu^ above on*' top

chu^,

which

said to. represent expression

of contempt.

The present meaning of the


seems to have been given
it

character

fi^

without et3'mological reason.


333

agg
cho', or chao-, Kight, to just hit, after

a verb

the sign of the success of the action.

yatig^, Radical 123, sheep.

This

is

written in several .ways.

a modern character and it is ^ The phonetic


is

which can best be explained


che^,

This SA'mbol.was invented to represent the


clauses of a sentence nected, the

which

w^ere being con-

tzu* is the central

part and
w^hich

on

either side are branches or

arms

take hold of the clauses and bring them


together.
331
hsiatig*, Like, resembling,

(W. 159 B.)

an image of a man, a primi-

yS^,-^

jen',

Radical 9, man.

hsiang*, Phonetic, elephant.


tive,

This representing the animal.

is

On

top

is

the trunk, then are the tusks; the body legs, and tail make up the rest of the character.

(W. 69.

L.).

It is difficult to ex-

113

plain
335
kai*.

why

this

symbol should* have been

taken for an image.

To

cover, a cover; to build.

^'.W '^,^

ts'ao\ Radical, No. 140, grass. ^^^ Phonetic a dish filled and covered why not ? With the addition of the character is used for the roof or any cover.
;

The

ifiili

ts'ao^, indicates

that where

ithis

character
thatched.
336

was

coined,

housed

'

were

(W. 38. G.)


''

ffi

cAuS

To

dwell, to stop.
9,

"

^^

"i

,\j^n^

a man. cAu\ Phonetic, a lamp with the flame rising. (W. 83. D.). By extension, a man who
:

Radical No.

sheds forth light. (See No. 210). With the addition of the radical, the character

stands

for,

to dwell, as

if

the inference

was
337 |=i

those

are those

who can enli^ten others who have a permanent abode.

^s
p*

-wu^,

room, a house.

shih^,

Radical No. 44, a corpse, is the usual definition of this rad., but a person lying or sitting down is a better explanation.
Phonetic, to s^rrive at.

ac

<^'^'^*i

character and

what

is

This is an old called phohelic has


represents a bird
;

no phonetic
is

use.

The

just alighting

on the earth thus a room a place where a person can come and recline. (W. 32A, G.). (See No. 38.)
Resembling. Radical No. 9, a man.

333
tK,

Vw

szu*,
yen".

114

ni f Phonetic.

and

This is a very ancient character supposed to represent the breath leaving the niouth without obstrnction as from asthma or other impediment. (W. 85 F). With the ad(See No. 121) dition of the idea is conveyed that the man has the same hmg capacity as the
is

normal individual.
339

aB

3i

Reason, iDrinciple. yu\ Radical No. 96, a geni.


IP,
IP,
is

(See No. 124). Phonetic, the smallest countrj"- village. It

composed of EH t'ieir and . t'tP, tillable (W. 149 D.). This is the 166th (cf. No. 82). radical, With the addition of the 3i the idea is conveyed that a gem must be cut according to fixed rules just as a field has to be divided into furrows
land.
in order

that

it

may

be of greatest use.

"

^^
rjl

pa*. Cloth, cotton cloth.

chin\ Radical No. 50, a napkin. (See No. 143). This phonetic is not refa*, Phonetic, father.
cognizable in the

modem writing,

but

it is

distinct in the seal writing.


3C is

(W. 35 C). but some think that it implies oyder. In weaving one must proceed according to a
probabl3'' purely i)honetic,

fixed

order.

The material used

bj'^

the

ancients

ton

was a kind of linen or flax. Cota modern development. Fu* 5C is * the 88th radical. (See No. 317).
is

341

fang^,

house.

hu*,

Radical No. 63,

door,

a window (No.

5).

X15

^ in

H> ^ang^, Phonetic, a square.


tivc phonetic as

a suggesor rooms aie nearly square. A thing which is squax-e and has doors and windows is a hoiise.. For :^ fang" see No. 14,7 (W. 117
This
is

most

hoiises,

A.)

it is

the 70l;h radical.

342 g&l,

^.

Thanks, to thank. Sj- jea^ Radical No. 149, word. (See No. 10). ^1. *^ she*. Phonetic, to throw out to shoot, as an arrow, against someone ^. See the oldest form. CombineiS with the rad., ^, the idea is to throw out words of thanks. (W. 131. D).

_^

hsieh*,

343

__

^
?,

iaa*.

To

drive, to hurry, to strive for.

tsou*. Radical No. 156, to walk. (See No. 146). S. han*, Phonetic, droughth, rainless, dry. This kan^, (supposed to \?e a is composed of pestle, thus by extension to grind, to offend), and B jih*; with the addition of jih^, the fierce effects =p of the sun are set

the radical :^ is added, fthe idea of driving or hurrying is convej'^ed. The sun is the signal which
forth.

(W. 102 A).

When

sets the Orient to

work.

P^

g yen^ m f.

tsan*,

To commend,
,

to praise.

Radical No. 149, word. (See No. 10). shen\ (W. 79 B.). From tsan*, Phonetic. to advance in order to make a statement pei*, money to come forward with and

a present, to aid. When the above radical is added the idea of commending is given.

IIG

345 -^1^

^ ^

^
4^

meP, Beautiful, excellent. yac^,vRadical, No. 123, a


ta*,

slieep.

(See 253).
it

Phonetic, large,"but originally

meant a

(W. 103 A). A man who has the disposition of a sheep, mild and gentle.

man.
346

^ ^^
JiL
*
'

s/h'AS

song or hymn.

j'esS Radical No. 149,

a word.

(See No. 10).

ssu^ Phonetic, a court or temple. (W. 79 B.). The place where the law -*f is pfdlniilgated.
continually

(See

No.

125).

The

upper part is ili, cbih^, a small plant issuing from the ground, conveying the idea of development or progress something which is continual. With the addition of the radical M it stands for prolonged words, a song. The words from the throne should be as music in the ears of
;

the people.

EAL1.ee, liESSON XII.

Z&

mm

nan', South.

-p

(See No. 47). shih\ Radical No. 24, ten. This character cannot be broken tip into a radical and a phonetic as it is an old

sjTnbol for south or the place of

Jen",

luxuriant

vegetation.
of-

The

fj are

the

and the boundaries vegetation forces its way over them by constant growth += f. (W. 79 G).
field

a place or

'"*,jiR

peP, North. pr*. Radical No. 21, a spoon

inverted man.

117

This is another chatacter which cannot be reduced to a radical and phqneticf (W.

27

G.).-

It represents two'

men stand;

ing back to back in the seal writing compare **> ts'ang^ to follow. The custom of the Chinese is to face the south, therefore the back is toward the north.
319
chih-. Straight.

@
-p

mu\

Radical No. 109, the eye. (See No. 102). shih\ Phonetic, ten. (W. 10 K.). What ten eyes declare to be without deviation l

must be

straight.

(See No. 99).

"^mM.

wang^,

To go towards, towards.

-< cA'/A* Radical No. 60, to

^^

step'' with left foot. wang^ Phonetic, luxuriant vegetation which springs from the earth in tufts here and there rambling, (W. 79 D.). With the addition of the radical it means to strax'
;

or roam about. This phonetic has nothing in common chtt a lord or w^ith wang^ a with piinceIn its modern writing it is confusing as it is not always written the same

w^ay.

^ A'aaafg^, a mad dog comes from


but the top dot
is left off.

this phonetic,

This is a suggestive phonetic in Jfl as a mad dog wanders about aimlessly. The idea of aimless is suggested as these tufts of -vegetation spring up without regard to
order.
351

^|i

/r.

To

leave, to separate

from, distant from.

118
<

fi^

chaP Radical No. 172, a short-tailed


(No. 21).
it',

bird.

^. ^

Phonetic, a

yak or

elk.

(W. 23 E).

Thi.s

phonetic plus the above radical

was

for-

merly used for the Chinese oriole, a verjbeautifitl yellow bird now called ^ haatig^ Ir. According to Kuei Shih Shuo Wen, when this bird was heard or seen in
the spring,
it

was

the

summons

for the

unmarried daughters to leave the parental


roof for the home of their future husbands. Thus the idea of " to leave " at-

tached

itseif

to the character, and another

^character ;.Yas adopted for the bird.

2^1,

^
~r

cfi'a*,

To

diifer

disci'epanc^'.

kting^,

Radical No. 48, work. This is doing violence to the construction of the character to^say that kun^ is the rad., as the is only a part of : tso^, left hand. (No

89).

^,^,

/vfe

ch'ur, Phonetic,

to

hang down, (W. 13

E.).

(See No. 387). This chtiracter

changes.

has undergone many The oldest form is f^ (W. 46

C).

The right and left hand are not working in unison, one is directed upward and the other downward. The idea of the present writing is that the left hand is hanging down, not doing its. -part, thus
there
is

a discrepancy.

^^^

cA'uanS A boat. chou\ Radical No. 137, a boat.

(See No. 108).

119

\^

/fl j'e"

Phonetic, the ravines in the niiountains

through which thd torre'nts flow. (W. IS IJ.). Tuaii Shih Shuo Wen gives a bfcttcr expUiiiation. He says that th phonetic is ?& _vei2"S a coast thus wc wibulcl have this character taking the place of our English word, coaster, as the Chinese did not build boats for crossing the oceans, a
;

coaster w^as their largest vessel.

SoniQ

have

tried

to prove that this character

indicates that the Chinese

Noah's ark as
eight persons.

it is

knew about made up of a boat and Pa^ P k'oti^. This is

only useful to aid in remembering how- to write the character, as it is of modern


construction, not

much over

2000' yeai's

agolong
354

after the deluge.

A^^ i^
7K.

chiaiig\

large river.
(See No. 79).

shuP, Radical No. 85, water.


kdng^, Phonetic, labour.

This phonetic

may

have originally been ktwg'' tribute. The Yang Tzu Chiang was the river which bore the tribute from the nine chou, iLW For(nine ]5rovinces) to the Emjieror. merh'^ official documents were carved on
tortoise shell

and the material apparently


quantity, so that

was

limited in

occa-

sionall3'

characters were abbreviated on

account
*

of lack

of space.

An abbredocu-

viation of a character in

an,_ official

ment was a i^reeedent fbr all time and some


characters have thus been changed so that

120
/
f
'

it is difficult

to find an explanation for

their present construction.

355

fill, to pretend. Radical No. 145, clothes. (See No. 51). The idea of chuang-*. Phonetic, a stout man. !tt,tt stout is obtained from j:\ ch'iang^. (See

chuan^, To pack, to

i\

No. 84).
69).

The

-i:

shih* is

man.

(See No.

(W. 127 B.)


this character

As
'

was

early used for an


their robes of

officer
.,

and as

officers

wore

;!!.'

office, there

are

many

characters which

f; r

have the abovfe phonetic whose meaning has to do with appearance. Thus when
the radical for clothing
is is

to pretend to be

what

added, the idea one is not, or to

fill full.

7^
^^-^ ^^1

yuan

Distant.

i^ cho\

j^uan* Phonetic,

Radical No. 162, to go. (See No. 10). a long robe. (See No. 51).
L.).

{W. 16

There

is

evidence that this

character has been changed from the original writing and the -present writing is

not explained. If one remembers when going on a long journey long clothes are

worn
357

it

may

assist in recalling the

make

up of the character.

^^

3(^ ;h

W.IfI

iieng', Able.

jou*.

Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). This character refuses to be broken up into radical and phonetic, it formerly

meant the

" large

brown bear," and

be-

121

cause of his great strength he was considered extremely able. This indicates that

a slang word has been incorporated

into

the language as the correct expression for able. (W. 27 ].). The character is explained thus
;

two g paws, ^

the body,

and
358

Jj,

the head.

i
J^

chin*, Near, in

time or place.

L, cho* Radical No. 162, to go (See No. 10). fA c/hb', Phonetic, ax, battle ax; catty. A picture
of the axhead.
It

was used

for

a weight*

of 16 dunces or cattj^

(W. 128 A).

The character seems

to suggest the proper

way for a w^arrior


battle),

to advance, (to

go to

with

his battle

near.
359

Both near
;

ax in his hand, i.e. and jg far have this K.


a barrow.

luh^,

To

revolve

cA'e',

Radical

No.

a wheel. 159 a
;

cart,

(No. 136).
lan^ Phonetic,
l^er orri er

a bundle

A of documents in proWith the addiis

"(

W. 1 4 G. )

tion of the above radical the idea of oi'der

must have the spokes arranged properly. The ancient documents were engraved on bamboo slips and tied together, as shown in the seal w^riting,
retained as
w^heel

consequently the phonetic


360
IP,

is

suggestive.

Plums baggage.
;

(See No. 22). ;ijC wu*. Radical No. 75, wood. jv^ tzu^. Phonetic, son. Kang Hsi's dictionary affirms that, owing to the plum being verj^
prolific, it

was

represented

by wood and

1-22

son the character son is here r-/^rosent ing the fruit on the tree. When travelling ones baggage should stick to him as un;

ripe fruit clings to the tree.

Pupils are

sometimes referred to as

peaches

and

plums,they are unripe fruit receiving their development from the teacher.
361
/c*,

To

hire,

to engage.
;

yV,

Jcn^f

Radical No. 9

man.

f^
^

ku*, I'honetic, to hire.

This character is written in two ways, with and without the radical for man and it has the same meaning. The upper part of the phonetic is ^ An*

..the

63

rad.,

Ji

door,
is jg

famil3',

farmer.

The lower part

chuP; a short tailed bird, the 172ndFradical. A logical inter-

pretation of the combination of these two


radicals

would

be, the farmer's bird.

In

ancient times there were nine kinds of


birds called tions

ku*.

The arrival of each

of

these M. ku*, on

their migratorj-- expedi-

was regarded as
lines of

the sign for com-

mencing certain

husbandry. Thus

when
it

the quail

was

seen in early

summer

set

the
;

farmers to

harvesting their

when wild geese appeared in the fall, the crops must be gathered in. Thus the character means to set a person to work. Shuo Wen. (cf. W. 129 A.).
wheat
.

362
ching^, Classic

books

to pass through
'

al-

^ ^

ready.

mi\ Radical No. 120,

silk.

ching^ Phonetic, the watercourses < under the

'

128

ground .
.

.><

(W. 12. H.) These wateicourses are of first importance in the mind of the geoinancar, hence this phonetic

enters irtto the composition of nian>(See No.

characters.

136).

With the
stood for

addition of the

silk radical it

the warp, the long threg.ds in a piece of cloth. These threads were vei'j' import-

ant in Chinese

civilization.

In

^ chitig'

the neck, because the courses of the veins

were
363

visible, this

phonetic

was

itsed.

Hi
,

^
m

shuil\ F'avorable, prosperous.


veh^. Radical

No. 181

head

leaf of

a book.

(Sec No. 105).


/l|,

ch'it;in\ Phonetic,

a large \iver formed 1>y the junction of several others. Perhaps the when affairs idea of this combination is flow in a current which is in accordance with ones head or wishes, H. it is tlien (W. 12 E). favourable.
:

364
/v'o',

A'isitor,

traveler.

mien- Radical No. 40 a roof

(Sec No. 1).

i,#

/co-'"-^,

Phonetic, each, everj',


place where all

A
a

all. (\Y. 31 B). can have a roof over

their heads.

Such an individual

is

called

^ k'o*.

(See No. 272).

365

V^
^23

kua^. To. blow.


J||r

fen^, Radical No. 182 the wind. Insects * are bom under the influence of wind or
;

^^

vapor
she',

-V

(W. 21 B).

(See No. 73). Phonetic, the tongue. character and is not This is a modern

124

found in the Shuo Wen. The combination would suggest that the character was
coined for a blustering wind which licked up the dust as if by a tongue.

366^
^, J^
U

shou\ To receive, to gather together.


P'ti\ Radici^l

chiu^

No. 66; to tap, to rap. (See No.17)Phonetic, tendrils. This is a primitive

367

^
^
,

which was formerly used alone, but in the rearranging of characters a radical had to be written with it, as the primitive is not one of the radicals. The clinging of tendrils is a very suggestive symbol for the above meaning. (W. 54 F.).

^^ n
'J

sbih^,

to pick up

ten.

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

Ao^

Phonetic, with. (See No. 103). The phonetic seems to have no phonetic value
in

this character,

but

it

indicates that

things are picked up


article

when

the hand and

come together.

368

*^
^ ^3
^3i
;g5;

BAIiLER, LESSON XIIT.


ehang*,
/',

measure of ten
1, one.

feet.

Radical No.

This is an old character and it was composed of the right hand ^%yu*, holding
shih^, ten, (a ten foot pole).

369

1^

Lightning, electricity. Radical No. 173, rain. (See No. 61). yu*. H sAenS Phonetic, Chalfant says that this was a representation of lightning which eventien*.

"

123
ttially

became the sign

fof

"

deit:^-."
foi-

The

combination of the radical


the sj'nibol for lightning
sistent sign for electricitj'.
is

rain arid

npt an incon(See

Nd

227).

370

^
^^ W;

an essay. (See No. 10). j'enS Radical-No. 149, a word. Phonetic, /uM"^ documents assembled in order. y&^ BB (See No. 359). With the addition of the above radical the idea is conveyed of
iuS
discuss
;

To

setting statements in order so that the

thought is made

lucid.

(W. 14 G).

^^

Wa

^^' instead of. yijeh^, Radical No. 73, to speak.


*'^''

The

original

idea of this radical

was

to depict a

word

issuing from the mouth.

(See No. 9).

The phonetic of
,..;,;

this character

has no

phonetic value.

was originally two by side, but it was jJ: li* afterwards changed to two ^ fu^ characters, and the lower part^was g tzu, ^ thus the idea was that the first man ^ li* could
It

characters side

not do something, but the second


just as
self
if

//

did

it

the

first
j5c

man had

@.

Both

and

himmean man. (W.


clone it

60
^^^

L.).

1*6
i[

P*^*'
il>
tfi

To

tear

lest.

hsm\ Radical No. 61. heart.

(See No. 18).

par, Phonetic, white. White heart no courage. Fright causes one to turn pale. (See No. 6).
^, hang', 1 o measure.
,.

373

jm^

126

IP,

Radical No. 166, a Chinese mile.


82).

(See No.

The phonetic
lian^, but
it is
it

of this character

was ^

writing that
it.

so modified in the present is of little aid 'to refer to

The etymology of the chara<iter is difficult to trace and the Chinese have invented an etymodogy which after once
it is difficult

hearing

to forget

the

dis-

tance to the sun H has been measured ^ and it was found to Ije one IP above the

Earth.
374

sun

one S ^P-

*|L

5X

kou^.

Enough,

fully.

%!k
'

kung', Radical No. 57, a bow. (See No. 55). ch'iieh*, /t'e', Phonetic, shell, husk. It is pro-

bable that the idea w^as to strike

something hollow When bow is A'e** added to this phonetic the idea of enough
is

shu^

said to be sugj^ested because

an

archer,

in shooting,

draws the bow to the full. He makes a large vacant space between the bow and the string. (W. 34 I).
a
foot,

375

tt ?^ /^, f\
jF-*

ch!ih',

a span.

shih^,

Radical No. 44, a corpse, a person in the

reclining posture,

an
;

adult.

V^ 2i

''*'

Phonetic, germination

here

it

indicates the

opening out of the hand in the act of making a span. The p shiW is said to be the male, adult hand It is probable that this character has been contracted and thus the part w'hich indicated the hand has been deleted. In 'the C/iou dynasty the
.

127

unit of length measured abc/ut ^isyenty centimeters.


If one reniembers this it

wiU

help to understand measurements in the


Classics.

(W. 32

F.).

"'mM
Jl
5te

pao*.

To announce

to recompense

a news-

p9,per.

t'a\ Radical No. 32, earth.


nieh*,

who has committed a criminal, a man crime ^,jen\ cf. No. 274 (W. 102 G., D.). It is unfortunate that the scribes have
-jfc

^, ^
^,1^

character caused the left part of the to be identical with fortunate, kickj^ as it has a veryhsing*, different meaning. fu' The right part of the character shows a hand holding a seal, and about to stamp the order for punishment. (W. 55 C.) is obtained The idea of to announce owing to an official trying a crixninal case

^ and
377 |t

publishing his decision

g,.

^^

zs> [qI

a shop. p* shil^, Radical No. 44, a corpse. This is another character which cannot be divided up into radical and phonetic aj^'the base of the character is R ch'ilf, the expanded hand, a span and P k'oti^, the mouth. The explanation given is that in fixing up a shop one must not onlj' use the hand but the mouth must also be used to inquire
chi?,

an

office,

the best

mode

of procedure.

There

is

another explanation of the character The which may be eaisier to remember.

128
ch'ih^ ;^ is

foot, (a

square foot) and the

one of the positions on a chess chess board a foot square is large enough and the squares are places (W. 32 F,). for stopping or resting.
k'ou^
is

board.

378

igg
'iTO

^
^
'

^" Happiness, prosperity'.


shih*, Radical

No. 113 to reveal. (See No. 227).


;

-d fu*

Phonetic, abundance.

(W. 75

D.).

The
this

'

most satisfactory
phonetic
is

explanation

of

'

a contraction of Wt Aao\ high and ffl t'ien', a field, the products of the field piled higli is a good symbol tor With the addition of the abundance. radical the idea is that a superhuman inthat
it is

fluence

has decreed abundance, hence meaning happiness, (cf. No. 267).

the

379-^
~^!^,

^^
-*-*

-d*

bsiang'.
t'oa^,

To

receive, to enjoy.

Radical No. 8, above. This character does not divide up


radical

into

and phonetic.
iti

The ancient

writ-

ing

was two

characters, one upright

and the other inverted, they were contracted to ^. Hei-e is another illustration of the reversing the meaning of a
character bj'
inverting
it.

The

upper

part -^

is w^titten in
;

the ordinary

way

and
is

inverted and

means superior the lower part means inferior. The


form
is

in the seal

the gift which

is being
inferior.

handed up to the superior by the (W. 75 D.).


380

@C

cheng*:,

To

rule

government.

129

^
Tr

p'u* Radical No. 66, to strike or tap.


seal character is

The a right hand holding a

rod.

(See No. 17).

cheng*. Phonetic, right, exact.


ifc

A govemment

should act : p'u* in an orderly and exact jE manner. (See No. 12). (W. 112 I).
381

Mft

t'ieh^,

To

paste.

^ cban\
pei*,
f*

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). Phonetic, to usurp, to seize, to divine.

An

old definition of the character 5fi is " to leave in pledge." An article left in
is

marked by pasting a written statement upon it. It is possible that the meaning which is now prevalent The above originated in this way. phonetic also means to divine, but the meaning to usurp seems to be more (W. 56 B). logical in this combination.
pledge
382

mo*. Ink. -p t'a*. Radical No. 32, earth. Gg heP, Phonetic, black. The]^seal writing of this

^*n,sins.

a vent^for^ smoke and the lower part is two fires, one above the other, indicating a succession of fires. Around the vent lampblack accumulates, hence a very appropriate symbol for black. Mixing lampIt is the 203rd radical
character
is

black with earth


ink

is

was

first

made.

probably the (W. 40 D).

way

"^m

H
ei

Dark. jih*, Radical No. 72, sun. y^"^' Phonetic, sound. This
an*,

is

the 180th, radi-

130
cal.

(See No.

39),

There

are several

characters which have this radical as their

phonetic and have a i^ieaning of dark or

obscure

it

may be, that this meaning has

been attached to this phonetic owing to sound being invisible. When the sun is
384

M
fSS
en^t

invisible it is dark.

(W. 73 E).

Grace, to

show

favor.

Jl^ hsin^,

yirH^,

Phonetic, because.
ginal

Radical No. 61, heart. (W. 60 B).

The

ori-

meaning
confined in
for

of this

phonetic

man

feel sorrj^

a cell. a prisoner thus confined. If this feeUng of sorrow leads one to hberate him, that is grace and it is represented

was a cannot One but

by placing

heart, j& bsin^ under

yin^.

J^,

^
>L^

hui*,

Kind, grace. hsit^, Radical No. 61, heart. This is supposed to reprech'uan\ Phonetic. sent an ox w^ith a trace attached to a

bar behind the horns


the trace there
objects
tension,
is

and at the end of a hook for attaching which are to be drawn. By ex;

his

when ones heart is drawn into work he is kind, he allows his better
his actions.

feelings to enter into

(W.

91E,G)..
386 iBi

,,

:>^,

^v

)itt(

tietf,

-,.

dictionary, records.
eight.

J^ pa^, Radical No. 12,

nn

-.lUL ch'aP, Phonetic, books.


,

This is an old character and has dropped out of use. It, in

131

the

seal

writing,

represents

bamboo

books placed

The lower part of the character was a table % wu^, and not A pa\ but when radicals were sought to
in order.
classify all characters, the legs of the table

were taken
387

for

pa^

(W. 156 C).

'$

& ^

yu^.
i\

Post house.
city.

Radical No. 163, a

(See No. 11).

ch'uP, Phonetic, a

bough loaded with leaves and drooping flowers (W. 13 E). Chalfant says that this phonetic is a spray of wistaria. As these flowers hang pendent, this symbol has been adopted for characters

w^hich

convey

the idea

of hang-'

ing or suspension.

Thus

M shui* to sleep,
A post-house
the only

implies that the eyelids are drooping and

are suspended over the eyes.


w^as on the frontier.

This

was

place w^here the Governn;ient maintained

postal communications, the Emperor especially desiring to

know

the condition of

which were located on the fringes of his domain. They are looked upon as the "hanging on " cities.
affairs in the villages or cities

BALLEE LESSON
388
fu^,

XIV.

prefecture

palace.

Radical f*^ yen^

No. 53, a covering, a hut.

vj^

fu*,

Phonetic, to deliver to.

With the addition of the radical the meaning of the character is a place J" where taxes ar<!i paid, ^. A man i takes and a hand ^ gives. (W. 45 C).

1.32

389 Xxi Ikk

chou^,
//./

political district.

J*\.

U\

ch'uan\ Radical No. 47, streams. (W. 12 E). This is. an old character and does not

break up into radical and phonetic. In the old writing it represents tracts of land surrounded by rivers. (W. 12 L).
390
hsieti^,

district.
silk.

^
|B
.

mi^ Eadical No. 120,

(See No. 8).

ll.

hsiao^ Phonetic, the head of

ing up, the hair

is

a criminal hanghanging down. (W.

160 A).

With the addition of

hsi\ a

modification of

mi*

silk,

the idea of the

head being hung up is emphasized. A bsiea* was a place w^here an official resided whose rank enabled him to execute criminals. (See Chalmers No. 187).
391 >dfe

|g

sheng^, or hsin^.

Sheng^, a province

hsin^,

watchful.

mu\

Radical 109, the eye.

(See No.

102).

shao^, Phonetic, few.

This phonetic is devoid of phonetic, significance. There are three ways of explaining this character, but
only

them are worth recording. The ^ is said to be the eyebrow frowning as if endeavoring to see more distinctly. The other explanation is that the /J? shao^ indicates a narrowing of the palpebral
.of

two

fissure in order to see better.

This is frequently done by nearsighted persons as it


gives

them

clearer vision.

(W. 158 D).


is

392
lou^, Loft,

a story, a house which

more than

one story high.

133

^
-^ ^^

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood.


lou' Phonetic, the part of

(See No. 22).

men

are confined.

a palace where wo(W. 67N). Women

nff, enclosed 41 chung^, in the

^ # wu^, prison

of the gynecium. With the addition of the w^ood radical it is the symbol for a house which is higher than the ordinary
dwelling.
393 >fc=;

tuarP, Short, deficient.

3^ "^

sbih^,

Radical No. Ill, a dart.

(See No. 100).

tou*, Phonetic,

(W. 165 A.) The character for short was formed by putting

dish.

together
ancients,

two

of the shortest utensils of the

a dart and a dish. The character for long ^, was hair that was so long it 'had to be fastened with a brooch. (For long, see W. 113 A).
namely,

394
hsin^,

New,

recent.

JX

Radical No. 69, an ax. (See No. 358). chen^ Phonetic, the Chinese hazel bush. Rods of this shrub were used for beating criminals and, for this purpose, it was necessary
chin^,

that they be

freshly cut.

brush

^
W

cheti^

and ax Jf
or fresh,

symbol
cut.

for

new

Thus hazel chiti^ became the as the ax by the


were just

side of the rods implied that they

(W. 102 H). The present writing of cheii^ is not like the above, which hazel
is

the old writing.

395
chiu*, Old,

worn out,

fornlerly.

^^

ts'aq^ Radical No. 140, grass. (SeeNos. 22, 40),


chiu^, Phonetic,

a mortar.

This seems to be a

134
originally used for j^ chim, a corpse placed in a coffin. In the shops coffins are euphemistically spoken of as %i^ shorn ts'ai^, material for the aged or
old.

chiwi,

was

This usage
of old
it

meaning
writing
coffin.

the chiw^ as in the above represented the corpse in the

may have stamped

on

(W. 103 C)

(cf. 42.8.)

396
huai*,

To

spoil, ruined.

;^
m;

t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth. huaP, Phonetic, to hide in the bosom, covered from the eye by putting in the breast.

tic is

(W. 16 J). The upper part of the phonea cover, the part which looks like m

w^ng^
space,

is

g mu*
it

vsrritten

horizontally in
vip

order that

may

not take
is

so much

the loAver part

the radical for

clothing with the cords which are used as


fasteners across the breast of the garment

represented.

Others explain that

5ji

tai*

means to hide as the eyelashes fall over the eye and hide it, and is here placed inside of the
,

i.e.
'

to hide in the clothing.

-,;

cf.

No. 82, ;X.

With the addition of the radical for earth the idea may have been, if instead of hiding the article in the breast
in the earth it
it

was

buried

would be

ruine'd.

397
c/2'a^.

To

examine, to search into.


is

Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 22). TfC n ch^ieh^ Phonetic, a chair, without a back. It

mu\

used here as a simple phorietic. This char-

135

acter

was

originally used
it

in

sacrificial

ceremonies and
tioil

enters into the composi-

of

many

characters.

With the addi-

tion of

wood h was originally used as a proper name and afterwards it was


written instead of Thus it has ch'a'. no etymology. Correctly written $.

398

^
J^

nan^, Difficult, to cause distress.


chui'

Qt| /jan* Phonetic, dried

Rad. No. 172, a short tailed bird. (See 21). in the sun. In the old seal writing the sun is shining on the loess with fiery heiat and drying out the mois-

With the addition of the radical for short tailed birds, (most water fowl have
ture.

short tailg) the idea

is

that

when the pools

where these birds get their food are dried up they are in distress. (W, 171 B).
399
ts'ao^r Grass, herbs.
ljn|l_

-tt ts'ao^ Radical No. 14Q, grass. (See No. 111). *sao*, Phonetic, early.

This

character originally

stood for a kind of


tor dyeing articles

grass which black ^.

was used

With the addition of the radical it now means any kind of grass or herb. (W. 143 E).

400
chiao^,

To

teach-;

religion

to allow.
(See No. 17).

v^

p'u^ Kadical No. 66, to strike.


hsiao^, Phonetic, to learn.

;^ &.

two crosses
B).

The seal writing is X=i*, above a son ^. (W 39


and answer.

If hete indicates question

has the it, 5^ vao^ (See No. 165). The character meaning of influence from the cutting of
shears

which

it

pictures.

Here being

136

doubled

it

emphasizes the influence of the

teacher on the pupil ^.

With the addi-

tion of the radical : the idea of applying

the rod

is

portrayed.

(W. 39 G, H).

The

modern writing of this phonetic is identical


401

-y.

with ^ hsiao*, filial piety, but it has nothingbut ^ in common with it. (W. 30 E).
chu\

To boil.

^*^^

iK,*^^^ /zuo^ Radical No. 86, fire. > che' Phonetic, a final particle,

a suffix. (See No. 270). This phonetic can be regarded as the pronoun it then the etymology is> fire iK it ^. Boil it by putting fire under it.
;

402 /^
chin*,

To

enter

in,

to advance.

cho^ Radical No. 162, walking


chui}-

and stopping.
It has no
this character.

Phonetic,

short-tailed bird.
in

phonetic significance

172nd

radical.

(See No. 21).


it

With

the

addition of the radical 5_


;

stands for to

advance this may be because birds in flying always move forwards, they never fly backwards.
403
Jt>|.t

njfll

an occasion. cA'eS Radical, No. 159, a cart. (See No. 136). shang*, Phonetic, a roof of a house. (See No. 52). (W. 36 E). With the addition of the cart radical it is used for the number of times a trip has been taken. The cart suggests that the idea may have been, the number of trips the cart made to a certain house and back.
t^ang*,
^*'

A time,

^W

Advantage,

profit.

JE mm^

Radical No. 108, a dish, (See No. 233).

137

^V

sAai^ Phonetic, water.

on

its side,

The character is lying indicating overflow, or abund-

ance.

dish

overflowing stands for

advantage or profit. (W. 125 C). This is an old character and antedated the glazing of pottery. Unglazed pottery if made of sandy clay will not hold water, but pottery made of good clay will retain it. It would not be strange if pottery which held water was taken as the symbol of advantage or profit.
405
sao^,

To

sweep.

shou^, Radical No.

64 the hand.
;

chou^ Phonetic, a dusting brush.

(W. 44 K).

406

a.
^

In the seal writing a hand ^ is represented as holding a broom. The addition of the hand radical at the side was made about 200 B.C.
hsiao*,

To honor

parents,

filial

piety.

"T^ tzu^, Radical No. 39,

a son.

lao^,

Phonetic, old. This phonetic is not brought out in the modern writing. (W. 30 E). The phonetic in ffcfj; chiao^ in

modern writing

is the same as hsiao*, but it has nothing in common with it in etymology. (See No. 400). Lao^ old, stands for parents and the ^p tztP son should render that devotion and reverence

which
407
ching^,

is fitting

and proper.

To

reverence.

j^
;gj

p'u^ Radical No. 66, to strike.


chi* Phonetic, to restrain

ra

G).

This phonetic

is

(W. 54 made up of yang^


ones
self.

138

sheep, contracted,

and

'^

pao^ to cover

and n as a sheep and restrain ones words. With the addition of the radical which here can
k'ou^ the mouth.

To stand meek

be taken as the one w^ho wields pow^er the idea is to be modest in the presence of
those in authority.
408
t'ang^,

i
-^

hall,

a ineeting place.
;

t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth.

shang*. Phonetic, a house, (See No. 52)


this is

hence
the

a suggestive phonetic.

With

have an inclosure n which is roofed over ^ but the earth is the floor, a condition which is by no means uncommon at the present time. (W. 36 E).
addition of the radical for earth
409

we

^ hu\

ch'u*,

A place,

circumstances.
(See No. 258).

Radical No. 141, a tiger.


Phonetic, a place.

^Jjt c/z'u*,

Suggestive phonetic.

The

primitive idea of this phonetic

was
and

to have walked until tired,

sw}^,

come to a seat JL chP. This character had the radical hu^ added to it when the characters were being put under radicals
but
it

contributes nothing save difficulty

in writing.

To

the present day the ab-

breviated form

is

without this

radical.

(W. 20 B).
410
ch'ang^, Constantly.
|tj

chin^,

Radical No. 50, a napkin.

(See No.

143).

[^ shang\ Phonetic, a house,

(See No. 52) (W-

139

36 E). The radical cbin^ is a banner which is constantly ^ floating in front of the headquarters, fl shan^, of the general.
411

^
>^

/c'o^,

Numerative of trees.

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 22). kuo\ Phonetic, fruit. (W. 120 F). The fruit
represented by IH fier^ on the tree. This combination would make an appropriate numerative of fruit trees, but it is used for
is

all

kinds of trees.

412
shu^,

A tree.

Radical No. 75, wood. (W ^=1 chu^ or shu*, Phonetic, upright, vertical. 165 D). This seems to be a hand ^t
'^^

Mu\

beating a
vertical'

drum M.

chou^.

The idea of
held.

may have

been derived from the

position in which the

drum was

part is a drum n on a stand and an ornament. With the addition of the wood radical we have vertical or

The

left

above

is

standing wood,

trees.

BALLER LESSON XV.


413
hou*, Thick, generous.

f^

ban* Radical No. 27, a cliff. (See No. 42). is the hou^ Phonetic, liberal, generosity.

^
;

reverse of

^=^

i.e.

^=^. The.0

is

gift

and the
is

rest of the phonetic is first five

strokes of i^ AaoS high, reversed

thus

'it

gift

come down to an

inferior -^.

superior

man

or the gods would give

140

meaning of generous The f' han* is not cliff but a stroke which indicates descent or the coming down of the gift from above. (W. 75 G).
lavish gifts, thus the
is

attached to this phonetic.

414

J^

/^

ch'uan^,

To propagate

to

hand down.
(W. 91

^
-^

J^

jen^,

Radical No. 9, man.

^ ~

chuati^, Phonetic, singly, particular.

The upper part of this phonetic is an ox harnessed and a trace dragging behind with a ring for attaching
F).

ch^uan^

loads which are to be drawn.

When the

lower part of the phonetic -^ hand, is added, it is the character for a writing tablet which was worn attached ;^ to the -^ wrist. These tablets were worn by the
official

scribes.

A man A

proclaims

what
1^, nl^
AsjV,

is

written on his wrist-tablet U,

preaches from notes.

^
/p^

To

repair, to build, to cuMvalse, adorn.


9,

jen^, Radical No. yu^ Phonetic, to

man.
ones

feel

way

across a ford
This

with a

stick

^.

(See No. 160).

.,

__^
f

phonetic has added to it shan^, feathers, long hair, ornament. This compound phonetic and the radical for man stand for to cultivate, to repair. (W. 12 C).

W'

pao^ An herb of the mint family

thin, mean.
is

Pr

ts'ad',

Radical No. 140, grass, with the first meaning of S|.

connected

i^

p'a^,

Phonetic, a wide expanse of shallow

water

^Jc.

(For

iT fu^ see

phonetic

M fu^, the hand ^

No. 151). The of an adult, W,

141

broad, amplitude. From this meaning the idea of breadth runs through several characters which have this phonetic, (W.

109 D).
417

Here breadth without depth

suggests thinness, meanness.

YS

To laugh at, to smile. chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo.


hsiad^,

^^

(See-No. 7).

J'^oS Phonetic, a

man

in

the act of bending

forward in order to jump, march or laugh

more easily.
the character

With the addition of bamboo


is

used

for,

to laugh, because

when the wind waves the bamboo it resembles the movements of a man convulsed with laughter. (W. 61 B) (See
No. 323).
418 rst
yiian^,
|~|

Round.
Origi-

weP, Radical No. 31, enclosure. yuan'. Phonetic, round. (W. 161 B).
nally this phonetic

the character, but

The character
weP. round like
is

was the full writing of weP was added later. now has two weP radi-

cals as the small square

above the , pe/* The meaning was something a cowrie ^.

419 rPC

fp
lis.

cbiang-^,

An artisan.
22, a log hollowed
out.

I.
/T, /^

/ang^ Radical No.

(W. 51 A).
chiii^,

Phonetic, an ax.

No phonetic significance.

'

(W. 128 A). The seal writing is said to be a representation of the instrument. The little stroke to the right is thought to be a chip of wood. This is the 69th

142
radical.

No. 358). When the radical for a hollowed out log is added it stands for an artisan or the work of an artisan.
(Cf.

The hollowing out of trees to make boats


or vessels

was probably one

of the

first

mechanical devices employed.


"'~^

ch'in^,
1^

The

affections, the feelings.

^ ^

i^

hsin^,

Radical No. 61, the heart.

ch^jng^, Phonetic, the colors of nature, (See

63), (W.

115 D).
feelings

No. With the addition ot

the radical for heart


for

^e

character stands

which are pure or natural to the heart of man.


those

421
sbih^, Real, true, really, solid.

t^--

mien', Radical No. 40,

roof.

kuan*, Phonetic, long strings of cowries or


cash.

(W. 153 A). The upper part of the phonetic, which by the w^ay has ^no
phonetic value,
is

two

articles

w strung
roof
is

; kuan\ and the together on a string lower part shows that these articles are
,

cowries or coins
"

pei*.

When

added the character stands for real wealth stored away where it is available for use, not a false pretense of wealth.

422

bsin^, to become sober after being drunk, to

wake
_

up, to startle.
;

^ yu^

Radical No. 164

a kind of jar which was used for keeping fermented liquors. The

shows that there (W. 41 G).

is

something

in the jar,

,^

hsin^, Phonetic,, stars.

(W. 79 F).

The

143

oldest writing of this character has three


^<%.

^ shen^. The stars are supposed to be formed ^ sheng^ from


stars or suns above

the quintessence of sublimate matter rising

up to heaven,
hsing^
423
is

i^

chwg^=tleSLi\ crystal.

to become cle^r- headed after

intoxication.

^
buo*, Calamity, misfortune.
7J>,

>v

shih*,

Radical No. 113, to reveal.

(See No.

227).

1^ kaa^

Phonetic, a defect in the conformation of

the bones of the

mouth a cleft palate.

(See
is

No. 119).

When

the above radical

combined with this phonetic there is the suggestion of divine judgment. If a child is born with a hare lip or a cleft palate j^ it is regarded as a calamity |^ sent from heaven^. (W. 118 A).
424

k'u\

To

cry.

-^

P ^

k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the

mouth.
phonetic

ch'uan^,

Phonetic,

dog, without

significance.

remarked that The this character is a picture of a dog. ua a call or indicate bsuan^ two mouths
Confucius
outcry, hence
after the

^ means

to howl or cry ra
i^.

manner of dogs

(W. 72 C).

425

v
cWien^, Shallow.

7K,

sbuP, Radical No. 85, water.


cbien^ Phonetic, to exterminate, to destroy,

The common work of two or more halberds. (W. 71 R). (See No. 13). This phonetic always gives a bad
dangerous.

144

or insignificant color to the character.

Shallow water

is

dangerous to a

sailor.

^^/^

shih^,

An

age,

a generation, thirty years.


1, one.

'

iS

Radical No.

Jffk

san^ shih^,

Phonetic,

thirty.

No
j]\-

phonetic
the con-

significance.

(W. 24 O).

is

traction of three

+ shih^ or thirty and the


ifi:,

horizontal line below in

is

the radical i^

one.
427

Thirty years make one generation.


lines, literature,

X,A

wen', Strokes,

elegant.

Radical No. 67.


characters and
the grain in

This
it is

wood

one of the oldest supposed to represent or ripples on water.


is

(W. 61 F).
428
ch'uan*,

To

exhort, to advise.
(See No. 212).

^
H"

Radical No. 19, strength. kuati*, Phonetic, a heron.


li\

(W. 72 J). A chui^, with egrets, X short-tailed bird or horns, which has a loud call "^ bsiiad. The horns of a sheep are taken to repre-

sent the egrets.

The Sbuo Wen has no

etymology for this phonetic in combination with the above radical. It may be that this combination was used owing to
the

great patience of the heron.

Its
",

Chinese

common name
It will

is

" old waiter

gaze into the water iot hours without moving, in order to secure
lao* ten'^.

a fish. If we could use the same patience and vigilance in J)ersuading men much would be accomplished, hence it is not an inappropriate symbol for, to exhort.

145

*^^

P^ i^

"'^*' '^'^ curse,

to

revile.

P^,|^ wang^ Radical No.

122, a net.

(See No. 38),

(W. 39 C).
ma^. Phonetic, horse.
Radical No. 187.
(See

No. 261), (W. 137 A). The Shuo Wen does not explain this character ^. It seems to be an arbitrary combination of radical and phonetic. Catch a horse 15 in a net
1^

and you

will w^ant to revile ^.


irritate.

430 -gH?

i^^

je*,

To

provoke, to

^H^ hsin\

^^ ^
'

jc*,

Radical No. 61, heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, the primitive sense is to pick 3) herbs ft to eat P to select. (W. 46 G).
;

The ordinary meaning

is

if.

Just

why this

combination of radical and phonetic should mean to irritate is not verj' apparent. If the ^ je^is regarded as selecting, one who is over particular in selecting is most exasperating, or irritating to the mind ^6.

~fflc
rf>'

^$-

mm

wu^. Without, none.

J^ AHo^ Radical No.


ter
;

86,

fire.

Fire

...

was arbitrarino such


is

Ij considered as the radical of this characin the old writing there is


its

element in

composition but

# forest

the original form for the -"". Chalfant suggests that this character is made up of

.^&

ch'en^, primitive meaning, a warriors wang^, lost. This last characcar and

an old writing, is placed where the horses should be and the idea, according to the above mentioned authority, is that the animals have strayed away in the
ter, in

forest.

The

forest is represented

by

146
lin^,

in seal writing

and the

virang^ is

placed between the


fant

two trees. Plate XXYIII, and W. 10


boundary, a
limit.

(See ChalI).

:5p

chieh*,

H
XK
til

t'ien\ Radical No. 102, afield.


chieh*, Phonetic,

(See No. 207).

boundaries, the lines that se-

parate
field

pa\ men

/'enl

(W. 18
is

F).

With the addition of the


the idea of
field

radical for

boundaries

very

evident.

433
lan^,

A basket.
7).
jail.

^^,^

Radical No. 118, bamboo. (See No. chien^, Phonetic, to examine, to oversee, a
cbu",

(W. 82 F).

(See No. 294).

By

taking
jail or

the meaning of this phonetic as a


place of confinement, then

by the

addition

of the

bamboo
which

radical
articles

we have a

wicker

utensil in

may

be placed or

confined, for safe transportation.

434
shui^,

To

sleep.

mu\

Radical No. 109, the eye.


(See No; 387).

(See No. 102).

ch'uP, Phonetic, to

hang down. (W. 13 E), With the addition of the


is

radical for eye the idea of the eyeUds com-

ing

down and

covering the eye

set forth,

naturally suggesting sleep.


435
chiao^'^, chiieh^.

To

perceive, to

feel.

@
P^

chien*.

(W. 158 C).

Radical No. 147, to see, to perceive. (See No. 85).

hsiad' Phonetic, to learn.

(W. 39

I).

The two

147

sides of the phonetic are the

two hands of

the teacher pressing of the pupil; the

down on the ' waste

space where ignorance reigns in the head

two Jii i* between the hands indicate the questioning and answering of teacher and pupil. jJ = doubl-

ing of X> cutting shears, idea of influence (see No. 400 and 165). With the addition of the radical, to perceive, the characrer means, to perceive, to know.

436

^
1=1
.

/^
iol
hai*,

BA.LLEB,

VOGABULAEY

III.

'^

mieti^

injure to contract a disease. Radical No. 40, a roof, (See No. 1). This being a verj' old character it does not
;

To

fall easilj'

into radical

and

phonetic.

The

phonetic should be a combination of ^ chieh* and n k'ou^ but we find no such

combination outside of this character.


chieh* is

the

first

mnemonic invention
It represents,
stick.

after the knotting of strings.

^ on a injured by these word for mouth,


notches
idea
is

The

stick

was
the

notches.

When

k'ou^, is "added the

that one injures another by slander and when the above radical is added, the injury is done under cover '^ i.e. secretly.

(W. 97 E). ^ CAie/z* is very a leafy bough, (See No. 312).


437
jf^ ping*, Disease, defect.
ni*

like,

^ feng^

or chP Radical No. 104, disease. This radical is made up of i^ a straight horizontal
line,

the position of a sick person, and bed

148
tI

means, to be sick. The scribes arbitrarily added a dot on top(W. 127C).


ch^iang^.
it

Thus

p)^"

[jijl

ping' Phonetic, the third of the ten stems.

It

is a fire jJH in a house f\ and thus it is a suggestive phonetic, as a feverish person, a When the sick person, is hot (W. 41 A). is added to this phoneradical for disease

tic it

forms a fitting symbol for disease.

438

^ m^
^5*, j^l

hstieh^,

Snow.
(See No. 61).

j^
-J
,

J'^^ Radical No. 173, rain.


ch'otr' Phonetic,

(W. 44 A). The original phonetic was broom, ^ izai* but it has been contracted to ch'ou^ and there is little use in remembering the original

a hand.

phonetic, save to explain wh^^ the present

phonetic has no phonetic value.

(W. 44

AQQ

isa**

With the addition of the rain radical J). we have the rain '^ .which can be taken up in the hand a- or swept aw^ay ^. A good combination for symbolizing snow.
i\

To

heal.

yu^, Radical No. 164,

wine or a

cordial.

(See

No. 422).
i^

Phonetic, to take out ji shu^ arrows

^ from

the Cjuiver

?.

The idea

is

that these

arrows are to be shot at the deinon of disease.


it

The

cordial radical

is

added as
C).

indicates that .spirits

are

to be ad-

440

r^
^

ministered to the patient.

(W. 131

yang^,
shih-,

To

nourish, to rear.
J\I),

Radical No. 184, to eat, (W. 26

(See

M9

^ yan^^ a
441

Phonetic, sheep, (See No. 253).


#^

This

is

suggestive phonetic as the eating -% of


is

mutton

one

-M3^V)

^ TT
H^
/jK

nourishment,

means of securing (W. 103 A). ^

yi^^i Brave, heroic; England.


-H- ts'ati" Radical No. 140, grass, (See No. 22).

yati^, Phonetic, a
large space,
rt
;

man

:fc

in the

midst of a

in the seal writing it is

man

in. the

midst of a jungle.
is
still

(W. 60 K).
,h-

With the addition of the


idea of jungle
It requires
fierce

radical

the

further elaborated.

bravery to enter a jungle where beasts abound.

442

^fo l^^

eS Virtue,

moral

excellence.

ch'ih* Radical No. 60,

a step with the

left foot.

(See No. 128).


te^

Phonetic, virtue,
heart.

ig chihr' upright, >& Asin*

This

was

the original w^riting of

%., but it was finally put under the 60th radical. i[See No. 99 for explanation of phonetic). The addition of the radical may impart the idea of action or going out ^ in order to develope virtue it must be exercised, and go

the character

out to others.
443

B,^

yuan*, A court yard a public building. In the seal /u^Radical No. 170, a mound. writing a mound F is depicted with three
;

steps

leading to the top of a terrace.

(W. 86 A).

(See No. 93). watf, Phonetic, finished, done. reference to buildhas often This phonetic

ings and with the above radical

it

indi-

150

cates

large

court surrounded

with

buildings, or public offices (W, 29 H).

M4

|j

huatig^, Imperial

the sovereign.
(See No. 6).

Q
qrT

paP, Radical No. 106, white.

wang^, Phonetic, king, ruler, royal. (W. 83 C ) Chalfant has the most likely explanation of this character. He has found old
.

writings which seem to indicate that

it

was a
covild

string of jade beads

as jade beads
this

only be afforded by the royalty,


the s^anbol which

was

was adopted
is

to

indicate the ruling class.

(See Chalfant,

Plate XVIi;.

The

g paP
self,

contracted

from

tzu* beginning,

character
445

and thus the huang^ originally meant a

king by right of birth.

lang-,

wolf, cruel.

^ ,^
g S

ch'iian^ Radical

No. 94, a dog.

(See 424).

77an^, Phonetic, good, sagacious.


tic

has undergone many varying ideas as to man's original nature. The primary meaning was the nature of man, a gift from heaven, is good. The
gift
is

This phonechanges with the

represented

by .

The coming

down from heaven was

represented by/*.

The next more modern form is 1.. The two convergent strokes at the top are heaven and earth coming together, the
middle part of the character is the gift and the bottom part indicates that this gift may be lost li, (W. 75 F). This seems a

most inappropriate phonetic


explanation
is

for wolf; tbe

as follows

The

wolf

is

151

extremely sagacious, in knowing where to go to escape danger and where food can

be obtained, he
446

is

an expert

g.

dog,

j^,

^
~KtK.

best of the

dog

tribe.

ii^g^i Spirit, spiritual, intelligent.

^ ^^ ^

yv?, Radical No.


ling^ Phonetic,

173

rain.

(See No. 61).


in large

the falling of rain

drops, the large drops are indicated

by
the

the three

circles.

These

circles

have been

changed

into squares as usual in

modern

This phonetic does not conform to the usual rule of phonetics, in that it includes the radical and does not
writing.

contain

all

parts of the character except


;

(^

the radical

wu^ was added to the

character at a later period.

The rain

was something very


the crops, and they
it.

earnestly desired for

made

supplication for

The lower part of the character is a symbol w^hich represents witches M dancing to obtain rain the work X of witches M. (W. 72 K and for wu" W. 27 E).
;

Because the
spirit

spirits

this character

were invoked for rain has been used to represent

or spiritual.
soul.
;

447 rit_
han^,

The

7^,

/S.

kueP, Radical No. 194

the spirits of the dead.


is

(W, 40 C).
into the air.

The

old character

a primi-

tive representing a

human being vanishing

This character has under-

gone several changes. The upper part is said to be the head of a demon, the lower part is a human being and the X is a

152

representation of the swirl

made by

the

demon when
:2^
yiJn'',

it

moves.

Phonetic,

speak.

borrowed to mean This phonetic adds the idea of


clouds,

evanescence.
448

The
(

spirit is

not

visible to

the natural eye.

W. 9 3 B )

SJ^l
1^
[Tt

/e?,

Thunder.

yff, Radical No.


t'ien^,

173

rain, (See No. 61).

Phonetic,

field.

Without phonetic

sig-

nificance.

(See No. 45).

This character
or'

^y
if

was

orif^inally

written with three

four

ig t'ieti'

and a small symbol

in the
;

center which indicated reverberation

as

the noise of thunder


of the
fields

was

caused on
See

account
449
ts'eng',
/

impinging.

Chalfant, Plate VII.

(W. 149 F).

story (of a house), a layer.

shlU, Radical No.

44

a person
sitting

in either the

recumbent
dressed

or

the

posture.

living person w^ho was, in ancient times,

impersonate the dead, and was worshipped at the funeral. (W.


to

32 A).
ts'en^. Past, already
;

t&etig^,

still

more, to

add.

The

radical

shih^ seems

an inapwas

propriate radical, a plausible explanation


is

as follows

the character " story "

needed

when houses were l)uilt more than one story high. This was another room

wu^ (See No. 337) added tseng (See No. 230) above the ordinary room. It was may be that the character ts'en^

originally written; i^

i.e.

M room # added,

158

but was afterwards


present form.
450 *a^,
chih^,

contracted

to

its

To

cure, to heal, to govern.


;

yy%

^r

s/zu?,

Radical No. 85
I,

water, (See No. 79).

Piionetic,

ones
it

self.

No

phonetic sienifi-

cance.
river

This

was

originally the

name

of

seems to have been adopted to stand for the verb to cure without
etj'mologlcal justification.
.451

and

ming^,

/f'oui,

name, fame, reputation. Radical No. 30, mouth.

No phonetic value. J^ hsf Phonetic, evening. In the evening -^ one should call out p his name ^, in order that others may know who approaches. (See No. 14).
452

^^
S.

tao',

To

pra3'',

prayer.

shih\

known,

Radical No. 113, to show, to (See No. 227).

make

sAou*, Phonetic, longevity.

(W. 144B). The upper part of this phonetic is supposed to represent a ploughed field J ch'ou^, and indicates constaiit repetition, the furrows are turned over one after the other. With
the addition of

k'oa^ the idea of repeated

inquiry

is

convej^ed.
-rf-

The present phonetic


added by the
side of

has hand,

ts'un*,

k'ou^, as gestures aid the petition.

With

the addition of the radical this character


fulfills

the heathen idea for prayer;


the\^ shall

"for

they think

be heard for their

much
453

speaking."

shih^,

lion.

154

-^

ch'iiatP Radical

No. 94, a

dog.

(See No.

424).
pip shih^, Phonetic,

a leader or master.

Composed

of ^ tuf^ an elevation of two steps, elevated, and rfJ chin^ and ?, one or first.

This combination stands for the banner of


the commander-in-chief, the
fjl
,

first

banner

over the fort g thus the idea of leader

.or

master
is set

is

conveyed by this character.


radical, the,
is

With the addition of the dog


idea
forth that the lion

the king

of beasts.
454 n^t
ch'iang^,

(W. 86' B).

wall.

ch'iang^, Radical No. 90,

split log,

(See No.

84).

^
;^

she*

se*.

Phonetic, grain inclosed in a granary,

frugal, stingy.

The present writing of the


it

phonetic has no phonetic significance, but


|g ch'iang^,

means a wall and

may have

been originally used as the phonetic and contracted to the present form. (W. 76
E).

^ She* is composed
A>

of hn^ "^ a place

for putting: grain in,

A jv*, to put
The

in,

(contracted) and
tracted.

laP, grain, also con-

(W. 13 C), (See No. 64).

(This

character

now means
"With
is

to come).

represented bearded grain hanging from

the stalk.

the

addition

of the

radical which

a symbol of strength, we have a good combination for wall. Walls were early built around

155

*55

j^l

^J

chi*,
[j
,

To

adjust, to trim

dose of medicine.

71 tao\ Radical No. 18, a


cA'i^

^K ^6

knife. (See No. 37). Doses of medicine should be of uniform size. (W. 174 A). This is the 210th radical. In the seal character

Phonetic, even.

there are three stalks of grain.

Stalks of

grain, standing in the field, are practically all of equal heighth.

These three appear to us as quite uneven, but this is because our ideas of the perspective differ

from those of the framer of the character. The lower of the two horizontal lines at the bottom, is the foreground and the upper of these two lines is the background, thus because each head of grain ground, the is equally high from the character stands for even. With the addition of the knife radical we have the idea of the apothecary using the spatula
in apportioning doses of medicine.

456 :?H

yao*, Medicine.

+f

ts'ao^ Radical No. 140. grass, (See No. 22).


j'ao*,jueA*, Phonetic,
ie*

an ornamented frame on which drums and a bell are placed. The drums are on the sides and the bell is in the middle. (W. 88 C.) This instrument
gives the five sounds of the Chinese scale. to observe the seal necessary is It

writing in order to see the intention of the symbol. These five parts of the instrument are all in tune. With the addition of the radical for grass, the idea
anj^
is

vegetable substance which

will re-

.156

store the proper functioning of tile


restore

body

harmony.
used as

YegetallDle
niedicinefe.

substances

were

first

BALLEE LESSON

XVI.
to

^^
^
:^

pei^,

Bed-clothes,
suffer.

a sign of the passive,


clothes.

i\

Radical No. 145

(See No. 51).

tb p'P, Phonetic, skin or covering.

(W. 43 H.) (See No. 224). This is the 107th radical. Its use here as a phonetic with the radiThe cal for cloth or clothing is logical. integument not being sufficient* to keep
the individual w^arni, blankets w^ere re-

garded as cloth

skin.

The use

of this
its

character as the sign of the passive and


logical

use meaning to suffer are without etymo458

J^
-yj^
ch'iao^,

warrant.

bridge.
(See No. 36).

7^

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood,


ch'iao^ Phonetic, loft3^

m
459

(See No. 322), (W.

75 B).
often
pa*,

bridge

is

a high

structure,

made
;

of w^ood

TfC-

To

stop

finish, resign

sign of the im-

perative, interrogative particle.

, W\ wang\

Radical No. 122, a net, (See No. 38.)


able.

]|g neng; Phonetic,

(W. 27

J).

(See No.

The explanation of ^ by the Shuo Wen is an ofl5cer,gg an able man, taken in the meshes [^ of the law and
357).
;

dismissed.

157

^^0 i^f

tnetig^,

To

cover, to conceal

sign of passive.
(See No. 22).
T).

^
.

-^ ts'ao\ Radical No. 140, grass.

meng^, Phonetic, to cover.

(W. 34

The

^V

upper part of this phonetic is D mad'; to cover something. The lower part is sA/A^, a pig under cover. Another explanation
is

that

it is

a representation of the
it.

wistaria w^iich forms dense foliage and


hides from view an\^ thing beneath

The ^ ed and
461

shih'' is

not pig, but the vine twistitself.

coiled

around
;

M
^
;4f;

p'en^.

To'' strike

against

to

happen

to meet

with.
shiW, Radical No. 112, a stone.
pfng^'

(See No. 42).

^^

Phonetic, together. (W. 115B). From jf chUen two scale pans or shields (? evenly poised in pin^ a man is placed above each pan, or shield, indicating that the two are going along together. When one comes into collision with a stone he is struck J^.
)
;

^#

462

e^ J^ t^sf^ v^
^

hstieh^,
tzff,

To

learn, to study.

Radical No. 39, son.


(See No. 435).

(See No. 1).

eJ3 hsiao' hsueh^ Phonetic, to learn.

(W. 39

I).

bination with
for,

This phonetic in comtzu' is a good symbol

to learn.

463 ;ig^

J5^. ^^

;^ '^ J^
.

shou*, To. receive, to endure.


29, the right hand, (See No.

3^ ya\ Radical No.


43).

This character cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic the upper part
;

is

;iv

chao^, the right

hand and below

is

the right hand of a second person, (writ-

158

ten in anotlier way).

Between these two hands, one of which is giving and the other receiving, there is a boat, only seen
in

the

seal

writing.
;

common
to

occurrence

This portrays a articles are brought


for

a boat and (W. 49 E.)


,
.
,

received

shipment,

464 Ifei

temple. miao ^
.

r*^ yen^,

Radical No. 53, a covering a shelter.


(See No. 132).

f|l

chao^, Phonetic,

morning to have an audience with the Emperor. (W. 117 D). This phonetic is made up oi kaif (See No. 137), and ^ chou^, a boat, changed to ^ in modern writing. The rising of the mist
;

;fij-

"7

through the jungle i^ as seen from-the deck of a boat, in the morning. By extension, morning the Imperial court, so
;

called because court

was

held early in the

morning. A temple
465
hsiang^,
hsiti\

is a place f where one can have an audience with the gods.

To

think, to ponder, to hope.

Radical No. 61, the heart, (See No. 18). j^ jjQ hsiang^, Phonetic, to examine, to inspect. (W. *" 158 B), (See No. 106). There is another

explanation of this phonetic which is not, given under the 106th character which
suggests one of
its

meanings,

it is

as

fol-

lows

about to build, one goes into the wood, tjc and examines g mu* the trees until one is found which answers
:

When

the requirements.

With

tl;is

explanation

a
159

the idea of appropriate

brought out. In hoping, the heart longs for that which is considered appropriate, or that which
is

is suited

to

its needs.

466

m.m
&, B

The countrJ^ (See No. 11). ?, Radical No. 163, a city, hsiaa^ Phonetic, cooked grain. (See No. 75). (W. 26 L). This character is made up of two ^ R 7 radicals, one on the right, written in the usual manner and one on the left is reversed ^ The % is written
hsiang^,
|S
-

between these for the country is the region between cities, AArhere food is produced.

y^, P'^

^
X

nung*,

To toy with to do kung^ Radical No. 55, hands joined.


;

(See No.

^
lAt

247.)
^"*'

Without phonetic significance. (See No. 124.) The hands are toying w^ith a string of jade beads,
Phonetic, jade.

very natural procedure.


ne?, Within, inside.

1
ri

/u*,

Radical No. 11, to enter.


(See No. 35)

(W. 15 A.)

chiun^ Phonetic, space, a waste area. (W. 34 A.) The two vertical strokes indicate the limits, and the horizontal stroke indicates the space between.

When

is

added, the idea of going into this area is set forth, so this character is the symbol
for inside.

-^j

A'u^, Bitter,

sorrow, suffering.

160

pu

_f^

^ ku\
^

ts'ao^ Radical No. 140, grass.

(See No. 22).

Phonetic, old. (See No. 17.) (W. 24 F.) This phonetic plus W, grass, originally stood for a bitter plant which became

sweet after freezing.


470
isao^,

It is

now used

mere-

ly as the character for bitter.

To

meet, to encounter, a turn.

Gen-

erallj'-

used in a had sense of encountering


(See No. 10.)

evil conditions.

^m

J_

cho* Radical No. 162, to walk.


ts'ao^ Phonetic, judges (W.

120

K.).

In anin

cient tribunals,

t^?vo

judges sat

the

Eastern Hall, represented by two 'M. characters,' to pronounce judgment El on cases brought before them. When \_ is added, we have the picture of a man who goes before the judges to endure an unpleasant
ordeal.

Thus the character

im.plies

meet-

ing

with undesirable

conditions.

The

modern arbitrary contraction makes the character lose much of its original significance.
471 3i

_^

2*,

To

discuss, to talk over.

"^

jen^, Radical No. 149, words.


2*,

(See No. 10.)

^^

Phonetic, harmony-, righteous, public,

(W.

71 O.) This phonetic is made up of ^ wo^ (See No. 2) and ^yavg^, sheep. (See (\Y. 103 A.) No. 253). When the above

two
has
flict,

characters are combined, the


its

^ wo'
a con-

original meaning, namely,

two spears attacking each other. With the addition of ^ yang^, the two combatants have changed and become

161

lamblike

neither

one

is

aggressive, con0"

cord
yet?,

is

restored.

With the addition of

this

combination stands for dis-

cussing affairs in the spirit just described.


Discussion
472
7/ng^,

in

a righteous
;

^ way.

To

lead, to guide

to receive.

^^

yeA*, Radical No. 181,

a man head and body

^
473

but the meaning often is restricted to the head. (See No. 105.) ling*. Phonetic, an order. (See No. 61.) With the addition of M, a man, the idea is that
this

man

or leader gives the order of pro-

cedure.

a hamlet. (See No. 36.) >fC rnu*, Radical No. 75, wood. -U ts'un*, Phonetic, hand niodern meaningan
ts'un^,
village,
;

inch.

(See No. 69.)

Originally the charffip,

acter for village Avas

ts^un^

but i^ has

is

supplanted the former entirely. As there no etj'mological reason for using the

present character, therefore there is no In looking over the logical explanation. winter, the North China plains in
villages seem to be nothing but little clumps or handfuls ^ of trees :^, and by keeping this in mind one can remember

how
474

to write the character.

tt
^^fj
^

-r^

f^

Jing*,

Separate, besides, extra.

Fot^, Radical No. 30, mouth. This does not break up into phonetic and In the seal radical, as it is a primitive. character it represents a knuckle bone.

162
(joint)

extending out from apiece of meat.


it

In the seal wi'iting

verj'

closely re-

sembles

iWj

7cua^

but

it is

not the same.

The knuckle or bone extending beyond the meat is taken as the sj'mbol for that
which is extra, or something (W. 118 B.)
4yg -jy -sr
left

over.

shang^,

To

consult,

to give advice," to de-

liberate.

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, mouth. This is a character wrhose modern radical does not agree with the original composition of the character.

The

is

and
the

is

words

(See No. 10).

a house, Between
the

lower two

elements
is

of jen^

sj'mbol
gives
others,
in

A ju*,
the
w^here

to enter, of

inserted.

This

idea

being

away

from

two persons can

consult

In the oldest writing two day) characters are added, thus implying that the consultation took place between two days, at night. To
private.

jih* (sun,

trade or to do business
;

a secondary meaning but as bargaining requires much


is

consultation
476
ch'ou', Silk.

it is logical.

^
m

ssu\ Radical No. 120,

silk.

chou\ Phonetic, complete, (W. 109 C). This is a combination of ^ yutig*, useful, and

7
ffi

cbP, the old writing of ^.


is

The

idea of

an arrow piercing the

target, ability,

and when

or

ed arbitrarily

7 (which is now changto n k'ou^) is added, the

163

idea

is ability

to hit every target hence,

rimversally.

radical for

With the addition of the silk, it is a simple phonetic in

the character for silk fabric. It may be that originally silk threads were sometimes mixed with other fibre, and this was
to indicate that
it

was pure

silk.

477

-^^ -^
',

Y'^

">]* ts'un*,

tsun\ Honorable, noble. (W. 47 C.) Radical No. 41, a hand or measure. (See No. 69.)

chiu^ Phonetic, liquor

M yu^, when the fermen-

tation

is

over and the dregs are entirely

Thus spirits that have settled and are kept in a w^ine vessel, only used on sacrificial occasions. With the
separated
addition of
is

A pa\
-^,

w^hich in the seal character

two hands f% we have the idea of offering good spirits with both hands, reverCompare
;

ently to a distinguished guest.

^^
wine
only.

pei* ordinary, vulgar.

W. 47

C.) (See No. 526).

It is

(W. 46 E a common
left

glass, presented

with the

hand
^
.

BALLEE LESSON
478

XVII.

i^
^g

tang^,
tang*,

To value, appraise, to compensate. To be equal to, to pawn, ought. (W.


Radical No. 102, a
field.

36 E.)

H
-^

t'ien',

(See Xo. 82.

shang*, Phonetic, a house.

(See No. 52.) This

character shows that the Chinese have

long been in the habit of pawning. House

164

being of most value, all other articles are included and because in pavs-ning the value of the article or thing

and

field

that of most importance, therefore the character stands for " to be equal to," to
is

479

^
,

value.

E?3 f"^

J"^)

To

give, with.

cAiV,

Radical
is

No.

character
tar
;

a mortar. The supposed to picture a mor134,


is

but the representation


This radical

not strik-

was arbitrarily given, ing. and has nothing in common with the
original idea.
f^

-p yii^ Phonetic, giving food from a spoon; to give,

a full spoon with in it. (at the top) shows that something is being given away, i.e., removed from the
with.
-^

indicates

bowl of the spoon.

This character

|a,

was

originally written in this

way

and

is still

so abbreviated.

great changes.

and the
fyf^

receiver

But it has suffered The hands of the giver fei f^ have been added.

Pk

so

a place,
tension,

that which, whatsoever.


;

hu*, Radical No. 63, one leaf of a door

by ex-

a house.

seal writing

is

(W. 129 .A.) In the one half of P5 meti^. (See


catt}'.

No.

5.)

JX /q
,

chivvy Phonetic,

an axe

It

has no phophonetics
that

netic significance, because the character

Sf

was made before radicals and


J5|f

were adopted.
this character

The Shuo Wen sajs

represents the sound of

chopping.

It w^ould

be more logical to

1G5

say
is

it

represents the place where the fuel

was done near the has come to mean a door or house P, it (W. 128 A.) place or building, ^ft.
prepared*

As

this

481

j^ ^^
YS

kuatf,

a tube. chu^, Radical No. 118, bamboo. kuan\ Phonetic, an official. (W. 86 C.)
care, to control
;

To

(See

No. 310.) With the addition or ft chu^, it forms the character for tube and it is reasonable to suppose that this was the original mean;

ing,

to care for

and that the meaning to control or was added by extension, as a


burn, to heat, to roast
fire.

tube controls the flow of w^ater.


/fjQ
iK., jK.

shao^,

To

fever.

Auo^ Radical No. 86,


writing.

pictorial repre-

sentation of a flame of
.

fire,

in the

seal

^
^S

yao^ Phonetic eminent, great. (See No. 77.) (W. 81 G.) The phonetic is made up of ^yao^, earth heaped up, and wv*, a stool or platform. (W. 29 K.) Thus the idea of very high is set forth. When the
;

radical for fire

is added, the character stands for a big blaze or great heat.

483

hung^,

To

cheat, to deceive.

P
|[.

/i:'ou^

Radical No. 30, the mouth.


all,

-t-

kung*, Phonetic,

together.

(W. 24

I.)

In

^^'^T|

r^

one old w^riting four hands are represented as working in unison. With the addition of

k'ou^, the idea of unison is

hands to words. If several persons assist by saying the same


transferred

from

166

thing, deception

is

easier of accomplish-

ment.
484

(The

seal

writing

is

twenty

"W-

Pairs of hands.

f=^.)

DO

^
keii^,

To

foUow^, the heel, and, with.

tsu^ Radical No. 157, the foot.

(W. 112 B.) The Shuo Wen says that the upper part of this radical is O; the circle indicates that the foot is at rest. When motion is indicated ^, 7E is used. The lower part is
.ih

chih^,

to stop.

J is

now

used for the

foot-in general. ^, / p'P^ {shu^), the

103rd

radical,

was

the counterpart of

JE.

The

seal writing

foot in

shows the *? on top of ih, a motion. The use of ik seems un;

fortunate

but in walking the foot is constantly starting T and stopping ih. The
This
is is a bolt of undone by turning it over

present use of /E p'i^ (shu-)


cloth.

and over, a repetition of stopping and

The character ;$ pu*, to walk, also represents stopping ih and starting The is ih chih^, reversed so meaning to start. Thus walking is a repetition of stopping and starting of the feet. (W. 112 C, G.)
starting
jtE?("'.

kctl^

Phonetic, perverse, obstinate.


223.)

(See No.

In following' there must be persistence of action, or it is not accoinplished. The fixed or hard part ^
of the foot
is
Jg.

(W. 26 L.)

is

the heel KB.

"To

heel"

the order to a

dog to

follow.

485

t^ Hi

sht^,

To

redeem, to atone, to ransom.


(See No. 38.)

pei\ Radical No. 154, precious.

yu^ Phonetic, to hawk, to peddle, (W. 79

J.)
is

The modern writing of this character identical with K mai\ to sell but it
;

is

from a
have a

different root,

and

this explains

why so many characters with this phonetic


u instead of a/. The phonetics map and M, mai* are used in onl3'- a few characters as phonetic. The upper part
final

is ik /u*, a mushroom, a plant ^ that stands as a man ic. Below the there is a S mv^, eye, written hori'^ mu*, a loving eye. zontally. With the

of this phonetic

addition of the

radical K, the idea of

hawking

is set forth.

Hawkers look on
and
in this

their w^ares with great regard,

way

they induce purchasers to give the

highest price.

With the addition of a second K pei* this is the symbol for to ransom in ransoming the full value must be paid.
;

486

r&I, Is)

mien*,

The

face,

surface,

side.

Radical No. 176, the face.

(W. 160 B.)


of
shotP, the
is

This radical
heg,d,
line

is

made up

and a primitive

O
fn,

H which

the out-

of a face.
is

The

while said to be

the face,

nose @, all save thedash above. The nose is the most prominent part of the face.

487

S**

ka?, Should, ought, to owe.


yefl^ Radical No. 149, words.

(See No. 10.)

-** hai* Phonetic, nine to eleven P.M.,


in

the horary cycle.

a sj^mbol (W. 69 K.) (See

168

No. 180) When com'oined with it has only simple phonetic force.

yen^

^J^

haa^,

Flowers

to spend.

(See xNo. 22.) -H- ts'ao^ Radical No. 3 40, grass. J^ hua\ Phonetic, to change. (W. 30, D.) Originally ft, was S fS, man tumbled
heels over

head

i.e.

changed and

later the

radical

A feti^ was added.


When

The
is

character

enters into the composition of


(See No. 209).
ft
/ja*, it
is

^ /ao^ old.
added to
for flower.

ts'ao\

forms the symbol that part of a plant which is strikingly different or changed from the

flower

other parts.
489 ^1

pp. That, the other, there. ch^ih* Radical No. 60 a step, to go.
;

r^ p'i^ Phonetic, skin. (W. 43 H.) (See No. 224.) This is the 107th radical. It is here used as a simple phonetic. The radical -t going, is chosen for the demonstrative pi-onouri " that," because it is distant and one must go ^ to it. Jtb t'su^ here, has _ih stop, as the radicalone stops and that object now becomes
,

"this." (cf491.)
490
ke^,
IJ

To

cut, to hack,

to reap.
knife.

^ ^
Jj

tao\ Radical No. 18, a

(See No. 37.)

hai\ Phonetic, to injure.'

(F.

97

E.)

(See

No. 436.) This when combined with 71 tao^ is a suggestive phonetic, as in reaping violence

has to be done to the standing grain. To

169

reap
491
jifc.

was

probablj' the first

meaning of

this character.

^^

t'zu\ This, here.

(W. 112 A.)

(Chalfant, ih chih^ Radical No. 77, to stop. Plate VIII.) Chalfant has an old writing

which represents a plant withered from


lack of moisture.

\^

(\

pP

Phonetic, to turn one's self around

the

21st radical.

(W. 26 B.)
is

The modern
with
\^
;

writing of this radical

identical

^ hua*, change, (W. 30 D)


Jifc

but they are


" This turn li " is

quite different in the seal writing.


is

the place to stop Jh and

and Jh a convenient mnemonic for chiH' is a logical radical, as one going to a distant object, ( designated as that, there,) stops on arrival and may now say
jIfc,

this,

here

Jtfc.

(cf.

489).

492 iag1^^,

pien*, Convenient,
jen^.

advantageous.

Radical No. y, man. y^ J\^ ketJg'^, Phonetic, to change, to improve. -^

(W. from ping^, fire comes a 41 A). This 0i| burning a house, calamity. When ;^ p'u, a right hand using a rod, a sign of control, is added, the fire, instead of being a de^ stroyer, is a convenience, an advantage.
(See No. 226).

When
idaa

the radical for

man

is

added the

is set

forth that affairs are adjusted

sol that

men

are satisfied, get advantage.

493 R^^

nH

suP,

To

follow, to

accompany.

170

^\l^

^"*

Radical No, 170, a mound. (W. 86 A.) In the seal -writing it represents a terraced

embankment

by extension earthworks,
etc.

einbankments,
suP, Phonetic,

to follow (W. 46 D.).


its

This

phonetic has
siege

root in |^

to*,

to build

earthworks about a
it.

city in order to be-

The tc left hand repeated indicates that the enemy is in great numbers, and
that the action
the besieged.

contrary to the action of In Pf (meat cut up) one of


is

the ;

tso^, is

replaced bx"

jou*.

This

account of the mutilation of the vanquished With the addition of 3l_ cho*, the character indicates following around the ramparts, perhaps in order to avoid being wounded,
!

may have been suggested on

(mutilated). 494

Ija
77

c/jiV,
li^,

To add

to,

to increase.

(W. 53 D.)
(See No,

Rad. No. 19, strength, muscle.


212.)

While n
phonetic,
is
:

k'ou^, occupies the place of the


it

has no phonetic value. The give the order, P and if it is not heeded follow it up with chastisement (muscular punishment) ij.
idea
first

495
p'ao^,

To

run.

tsa^ Radical No. 157, the foot.


pao^, Phonetic, to

wrap
of

up.

(W. 54

B.)

This

is

made up

pao^, a person

bending over to enfold an object (See No. With the addition of E S- it means 80). to -w^rsLp up. The primitive ineaning was

171

gestation.

a simple phonetic, but when one runs the feet J may be wrapped -gj in a cloud of dust.
In
Sfe

the "Q

is

496
fei*,

To

waste, to expend.
shell, precious.

^
*.ft

pel*,

Radical No. 154,


88.)

(See No.

fu'*

Phonetic, not.

Two

rods,

bound together
In the charac-

which bend
ter SJ it is

in opposite directions, there-

fore opposition, negation.

a suggestive phonetic,to look on valuables (money) as if they were of no value thus to waste them.
;

497 J

fuUg^, Throtigli, universal.


cho* Radi6al No. 162, to walk.
(See No. 10.)

i.

498 I3H "

/^

rafl^ Phonetic, blossoming. 5 ban, a bud, opening flower (W. 55 K). The phonetic of this phonetic is ffl with the addition of 5_ cho*, to go, the idea is that it is open This character was on in all directions. all " cash " to indicate that it was current coin, passing everywhere, M^7kp, A door screen, an ante-room, feminine apartments. men\ Radical. No. 169, a door. (See No. 5.) (See No. ke*, Phonetic, each, to be separate.

(W. 31 B.) This phonetic implied separation and when the radical P5 men^,
272.)
;

(door)

is

added,
is

the

idea

of separate

apartments

obtained.

BAIiLEE, liESSON XVIII


499

A
lien-,

To

connect.

(W. 167 B).

172

cho^ Radical No. 162, to walk.

(vSee

No. 10.)
(See Xo.

cA'eS Phonetic, cart or carriage.

136.)

Without

lahonetic force.

The Shuo Wen

says that the character represents a string of carriages moving along as if connected.

Thus the idea of to connect Carts '^ moving leave a

is

obtained.

continuous

track, not broken like the track of a man.


;A|J^

/an*,

To

transgress, to offend.

3P

-^

ch^uatf Radical No. 94, a dog.

The

seal

character

a dog.
tion.

a pictorial representation (W. 134 A.) (See No. 424.)


is
;

of

li han^ Phonetic

to blossom, expansion, erup-

(W. 55 K). (See No. 497.) This combination of radical and phonetic is very apt. What could be more suggestive of heedlessness than a dog in a flower garden ? unless it were a bull in a china

shop.
^^^

*aoS

To

fall

over.

J\^ jen^, Radical No. 9,


^Ij tao*. Phonetic,

man.
(See No. 88.)"
"

to arrive at.

The

original

meaning of this phonetic may

have been similar to the expression

The liaugman's noose wiU be his end " as a sword was used for executions, the man
;

is

prostrate

when

the knife descends. The

present meaning

may have

been acquired
73 arrives

by
the

extension.

\Yhen the executioner's axe

man

falls

M-


173

502

1^
"^

kati\

To

influence, to affect.
lieart.

(W. 71 F.)

*t^

hsin\ Kadical No. 61,


hsierf Phonetic,
all).

j^

to bite (modern meaning


J^

A wound
jr^

made by

the
jgJt

mouth p.
//st?, is

(W. 71 P.)

wu*, a halberd.

wound

by a halberd, the -dash, being the wound. Where k'ou^ is added,


inflicted

the character
ed

is

used for a

most painful therefore when ;6 is added it forms an appropriate symbol for moving the emotions. This is the character which
teeth.
;

by

This kind of

wound wound

inflictis

is

used for physiological stimulation.

503

^^

pr:
f>Tl

>^

p'^^^f

By

the side

of,

others, border, lateral.

(W. 117 A.) It is supposed to be two boats lashed together so that they fonn a square pontoon. ^ j[ p'ang^ Phonetic. A space with three boundaries. The -i- shang^, is the top, and tlie two lower lines are the side limits. The radical : fang^, w^as added later, and it conveys no additional meaning, as the sides are the parts of the character on which emphasis is laid. cf. M.
i.

jj

fang", Radical No. 70, square.

^*

^\

)f}(
^1^^

pi'' ^^"st, certainly.

(W. 18 G.)
(See No. 18.)

hsiTi\

Radical No. 61, heart.

This character has been so mutilated in its modern writing that all of its etymology is lost but a glance at the seal writing enables one to understand the meanpa^ eight, forms the two sides, and ing.
;

174

means to divide between these two strokes is a dart. The arrow must strike the
;

target in a certain spot, like the arrow shot by WiUiam Tell. It seems primaril3r
to have

been

an

interjection

pointing

out a strict order. The placing of this character under the radical for heart is

a mistake.
505

suP,

Though, even
-Radical

if.

^ ^

chuP

No. 172, a short-tailed

bird.

(See No. 21.)

The phonetic of this character is not common, and is not found in the dictionaries.
Williams says the character is composed of Pi weP, only, and A, ch'uti^, a worm,

and that it was a lizard. Others say it is an insect iU w^ith a special head UThis meaning has long since been lost, and the character now means though.
506

.^

JBii',

>AC.'^^^

tt^

(W. 65 G.) huo\ Radical No. 86, fire. (See Xo. 482.) Jan' Phonetic, dog meat. From F3 jou^, and i^ ch^uarf, dog. With the addition of the
radical for
fire

Yes hand.

still,

nevertheless,

on the

other

the character originally


;

was

used for roasted dog meat used

but

it is

now

as a conjunction,
is

sequently there
its ijresent use.

no

logical

and warrant

confor

507

Am

chP, Since

r a sign of the past.


.

wa" Radical No. 71, without. (W. 61 C.) A lame man wartg^, who makes an eifort,

175

^^

but meets with an obstacle which he is unable to overcome. While the above is the radical under which Kang Hsi places this character, it has nothing to do w^ith it. It is chi* (W. 99 E), to breathe in, or to swallow which is the reverse of ch'ien*, to breathe out but as this is not a radical it was placed under wu^. Cf. 273. (W. 26 L.) 6 hsiang^ Phonetic, boiled rice. is a kettle, and the dash is its contents U is the spoon with which it is eaten.

(See No. 75.)

This

an endeavor to put into pictorial form an intangible condition, and therefore belongs to a class of characters which but here v^re have is often disappointing an exception. The ^ is to swallow. The
is
;

remainder of the character is boiled rice, a mouthful or a meal swallowed is something finished or ended, hence it is taken
as the sign of the past.
508

=^ __ .HL
.

^.

/2si^

Pleasure, joy.

(W. 165 B.)

p
J^
.St

k'ou^, Radical No, 30, mouth. chou^ Phonetic, a drum on a stand, the P representing the head of the drum. Above are the ornaments. This phonetic has no

phonetic value.
it

When n

k'ou'

is

added

stands for singing.

represents vocal

Thus the character and instrumental music,

and by
^^

extension, joy.

ch'ueh\ Yet, still, to reject. (W. 17 H.) cA/eF Radical No. 26, a joint. (See No. 42.)
It

has the idea of restraint, as

it is

part

176

The meaning of joint may have originated owing to this being only a section of the
of a seal,a seal prevents forgery.
seal.

^, -^

ch'iao* Phonetic, the upper lip

the flesh

above the mouth p Ivovi^. This phonetic when "P chieh^ is added means to restrain
one's desires
;

to reject, because nothing

more

is desired.

a stiff upper lip which requires determination.


510

speak of " keeping " when undergoing that

We

E3
;,

;?

1^
I=

P,

weP, The tail of animals. (W. 100 B.) a person in the shih^, Radical No. 44
;

re-

cumbent postui'e. (See No. 449.) The phonetic in the seal character
773a o^ inverted
;

>

is

ten

it

but the scribes have writin the regular way in the modern
Inverted
it

character.

indicated that the

hair
511

was growing downward.

huan^. Pleased, rejoiced, happy.

'K

ch'ien*,

Radical No. 76, to exhale (See No. 273.)

to owe.

kuan* Phonetic, the heron. (See No. 428). When a heron has just swallowed a
fish
it

frequentlj^
;

emits

a
be

scream

of

satisfaction

and

this

may

why

heron

f and to exhale
rejoicing.

are used to express

512
pien*,

queue

to plait.
silk.
^f:-

ssu Radical No. 120,


pien* Phonetic.

(See No. 8.)

Two
hsh}

hsin^,

criminals (W.
/er/,

102 H.)

^-

is

composed of ^

177

serious offence*

and

Jfc,

sbang*

("^

old writ-

ing)

to ofifend one's superior.

In the

phonetic

two criminals are supposed to be mutually incriminating one another each accusation is met with a retort of the
;

With the addition of the radical for silk the character is used for, to plait, as the two outer strands are
other's deeper guilt.

repeatedly thrown across to the opposite


side.

In

all

compounds

it

has the idea of

reciprocal action.

BALLEE, liESSON XIX.


513
pien*.

Everywhere, the whole. cbo* Radical No. 162, walking. (See No. 10.) thin pietf. Phonetic, a tablet, or signboard and flat an inscription hung over a door. (W. 156 D.) With the addition of i^
;

cbo*, the idea of universal is conveyed, as

go where you
over doors.
514
jaa^.

will,

the tablets are seen

To

forgive, to pardon, to overlook.

shih\ Radical No. 184, food. (See No. 75.) yac^. Phonetic, eminent, great earth heaped
;

on a high

base.

(See No. 77,)


first

addition of -ft

shih^, the
.

the abundance of food to forgive. If one has plenty


(the first
forgive
515

With the meaning was Thus by extension

g of food -^

article used in barter) he should

a debt to one
;

in

want.

J4I

ma?. To bury to

lie

in wait.

178'

-j-

t'u',

Radical No. 82, earth.

(See No. 13.)

IP,

Phonetic, a Chinese mile; old meaning,

farm land, Milage;' ( W. 149 D. ) (See No. 339). Because ^uS is added, it is re'

asonable to suppose that the

first

use

was

trenches for military purposes.

up the land as

if

These cut for farming, only the

M ^
7K,

trenches were deeper and longer.


chun^,
1

To

allow, to permit
ice.

exactly, certainly.

piti^, Radical No. %6,

The

seal writing

represents the ice crystals that form


"

when

water

is freezing.

(W. 17 A.)
(See No. 79.)

7^

shu?, Radical No. 85, water.

shun^ Phonetic, a falcon, which always comes


to roost on one branch

and

is

sure in

its

moyements, swooping ipn

its

prey.

(W.

,168 B.) ?iisacontraction;of^. Thus* shiin^, is taken as a sign of certainty. Water 7jC or ice " js the most level sub-

Formerly ^ chan^, was used as a syipbol for weighing the scale pans were always {M shun^) even or level (7jC shuP or 7 ping^)This old meaning is obsolete^ ^ and the present meaning is certainly, br to allow. The meaning to allow came abo^t thus when one applies for pferiiaission to do a certain thin^, he must assemble reasons sufficient to equal the reasons opposing this mode of action before lie can obtain the desired
stance in the worlds','
:

permission.

''

517

3ik
Ry^C

^ yen\

_^

t'anP,

To

chat, to converse.
Nc>.'

Radical

I4^','^dfd^.

(See

Not..

10.)

179,

3^ yer^ Phonetic, flames riising. (W, 126 D.) Flames that rise high. This is indicated, as there is one fire above another. When
yet^ is added, the idea is that in conversing words follow each other, or pile up like flames>' and one bethe radical

comes interested (warm) in the process.


(See No. 178.)

518 g^t^

^>
^L^
t)I

A' un^, Lest, fearful.

Radical No. 61, the heart. A' MDg^ Phonetic, to take hold of, to undertake.
/js/'n^.

(W. 11 F.)
order to do

From
work
of

i^ l^ (abbreviated)

to take an instrument in the hand

in

kung^.

When
has'

j6 bsin^, is added, the one

who

heart under-

taken a piece
to accomplish
519

work

trepidation j5 bsin^ lest


it.

91 k'ung^ has he will be unable

_
buo*, Goods, wares.

pei\ Radical No. 154, money, valuables.

(See

No. 38.) man changed to 'fb hua*, Phonetic, to change When pei\ is added, the etymology t; is goods which ai-e to be exchanged for
;

money.
520 ^Hfc

Articles not for sale are not

M-

IQ
*|
{
,

bsi^,

To

regard, to love, to be

sparmg

of.

dtb.

^,

^ bsP

it^

bsm\ Radical No. 61, heart.


Phonetic, strips of
(See No. 222.)

(See No. 18.)

meat

dried in the sun.


of,

These strips

meat ap-

pear shriveled and worthless, but they


are nutritious.

With the radical for heart.

180

one should be sparing in the use of the prepared meat. (W. 17 J.).
>& hsin^
is
:

added the idea

'"'M 3C4\
hn

shti^,

To

forgive, to excuse.

it^ hsin\ Kadical No. 61, the heart.


ju^.

(See No. 18.)

Phonetic,

like.

(See No. 325.)


skill in

To

speak

with womanly

conformity to the

circumstances, and the disposition of the

man (husband) When hsin^, is


ifjf

she desires to wheedle.

added, the idea

is

to act

in accordance

with the higher impulses of one's nature, or in harmony with the desires of the suppliant,
i.e.,

forgive.
I.)

'"^mM
:f

fu\

To

return, to repeat.

(W. 75
to

ch'ih* Radical No. 60,


/u*

step.

(See No. 10.)

Phonetic,

to return
is

quarters.

This
in the

phonetic

derived from

^^

kuo^, walls,

fortifications.

The

seal writing

and the two smaller above and one below, are the gates, each surmounted by a tower. In the lower gate and tower are rechih\ to walk single file. placed by
center is the city,
circles,

one

With the addition of ;f nothing is added to the meaning thus the 60th radical is
,

here a redundancy.

To

return to quarters

was
523

the original meaning.

mu*,

grave.

-U t'u^ Radical No. 32, earth. (See No. 13.) ** mu^ Phonetic, the sun setting to disappear. (W. 7 8 G.) The sun is seen through the vegetation, $+ mattg^ setting in the west.

181

When

'u^ is added, the idea

is

that the
is

corpse disappears in the earth,


in the grave.

buried

^,

^
:;fC

wei\ Not yet, not. (W. 120 C.) ""* Radical No. 75, wood. (See No. 36.) The phonetic is a curved line in the seal
writing
;

and contrasting

this character

with mo*, the highest branches or twigs of a tree, it may be that in ^ the tree had not yet attained its full growth. In ?fe the top or end is emphasized In it is small, hidden, not yet grown.

M^

525

1^ 4^
hS* "^

ieii',

A^grave, a tomb.

J2. t'*.

fen* Phonetic,

Radical No. 32, earth. ornaments. (W. 78 F.)

# huP,
Plants
used in

vegetation, and

pei*,

shells.

and

shells w^ere the first articles


t'u^,
is

decorating.

When dh means a grave. When


is

added, it burying the dead


elaborately de-

the grave
corated.

more or

less

526

-r^ ^1^

peP,

stone tablet, a tombstone.


(See No. 42.)

>^

shiti',

Radical No. 112, a stone.

^ peiS Phonetic, ordinary, mean. (W. 46 E.) Originally this phonetic was a drinking
vessel which had a handle on the left side, and which was held with the left hand f^ .

There was another drinking


dg:

vessel, the

used only for the sacmeaning, honorable. (W. 47 C). The^pei^, was a common, permanent thing, not something only seen on
tsun^, this
rifices,

was

hence

its

sacrificial occasions.

Hence

its

use with

182
;^,
; .

to represent a permanent tablet,

of.

No. 477.
527
;;j^

^p

^
4n 41 ^'
'

To. promise, to allow, perhaps. -C (Seie Nbl 10.) yet^, Radical No. 149, words, ^"^' Phonetic, noon. (W. 130 A.) Chalfant and Wieger give different explanations of Chalfant appears to conthis symbol. form more nearly to the meaning imparted
/Isu^

by

this phonetic.

The

seal writing repre-

sents a

noon mark drawn from the


the gable.
coincides

ridge

pole

down through
When word

When
mark
tlie

the

shadow
noon.
ing
.

with
a" is

this

it is

added,

mean-

is

that ones words

will be iulfilled,a

exact ^, and prornise which one


aSre

fcannot depend

on

is

no promise.

i^(^

kai^, Generally,

for the

most

part.

Original

meaninga striker to level off the grain from the top of the measure. (See No. 36.) ^fc mt^, Radical No. 75, wood. (modern meaning chi^. Phonetic, to swallow since, already). (See No. 507.) The striker pushed off all the grain which was higher than the top of the measure, all
;

cannot be held inside of the measure; thus the idea of sum, general, average.
thg,t

529

'

^
i^, ^

AueiS
chien*,

Rvtle,

custom.

(W. 131 F.)


see,

Radical Np. 147, to

to perceive.

(See; No. 85.),;


fti\

Phonetic, an adult.
s/w'A*,

This should be
;

an arrow ^ee No. 100)

but owing

183

to the seal writing of ^/a^ and 3c shih^, ;being very similar (a*^ fu^ shih?) was

for^. Neither of these phonetics has any phonetic significance, as -the character is old, having been in
substituted

use before the system of phonetics


well established.
corifortn to rule

was

The

significance of the

original cbmbiiiation

was

in order to

one niust act as when

practicing archery,

observe, M the target,

according to reand adjust the arrow quirements. To watch % the workmen ^, and keep them to the rules S.
530

m
7K,

huo^. Living, lively

niovable.

(See No. 79.) s^"'""' Radical No, 85, water. hold in one's mouth; (W. Phonetic, to iuo* g& 114 C), abbreviated to =S she^. This phonetic comes frbiii a different writing of
'

Sk tP

pronounced kuo^ fixed


kuo' the
is

(see

No.

257).
in the

In

shih^ is deleted.
is

The idea

that something

mouth. this formed the character for living. This


charactier

permanent When water was added

showed that the physical con:

ditions were early studied


'

they observed

that nibisture in the mouth was a sign of health and life. A moist 7K tongue "S is
'

'

lively
lueh*.
;,

ffi

is

an easy mnemonic.

P^

Slightly,

little,

in general,

a sumfietiK

mary.
'

Original
"

meaning

boundaries
(See No. 82.)

-<
'

that separate every


.

# ko*, field H
field

(W. 31B.) "59' t'/M Hadieai No. l02, a

:
f

^ ko\ The
.

PhohetiGJ eachj

every.

(See

No.
liieh*,

272.)

original me'aning of B&


;

was

but owing to the tendency of the farmers to encroach little by little on the land of their neighbors, it has obtained a new meaning, of few, slightly.
logical

532

it-ff

H^

aiS E:?clamation of disgust, Alas

P
3t

k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the mouth. This phoneai*, Phonetic, artemisija, a plant. tic is made up of the two blades of shears ? (W. 39 B) and + ts'ao\ grass. It is used here with A' ou* as a simple phonetic.

533

HJj

ya\ An

interjection.

No. 30, the mouth.. arlJa^ Phonetic, the teeth. (See No, 97.) It is the 92nd radical. It is used here with
k^ovi^

k'ou^, Radical

as a simple phonetic.

BALLER, LESSON XX.


534 ftzL jrj^
t^o
,

To

cast

off,

to abandon
;

to undress.

%,^

iou\ Radical No. 130, flesh (See No. 133.) yueh, tui*, Phonetic, to exchange, to barter.
Original meaning, to dispel grief and give
pleasure, (See No, 72)

(W. 29 D).

The
it is
it

Shuo
tion,
<

Wen
but

does not explain this combina-

if

one recalls

how

pleasant

to throw off clothing

when over warm

may
535

aid in the writing of the character.

J^
/|V

yueh^,

To

bind,

a covenant, an agreement.
silk,

ssu\ Radical No. 12Q,

(^See

No.

8.)

18

Aj shao%

Phonetic,
6.)

a spoon.

(W. 54 H.)

(See

No.

The Shuo Wen

is silent

on

this character.

In order to aid the memory as to its construction one should remember that at the conclusion of a treaty or contract there are presents of ^ silk and a feast. shad^, spoon, stands for the feast.
!

536,

chieh^ or ke^,

To separate

divided

by a parti;

Jp'. IS

^ sT

tion.

Radical No. 170, a moUnd.

(See No. 493.)


;

ke* Phonetic,

'

a large three-legged caldron a (W. 155 statesman; radical No. 193. A.) This being large, it differed from ordinary utensils and -with the addition of a radical ^vhich indicates lofty, it forms a character which suggests separation or a removal from the common class.
;

^, ^g

shan\ Good, moral. (W, 73 D.) k'on\ Radical No. 30, mouth.
This character, in
its

not break up into Kang Hsi has used P k^oti^ instead of b" yet^, word, for the radical. It had its
root in a character composed of two b chin^, to dispute. yen^ characters, i.e. It is now often written j^ and when #:

modern form, Avill radical and phonetic.

"

above ft it implied yang'' was that harmony or good feeling was restored after a quarrel. (See^^ i*, righteousAs this character was ness, No. 471.)
w^ritten

complicated

it

was

abbreviated

to

its

present form by the scribes.

Onea

jen^

186

has been discarded, and the seal writmg is partially followed in the one retained.
538 -gS-

j^^
P5

o*,

Evil, wicked.

Read wu*,

it

means to

hate*

i^\ hsin^,
j'a',

Radical No. 61, the heart. (W. 82 H.) Phonetic, ugly.


to each other.

It is sup-

posed to be

two hunchback men

talking

When

heart

is

added, the

person's heart takes the ugly characteristics, i.e., evil,

wicked.
,

539

^,

-H- -MTnf-

/^

He, she, it. (W. 70 C.) paS Radical No. 12, eight.
cb'f,

-y- ch'i Phonetic,

a phonetic is a
the
object.

sieve,

(W. 70 A.)

The
the

pictorial representation of

In the seal character

bottom part of this character is % wtj*, a stand, and not A pa^. This character lost its original meaning, and is borrowed for a personal pronoun.
540
rlfc?
,

peP^, Grieved, sorry, sad.

'

>L^ hsin^,
fei",

Radical No. 61, heart. Phonetic, not. (W. 170 A.)


175.

Radical No.

not explained in the Shuo Wen, but the etymology is not difficult to trace. It is something which is not ^^ /eiS according to one's desire j& hsin^ therefore it causes sorrow.
is
;

This combination

541

'f

^ ^

sAangS To wound, to injure, distress. Je^^ Riadical No. 9. a man. shang^, Phonetic, to wound. (W. 101 B.) To wound with a spear. shang^, was

the original writing.

The

yang',

197

which, means to expand, glorious, the rays

^ of the sun, rising i, was phonetic.


Now
the
all

above the horizon

fi

that remains of the


strokes, /jen^,

two

above
its

^ shil^, are ^ yati^, the


the

radical
left.

takes

place on

^^

she*,

To

ijfe ch'ih*,

forgive, to pardon. Radical No., 155, a reddish carnation

color-

It

is

(W. 60 N.) composed of iz


fire.

ta*,

a man, and

>fi.

hud',

shame,
;fe

may mean or it may mean the


It

the blush of
flush of anger.

pV

Phonetic, to rap, to tap (W.


right

43 D.)
It
is

The
the

hand

holding
It has

rod.

66th radical.
significance.

here

no phonetic

It generally indicates action.

Here

it

may

indicate the red,

ofiicial
,
,

marks on a
is
^to

which an petition for pardon

w^hen the petition


red #,

granted, to strike J^

pardon ^.

543 jtt^ 'Tf^

mien^,

To

avoid, to escape, to remit, to for-

give.
,

(W. 106 A.)

(See No. 107.)


'.

JLje^^ Radical No. 10 man. This character does not break up into radical and phonetic. It is old, and according to Chalmers
into
seen.
it

represents

a man

trying to hide himself by drawing himself


his

clothing,

thus avoiding being

^**

"a

fi

^^^'

interrogative particle.

It is .a

drum (not g

tou*,

(W. 165 E,) a dish, although

188

the writing

is identical) which was beaten with the left hand. The drum which was beaten with the right hand was written thus 5|. The upper stroke is the drum head, the c> is the drum, and the -tA. the Observe the character ^ tai^, stand.

A dog it is beside himself when a foolish. drum is beaten. As this character has long
since lost its original
this kind of

meaning, owing to
discarded, the

a drum being

character has been.adopted for the above

meaning.
545

six

^^"^>

To

dare, to venture.

(W. 146 H.)

J^

P'h^ Radical Ko. 66, to strike.

The phonetic
able,
is

is

a bear,

a bear ^ i^. M neng^, and the right part of


(See

the character represents the paws.

No. 357).
pressed to

But

in : the

paws

are sup;

make room

for the radical

person

who

has the courage to

strike a

bear, therefore brave.


546

cM, A foundation property.


;

-f

fu"",

Radical No. 32, the earth.


it.

ch'P, Phonetic,

(See No. 539.)

The Shuo Wen does not treat of this combination. As t'u^ earth, is below S
be that the inventor of the character intended to show that the earth
ch'P, it

may

beneath it (a structure) is the foundation, or the place where the foundation must
be laid
547
tu^f
;

its

^ earth

^J^.

.'.

To

oversee, to superintend.

189

g
qjj

mu\

Radical No. 109, the eye. (W. 158 A.) In the oldest writing two eyelids and the
pupil are represented
;

later the pupil

was

suppressed.

M,, jft^ shu\ Phonetic, to collect ^ beans 7^. The character is supposed to represent a stalk /h of beans with two pods attached. This
tion of

With the addia person who oversees the bean picking and
is

meaning

now

obsolete.

g mu* it

implies that there is


;

the character
seer,

now

is

used to

mean
a

over-

and is borrowed younger brother.


548
ktiai*.

for uncle,

father's

Strange, to blame.

't^,

*|*

bsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart.

'?' ^ kuai^ Phonetic, to till the ground, (W. 81 A.) . over the earth .

a hand

The produce of the ground when


and when the radical heart
the character
549
is

tilled

struck the ancient Chinese as remarkable,


>6 is added,

used to convey the idea

of strange or abnormal.

Jdk

1^

shu,

comb.

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. ;*? 'u^ Phonetic, a child being born, with long
hair.

'^^

(W. 94 F.)

From

:C

(W. 94 E);
:

the birth of a child, head presenting

the

most favorable position. In the above, hair is added, and it is the striking part of the character. With the addition of
the radical for
are

wood

:^ ma*, it forms the

character for comb, as combs in China

made

of wood.

^ = ^ inverted.

190
550

-^^

s/^e^

To

give alms, to bestow, to part with, to


(See No. 53.)

^"

_^

reject.

^, T

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.


she*,

Phonetic, a cottage.

(See No. 40.)

When

the radical for

hand

is

added,

it

forms the character to give. Beggars go to houses in order to get food.


551 >a^, /tfK

PP, 0^

m/ag'*, Ivife

fate

destiny

a command.

(Wj

^
552
^Hh!

141.) A'paS Radical No. 30, the mouth. lin^. Phonetic, an order, a law. (See No. 61.) When the order is stamped it is published or made known P an order

or

command by

w^ord of mouth.
all,

ch'uaif, Entire, perfect,

the whole.

(W.

15 B.)
;*.

Radical No. 11, to etiter. (See No. 35.) As this character has been placed under

A ja*,
ed of
ten

it is not now possible to break it up into radical and phonetic. The more

plausible explanation

is

that

it is

compos-

A chi and X kung^. It is also writ^ and ^ the work X has been comIn making a chair or other wheii all the parts were finished

pleted A..
article,

and put together


553
ji^
i'^\

A the article is finished.


fulfill.

ying^-*,

Ought, proper, respond,


Phonetic, the falcon,
.

hsin^,

Radical Nb. 61, heart.

ying^,

now

written

( V\

168

J.)

It is

made up
'

of

r yen^, a

house - here indicating domesticated - and '^ cAti? and A jen^ a tame bird which


191
serves

man.

These birds have long been

With the addition of heart the character means to answer, or obey, to do what one feels This meaning is placed on iC is proper.
used for hunting small game.
;

the character as the falcon


sire
^ij

fulfills

the de-

of its master in seizing game.

554

m
^

fo^,

Buddha.
9,

J^jen^, Radical No.


ft^

Phonetic,

not.

man. (W. 87 D).


;

Two

bent

rods or
for not.

bows

so tied together that their


therefore they stand

force is neutralized

This combination not


selected

^ man A
is

may have been

by

the Buddhists

in order to emphasize that

Buddha was

555

m
S

^=MMA

a supernatural being. Another writing Western man.

^
g

yeh\
/*,

A final particle.

(W. 146 E).


(See No. 71).

er^ Radical No. 128, the ear. Phonetic, a city.


tic value.

(See No. 11).


is

No phone-

This character

said to be

bsieb^ arbitrarily changed.

It originally

was

the. name of

city in the eastetn part

of Shantung.
erroneous.

It

now means
these

depraved,

At present

two charac-

ters are entirely distinct

M is only used as

a
556

final particle.

su\

To

glean, to revive.

(W. 121 D).


grain.

:^
'

bo^, Radical-No. 115,

seal writing the ear or

owing to its (W. 121 A.)

In the head of grain is, weight, hanging to one side

growing

192
yff,

Phonetic, a

fish.

(See No. 284);

This is radical 195. There is no explanation

of this character -which throws

any

light

etymology. To the present day gleaning after the field is reaped is an im-

on

its

portant affair in the rural districts. It is possible that formerly the fishermen left the small fish after they had remoYi from their nets the larger ones, but the present custom is to remove every thing for themselves.

Both

fish

and crops $ when

dying for lack of moisture

may

be revived

by water.

ch'ieh\
tao^,

To

cut, to slice.

(W. 33 A).

Radical No. 18, a knife. 71 (See No. 32). This f> cA'iS Phonetic, seven. may have been selected as the phonetic as
the permanent, incisor teeth appear about the seventh year and these are the cutting
teeth.

558

m
J[,

BALLEE, VOCABULAEY NO.


p'ing^,

IV.

vase,

a jug, a

bottle.

T^a^ Radical No. 98, earthen ware.


A).

(W. 145 Chalfant on Plate XIV, has a very

plausible explanation of the origin of this


radical.

He

believes it to be a pictorial
tiles

representation of the
Originally
.,>

written

on the roof. and afterward

changed to ^

^'

ping'^,

Phonetic,
side

ing

two men with shields, marchby side, even, united. Simple


(W. 115 B.)
(See No. 235).

phonetic.


i9^
559

J^ ^^' ''*'

"^o*-

Jiatig^,

Clear, luminous, bright.

(W, 75 C).
roof.

Ju

t'ou^ Radical No. 8,

a cover or

This character has been given a radica which prevents its being divided into radical and phonetic. There is an old writing )l^, and it is thus explained

The men

A at the capital, m
of the
character
is

those

who

are advisers to the Emperor, are more


enlightened than other men.

The present
is

writing

relatively

from i^ kao^, high, referring to the capital and man is subs-tituted for the lower n in kao^. The etymology is the same as that of the older
the upper part
writing.
560
r-;

modem,

:^,

P? f^H
jf\^
iri

pin^. Soldier, military. (W. 47 D). pa^. Radical No. 12, eight.
chit^, Phonetic,

an ax or battle-ax.
is

A).

The lower part of ^

(W. 128 riot pa* but a

kuti^ thus in the seal writing two hands are wielding a battlecontraction of
iV

ax.
561
t'nfS

To push

to shirk

to refuse.

^ MU shou% ^ chuP
;t
is

Radical No. 64, the hand. Phonetic, a short tailed bird.


(See No. 21).
silent

Radical

No. 172.
;

The Shuo Wen

as to the etymology of this character but it may be that it was suggested by poultry raising. When the feed

trough

surrounded by those first on the spot, the tardy bird pushes and shoves
is

until it reaches the desired place.

m
562 jfct

jb+

ts'&i',

Material,

stuff.

i^
J.
'

*. Radical No. 75, wood.


ts'aP, Phonetic, talents,

(See No. 36).

power, genius.

This

phonetic originally
suitable for

was used
its

for material

building,
for

was adopted
writing,

but gradually it present meaning.


in the seal

The upper horizontal stroke


indicates
:

the

large

branches
is

of a tree

the second horizontal stroke

the ground (W. 96 A).

tree

when

of

proper
of as

size for

building purposes
befiare it

is

spoken

# t'saP,
fire

attains to that

distinction it is referred
ch^afi,

to as
of the

^^
first

p'i'

wood.
:^

Financial pow^er

is If

t^saP.

Wood

was one

sub-

stances :^
563

worked upon by man.


;

^vi, Wi\

shou^, Ripe

experienced

versed in

cooked

intimate.

^, X

huo\ Radical No. 86, fire. (See No. 47). shu^ Phonetic, who, which, what but originally, a lamb of proper size and condition for roasting. (W. 75 E). The right side phonetic of the %, ^ chi*, implies holding the animal. (See No. 139) J, ^, Ch'un' is a lamb large enough to be offered as a present 0, to a superior bT. The writing has bfeen' contracted to the present form. (W. 75, ). With the addition of fire,
;
-

the idea of cooked

is set forth.

ae*^
.

^'

ku\ A girl. ;l^'.-jc IC ^^^ Radical No. SS, ^^vjioman.


J

(See No. 16).

"S.'S

ia^r Phonetic, old.

(See No. 17).

This

is

195

(W. 24, F). It is not a fortunate combination for " girl" in a country where, formerly, a girl twenty years of age and unmarried was almost unheard of.

simple phonetic.

"^m
-f/^

niang^,

A girl, a woman^

a mother.

j^

f^

nvp. Radical No. 38,


itazj^, Phonetic,

a woman. (See No. 16). good. (See No. 445). Because this phonetic sets forth respect, dignity and sagacity its combinations also partake of
same.

Mother
lose
;

J^ is
;

a good
err.

'Bk.

woman ic.

i^TV, /i,

shih^,
jjtj

To

to slip

to

-f^

ta\ Radical No. 37, great.

(See No. 113). This radical was arbitrarily given to the character and has no further use than to

aid in looking
aries.

it up in the native dictionIn the ancient writing a hand is


*\
i*,

which indicates slipaway or shooting. There is no resemblance, in the ancient writing, to an arrow as there is in the modern form. This is an old character and it has no phonetic. (W. 48 B).
ping

seen with the

-^JJ^

chan^. To rely on

to fight.

A
_4^

jcti^,

^ ^

Radical No. 9, man. chan^, Phonetic, ten feet. Under the Chou D3''nasty this was about six and. a half English feet. When a man X is accompanied by a person of over six feet in

height (revised
F),

measurement),

it

gives

assurance of not being molested.

(W. 32
3fc

One can

rely

A to' fight {t.

on fi a ten foot ^(W. 24 E).'^

man

196

568

M
''

liao*,

S^

Material; ingredients; to estimate. tou^, Radical No. 68, a peck measure, a dipper. (See No. 117).
Phonetic,
No.. 47).
rice,

ylv, 7|\ mi^,

used of other grains.

(See

The phonetic has no


Grain
is

phonetic

measured wjth a i|toif, but chaff and straw, on account of their being of less yalue are not thus measured. According to the make up of this character materials of worth are ^ liao\ (W. 98 B),
significance.

569

7t
'Ctfc,

Jll

1^1
yt
?\

kung^, Public

fair,

just

male.

pa^, Radical No. 12, eight.

Because the two

parts of this radical, in the old writing,


are similar in construction and are not
united, it

was early adopted

as the symbol

for separation.

^^

^^^^ Phonetic, private.

The ancient writing re-

presented a
itself into

silkworm which has shut


cocoon.

its

By

extension

it

was

used for private,

selfish.

(W. 89

A).

This symbol has no phonetic value.


character

The

^ implies

the right division

of private J^ property for the benefit of the public.


570
ftfc

fu'-'S To

spit,

to vomit.

n
571

tl
_L,

k'ou^, Radical No. 30, the

mouth.
place,
local.

t'u^ Phonetic,

the

soil,

earth,

From mouth P

to the earth , to

spit,

To hack, to chop to throw stones at. shih\ Radicg,! No. 112, a stone. (See No. 42).
A'an^,
;

,;197

^^
,
.
,

ch'ien*,

Phonetic, to breathe out.

(See No. 273).

This character]
stone age
If so the

may

date

back to the
of stone.

when axes wereimade


combination

of radical

and

phonetic
'

is

appropriate?; with the steel

ax

choppers often

make
;

audible expiration

with every stroke how much more diflficult would chopping be if a stone ax were
used
572
!

m^ng^.

To dream a dream.
;

^ ^
jfe fi

hsi^*,

Radical No. 36; evening.

(See No. 14).

xnen^ Phonetic, dimness of vision. The g mu* at the bottom of this phonetic is replaced by ^ hsi^, evening, as dreams belong to the hours of sleep Or the night. (W. 158 F). Dreams are frequently hazy and indefinite,
consequently this combination of elements
is

573

not inappropriate.

ts'aP, Property.

B S
:*,t

pei*.

ts'aP, Phonetic, talents,

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). powers, genius. (See No, 562). This is a happy combination
of radical

and phonetic as
avaricious.

it

portrays the
line.

574^^*

^^

idea of ability in the financial


t'an^,

To

covet

M
y^

pei*,

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). (See No. 18). cA/nS Phoneticj now.

The emotion of greied which

is

excited in

articles. the presence 4" of valuable charphonetic in this The (W. 14, -H).

acter

is

the same as in No. 18,


in

nien*^,

and

its rather

unusual meaning of present,

is .the

same

both instances.

198 405 ifeC


mien*, Flour.
;,
'/"

mai^, Radical No. 199, wheat, barley.

This

made tip of 3}S laP, which originally was the character for barley, (See No. 64), and jfc so/', a man who persists
radical
is

in

advancing in
This

sjpite

of trammels and

obstacles.

may have

been added to

indicate the gradual development of the


grain.

l5

raiea*,

Phonetic, the face.


is

(See 486).

Its use

here

^,
^p^^ ^Jr
-u.

"Y nj/eu* Phonetic,


sbih^,
jj
i*

as a sunple phonetic. to conceal. (See 122).

form, a pattern.

Radical No. 56, a dart. This radical is not looked on alike by all scholars. Some are
of opinion that
in
it

represents a nail or peg

a wall on which articles may be hung. Still another theory is that it is a tally for counting or ordering ; when this tally was
placed upon an article, this article
pattern.
its

was

the

Each of these explanation has

advantages, but no one comes up to all requirements. It seems wise to adhere to the first explanation and regard it as a
dart, as these must
fal

hare been very plenti-

owing to the state of civiUzation, and

"Tt

not improbable that they were used as tallies and as pegs. (W. 71, A). kung^, Phonetic, work. No phonetic significance. (See No. ,89). Here the most
it is

plausible explanation is:a dart, used for

a peg on which

is suspended

a pattern

of

the article ordered.

id9

^^

KS
^^ g

y^flj^j
/ti*

The sun

open, front.
(See No. 493).
;

Radical No. 170, a mound.

yang^ Phonetic, glorious, open out, a flag the sun above the horizon fi tati.*^ ^ vnt*, rays of light. This is a suggestive phonetic. (W.101,B).
578
ch'ii^.

To marry.

5C, re ""*' Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). Ga> c/i'u*. Phonetic, to take. A hand ^ holding an ear ^ . To hold by the ear, to hold securely. A betrothal in .China has been regarded as more binding than the marriage ceremony in many lands. (W.

146
579

F).

*>^ (f^
Ilbll

jtm^y Appearance
^^^ tniet^ Radical
i'^ ktt^
* ^,

to allow

to endure.

No. 40,

a roof.

This is the 150th radical. The old writing depicts two strata or ridges of rock, one above the other and at the bottom a mouth, a place where water flowed. This valley is open and one can see all within, jung^ there is a cover over the but in Here the valley is said to refer to valley. the depths of the heart, the emotions which are concealed from others. Thus the idea of to contain and to allow is

Phonetic, a deep gorge, a valley.

given the character.


580

(W. 18 E).

^35

terrace a title of resipect. Radical No. 133, to arrive. (See No. chih*, 337). The phonetic part of this character kac^ and :t,}iL chih^. The former is

faPf

^00

^
;

,r

changed both at the top and bottom, on the top the chih^ \j/ i^ plri.ced, which indicates the summit, and M chili'^ replaces the P at the bottom. This character was constructed before they had definitely settled on, the scheme of radicals and
is

phonetics,

kao^ and :^

chih^ both
in

suggest" height but tieither aid


nuniciation.

pro-

Mi

a head, pendent things. >K, rK raw*, Radical No, 75, wood. (See No. 36). Ih /> shu^ Phonetic, a wing, which on account
o*,

cluster,

of
in

its

being short, Tribrates rapidly while

flight.

(W. 22.

A).

This
it

is

without

phonetic significance but

suggests the

movement and appearance of pendent flowers in the wind. The modern writing
is

identical
wife,

with

75

naP.

582

ch'P^,

nu^,

Radical No. 38, a

woman.

(See No. 16).

The phonetic part of this character is not used alone # and it is not given a pronunciation. It is a hand holding a duster. It is not an old character. The hand that manages the household affairs is the wife. The present form is a contraction of an
older writing.
583

&
.

A fan the leaf of a door, Radical No. 63, a door, a window, (See ,No, 480). yii^, Phonetic, win^s; plumes. It is a represhan*,
;

hu*,
(.

sentation of a pair of wings or

two wing

201
quills.

(W. 62.;E),

In appearance

it is

suggestive, but without phonetic signifi-

cance.

fan or the leaf of a door re-

sembles a wing in that its attachment is at one extremity or side and has a vibrating movement.
584

_
ch'ttang'^,

A window.
(See No. 97).

/y

hsiieh*,

Radical No. 116, a cave.

^
grn^

ch'uang^ Phonetic, a window.

There are-two forms of the ancient writing, one seems to


be partly covered by a curtain or shutter

and the other has lattice work w^ithin. The make up of this character indicates
that
585
tz^u^, it

dates back to the time

when

caves

and dugouts were


Compassionate.

in general use.

jQ* bsiti^,

Radical No. 61, the heart.


'

(See No.

18).

''

''

'-'./

gg

tzti^

Phonetic, the fine velvety appearance of


luxuriant vegetation.
if

All this disappears

of rain.

covered by dust or if there is a shortage With the addition of heart the


qualities are transferred

above beautiful

to the disposition.

quality of heart which

but
586ift!6t

is

easily lost
life.

Compassion is that is admired by all, owing to the cares and


^^
.

w^orries of
ts'ang^,
ei^,

^
^

Wisdom, quick of apprehension,

clever.

Radical No. 128, the ear. (See No. 71). When ts^tttiU, Phonetic, the feelings stirred. A.t is fearful" of being apprehended he is
constantly lo jking out of the wind o

w @ to

202
see if the officers are coming.

(W. 40, D).

With the addition of the


idea
is

radical

^ ei^, the

to listen -with the same vigilance

arrest.

that a criminal uses in trying to elude The combination is fortunate but


difficult

of application at all times.

BALLEE LESSON

XXI.
Radical
No.

'"^M^

bsiang^f

Incense,

fragrance.

186.
this

There are
radical.

two seal The oldest is

writings of
explained as

representing the sweet odor of millet when

undergoing fermentation.
presents millet held in

The other rethe mouth because

the flavor
588 Jdl&
hen^,

is

agreeable.

^^

^|

i^\

To pity. bsm\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). iin^, Phonetic, an ignis fatuus* This phonetic
has been unfortunately changed so that the original idea is not portrayed by the present writing. It should be ^. The light is supposed, to be seen on old battlefields and is tbe result of the mingling of the blood of men and horses. The light is indicated by ^ ^ yen^, one fire above another. The battle is indicated by ^

ch'uan^, to contend, as

two persons are at


heart,

variance.

With the addition of jfr

the character represents the emotion of


pity that one would experience on seeing

an

ignis fatuus if he believed it

was

caus-

ed as above stated.

(W. 126 D).

203

^^

^W

chitiy

Wme,

spirits.

>^,7)C sbu?, Radical No. 85, water.

(See No. 79).

yu* Phonetic, a jar for holding liquors. The old writing is not a bad picture of these jars. When ^/ water is added to the
phonetic the character
spirituous beverages.
590
is

used for

all

(W. 41 G).

am
bu^,

lake.

y'./jC sbuP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). H bu^ Phonetic, dewlap. This phonetic is made

up of old "S^ kt^, and ^ jou\ meat. The dewlap is made up of a fold in the skin and is tough, hence the idea of old or
tough
is fitting.

Its use as

a phonetic in
is

this character is

rather far fetched, but

when

heavy the dewlap of the ox plows through it and is wet like the prow of a vessel in a lake.
the

dew on the

grass

591
bsia^, Blind.

^
592

ma*. Radical No. 109, the eye. (See No. 102)This bai*, Phonetic, to injure. (See No. 436). but signification, phonetic has no phonetic it indicates why the eye is blind, that is, it

had been

injured.

5 m
BB,
598

Itmg', Deaf.

#1 ^f

Radical No. 128, the ear. (See No. 71). Itmg^, Phonetic, the dragon.. (See No. 286). ^j^^ dragon is supposed to be deaf and
er*.

with the addition of the radical we have a dragon's ear, or a deaf ear.

^^^

fext^y Pain, to

pain,,

to ache.

204

J^

ni*

Radical No. 104, disease.

This

is

in the

ancient writing the representatidii of a bed v,rith a horizontal line at the top to
indicate the posture of

a person when

ill.

The dot on the top of this line has been arbitrarily added by the scribes.

^^:^

tuB^, Phonetic, winter. (See No. 170). This suggestive and very appropriate is a phonetic as the pain which is .experienced from cold is very intense and there are few persons who have not experienced it. Pain beirig a pathological manifestation the above radical is also a happy se,

lection.

594
ch'iieh^,

Lame.
(See No. 593).

f" An

niS Radical No. 104, disease.

cAiaS Phonetic, scabs and ulcers. This phonetic


is

not found inmost modern dictionaries. The idea of a swelling is set forth by an
addition

chia^ of flesh

jou*.

Most

lame joints are swollen and enlarged.


595
t'ii?.

The

leg,

the thigh,

Sg

M^
.

JO"*. Radical No. 130, the flesh. (See No. 133). The jg^ fui*, Phonetic, to retreat, to decline. idea of to retreat seems to be derived from

the apparent

movement of the

sun,

^ each

morning it slowly J^ ascends until midday and then slowly recedes. This is not like Wieger's description (W. 31. C). The 162 radical added to the phonetic is a redundancy as it contributes nothing. The limbs in walking go through the same movement, each one is one half of the

205

time ddyanci-ng and -one half the time apparently, receding.


596

shang^,

To reward,

^ ^ sbang*
pei*,

to grant

a reward.
(See No, 38).

Radical No. 154, precious.


Phonetic, a house.

(Archaic meaning).

(See No. 52).


estate,

Houses, which includes real

and money

^ pei* are here used


is

to

represent all that

of value or

what

would be appreciated as a reward.


597

nn

tz'u\

To bestow,

to confer on

an

inferior, to

give.

pei\ Radical No. 154, precious.


i*,

(See No. 38).

Phonetic, to exchange.
represent the

It is supposed to
lizard,

house

which

is

agile

a creature and moves with great


think that the idea of

rapidity.

Some

is dependent on the creachanging its colour to that of the object on which it rests. The lizards in North China have this power to a certain extent, but it is not noticed when the animal is in the house. With the addition of the radical we have the idea of giving, that is exchanging articles of value. If the giving is always on one side it sooner or later ceases. (W. 101 C).

"to change"

ture's

598 <<<
tsai^,

Calamity, divine judgment.


fire.

i/^

\)\

buo^, Radical No. 86,

representation

of a flame in the old writing,

^^

J|| III ch'uaz^,

Phonetic, streams.

It represents

stream which is formed by the union of other streams < I chuan* is a small

206

stream; {{ T^ kuai* is a stream which is formed by the union with another stream. The overflow of rivers is one of the great
calamities of China.

Fires are not very

common

in

North China

but at times they cause great loss of pro~ perty and < floods and iK fire make up the character w^hich stands for divine judgment ; as these are regarded as calamities sent from Heaven.
;

599

l^J

hsien^, Leisure, idle.

P^ men\

Radical, No. 169, a door.

(See No. 5).

jaeA*, Phonetic, the

moon. (See No. 43). coming in through the moonlight The cracks of the door and doing nothing is taken as a symbol of idleness or leisure.

600

^
i'o*,

q ycH^ Radical No. 149, a word.


ra

A lesson,

task.

(See No. 10).

kuo\ Phonetic,

fruit.

(See No. 411).

To

so

use ones opportunities that the instruction

s
601

yen^ received

may bring forth results, ^

kuo^.

chin^.

To

plough, to

till.

^.^

/e? Radical No. 127,

The old writing resembles a harrow more nearly than it does a plough. It probably was a tree
a plough.

with branches so cut as to scratcE furroughs in the earth. .(W. 120 E). yt ching^, Phonetic, a weU. A very necessary part of a farmer's equipment ii| .North China where irrigation is required for niauy kinds of agriculture. Breaking the
.

207

ground and watering


cultiYating or tilling the

is

the symbol for

soil.

602

Aa^^ "To

call,

to halloo.

^
603

k'ou^, Radical
hsieti^

No. 30, the mouth.

Phonetic, to

wound by biting,

all.

(Ar-

chaic).

(See No. 305).

of another

With the addition mouth the meaning is changed


calling.

from biting to
ch'u^,

To remove,

to do

away

with, to sub(See No. 493).

% ^

tract, to discount.
1$
fu*

Radical No. 170, a mound.


I,

-^

yv? Phonetic,

me.

(See No. 40).

addition of the radical the meaning of the character can be remembered by the following :If one extols or elevates himself he is sure to be discounted.
601

With the which means lofty

^
M.

chun^, Seed
ho^. Radical

class or kind.

No. 115, grain, grain on the stalk. (See No. 556).


(See No. 22).

chung*, Phonetic, heavy.

The

heavy end of the stalk


grain
905

hoi^ is

where the

M is found.
(See No. 22).,,

chuaag^, Serious; a farm.

^^
jfj^

ts'ad" Radical No. 140, grass.

,;

chuan^, Phonetic, strong. (See No. 355). With the addition of the grass radical the character is used for a farm or serious. The lajtter meaning is difficult of explanation, but the first might be explained as
\

208

the strong
ts'ao^,

St>

luxuriant vegetation, ^^

of a well ordered farm.


grain*
^

^ ^
607 ^1^

chia*^,

Growing

/^o^

Radical No. 115, grain, growing grain.


(See No. 556).

cA/aS Phonetic,

a family.

(See

No, 221).
it implies,

With the addition of the

radical

crops for the family or household.

^i J\ ^
,

sheng^,
Si-

measure equivalent to one tenth of a' ton* a peck, to promote. The old
is

writing of this character

similar to the

writing of the character for peck save that it has an oblique line across the handle.

This

line

(^

p'hh,

is

supposed to

indi-

cate that one tenth part of the ton* has

shil?,

been taken out. (W. 98 B). Radical No. 24, ten. This by some is regarded as a contraction of two contracted fives

^
This has no phonetic
in the old writ-

toti^,

Phonetic, a peck.

significance, it only aids in explaining the

meaning of the character


ing.

has the meaning of to promote is not easy to understand, unless this measure, being the smallest in common use, any change is necessarily an increase or promotion. (W. 98 B).
608

Why shen^

^
^IJ

F,
7i*,

plough, to plough.

niu^,

Radical No. 93, an ox. (See No. 50). Phonetic, to cut grain, (archaic) profit.
;

Standing grain and sickle was adopted as the symbol for, to reap. The addition of

209
iiUf:; ;
!

OX forms the character

for plough as that animal was used for pulling the plough, the use of which was a necessary step before reaping. (W. 52 F).

BALLEK LESSON XX IL,


609
sheng*, Remainder.
pei.

Radical No. 154, precious.

(See No. 38).


fire

^S& &p: cheng* Phonetic, to curve

with

the planks
before

for

a boat B-

In this process the plank

was
it

partialh' destroyed

by the

fire

could be bent into the desired shape, but

that part of the plank which remaineict

was now adapted to the By adding the radical K,


idea
is

requirements.
precious, the

set forth that

value.

The
/3

remnants are of fy chot^ boat has been conin the

tracted to
610
sheng*,

modern

writing.

To

conquer, to excel.

tj h\ Radical No. 19, strength. (See No. 212). ^^ cheng* Phonetic, to curve with fire the planks for a boat. (See No. 60y). In the process of bending the planks the strength
of the
fire

plus the strength

;tj

of the

work-

men's hands
of the

f^ overcomes the resistance

plank,

thus with the addition

of the radical for strength, the character,

to conquer
611

is

formed.

(W. 47

J).

^pl*

^
^^

k'e^.

class,

series.

/2o^ Radical

No. 115, grain, standing grain.

(See No. 556).

tou^, Phonetic,

a peck measure. (See No. 117).

210
It is

without phonetic value, but suggests


In

the idea of the coiner of the character.

measuring 4- toi^ grain %. ho^ each kind

was
612

stored in separate bins, and thus the


is

idea of class

set forth.

m^
R
-i.

fe?,

To

fly.

Radical No. 183.


folded on itself
this fold.
side.

This radical
;

is

the representation of a crane in flight

the

neck
rests

is

on

on either
presented
center.

and the long bill The pinions are seen The body and tail are reline

by the straight

in

the

(W. 11 A).
to,

613

^^^

chiao^,

To commit

to hand to, friendship,

(W. 61 D). t'oa* Radical No. 8, above. Kanghsi says that the meaning of this radical is lost. The meaning " above " has been given it because it is always used at the top of a
intercourse.
chai'acter.

The

original or old writing


;

did not have this radical

in the

modem
is

writing
/u*.

it is

arbitrarily introduced.

Phonetic, father.

This phonetic

also a

modern innovation, having no connection


with the original writing, w^hich represented a man sitting with crossed legs, thus each limb is occupyin:^ the place of
its

fellow.

From

this the

idea of " to
is

commit

to or to

hand over

obtained.

eK^_y;yj
chih^ He, she, it
;

sign of the possessive.

p^ieh^ Kadical No. 4,

No. 176).
bitrarily

a stroke ti the left. (See This radical having been arit

given

destroys the original

211

idea of the symbol


'
,

which was a small plant y issuing from the ground . The need of a character for the above process not being great, and owing to its being easy to write, it was adopted to represent
;

the meaning given above.


615

&fc
'PH
Tfl

chieh^,

To make a
;

contract

to produce, as
(See No. 8).

fruit

a knot.
This phonetic is used

^, ^

chiF,

ssu\ mi\ Radical No. 120, silk. Phonetic, fortunate, lucky.


is

made up

of

shih*^,

which often

for

shih* in the archaic writing,

and n
fortu-

k'ou^ the mouth.

To announce a
It

nate

seems reasonable to believe that this phonetic has been abbreviated from ^ chieW, to be level headaffaii:

or condition.

ed.

chieW

is

another writing of knot.

The abbreviated phonetic has as happy a


meaning as the older form but does not
aid in determining the pronunciation
:

When a
plies

thing

is

fortunate

make

it

secure.

The addition
616
hud'. Numerous,
hsi*

of the radical

often im-

tying or making secure.

(W. 24 C).

a company, an

associate.

Radical No. 36, evening. (See No. 14.). to^ many, The radical should be doubled as its use here has no reference to the

evening or

new moon but

to

many

or

much.

(See No. 184).


(See No. 411).

io, Phonetic, fruit.

When
ovrt
;

^ to* is combined with


idea of much

this phonetic the


is

or

many
fruit

brought
tree.

as

numerous as the

on the

^12

617 ^J.

ST

_^

chi*,

plan,

device, all told, to reckon.

'^ -p

yeti'i

Radical No. 149, a word.

(See No. 10).

shih^, Phonetic, ten.

The

oldest form of ten

seems to be a contraction of two conthis was aftertracted forms of five ^ wards contracted to 4 and as this was
;

difficult

to

make it was

finally written in
is

the shape of a cross.


acter

This

an old charIf
-f-

and the phonetic only explains an

idea without aiding in pronunciation.

a person can count "a yexi^ up to ten they are able to reckon, to plan.
618

^*
ch'ang^,

To

taste, to experience.

P
-^

k'ou^.

17).

Radical No. 30, the mouth. (See No. This selection of the radical is unit is

fortunate as
shang*,

taken from the phonetic.


(See

Phonetic,

This

should

a house. complete

No. 52).
character,

the

but in the present instance the important or distinctive part is not yet touched.
H,

chiW, something pleasant to the

tastcy that

which

is

pleasant to hear, as

the edict

of the Emperor.

The

fc

p?, the

may

be regarded as a

spoon

and

lower something agreeable to the taste held It is in the month, hence to taste. fortunate that few characters in their transition from the old, to the new writing, have undergone such destructive alterations. (W. 26 K).
part in the old writing is -^ kat^,
619

chietP,

To

select,

to pick up.
(See No. 53).

shau^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

^^

chieh^.

Phonetic, to select,
is

to choose.

This

phonetic

made p

tied to or

hung on a

A paS
A).

eight,

a bundle is added written, one stroke on either


of ;^,
tree
shu*,
;

to this

side of the bundle, to indicate that it

is

opened or divided.

(See No. 569). (W. 75

With the addition of the radical for hand the act of selecting is more emphatically

brought out.
ruin.

flj^

pai^.
p'ti^

To
17).

:^ ^ /^^^
Tftr

Radical No. 66, to tap, to rap.


Phonetic, precious.

(See No.

pei*,

(See No, 38).


is

The
their

object of this combination

evident, yiz.,
is

the result of hammel"itig sea-shells


destruction.
621

chian^,
hsiang^,

To

descend.

To submit,

to surrender.

j^

fa\ Radical No. 170, a

chian^,. Phonetic, to subject.

This is overtaking another, written

mound. (See No. 493). (W. 31 F). the 34th, radical ^ chih^, a man
in

two ways,

above it is upright, the usual writing, and below it is inverted. The idea of the combination is, a suppliant overtakes a man and prostrates hiinself in token of subjection. The meaiiing ot to descetfd is
set forth in prostration or inversion of the

suppliant.

The meaning of to submit


a, little

is

the above idea carried


prostration
,,

farther,

implies submissibtt or sur-

o
J
'
,

reader.

Wiegeir puts this character under


,
i

the 35th, .TAdicak

The

radical

fu*

214

added to

this phonetic simply complicates


it is

the writing and as to etymology,

redundancy.

622^
tr
su',

Vulgar,

^'V jez^,

common. Radical No. 9, a man.

^,(ti\ ku^f Phonetic, a valley, a ravine. This is pa* characters supercomposed of two

imposed one above the other which indicates a gorge of great depth, below is O k'ou which stands for a water-course. (W. 18 E). The addition of the radical implies that the nian is a rustic from the ravines or mountains, uncouth.
623 >ex&

OS ^

TM^ Like
-4^

undecided

still.

*:

ch'tian^ Radical

No. 94, a dog. (See No. 424.) In modern writing, w^hen used at the left'
is

of a phonetic, the present form

used

in

order to occupy less space.

g^

chiu^ Phonetic, liquor.

A.

liquor after fermen-

tation

is

completed and the dregs have

settled, divided

pa\

If

the

Chinese,

a thirsty dog ;;^ the resemblance to water is striking, but the odor would cause him
colorless

liquor

were

placed before

to hesitate
624 %f-

about drinking.
the hand

(W. 41 G).
;

JIJ

t'o*^^,

To support with
mission.

to com-

^
rll

^
^t

shoi^, Radical No. 64, the hand.


t'o Phonetic,

(See No. 53).

a plant just appearing above the ground befeiiring the cotyledons. The
stalk seems often too delicate to support

these first leaves

and on

this account they

215

attract attention

thus the idea of to sup-

by this phonetic. When the radical for hand is added the meaning of to support is changed from the plant to the hand. (W. 33 B).
port
is

set forth

625

^
^^
]^

c/ju',

shib^,

a pattern, a custom. (W. 82 D), Radical No. Ill, a dart, an arrow. (See
rule,

No. 100).
chu* Phonetic, a square.
larger than the

This

is

an instrument

X kun^, the ordinaryThe square was the guide when building or laying out a plot of ground.
square.

When

^ shiW

is

added

it indicates,

apThis

pointed,

determined,

irrevocable.
;

meaning is derived from archery after the arrow is shot one knows the skill of the archer, as its position on the target cannot be changed. Thus this combination
626
is

used for established custom.


of the

M&
/a*.

The hair

human

head.

jgj^

piao^ Radical No. 190, hair, shaggy hair or In the old writing it is the same locks. cVati^, long, save three strokes as

are added on

the right, these represent the


(Cf.

long locks.

No. 131.)

^, f^

pa" Phonetic, a dog led by a leash, by a strap behind the shoulders and in front of one foreleg. During the Manchu rule, prisonThis practise ers were led by their cues. from the down handed been have may dim past as the Chinese have long worn
long hair, dressed in different styles as the dynasty determined. The long braided

216

looks like a leash and thus phonetic was adopted. (W. 134 A).
hair
627 >SK
ch'iao^,

the

A sparrow

or small bird.

^
'^,

chui^ Radical No.

172, , a

short-tailed

bird.

(See No. 21).


/|\ As/ao',

Phonetic, small.

It is

made up

of

pa^ eight, to divide.


is

The idea of to

divide

given to this numeral because in the

seal writing the


arid

two parts

are identical

they do not touch, thus they suggest Between these two parts there is a vertical line. This is an object which is to be divided and as that will make it smaller, this combination is used for small.
division.

Add

to this the radical for short tailed

bird and the sparrow family has an ap-

propriate appellation.
628
tiiao^,

(W. 18 N).

A bird.

Radical No. 196.

pictorial

representation of a long tailed bird.

BALIiBE, LESSON XXIII.


629
Jfcfe
lii,

Toow,

to

drift.

^
:

(See No. 79). 7jC shuP, Radical No. 85, water. t^u^ Phonetic, position a fetus in the easiest /^
for delivery,
viz.,

a head

presentation.

child,
r.li

to :fe 'a^ the delivery of a save the present phonetic depicts a child with long flowing hair. With the

This

is similar

>.;'

addition of the above radical the character is used foi:, the; current or the flow of a
-

"

.river,

(W. 94 F).

'

21.7

630

Jk

kuan*, Accustomed to* practised

in.

f
M,,

vCi^

hsln^,

Radical No. 61, the heart.

(See No.

^
'

kuan*, Phonetic, long strings & haati* of cowries, g.

pei\ to pierce, to

tie,

to string.

The

sea-shells were kept on a string and only opened when it was necessary to do so to make change. Thus with the addition of heart a character is formed which means, usage, custom or experience. It having become as familiar or common to one as the condition of being strung was to the cowries. (W. 153 A).
tiao*,

631

To

fall

down, to

lose.
.

f ,^

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand


cho^ Phonetic, high, elevated.

(See No.

53

^^

(See No. 56).

It represents a kind oi mast w^ith a hopper shaped box half way from the ground to the top. Manj' characters with this phonetic have an ending like the character under consideration, and it is probable that. the phonetic has been abbreviated from one of these. The addi-

tion of the radical


fall;

sbou^

signifies, to
i^ if

In climbing such a mast

ones

hold
632
lo^,

^ is not good a fall ^ is inevitable.


(See

A gong.
Badical Noi 167, gold or metal.

-^
J

chin^,
;

No. 13).
Phonetic, a net,

|M

*^o^>

sieve.

net

int

wang'

made

of silk

tni*',

ssu^ for catching birds

^
-

chuT^.

These

nets, in! shape, resemble


is

a gong and

vvhen the radical which

218

used for
633

all

kinds of metal
is

is

character for gong

formed.

added the (W. 39 D).

p'o*,

Broken, to break.

Radical No. 112, a stone. (See No. 42). ri^ p'P, Phonetic, the skin. (See No. 224). The
shih',

present form of p^o* is quite different from the old writing and this accounts for the variance of the phonetic. (For old form see K'ang Hsi). Although the combination of this character has been arbitrarily changed its present form is not inappropriate: if one comes in contact with a rock or stone, the skin is apt to be broken.

634

.._
kuei*,

To

kneel, to

bow down

to.

Jg, tsa". Radical No. 157, the foot. (See No. 484). j^ weP, Phonetic, peril, hazard. This is made up

from f^ weP, a man standing on a rock in order to get a better view. When B.

means he restrains his movements owing to the height of his position and danger of falling. With the above radical the emotions of one on a rock with a precarious footing
chieh^ is added, (See No. 42), it
is

given to the suppliant, he regards him-

self

with apprehension.
126,
stroke

(W. 59 H).
still,

"'=

Bp -^

er*.

Radical No,
horizontal

and, yet,
is
is
tTie

but.

The archaic meaning

the beard.

The
(W.

mouth.

164 A). The use of this


is

radical as

above

set forth

said to have originated from the fact

219

that the beard

is

suspended from the chin

and the above connectives act as appendages for connecting together the various
parts of the sentence.
636
yiian^,

an orchard. fl weP, Radical No. 31, an inclosure. J^ yuatp Phonetic, trailing robes. This is a combination of :aK i^. clothing and

A garden,

chuan^, to attach, to drag,

(See No.

at the end of a trace. This is contracted to "^, which is placed at the top df the character, and ri which is

385)

and lower parts of 3St i*, making ;g and with the additional top yuar^. With the ra.dical which often means a fence, placed around the phonetic we have the character for garden. A garden with its tall stalks and long vines gives one the imthe

placed between

upper

pression that the inclosed plot of earth

has donned
637

its

long garments.

>^
^
iJ
c/ju^,

ta^ to reply, to respond to. Radical No. 118, bamboo.


union,
(See No. 103).

(See No. 7).

'^

he?. Phonetic,

agreement,
joints of
ho^,

harmony.

The

chu\

bamboo, harmonize
each other,

-g-

or answer to

positions on the and stalk, as to size shape. From this the idea of to answer or respond to is obin their

tained.

638

^1^^

i ,^

sow, to let loose. shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53)
scatter, to

ggi^

To

2'20

JH^

saH* Phonetic, to pound J^ p'a^ meat ^ until the fibres separate, like shredded hemp,
jjijli

p'ait

(See No. 24).


this

When
is

the hand
of,

is

added to
scatter or

phonetic the idea

to

disperse

conveyed.

The'

modern writing is quite arbitrary and it only by consulting the seal character that the etymology can be traced.
is

639

M
^-,

g
fi:

huan^, To

talk wildly, to

lie,

lies.

(See No. 10). g* huang^, Phonetic, wild overgrowth. This

yen^, Radical No. 149, word.

is

derived from

^ wang^
-*f

(See No. 123) an


^^^

entering, in of the rivers,

ch'uan^, an
is

overflow.
indicates

When

ts^ao^

an overgrowth vegetation on wild lands. When word a" is added it indicates wild,
worthless
*

added it of weeds or

640

^
Jh

worthless talk or

lies.

(W. 12J).

wa", M^ilitary, warlike.


chih^,

Radical No.'TT, to stop.

(See No. 10).

^i^

ko\ Phonetic, halberd. (See No. 2). For some unaccountable reason the stroke
'

across the handle of the halberd has been placed above the
horizontal stroke on

the

left.

(W. 71K).'
:3c who stop Jh the hostile thus allowing the people to

The
1

lancers
,

incursion,

proceed with their peaceful occupation.


641
J.

t'i\
.

To

shave.
IS,

U 71 tao\ Radical No.


ti*,

knife.

(See No. 37).

Phonetic, a thread

No. 86).

/.

wound on a spool. (See The hair grows as;if it were

221
"

being unvvowild from a hidden spindle and the idea of to shave was set forth by placing a razor 7J tao^ by the side of this
phonetic.

642

,^
y,7^
R.
m.

cb'iijg^,

Clear, pure, correct, as

an account.

shaP, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). ch^ing^, Phonetic, light green, the color of

sprouting vegetation.

(See No. 63).

As

the tips of recent sprouts are translucent,

they are regarded as being pure and with


the addition of water, which
643
/aH^, Blue, indigo.
H*,!''!'
is

trans-

parent, the character for clear is obtained.

ts'ao% Radical No. 140, grass.


chien}, Phonetic,

(See No. 22).

to watch.

(See No.

294).

This is a simple phonetic and consequently has no logical explanation.

614

tt
'^
,

hsin^. Nature, disposition, a quality.

J^

^C^ bsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). sbeng^, Phonetic to grow, bear, produce.

A plant that grows more and more. A whorl w^as added to ili 5l showing increasing growth (W. 79, B, F). When t bsin^, heart, is added the
Radical 100.
character
645
is

used

for

the

natural

in-

clinations or desires of the heart.

I
>f

cbia^, Tools, furniture.

,^

jin^.

Radical No. 9, a man.

chla^, Phonetic,

a family.

(See No. 221). This


is

is

an unauthorized character and


is
:

not

found in the old dictionaries.

The only
jet^,

{explanation

what

man ^

sup-

m^^
4 yv
,

with tools and furniture are necessary in the home.


ports his family
;

M cbia^

buo^, Tools, furniture.


jen^,

Radical No.

9,

a man.

/^

jt'^

huo*, Phonetic,

fire.

A pictorial representation

of a flame of fire.

This, ik like No. 645, is an unauthorized character. It is supposed to have originated from the expression -^rKl^^'X. ten men make one mess or fire. The mess includes the utensils for cooking.

"^m

fif,

^^i".

Radical No. 145, clothes.

square cloth for tying up bundles. (See No. 51).

fu^,

Phonetic, to hide, to stoop.

This

is

com-

and dog, it- It was first posed of man used as the character for, to ambush, a man ^ assuming the posture of the dog
it in

order not to be seen.


I

addition of

?, cloth, it

With the becomes a sug-

gestive phonetic, because it surrounds the


articles inclosed,

^hides them.

BALLEE, LESSON XXIV.


648

^^t
chm^.
All, entirely,

exhaust.

M.inl

rnin^,

Radical No. 108,

dish.

This

is

pictorial representation of

a dish with a

pedestal such as the Chinese often use at


feasts.

^.

cbiti*

Phonetic, ashes which remain after the

fire.

This phonetic, in modern writing, has one less horizontal stroke than in the
ancient writing.
for the use of
It is difficult to account

cA/q* as

a phonetic

in

223

this character.

^K Kuei Shih Shuo Wen has the most plausible explanation he says that H is a contraction of ^ hsiii^
:

fuel,

and 'X huo', fire. Thus when the fire has consumed the fuel, its force is expended

nothing remains save the ashes. The radical JDL min^ indicates the stove. It might have been a brazier for holding
;

coals for

warming

the hands of scribes

;$:.

649

A'o^

To

thirst, thirsty.

^,7jC sbui^ Radical No. 85, water.

(See No. 79).

a' ji

hd" Phonetic, to ask.

(See No. 271).

With
is
:

the addition of the radical the idea

To
650

ask

for

water

7jC

because one

is

thirsty M.

hsieh^. Vicious,

depraved, heterodox.

g,
'

(See No. 11). i\ Radical No. 163, a city. nl Ja^ Phonetic, tooth. (See No. 97). This is a conti'action of the original phonetic ^ hsieti', a garment like a buskin w^hich wraps around the legs, a,wry. The con-

traction has deprived the character of a

proper phonetic.
this

The

radical added

to

was

the

name

of an ancient city in

Eastern Shantung. The city may have Owing to the had a bad reputation. original meaning of the phonetic being, this character has been used for awry,

depraved or hetrodox.
651
t'ing',

To

stop, to delay
9,

suitable.

A .\jen^
*^,

Radical No.
Phonetic,

a man.

(See No. 5).

t'ing^,

pavilion, terrace.

This

is

224

formed of

ting^, a high, and the lower combination, person. the p, of the ^ao* is deleted. With the addition of the radical the idea is When a ^
Ifi

W ^a6\
A

man comes
652

to a pavilion

^ -while
:

on a

journey, he will stop, ff to rest.

M.l^M M. chien\ The shoulder. jou\ Radical No. 130 1^ ^ Phonetic, door.
jg
/zu*.

meat.

(See No. 133).

(See No. 5). A glance a at the development of this character will reveal why ^ Au*, a door has b?een added it has gradually been substitiited for a curved line which represented the arm.
;

Because this line was only used for this one character, its form was not easy to remember; first P shih^, a person in the sitting or reclining posture, was substituted, and afterwards it was changed to ^ ha\ This shows that early in the development of the written language, unusual symbols were gradually replaced by
\

those in
expense,

common use and this in many instances,


The
facility

too at the
of logical

etj-mology.

of remembering
muscles

oft recurring elements

brought about these


In No. 361, P in farm;

changes.

The ^ represents the


joint.

about the shoulder


ing the shoulder of

ba* is referred to as " a farmer "

man and

beast must

be strong, the former for carrying burdens and the latter for pulling the plow. This

may
653

aid in remembering the combination.


willing, to be desirous of,

yuan\ To be

a vow.

225

"S

yeh*, Radical No. 181,

leaf of

a book, the
(Se^-

archaic meaning

is,

the head.

No.

105).

]^, J/U

yiiati^.

Phonetic, a spring.

It is represented
hillside

as gushing out from a

han*, or

a projecting cliff. The little dot at the top of /t\ ch'iian^, and the short horizontal line are the springs and the other lines are the rills which are fed by them, (See W. 125
F). ;^ yeh* is here used to represent the brain or the soul that which issues fiom
;

the soul are desires and aspirations.


654

1^
T^f
>]*

chiang^'*,

To

take, to hold.
;

ts' an*,

Radical No. 41, an inch ing, a hand.

archaic

mean-

flPi,

li.fl chlaiJg^, Phonetic, three archaic forms of the

character under consideration show its development. The first one is a meat-

block and meat. The second is the same plus salt and the last is the first plus the for preserving the meat. pickle or brine

The modern character


series plus -^ ts'un*, the

is

the

first

of this

the meat and places (W. 127, B). block.


655 /tdt
.,

it

hand w^hich takes upon the meat-

tai*,

_ To

treat, to

wait

..

for.

^ Mf ^^' ^
-Fr.

(See No. 78). ch'Jh\ Radical No. 60, a step. place where court, a the law ssu*. Phonetic, a

-^ rule

is

constantly iH (continually as

the growth of a plant), applied. (See No. This phonetic has no phonetic 125). value, but it sets forth the way one should

226

tr^at others, viz


propriety.

6onstantly%.ccording to
is

The

radical
it

not particularly

appropriate, but

serves to distinguish

the character from others which have the same phonetic. Characters which have
this radical generally indicate action.

^J
IJ

IT/)

bs'mg^,
tao^,

To

punish, punishment.
re-

Tt 9^

Radical No. 18, a knife. A pictorial presentation of the instrument.

"^"l"

ch'ien^ Phonetic,

balanced scale pans.

The

seal writing represents the

two

objects

as being even.
phonetic,

This

was not
is

the original
the archaic

ching^,

a well

writing and this accounts for the pronunciation.

The

well,

was

in the centre

of a plot of ground

divided

into nine

squares and farmed

by

eight famihes, the

central square w^as farmed for the state

by the joint labor of the eight families. The well being in the centre, w^as where
all

pubUc functions were attended

to.

The

knife indicates that punishment, generally

decapitation, w^as inflicted.


657
fa^,

^,

To wau^.

fine,

to punish, punishment.
(See No. 38).

Radical No. 122, a net.

There was a mistake made in putting this wang^, as it destroys the phonetic which was ^ li\ to blame or accuse one M with a fault and thus, entangle I^ wang^, them. To this is
character under

added the
torture.

knife

which

is

an instrument

of

227

658

J^

*^*

go astray. i_ cho^ Radical No. 162, stopping and starting.


tap,

To

deceive, to delude, to lead or

(See No. 10).

TN

mP, Phonetic,
still

rice.

(See No. 47).

There

is

older writing than that referred to in

No. 47*
5:>

This depicts nine grains of


lines dividing

rice
;

them as they are identical in appearance it would be impossible to keep track of any one grain if their position were disturbed. It

without any

may
rice

be that this

was

the reason

why

was adopted

as the phonetic of this

character.
659 -^ if*^
i^\
-dg?

huo*,

To

doubt, to mislead.

hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). huo*, Phonetic, an appanage, or feudal holding
(archaic meaning). (See

No.

70).

As

these appanages

had no boundary there must have been continual strife between

barons of contiguous regions, as one could never be sure on whose territory he was when nearing the imaginary boundaries. Add heart to this phonetic and we have a

good symbol
660 CSSt
lili)

for " to doubt."

jp

^
^_J^

wang^, The full moon to expect, to hope, to look toward. (See No. yueh*. Radical No. 74, the moon.
;

43).

wang^ Phonetic, (abbreviated), a solemn imThe explanation of this perial audience.


phonetic
is

that the minister

ctieti,

when

in the presence 5. of the sovereign,

received light from

him as the moon

228

from the sun. The E ch'en^ is deleted and Cl wang^, destroyed or ruined, is substituted. This is a very old character and the absence of the radical does not leave a definite phonetic this
receives light
;

is

because the character

was

in use before

the principle of radical and phonetic was

adopted.

(W. 81 G).

JQ2>,

ix^

chi^.

Anxious, hurried, urgent.


Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, to catch up with. (See No.

i> hsin",

S ^''^
"ft

c/^J^

324). This phonetic indicates a person running after another and laying hold of him a
;

situation requiring haste

and with

the

addition of the radical for heart w^e have


the feelings of the pursuer set forth, he
his
is

fearful lest he will not be able to overtake

man.
rest,

662
hsieh^,

^
J^

To

to stop.

ch^ieti*,

Radical

No.

76,

to

owe,

to

lack

archaic meaning, to exhale, to breathe.


(See No. 273).
ho''

Phonetic,

why ?

(See No. 271).

There

is

an old

reading of this character i^ as


is

"i2o^" but that

etymology
breathing
6B3

now obsolete. The why not stop for a


is

spell ?

Sweet, pleasant. "H* kan\ Radical No. 99, sweet. "^ she", Phonetic, the tongue.
t'ien^,

(See No. 23). (See

No.

73)^

229

This phonetic has no phonetic significance. The old writing of this character was @. The present writing conveys the idea of sweet owing to the adoption of the

above
664

radical, viz., that


"S".

which

is

sweet

"fr

to the tongue,

i
^^

suan^, Sour, acid, grieved.

yu\ Radical No. 164, wine.


tsun^, Phonetic, to

(See No. 589).

walk slowly.

This

is

com-

posed of JiJl g P, the exhalation of the breath and ^L J^ jenr, man = ;fc ^ yun^, to consent and ^ sui^, to walk slowly. It is probable that the acid was obtained by a process of fermentation and as this is a slovsr, steadily advancing condition,
;

the present phonetic


665

is

appropriate.

ifc
q>|V
1=

mo^,

To

shoti',

Radical No.

smear, to rub over, to wipe. 64., the hand. (See No.

^^, n\ md^, Phonetic, the tips of the branches of a


tree.

The

horizontal

line

indicates the

part of the tree referred to just as in the lower the character i^ pen^, root horizontal line does the same. With the
;

addition of hand, which generally indicates motion, the character for rubbing Jfe is

formed.
ch'iang'.

To

take openly by

force, to

snatch or

grab.

^ shou\

Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). This is a conts'ang^, Phonetic, a granary.
traction of

shih\ food.

(See No. 75).

230

The lower part


for

is

deleted to

make room

P weP, the store-room for grain. The granary was the most important asset which the farmer possessed, it was his money, it was his very life, therefore he used all diligence in guarding it. When
added it implie^s hand of a forager or robber removing grain by force.
is

the radical for hand

the
the

667

ch'eh\

To

receive, to meet, to accept.

,^

shou^ Radical No. 64, the hand.


(Archaic).

(See No. 53).

^,^ ch^ieh\

Phonetic, the daughter of

The modem
a concubine.

a culprit. meaning of this


This
is

composed of ^ kati^, fault, crime, against a superior Jt shang*, and ft hu* a girl or daughter. Children of offenders were appropriated by officials. With the addiphonetic
is,

tion of

hand

this

was

first

used for the

taking of a concubine from among the daughters of the vanquished but it now has no restrictions and simply means, to
take, or receive.

668
lieti^,

screen.

^'^

chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo.


lieti^,

(See No. 7).

^, 11^

Phonetic, the roof and wall ol a house,

frugal.

(W. 121 K).

From

roof or shelter, and M. chien^, stalks of grain held together by a hand, corn stalks

r T J'^"^

bound together to form a wall. When the radical for bamboo is added to this
phonetic
it

indicates the screens which are

231

made

of bamboo, split into strips about

669^

the size of straw and

woven

together.

ym
iV^S 'C^
//iji^

Suddenly,
,

all

at once.

hsin
^'"^

^ "^
670

Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). Phonetic, a flag of three pennons attached
staff.

to a

Used to signal a negative reply. When the heart is added it indicates that the action was not intentional but^nstinctive, sudden. (W. 101 A).
ja^,
koti^

A slave girl.
There
6, a barb. no phonetic to this character owing to its being an old symbol which

Radical No.
is

cannot be broken up.

Some take
it

it

to be

a forked
girls
.

stick

others think
;4c Hi

was an
Slave

abbreviation of

mu*, wood.

wear their hair in two tufts, wrapped with a cord, which stand up from the
head and, with the body, resemble the
character

ya^, therefore

a slave

girl is

671

^
^

called ygHjra^ t'ou^.

D
jjj[

out words, to give a command. A'oa^ Radical No. 30, the mouth. fen\ Phonetic, to divide. (See No. 181).
iiti^,

To mete

As

this Phonetic is frequently used

ke?, to give, the phonetic itself

with -^ seems to

infer giving, after the division is

made

therefore

A'ou^, the

mouth, in combinaseparation of

tion with

^ /en* implies the


Command.

an order from ordinary speech and giving the same to the person addressed.
'''''';

672 ntX^
'ia\
'

''

'"

To

give a

232
pl
A'o*,
fa*,

/^

?)3

Radical No. 30, the mouth. Phonetic, to give. This represents two men, the one on the tight is only the hand
of a
is

man

"^ giving something, (the article

When n

not pictured), to the man A on the left. k'ot^, the mouth, is added it

indicates the giving of

a command.

BAIjLEE, liESSON XXV.


PJJ

Eh

yin*,

To

.print,

to stamp, an

official

seal,

stamp.

P
)|^ f?T~

chieh^,

Radical No. 26, a joint' or


the right hand.
resting

seal.

(See

No. 42).
chad', Phonetic,

This

is

pictorial representation of the right hand,

palm down and


fingers.

on the

tips of the

an old character and the phonetic has no value as such,- but it indicates a hand pressing a seal. It also
This
is

may

indicate the use of the imprint ot

finger-marks as a seal. The Chinese have long used finger-prints on bank notes.

With the addition of a


674 -*ihui^.
J(*

joint, or seal
latter.

we

have the character for the


Ashes, dust, lime.

Ul

Aao^ Radical No. 86, fire. A sentation of a flame of


writing.

pictorial reprefire

in the old

^,^,

^ ya*, Phonetic,
bination

the right hand, (Archaic).


significance.

It

has no phonetic

This com;

was

first

used for ashes

the

product of fire w^hich can be handled. Limestone, is burned and converted into


^
lime and this can be handled, but
said
233
it is

to contain

fire

which

is

apparent

"when brought in contact with water.


675

:^ ^K
^R, Tw
rH

P^^s^ To
chin^,

help,

class,

guild.

Radical No. 50, a cloth, a kerchief. No. 143).


Phonetic, a
fief,

(See

^ ^^ pan^. The ^
leafy

a region, a country.

fen^,
the

is

a primitive representing
|5

bough.
is

The

f*

city,

the upper

part
part

official

residence
is

and the lower


official

is

the seal which

kept in the

residence.

The ^

represents the

wooded

tracts surrounding the official residence.

The

oldest writing of this character

was

with ^ po*, silk, wealth. From Q paP, white and rlJ chiti^, a cloth, a kerchief, or rolls of silk which are still used as legal tender in Mongolia. Thus the help which the emperor recognized was the financial aid received from his nobles.
676

JL
I

f
r*^

tnan^. Hurried, in haste, busy. i^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart,
(A '^
vrang^, Phonetic,

(See No. 18).

to hide, lost, to die.

(See

No. 123). To lose ones senses because of pressure of duties is the etymology. This would be sufficient to enable one to remember the

composition of the character were it not for <^ wan^, to forget, being made up of
the

same radical and phonetic in the case " hurried," tC the heart is at the side of
;

and

it

may

aid in recalling the position of


if

the radical

we

recall the expression

234

" Hurried until he

is
.^>

case of to forget

beside himself." In " That has dropped

entirely out of mind."

The heart has

dropped to the bottom of the character.


,Jf

cbu\

To

aid, to help.

^,^
R Q

U\ Radical No. 19, strength. (See No. 212). tsu^ ch'ieh^ Phonetic, a small stand used at
sacrifices (archaic)
;

The lower strbke


parallel strokes

is

moreover, also. the ground, the two


In the

above are rungs.

sacrifices for the dead the apparent idea


is

to do a favor to the departed, to aid

them, but this requires utensils J[. tsu^ and perform the ;tl li* strength in order to ceremonies according to prescribed rules.
678

drawing, a picture. pg t'ien^ Radical No. 102, a


hua^,

field.

pictorial

representation of a
-,

field.

J"* Phonetic, to trace hues, to draw. (See No. 7). The radical and phonetic do not

compose the whole character


stance "as
inclosed

in this int'ien^

formerly

the

EQ

was

with a p weP, but this has been


is

reduced to one stroke and that

at the

bottom of the character. This phonetic has no phonetic value, it indicates how dravving is accomplished, by showing a pdncil tracing the boundaries of a field.
679

^
^

Cheap, mean, worthless. pel*, Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). chiett^, Phttnetic, to destroy, narrow, small. (See No. 13). This phonetic is generally
chien^,

235

attached to characters which have the idea of small or mean in this instance the
;

meaning

is

cheap, mean, worthless.

The

radical, here,

with the phonetic can be


is insignificant.

interpreted
680

A^
iH^

:the value

^
%
^

so^,

lock, to lock.

chw\ Radical No. 167,


"

gold, metal.

(See No.

13).

'^ so^ Phonetic, a small /h object not la:rger than

These small shells were also used as money. With the addition of the radical, metal, the combination is used to represent a lock, a small metal obIt is a safe preject, round like a cowrie. money under lock and key. caution to keep

a cowrie,

^ pei*.

W^

pao^,

To

eat to the

full,

satiated.

s/z/A^

Radical No. 184, to eat, food.

(See No.

75).

^
682 T-f,

pao^, Phonetic, to

wrap

up.

(See No. 327).

When one

has over eaten he realizes the aptness of this combination, the stomach feels as if it had difficulty in surrounding
its contents.

y/

kung^, Merit, efficacy, good results.

^
-r

li\

Radical No. 19, strength. (See No. 212). kuvg^. Phonetic, labor. (See No. 89). This is not a bad combination to fulfill the
idea of efficiency
;

one must work and

exercise all the energy available in order

to be
f

efficient.

683

^^

lao^,

To

toil,

to suffer, weary.
(See No. 212).

li\

Radical No. 19, strength.

236

yin^, Phonetic, the light of many lamps in a ^miSa house. (W. 126 F). There is but little phonetic value in this symbol, but there is much significance as to the

meaning of
the

to toil

to labor through
light. This at the bottom to

night

with

artificial
ik.

phonetic loses the

give place to 4;he radical.


684:

U SPt opj
Ji

\|l.fc

i^u',

A drum,
No.

to drum, to arouse
;

it is radical

207

bulging.

A drum

3.

chot^,

beaten by a hand holding a stick J^ pW. The lower part of cbou^ is not tou^, as one might think, it is a drum placed on a

The straight line above the drum is the skin and all above this line is supposed to be ornaments. (W. 165 C).
stand.

Written

M the radical is ^ skin.

^^^

^ ^ A
,

san^,
7e/i*,

An

umbrella, a parasol.

arbitrarily given as

This radical was has nothing to do with the original character, w^hich was a
it

Radical No. 9, a man.

pictorial representation of

an

umbrella.

The archaic writing


satisfactorily.

sets this forth very

See Chalfant, Plate XIV.


swelling.

686

chan^, To

swell,

P^ jou\ Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). cAun^, Phonetic, heavy. (See No. 22). This
phonetic also conveys the idea of being
large

and consequently is a combination for a swelling.

satisfactory-

687

P^

chtao^,

To

quarrel, to dispute.

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, the mouth.

237

^ sAao\ mean
688 If3^

Phonetic, small.
talk
is

(See No. 176).

Small,

a very proper

definition of

to quarrel.
nao*.

To make a

disturbance, bustle, noise.

n,^|> tou\ Radical No. 191,


with

to fight, to grapple

an antagonist.
of

This

radical

is
of,

made up
to seize.

two

jEL^

chii^,

to lay hold

ni shih\ Phonetic,

(W. 11 H). (See No. 139). a market. (See No. 256). The market place is where each man is alert to his own interests and altercations which lead to disturbances are not uncommon. This symbol has no phonetic value but it does aid in explaining the meaning of the combination.
Mixed, confused.
Radical No. 172, a short- tailed bird. (See No, 21). In giving this character a

-'

\/ts'

rKE

tsa^.

chui^.

radical the phonetic

was destroyed

^ chP,

in the old writing is

^ a flock of birds on
a coming together.
;

tree,
is

collection or

the logical phonetic and the radical


i^,

should be :^

but the latter is w^ritten in an unusual form and consequently the above radical was adopted. A garment made of odds and ends of
clothing

cloth, thus the idea of


is set forth.

mixed or confused

680

m
R

^ nu\

chieh\ Elder sister.

Radical No. 38, a

woman.

(See No. 16).

jQ_ ch'ieh^, Phonetic, a square bench. It resembles a chair without a back. This is a very

238

common

article

of furniture.

Women

were regarded more or less as chattels and the make up of this character was not regarded as humiliating.
691

m
3C ^_

mei*,
nii^,

A younger sister.
;

wei*, Phonetic,

Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). not yet a tree in full leaf and

branch, but probably not of large size. (See No. 524). With the addition of the*
rapdical for girl

or

woman
formed.

the character

for

younger

sister is

692
sai*,

To

contest, to rival.

pei*,
sai^,

Radical No. 154, precious (See No. 38). Phonetic, to w^all in, to shut up, to cork.

An empty

space

^ H,

X
is

kung^,

by
it

the

men (W. 47
added,

T).

is filled with bricks, hands of the workf=^ When ^ pei*, a reward,

gives the idea of competition


;

to the labor

the one

who works

best

is

rewarded.
693 **M.

4b

ch'ietf.

To

depute, to send.

choi^

Radical No. 162, to run fast and stop, to go. (See No. 10).
Phonetic, to carry earth in a ^]dui\
basket, for erecting

S,"^

c/2';eH^

wall,

g (W. Ill

C).

This being an important undertaking, an officer was deputed who had charge of the construction. The sending of a per-

son to have charge


radical S- cho*
694
is

is

implied

when

the

added to the phonetic.

yu\ Prepared

before hand, already.

239

^
H&

shih^ Radical No. 152, a pig. (See No. 221). /"^ Phonetic, to pass from one hand to another, to haiid down, to give I, me. (W. 95 A). The seal writing depicts one hand giving to another. This may be just a repetition of the act of passing from one hand to another, as a person, at
;

times, will

do unconsciously, w^hen the

mind

is

occupied.

Add

the radical plus

the part which

makes it an elephant ^ and we have a symbol w^hich is suggestive


of the archaic meaning,
viz.,

excursions

back and forth, indecision. A caged elephant goes from one side of the cage to the other for hours without stopping. He is all ready to escape at the first opportunity.

695
pei*.

Complete, to prepare.

yV,

"t

Ml

Radical No. 9, a man. P^^* Phonetic, to prepare, to This is composed of


j^t^,

make

ready.
ching^,

^ ^

de-

behaviour, (See No. 407) conyviag^. tracted, the P being replaced by preparation the how indicates The ching 1
ferential

is

to be made,

viz.,

with decorum, and |g


is

indicates that
for use.

what

prepared

is

wanted

(W. 54

G).

This phonetic

was
It

originally vised for the preparation of the

household necessities by the women.

has had
696 _ ^

many

dififerent
is

writings.

The

addition of the radical

modern.

k'aang^, Waste, wilds, desert. jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun (See No. 12).

;;

240
Jiuang^, Fhonetic,
hall.

broad,

enlarged,

a large
shelter

From

)" yei^,

a covering, a

and

^ huang^,

yellow, the hue of loess.


naturally

(See No. '07).

yellow or imperial house

is

made large, spacious. (W. 171 A). It is evident that ^ buavg^ was originally used as a synonym of earth or soil, and
thus J^ kuang^, a hall, resembles t'ang^, a hall (See No. 408), as they both are
used for holding large assemblies and both have the earth as the floor. Kuan^ is

not
all

now

used for a hall, as t'an^

fulfills

the requirements,

and

kuan^
is

is

used for broad.


it is

When

the sun

added
it

the symbol for a desert or barren

waste.

hall,

notwithstanding
is is

has

the earth for a floor,

non-productive

and

^ k'uang*

large, barren tract of

earth with the sky for a covering and the

sun the only occupant.


697
yeh^,

waste, a desert, savage, rude,'^wild,


fields.

rustic.
IP,

Radical No. 166, cultivated


82).

(See No.

^^ ^

yiP Phonetic,
No. 694").
is yit^,

To

pass
is

something from one

hand to the
but

other, to

hand

over.

(See

a reading of Sf which ^ ^^SC Tuan Shih Shuo Wen has a good description of
There
it is

archaic.

this character

Bj'^m:tMM ^f mit^M
Beyond the limits of the
;

9\-mitm.
it is

"

city

called

% ch'iad

beyond the

limits of

241

the chiac^

it

is

called pasture, ft
it is called KF

mw*
yeh^."
in

beyond the pasture

A
all

pasture region

was not maintained

cases outside the limits of the chiao^,

and in such cases the yeh^ was immediately beyond the limits of the chiao^. The
$P chiao^

was

w^here intercourse

^ chiao^,
They
they
lest

with the barbarians was were not allowed inside the

held.
g,
/*

should learn of its, vulnerable points <and thus attack the stronghold This charac.

ter

that

was originally written ffi indicating it was covered w^ith forests. After

the forests were cleared off the composition was changed to the present form,

which is t'u^ land for fields H t'ien^. During the feudal times the Sf yeh^ was
given into the charge of the military to manage, and timber, grain and straw
w^ere

demanded as

taxes.

There were

three grades of grain tax, one for farming


land, one for buildings
living in the district in
j-r? indicates

and another for idleness. The

that the squatters or occupants handed over to the proper authorities the taxes or a rent.

698

Jj^ )5^

sbih\

To

bestow.

fan^, Radical, No. 70, square (See No. 503). This radical has been given to the character because the original classifier
is

not
It is

among

the modern radicals and

it is

now

written J^ yen^, the old form

is !^.

242

a banyan down and


has
B).
-{fii,

tree

striking root,

with branches hanging A. As this tree

of these accessory trunks it is here used as a symbol for many. (W. 117

many

'^

yeh^, Phonetic,
vessel.)

also.

(Archaic,

a drinking

This combination indicates a pouring out ifi, at frequent intervals 1i^ as or something freely wine at a feast
;

gixren,

M-

(W. 107, B).

699

_.__

haP,

To

repent, to regret.

*I*

*t^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart (See No. 18). (See No, ife meP, Phonetic, each, every, many.

269).

The combination of

radical

and

phonetic implies that mistakes or crimes


are committed through thoughtlessness

and when one repents


heart

it is

because his

swarms

nieP (archaic meaning)

with the thoughts of his misconduct and


causes him regret.
700 =!/#

kaP,

To
17)-

change, to alter, to correct, another.

j^

p'a^ Radical No. 66, to tap, to rap (See No.


, exha^-l of breath. As Phonetic, exhalation on followed by mha a tion is immediately appropriate was adopted as
I

p ^

i.

this
for,

symbol

"to change."

(W. 85
701

B and

No. IQ^

'^iJ

lo\

A camel.
Radical No. 187, a horse (See No. 261). Phonetic, to go on one's way without heeding others.
(See No. 272).

ma\
/fo*,

243

The camel is a beast of burden for which ^ ma^ is a generic symbol. The camel moves along the road apparently oblivious
to his surroundings
is
;

thus the combination

a happy one.
(of

702

t'o\A camel; to bear on the back,


animal).

an

*^

ma^

Radical No. 187, a horse (See No. 261). fo^ Phonetic, another. Archaic meaning, a cobra, or snake that raises its head from
its coil, its

enlarges its neck and darts out

tongue, (W. 108 A).

The head

of this

reptile being large attracted attention, as

seemed more than the body could support. Maliy of the characters which use this as a phonetic have the meaning of to bear or sustain. The camel is generally used as a pack animal.
it

703

yao^,

The

loins,

the waist.
(See No. 133).

P^ jou\ Radical No. 130, meat,


mr yao*, Phonetic,

to want,

to need.

Archaic,

the loins, the waist.

(See No. 16),

Be-

cause the original meaning w^as usurped

by its present ineaning, in order to make a character for the waist the. radical for
flesh

was added.
insect,

704

^^
l|l

cVutig^,

An

reptile (See

No. 232).
snake,

ch'ung^ Radical No. 142, a

worm, a

probably the cobra. k'vtii^, Phonetic, Insects that are numerous at


certain seasons of the year, such as
flies.

244
lice,

mosquitoes and silk worms. (W. 110 C). This phonetic is more of a
locusts,

than a phonetic and when the radical is added the character takes the sound of the radical. The multiplication of one symbol indicates that the character is used for something which occurs in swarms or great numbers.
classifier

705
mi*,
rfa

Honey.

cA'uBg^ Radical No. 142.


(See No. 232).

An

insect,

a worm.

Jj^ mi*, Phonetic, quiet, close, still, silent, secret. From '^ mien^, a sheltered place, and
pi* (See No.

#
a

504).

When

one

is

in

dilemma, or has to decide {i^ shoot) between two, (A pa^ to divide), modes of action, a quiet or secret place is desirable.

Both these
phonetic.

qualities are included in the

When A ch'ung', here used for a bee, is added we have the character for honey. The bees make their honey in the
darkness of a hollow tree or other secret
place.

706

i^

wan^,

To draw a bow,

bent, curved.

^
S|

III

kuag^. Radical No. 57, a bow (See No. 55). luan* Phonetic, to adjust, to quarrel. The
oldest writing represents a

hand
;

Tt

dis-

their lower ends were contracted into shih^, ten. A later writing has "b yen^, word, taking the place of the middle thread, as the untangling of thread; it done in common,,

entangling three threads

often leads to impatient

words and

re-

245

ciprocal

fault

finding

thus the meandeveloped.

ing of quarreling 92 D).

was

(W.

In shooting an arrow the bending of the bow is very marked and so ^ kung^ is a
fitting radical for the character

meaning,

bent, curved
707

mM S
/I,

%.

cbieW,

To

loosen, to explain, to open, to untie.

chiao\ Radical No. 148, a horn. (See No. 250) ? The phonetic of this character is made

up of two radicals which do not occur together in any other character and consequently it has no pronunciation. ^ ^
IS 3t

gives
4^

the

following

explanation,

^ 71

a cow's horn with f>l :ft a knife.'' Horn is put to a number of uses and this has been true for thousands of years. A horn being hard it was a difficult thus a symbol operation to divide it which represents dividing a horn is used as the symbol for to open. A bodkin, 73, made from the horn, ^ of an ox, 4^, and
;

" Dividing

used to untie

M knots.

H2
35
j.n

mate, to pair, marriage. yt^. Radical No. 164, a jug for holding wine.
p'ei*,
fei^,

Phonetic, imperial concubine.


-^ belonging to oneself B.

A woman
Contracted

^"^

This combination of radical yu^ and phonetic was used for the wine (contracted), drunk at a wedding feast
to
chp.

and eventually.it assumed the meaning of mate or pair. ( W- 84 A).


;

246

709 rC||
'*

7i*,

Gain, interest, profit, acute.

Archaic, to

^
7J,
Ij

cut grain.

taoS Radical, No. 18, a (See No. 37).


ho^, Phonetic,

knife,

a reaping hook.
(See No. 556).

^, ^

standing grain.

In order to secure the benefits fij //*, firom the ripened grain it was necessary to reap it, in other wrords to cut 73 the stalks'

^.

^J
i]

Ic,^'

^1 *,

/ei*.

To

bridle, to curb,

to restrain, to
(See No.

force,
li\

Radical, No. 19, strength, force.

212).

^,^,^

ko\ Phonetic, hides, skins with the hair on. (See No. 163). Leather or rawhide is exceedingly strong, and w^ith the addition of ;^ /r*, strength, a good symbol for to
curb or restrain
lieh,
is

formed.

To

crack, to split, to rip open.

;^

7,

Radical No. 145, clothing.

(See No. 51).

S[J lieh*, Phonetic, to divide, seriatim.

The

original writing of this phonetic

was

a river, <, ch'tian" (See No. 598) which on account of breaking its banks has caused Jgreat destruction ? taf^, by cutting 71, new channels through the fields.
'^ll,

!lj

tai^ is

^ or A

in seal writing

these are

the

human bones

as they are found after


;

the flesh has decayed


fortune.

a symbol of mistheir form-

Rivers have been the cause of

much misfortune in China by ing new channels.

247

The addition of the

radical

i^,

formed a

character which originally meant the rem-

nants of cloth left after a garment was cut out another old meaning was the sound of the tearing of cloth but it is now used only for the meaning given above.
; ;

712 A/ari^.

To be

like.
left

:^

c/z'/A*,

Radical No. 60, to step with the


(See No. 503).

foot.

Qffi, >^.3^

fang" Phonetic, square.

the Shuo

This seems to be a simple phonetic, but Wen says that the symbol is composed of two boats tied together forming a square, therefore the boats must have been similar in shape and size, thus they resembled each other. The radical ^ may have been selected because

a step with the


ceeded
713

left

foot

is

naturally sucfoot.

by one

like it

with the right

4^
fu^,

Like.

ch'ih" Radical No. 60,

a step with the

left foot.

(See No. 78).

^^

/*

Phonetic, (See No. 554).

This phonetic may have been selected as the two rods or bows which are tied together are of equal strength and thus neutralize each other, consequently they are similar or alike. For the use of the radical see No. 712.

^^*

-4^

^o^ ^ dove, a pigeon.

J^

xiiad. Radical No. 196,


hd^, Phonetic,

a bird.

(See No. 628).


(See No.

'^

harmony, agreement.

248

103

1.

The

fact that doves are not quar-

relsome
phonetic.
715
____

caused

the

selection

of

this

ts'uP^,

To

urge, to hasten.

yV jen^, Radical

No.

9,

a man.

ts^uP, Phonetic, very high,

a high mountain a surname. This phonetic is made up of a mountain, and # chuP, a lU shan, short-tailed bird. Grouse do not live on the low hills but are found on the higher hills and mountains, as they there find more seclusion and shelter. The addition of the radical for man may have been suggested by the energy required if one wrishes to follow a flock of rock grouse up a mountain if this is tried the appro;

priateness of the

composition of fS

is

never again questioned.


716 sbou*,
-J^

An

animal, a brute.

No. 94, a dog, a pictorial representation of the animal. (See No. 424). ^^"* Phonetic, the domestic animals dis"^, W\ tinguished from ch'itp, wild animals. The domestic animals w^ere nit^, 122a', yang", chi", it cb'uan^ sbih\ the
ch'ixan^ Radical

horse, cow, sheep, chicken,

dog and

pig.

The archaic
and a
tail.

w^riting

depicts

two

ears,

then the head and below are the hind legs


sufficient to

(W. 23. I) This symbol was convey the idea of domestic

animal but w^hen the radical for dog is added it means wild animals chased bv

249

dogs.

The

pictorial effect is unfortunately

entirely lost 'in the

modern writing.

717

1^
IRJ
-q
,

szu*,

/^

jen^,

upon, to examine, to spy. Radical No. 9, a man.


to manage.

To wait

WI wl

^^"^' I*honetic,

This

is

hou*,

(a

man

who

orders P, a prince, and

a princess) reversed to indicate the subordinate or servant who receives orders. It is the imprint of the prince. The prince has informed his minister of his desire, impressed or imextension,

by

printed his ideas on him, and the latter

puts

them

into

execution.
is

When

the

radical for

added the character represents the superior f with his attendant "Pi who waits upon him.
Burning,
fiery, virtuous.

man

718

^^
i^^
i|l(^

-fftt

liehr,

bao\ Radical No. 86,


lieh*^,

^ii

fire. (See No. 482). Phonetic, to arrange in order (See No.

With the radical !k. we have the fierceness of fire added to floods.
711).
719

wang^,

net.

^
E!

mi^ ssB Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). vvan^, Phonetic, a net, to capture with a net.

The idea of capturing or taking is set forth by Cl wang^, to destroy, (See No. Owing to the I^ wang^ being 123).
written
in

an
is

abbreviated

form,

the

radical for silk


720

placed at the side.

shao^,

little,

to diminish.

250

ho^,

Radical No. 115, standing grain. No. 556).

(See

'^ hsiao* Phonetic, like, similar. The archaic meaning was, to be like one's father, not a degenerate. The idea of small is attached to this phonetic as the child is smaller than the parent. A small piece
of the father's flesh.
block."
"

chip off the old

When

^ bo^, a stalk of grain,


is

very small thing,


721

added the character

m
^

stands for the above.


ys^, Elegant, decorous, polished, cultured.
'gl chui^ Radical,

No. 172, a short-tailed bird.

(See No. 21). ja', Phonetic,

a tooth.

(See No. 97).

There

is

evidence that this character

was

originally written 51 but

being very similar to ysf, the latter has entirely supplanted the old form and ys?, hasfthe advantage of being a per-

S hu*, reciprocal, ^

fect

phoneticbut, devoid of any suggestion

conveys the ideas of satisfaction. A person who is reciprocal is courteous and is generally in high favor.
of elegance,
111

S hu*,

15

chao^.

To

beckon, to

call,

to proclaim.

f ,^

shon\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). ;g cbao\ Phonetic, to summon, to call. The
archaic meaning

was

to criticise,

^to

use

the

tion of the radical

With the addi^ it has the meaning of to beckon:^, as the hand is used in that act. This is a term used in summonknife 7J.

mouth as a

ing a person to appear at court.

251

723

1^ ^^
3ft

hu''

To

call,

to expel the breath.

i'ou^ Radical No. 30, the mouth. S< hu^' ^ Phonetic, an exclamation an interrogative, a sigh a sound which is tittered after the completion of a sentence. The "5 ch'iao^ is the breath meeting with an obstruction. The ^ is composed of y
; ;

p'Jeb^,

a sign of action and

A pa^, to disis

perse or scatter.

The obstruction

over-

724

i@/ ^H^
iti*

between impeded respiration and unimpeded, is taken as a symbol for wonderful. (See No. 258, 853). The radical for mouth is added to indicate a call.
come.
difference

The

\^
^^^*'

To produce interest,
respiration.

to stop, a

full

breath,

hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart.


self,

(See No. 18).

ft t^u^ Phonetic,

the nose (See No. 104).

believe that during a full ch^i* of the heart is expelled breath the when the outside air isf'brought in through the nose @ and goes to the heart j5. As breathing is necessary for the maintenance of life, the meaning was extended to interest^on a loan, a requirement necessary

The Chinese

for the continuance of the loan.


725 ^1

^||

hsiin*,

To

instruct,

to teach,

to exhort,

to

persuade.

^ yen\ RadicaFNo.
Ijr

149, a word.

(See No. 10).

ch'uan^, Phonetic,

river.

(See No. 598).

Instruction should be continuous as the flow of a river, a continual flow of words,


"

For

it is

precept upon precept, precept

252

upon precept
line
;

line

here

ai,

little,

upon line, line upon there a little."

726

-M^

c&'uan^ Authoritjr, power; the pee of a steelyard.


:7[C

mu*, Radical No. 75, wood. the


heron.

(See No. 22).

Phonetic, H" Awan*

(See

No.

428,

511).

At

first
tf

glance
is

it is difficult

to understand
of this

why

used as the phonetic

character, but

a study of the characters

which use

this phonetic, plus the habits

of the bird as set forth in i^ R, Kuei Shih Shuo Wen, aid in the understanding of

The heron is supposed to announce by his call the approach of rain hence he is possessed of great intelligence. He stands by the hour in the water motionless, watching for food ; when within
its use.
;

reach, action

is is

common name

prompt and sure. His ^ ^, " the old waiter,"


Probably the poised

or " patient waiter.''

attitude suggested the use of this i)honetic

with wood M^, (the steelyard beam being made of wood), as a fitting symbol, for the pee on the steelyard. The string
suspending the pee resembles the long neck and its shape is not unlike the body of the bird. The pee only indicates the weight when in precisely the correct position,

thus

it is

just

For

these reasons, authority

and unwavering. and ability

to give a just decision, are given to this character by extension.

253
;feff

ping^, Authority,

a handle.

:^ mu\
"p^

Radical No. 75,


ferring to
Fii-e

wood

(See No. 22).

pin^ Phonetic,

the 3rd of the ten stems, re-

fire. (See No. 437). has authority over wood, hence the combination, to the Chinese mind, is suggestive of authority. Wood, in a sense, is the handle by which fire can secure a hold on the structure.

728

m
\^
V-p
>^,7K

wu\

Foul, unclean, stagnant water.

shui',

Radical No. 85.

(See No. 79).

-^
~^_

k'ua^, Phonetic, to boast, to overpraise.

"^

"^

viP Phonetic, the breath, 5 having overcome

an obstruction, spreads

in all directions.

It seems reasonable to think that this

character

was

originally written PH

i.e.

yii^, a basin, a tub, with the addition of water i^ it is the symbol of water which has been used for w^ashing.
;

UpJ

fu*,

To

be near, to follow, to lean on, possessed


Radical No. 17u, a mound.
(See No.

g^
fij*

by.
/u* /bu*

493). (See No. 672). fa\ Phonetic, to give. Tuan Shih Ml ]^ Shuo Wen explains this
character more
P
-$.

fullj'

than

the

others.

foothill looks

a mound or small hill. A up to the mountain, a small state must do the same with reference to a large, powerful state, and is obliged to adopt the customs and usages of the latter and pay it tribute, if.
fou^ is

254
I

'^^^

^t<&

iaie/z*,

To put

out (as a

fire),

to destroy, to

exterminate.

7jC shuP, Radical No. 85, water (See No. 79). mieh* Phonetic, to extinguish or kill
;

to wound I'S with a halberd l yiieb, and iK. fire. This phonetic was originally the full character, but later water was added to indicate the substance used to extinguish fire. (W. 71 P.)
731
t'.

^ hsii^

yxs

^^,

tse^,

chaP To reprove, to punish, to lay a charge on duty, to be responsible.


;

^^ )^

pei\ Radical No. 154, valuable.


tz'u* Phonetic, thorns.
tree.

(See No. 38).

It represents

a thorny

The modern

w^riting entirely changes

no trace of thorns There are two meanings of this character 1. To reprove or to punish. The thorns tz'u*, indicate torture, and indicates a fine. 2. The care and pGJ* M. worry, The z'*, of property, K pei*. possession of property brings responsibility. (W. 120 H.)
this phonetic so that

remains.

gPl

^
rj-i

^
^

ch^ou^,
shoii',

To draw

out, to shrink, to levy.

Radical No. 64, the hand.

(See No. 53).

yu^, Phonetic, from, origin.

The old writing represents a sprout which is drawing its strength and nourishment from the seed.
is

There has ^

another old writing of tt which


to keep, retain, for phonetic
is
;

H liu^,

when ^ shot^
that the hand
is

added, ^, the idea is taking away a part, but

something

is still left, liu^

, = H.

255

^33 tNb
'

Ppr

cben*,

To

arrange, to form into ranks, a registate to a superior, old,


(See No.

'/^

ment of soldiers. ch^en% To arrange, to


stale. iu* Radical,

No. 170, an elevation.

493).

There are two phonetics


ings of this character.

in the old writ-

Chalfant regards this

One is ^ jS" shen^. as a symbol for a


;

thunderbolt, something terrible


riors

the shock

of their serried phalanx, the ancient war-

have been pleased to liken to a thunderbolt. The other form is 1^ ^, not "M. ittngf, east, but two hands supporting or planting a tree. It seems to indicate the planting of trees on a hillside, perhaps a park. The present forms of the character seem to be a combination of these two old forms. (W 50 H.)
734

may

fcn^, Leprosy, scrofula, paralysis, insanity.


22?

Radical No. 104, sickness. fetig^. Phonetic, wind.

(See No. 593).

The Chinese divided the wind


kinds, east, west, north, south,

into eight

and northregarded were as having Some east, etc. good and some as having bad influences. This is not an old character and is not described in the Wl %, but leprosy or insanity was supposed to be caused by bad f wind. Rabies in dogs is attributed to the evil influences of a certain kind
of wind.
735

chin^, Terrified, alarmed.

256

ma^

Radical, No. 187,

a horse.

(See No. 261). (See No. 407).

chin^. Phonetic, to reverence.

which a horse ^ experiences in the presence of that which he regards as being more powerful than himself.

The

terror :

736

a
ya^,

To wonder
to.

at,

admire, to take exceptions

Radical No. 149, a word. (See No. 10). Et jaS Phonetic, a tooth. (See No. 97). Tuan Shih says that this character,
yeix^,

HK

originally w^ritten
receive
;

person there

now is
737

a guest is a feeling of awe or fear. It used for surprised, or to wpnder at.


Everywhere.

S, meant to meet, or when one meets a noted

^t
^1^
pien*, p'ien^.

ch'Ih*

Radical No. 60, a footprint of the

left

foot, or

a step with the


;

left foot.

pieif, Phonetic, flat

an

inscription

hung over

the door.
jfc

Kuei Shih's Shuo

Wen

^R

IS:

explains this phonetic as the

official

register of the inhabitants of the Empire,

f5J

:#.

Therefore

it

must

include

all.

With the addition of


set forth.

if ch^ih*,

to go, the
is

idea of going to every house in the land

738

t^an^,

To

lie

down, to

lie.

shen^, Radical No. 158, the body.

(See No.

291).
"j^ shatig^, Phonetic,

a house.

(See No. 52).

This

is

not found

an unauthorized character and is in old dictionaries. The etyis

mology of it

not

difficult.

When

lying

257

dfo'wn

persons desire a roof

them to
739

protect their bodies

above from heat,


1^3

cold or stonns.

fe

^ shou^
-^
//*,

la}.

To draw,

to pull, to lead.

Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). Phonetic, to set up, to rise, instantly. (See

No. 216).

The
7a',

old writing of this character

was

Jft

which indicated the putting forth of great strength, but as the three ;fy li*
characters were more
difficult

to write

than

"iL

li\

to stand, the latter


its use is

was sub:

stituted,

and

explained thus

in

exerting great strength in pulUng one has to stop and take a firm stand.
740

^
^B

^
-fr.

/d^.

To

uphold, to help.

shou'y Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). fd. Phonetic,, a husband, a man. (See No. IS; 3t says *, 5t 234). Kuei Shih hand of the husband The husband. a Wt

#K

and the meaning is now kind of assistance. any extended to


assists the wife
741

JQ
5_

t'u/*,

To

retreat, to decline.

(See No. 10). cho* Radical, No. 162, action. retreat to have to ts'm* Phonetic to refuse, '^ walked with difficulty ?? all day long e,
;
;

and

refuse to

go

farther, or to

go backbeen

ward on
vandng.

account of the difiiculties of adThis phonetic

may have

saggested because the sun, each morning, slowly ascends until midday, when the indications are that it will continue to go

258

higher

but at noon

it

starts to descend.

With the addition of L. it forms the character for to retreat. Compare No. 402,
to advance.
742

J^

^3i
'^^

S
]^^

chii*.

To

gather, to assemble.
(See No. 71).
(See

er^ Radical, No. 128, the ear,


ch'ii^,

^^

Phonetic, to lay hands on, to take.

No. 578). The oldest use of this phonetic was for the cutting off of the left ear of captives and presenting them to the officer this was evidence of the in command
;

number of captives taken.


sons and things in general.

The meaning

gradually extended to the holding of per-

When

three

men

added it is the symbol by the of an assembly brought together


cbung^
axe.

desire of people to hear

"S^

what

is

to be

thus the speaker, figuratively, holds This character his audience by the ear. radical and phonetic is not composed of
said
;

as most characters are, as the radical


still

is

part of the phonetic and the three men are

but their presence has a logical significance. (W. 27 K.)


unaccounted
for,

743

/^

sis
cbP,

To

assemble, to collect, a

fair.

'^

cAui^ Radical

No.

172,

short-tailed

bird.

(See No. 21).

This character >fC mu*, Phonetic, wood or tree. was originally written /i^ three lines coming together at the ends forming a triangle-

was afterwards supplanted by a tree with three birds on it, and later the number was reduced to one. (W. 14 A, 119 G).
It

259

744

/a?
*

pan*,

A comrade,

to attend on.
9,

Jl

jen^,

Radical No.

a man.
(See No. 118).
this phonetic the

'^
""

ps"*> Phonetic, half.

When
idea

jen^ is

added to

is

set forth that

two persons

are

usually seen together and are regarded as

a pair and one


single

is

the half of the pair.

man
is

usage
it is

A is but half a Jman. The not limited to two persons, only ;


whose

applied to several persons

vocation necessitates their being together.


745
*ft pLQ,

chu?,
J

To

pursue, to follow.

cAo* Radical No.


(See No. 10).
tm'S Phonetic,

162, to go, or to pursue.

a terrace, ramparts, a city. (See No. 310) With the addition of 5_ cbo* the idea may have been to follow the person or enemy even down to his strong-hold, to his ramparts. This phonetic is also used for troops w^hich guard the city and thus this character is sometimes explained as the legion on the march pursuing an enemy. (W. 86 B).
Near, contiguous, neighbor.
city.

746
lir^,

g_ P

1*,

Radical No. 163, a


Phonetic,

(See No. 11).


(See No. 588).

lin^

an

ignis fatuus.

The reason

for using this phonetic in the character for " near " is owing to the

necessity of being within close proximity

an ignis fatuus before it is seen. A city which is not farther away than this light
to
is visible

must be

close at hand.

747
cAieA^,. Pure, clean, neat, tidy.

260

^V

^/ shuP,

Radical No. 85, water.

(See No. 79).

chieh^ Phonetic, to adjust, to regulate.

says that * cb'i* in this II combination indicates the cutting of a bundle of hemp threads, thus making them of one length and the ^ signifies that they are tied up into bundles after having been washed ? and cleansed.
748
ren^, Stern, majestic, strict, tight.

Tuan Shih

P
'

/:'ou^ Radical No.

30, the mouth.

(See No.

17).

1^

yea' Phonetic, to lay hold of a person and

him to move forward. The modern writing is quite different from the original that shows a hand striking X shu' a bear ^ (as in tfc katf see No. 545) in a cave )" yen^, accompanied with great outcries "^ hsiiat^. The modern meaning
force

emphasises the sternness of outcry, such as is heard in the court when the magistrate

browbeats a witness.

(W. 146

H).
749

ne
cht^,

To

order, to enjoin upon.

p
',

k'ou^, Radical No.

30, the mouth.

(See No.

/IP sba^

Phonetic, a

tail,

an appendage.
tail,

This

is

made up
^ sha^,

of

wep,

contracted,

and

a silkworm
;

in the process of spin-

ning its thread as the worm is constantly moving during this operation, this iJart
of the phonetic indicates motion.

Thus
is

the

two

parts indicate a

tail

which

261

constantly wagging.

When

CI

i'oa^

is

added
tion,

it

seems to indicate a last injunc-

an appendage or command added

has been talked through. For another meaning of ^ sha^ see No.
after the business

800.
750

3a_

^ yen\
^^^

chin^.

Watchful, respectful.

Radical No. 149, words.

(See No. 10).

ciun^ Phonetic, yellow,


.,

M contracted and earth


loess.

(W. 171 B.) When a" yen^ is added the idea may have been that one should be as careful and watchful as to what he says as a potter is in shaping the clay.
potter's
clay,
751 shin*, Cautien, attentive.
i*
.

>ll^

hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart.


cben^, Phonetic, true.

(See No. 18).

^
752

(See No. 218).

true

heart

is

cautious and attentive.

E^
^

mo^

',

To

feel,

to rub with the hand, to caress.

^ shou^

Radical, No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53).


(See No. 24).

ma', Phonetic, hemp.

Painters

wads wood and


use

of

hemp

for rubbing oil into

for painting.

that this character was md', to grind, as formerly written consideration are under character and the
It is probable

sometimes interchanged. J> may have been first used as the symbol for rubbing the hands together, the hands acting as the upper and nether mill-stones 5 and
gradually
rubbing.
it

was

used for any kind of

26'2

753

^^

cheng*^,

Evidence, proof.
(See No. 10).

^
754

i=t

yen\ Radical No. 149^ word.


teng^, Phonetic, to ascend.

(See No.

240 and

243).

This phonetic indicates cUmbing to a high platform and is to proclaim, from a'

high platform, to publish abroad.


c//u*,

^
fi

Evidence, according to.


(See No. 53).

shou^. Radical No. 64, the hand.


chii^

Phonetic, wild boar, to fight, to struggle.


fc, shib^, and a tiger j^ bu^ and neither one letting go his grip on the other. (W. 69 D.) With the addition ofiand the idea of holding firmly Evidence is that which a is set forth. person affirms and holds without wavering in spite of any opposition.

wild boar

fighting,

755
jraiJ^,

To

display, to publish; to extend; to

w^innow.

,^
"^

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53).


jrang^, Phonetic,

to ex;pand,

glorious.

(See

No. 541) The hand placed beside the phonetic indicates that something is exhibited in bright light in order that all

may know and

understand.

^P

ch'ai^,

To

break, to destroy.
(See No. 288)

^ ,^

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.

jS: ch'ib\

Phonetic, to attack.

an

abbreviation of J^.
>&
1*

This means to attack,


doubled and

(it is it is

katH^

means
in his

that

repeated attacks) a

man

263

own

house

/**

yetf.

When

the

hand

is

added it stands (W. 102. D).

for to break or to destroy.

PJK

wo^,

To

lie

down.
(See No.
1

E
^

cKen^, Radical No. 131, a minister, a states-

man.
for

20).

i^ jen^, Phonetic, a

man.

man
is

in

The proper position the presence of an official


for,

w^as the prone posture, and the above

symbol 82 F).
758
;u*,

used

"to

lie

down."

(W.

mattress, a cushion.

^
"~^

:^
fM 3^

i\

/"*

Radical No. 145, clothing. (See No. 51). Phonetic, to shame, to insult, to reveal with the hand "sf ^ a disgraceful condition,

cA'efl^,

to be pregnant (See No.


7H* seems to be

122).

The

a simple

phonetic and the radical 5K indicates that the mattress is made of cloth.
759
chui*,

cord, to let

down by a

rope.

^
?ft '^

(See No. 8). ssi?, mi'' Radical No. 120, silk. chuP, Phonetic, to pursue, to follow. (See No.

745).

The

radical here indicates a rope or cord and the article suspended follows the lowering or raising of the rope.

760

^
:=.

Tax, duty on merchandise. i2o^ Radical No. 115, growing grain. No. 556).
shui*,

(See

^,

(^ *"'^ Phonetic, to exchange, to barter.

(See

264

No. 72). The character indicates the giving of grain ho^ to -the government

for the privileges derived.

761

^
P

//*,

An

officer,

magistrate.

(See No. 231).


(See No.

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, ,the mouth.


17).
chasig^, Phonetic, ten feet.

(See No. 368).

In the seal writiiig the basis of the character is it sbihP, a scribe, a hand holding a stylus. This is also the char-

acter for history, as

it

was
;

the w^ork of

the scribes to record history. 'M H* has one stroke above the ^ this is a contraction of Jt shang'*.

Thus

this character
vsrere

stands for those scribes -who tors or rulers of the literati.


762

direc-

Jf^
rfj

hsP,

mat, a

table,

repast,

feast.

c&iV, Radical No. 50, No. 143).

a napkin, a
;

towel.

(See

j^

shu* Phonetic, all (contracted)


light of the hearth to

all

the indivi-

duals of the house gathered about the


eat.

In ancient
flat surface

times meals were served on a

made

of stone, and the family partook

while reclining.

f^ yerP, the house,

The J^ is composed of and ^ kuan^, light.

The

light of the fire

was

all

the illumina-

tion they had.

The rlJ chin^ was originally and is described as being a flat stone on which the meal w^as served; This eventually gave place to a mat. ^, shu* is a logical element rather than a
written

phonetic.

265 ^63 J|fe

^^

A'an^S Joy, peace, repose

healthy, delightful.

jer/ Radical No. 53, a shelter. (>See No. 132). The phonetic is not easily separated, as it is only in the modern writing that /T

jen* arbitrarily appears. f^ keng^ (a pestle in two hands) is the hulling of rice, and is the same, save that in the

^^

latter rice -M is represented.


rice

grain of

was

firm and could stand the violence


it

to which

was

subjected in the process


repose,

of hulling.

The meaning of peace,

and

satisfaction is supposed to refer to

the rest which came after the labor of


hulling the daily portion of
rice.

(VV.

102 B).
V64 _.

chien^, Strong, vigorous.

J^ jen^, Radical No. J# 2^ cbien*, Phonetic,


'f
,

9,

a man.

to write regulations
for the

yii^

(See

No.
;

7),

march

k. %, yirf

(archaic
out).

long strides,

(W. 169 B).


fulfil

^ cb'ih'^ lengthened A man who was


was strong

able to

the regulations

and vigorous.
^^

:^r;

^
^^

chin\
shib*^,

To

prohibit.

Radical No. Ill, to reveal.

(See No.

164).
jsk Ha', Phonetic,

by doubling the radical for tree. ^ bad omens Ty: from trees #, (W. 119 M). The ^ when seen was regarded as a fevelation of divine or supernatural disapproval, and
a
forest
;

indicated

thus the character stands for prohibition.

266

766 "gt^

latig^,

A son,

a bridegroom, gentleman, secrecity.

g, R

i^

Radical No. 163, a

(See No. 11).

liang^. Phonetic,

good.
^15

(See No. 445).

The character
of a city

was formerly

the

name

a city of excellence.

The mean-

ing given above -was an expression of the hope of the family in the son or bride-

groom, that he would bring benefits equal to that of a powerful city.


767

n^
|*pf
p'ei*,

To

entertain, to visit with, to aid, to


;

match
plants.

to add earth about the roots of

-^,

R
?\

/u*

o ^,

Radical No. 170, a mound. (See No. 493). *'o* Phonetic, to cut a speaker short by

The dot on the top indicates the interruption, and the 5 /oh* is an adverb of negation i.e. saying P no
interrupting him.

^.

This seems

be used in visit with," but persons when chatting are constanth' interrupting one another as they speak, in order to get the real meaning, or to correct a w^rong statement. If one is not on intimate terms with the speaker this is not possible.

a strange phonetic to a character w^hich means "to


like

Bhr

^||a

/u^

To manage a boat

(archaic), to yield to,

to assent, to serve, clothes.

^
/S

yueU, Radical No. 74, moon.


y^

(See No. 48).

Phonetic, to hold the seal, authority.

In the modern writing

yiieh^

has sup-

planted f^ chov^, a boat, and consequentlj"the etymology is not apparent without a

267

study of the old writing which represents the hand which wields the authority P

on the boat M, the captain. The character also sets forth the opposite of to govern,
this is the action of the boat under the direction of the captain, to yield, to assent to to be attached to,
; ;

viz.,

to be governed

as to a girdle, therefore, clothes.


IT*

^
f|3

tai
i\

A bag,

a pocket, a

purse, sash.

Radical No. 145, clothing.


50, cloth.

(See No. 51). (See No. 143).

chm\ Radical No.


tai*,

^K

Phonetic, a substitute.
cession or substitution of

Order

-t

of suc;

men

a reign

to supersede
It

a dynasty.
been the custom, when one

may have
i*,

'T /en^
-t

got a substitute to give him a talty

which when presented allowed him to occupy the position of the one for whom he was substituting. The addition of or ftJ may have been sug(See No. 576)
5fic

gested

when

trying to carry grain or fine


[ft

material,

a cloth

or the clothing SK
could take the place

w^hen used to carry


of many persons.

it

ti H
f
,

^ shou\
g

ch'ia^,

To

pinch, to

claw

to twist.
(See No. 53).

Radical No. 64, the hand.

hsien^ Phonetic,

a pit, a pitfall, a snare. This chiu*, a mortar, or hole in comes from the ground or rock for pounding grain. Q hsien* is a pitfall or trap with a man in it. When ^ shou^ is added the idea is that with the hand something is held secure as if in a trap.

268
'^^^

^St

7^

^^'^ I^^s-d of grain, ear. Ao* Radical No. 115, standing grain.

(See

No; 556).
Aui* Phonetic, grace, kindly.

(See No. 385) not the original phonetic of this character, but it has become generally used. It may be that it was used as a recognition of the grace of heaven,

This

is

t'ien^, in

giving the increase of the

field

or the gracious part of the standing grain The is that where the seed is borne. original writing was 31^ ^ sui'^, a hand

gathering the heads of grain.


772
wei^,

To

escort, to defend,

a military
walk.

station,

Tientsin.
hsing^, Radical No. 144, to

(See No.

161). wei* Phonetic, refractory

thongs, rawhide.
directions
l

Two men pulling

A in opposite ^
*!=.

on an object o, or hide, in tanning it.

The indicates opposition, refractory. Compare ^ 4* f ch^iiarf, opposition, error. The refractory have to be bound v^rith leather thongs, hence the meaning leather. As leather is
the reverse of
it

strong and used to protect delicate articles is here a suggestive phonetic. The

addition of the radical fi indicates the guarding of something while on the march.
773
ch'iieh^, Deficient,

a vacancy; broken,

defective.

"^.^

ibu* Radical, No. 121, earthenware.

(See No.

264).

269

c/jueF Phonetic, to divide, to break. (See No. 109). A dish /bu*, which is broken ^

is deficient.

774

In want, poor, weary. p'ieU Radical, No. 4, a stroke to the No. 176).
is?,

left.

(See

'^

}iJ

chiU, PhoHetic,

is

i*\

chii^

written backis
:

wards.

The explanation

a person

who

ih stospped before

reaching the line

The inference
possessive
775
'ii

that he w^as exhausted. 1^ has nothing to do with the sign of the


"^ chiU.

Ww. ^K

^^^' Dearth, hungry.

^r
n

shiW, Radical No. 184, food, to eat.


75).

(See No.

cAf Phonetic, a small table


,

a contraction

for

ml.

ch?^\ Phonetic,

little.

(See No. 34).

When
is
it is

food -^

is

scarce

M a small table
food
is

A.,

large enough.

When

scarce

a time of dearth fL. The character's original meaning seems to have been dearth or famine and hungry is an extension,

as hunger during famine.

is

the

common

condition

776
o*, e*,

Hungry.
Radical No. 184, food, to eat.
I.

shifi.

(See No.

75).
vro^,

Phonetic,
'^

(See No. 2).

This character

according to Kuei Shih Shuo

Wen
o*, fi)

# K IS
IC szu^y

was

originally written H^

; ;

270

to feed, and

^ me.

It

was

contracted to

the present form.


777

^P
>^ -^
778

k^t^,

Dry, decayed, withered,


limb).

(as

a palsied

inu\ Radical No. 75, wood.

(See No. 22).

hi\ Old. Phonetic. (See No. 17). Old wood is probably decayed.
k'uei^,

To

peep, to spy.

y\. hsueh*, Radical No. 116,


4if^

kuei^, Phonetic, to

a cave. (See No. 97). shoot an arrow (archaic) rule, custom. (See No. 529). To shoot hsiieb*. W\ a glance through an opening The present writing of breaks up the etymology, as the fu should be sbib^. In archery the eye aims along the arrow shaft but here the eye shoots a glance through an opening.
;

779

k'ung^,

To

rein in, to

draw a bow,

to check,

to accuse.

^, f

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). k'ang^, Phonetic, vacant, empty. (See No.
302).

This phonetic plus the radical seems to have been first used for draw^ing the bow in shooting an arrow one increases the vacant space k^ung^, between the string

and the bow.

In prosecuting a person

it

was not unlike

shooting an arrow at him if the accusation was substantiated, the defendant suffered perhaps more than if
hit

by an arrow.

271
780

)m,l^\

^1 1^

chou^, Completely, to extend everywhere.

i'ou Radical No.

30, the mouth.

(See No.

a modern replacement of 17). S contracted to 7. This character is a primitive compound which cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic. It is ffl )ft yung-" (See No. 476) and R chP,
Here
it is

to reach to, contracted, (See No. 324).

Every
is

bull's eye

has been

hit.

Efficiency

expressed in this character.

781

weP,

To
28).

surround, to inclose.
enclosure.

p^ weP Radical No. 31, an


H^ w^ei^ Phonetic,
netic

(See No.

thongs,

rawhide,

refractory.

(See No. 772).

The meaning of the pho-

be that H is a leather case protecting that which is precious, but more probably it means refractory, 'M- and

may

therefore

when

it is

in CI it

means " incar-

cerated."
782
^

iCi"*

cb'ou^, Grieved, sad.

*t^ bsia\

Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). (See No. ch'iu^, Phonetic, autumn, harvest.
169). In the autumn the grain is often blighted with frost and appears as if scorched with When one's desires are thus fire ifi.
blighted,
it

causes sadness of heart.

783
j^i/ig*,

Hard, obstinate.
{See No. 42).

7S

sbih\ Radical No. 112, stone. ketig^'*, Phonetic, to change.

(See No. 226).

With the addition of stone :ff sbiB the idea is to change and become hard like

272

This refers either to a phyacal or mental change.


stone.

784

#
yv,

shen^,

To

stretch out, to explain.


9,

jen^,

Phonetic No.

a man.
(See

shen^. Phonetic,

to extend, to stretch.

No. 227) A man who is taking a rope and measuring off a fathom, six feet, with his outstretched arms. A man who is able to explain or straighten out the tangled
cord.
785

As?, Rare, seldom.


\\}

chin\ Radical No. 50, cloth.

(See No. 143).

The phonetic here is not a character which


is

separated from the radical.


:Jt

It repre-

sents the texture of cloth


chiri^

and the

ill

was

placed below.

As the threads
;

it conveys the idea of thus by extenloose as opposed to close (W. 39 G). sion scattered, rare, seldom.

are clearly seen

786 >t
iu*.

Statute, law.
left foot.

if ch'ib* Radical No. 60, to step with the (See No. 7). vu* Phonetic, to write.

With
acter

tlie is

addition of

ch^ih^ the char-

used for written regulations for

the march, and by extension, law^.

Jl^

tang^,

clan,

faction,

an

associate,

a cabal.

hei\ Radical, No. 203, black.

shang*, Phonetic,

a house.

(See No. 178). (See No. 52).

The Shuo Wen says that the

M indicates

that the raeffibers of this society are all smoked with one smoke, that is that they

273
niieet

together in the same room.


in the

They

meet

dark H, secretly, form a cabal. The '^ shang* here represents the leader
of the clan or association.

^f^

J^^^^To

crowd, to gather in a crowd, to embrace.


city

^,

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.


;

m ^1 J^^^ Phonetic, a
w^agtail.

harmoifiy, union

the

The

first is

the old form of the

with a moat ^ embracing it, iDut the second form is now^ in general use. < = ->- and e. = ^ as in ^15. With ^ it means the bird that haunts the torders of moats and ponds in harmonious (W. 12 G). This flocks, the wagtail.
character, a city

&

phonetic
action,

is

used to express

harmony

of

with the addition of the it means to jam or press as a radical crowd, and embrace with the arms.

and

789 tJkf

^
790

jt^

to press out. shot^. Radical No. 64, the hand.


ebi',

To crowd,

(See No. 53).

ch'P, Phonetic, even, together.

(See No. 455).

The hands

working together

#, to

crowd, to press ^.
iu^
Jl^^ >f

To stoop,

to bow, to condescend.

7efl^
/a',

Radical No. 9, a man.


it

Phonetic, a palace. (See No. 388). This is not an old character, but

has

come

The etymology is When a man A comes to an apparent ofiBcial department }U to pay his taxes #, the customs of China require him to show
into general use.
:

274

respect

and reverence to the official in charge. Thus by extension to bow and


i^.

condescend,
791 A-j^
fa*,

To
in

fall

prostrate, to
;

fall

on the
in

face, to lie
;

ambush

a decade
9,

dog days

to

subject.

yV 4

a man. J^ ch'uan^ Phonetic, a dog, a pictorial representation, fv is a man A taking the cringing attitude of a dog i^ or compelling another
jen^,

Radical No.

to
792

take

it,

i.e.

to

humble or subject

another.

(See No. 647) (W. 25 E).

hsien^ Conspicuous, to
yeh*^,

make

plain, glorious.

Radical No. 181, the head, a page, a man. (See No. 105).

hsier? Phonetic,

a sunbeam, volatile, minute, fibrous. When a sunbeam shines into a dark room, small motes hke
in
silk fibres,
it.

motes

ing in

M ssu^, become visible M. floatWhen M yeb^, the head,


is

added the original idea was that the decorations of the hat w^ere very a]Dparent. The character is now used for anything
conspicuous.
793
7on*' /u*, Dew; lou*, plain, to expose, to disclose. yu\ Radical No. 173, rain. (See No. 61).

lu\ Phonetic, road.

(See No. 279).

#^

Kuei

Shih say's
is

m ^"^^'^^mWm^ "Dew
l!l

the secretion of the dark, female pow^er of nature, dew comes from the earth.''
Z,u* 5

seems to be used for earth

as

rain from the earth instead of the ordinarj'

275

Rain that wets the feet only, as when walking in grass wet with dew. " The dew is the path of the rain M, and when it falls on grass it turns it white disclosing each stem and leaf."
rain of heaven.

794

ffi

k'uang^,

Mad,

wild, raging

^ ,J^
3E,
jt.

cA'uan^ Radical
character.

presumptuous. No. 94, a dog, a pictorial


;

w-aK^ Phonetic, rambling.

(See No. 350). This character indicates that dogs have suffered from rabies in China from the

very beginning of their civilization. This character is described as a mad dog. The

animal wanders around from place to place without any definite aim, and thus this is a very apt phonetic for this disease. The character is not confined to this one
disease, it is at present used for

any kind

of mania.

"^m ^

yii*,

To

instruct, to illustrate.

O
'**"

/>^ yiP Phonetic,

k'ou\ Radical No. 30, the mouth. a small boat, a primitive barge,

sampan, ^m,san'pan\M.ZiB^.

"The
to
sail

commencement of boat-building." Joining

A chP of planks to
the rivers
{{

form a boat
is

fj

kuai*.

With the addition of


conveyed
of

k'oti',

the mouth, the idea

of giving instructions in the building of the boat


;

by extension

instructions

any
796 AtsM
k'uti^,

kind.
bind, to, hamper.

To

2T&

nri

^ im
it

shoti% Radical No. 64, the hand.


k'un*, Phonetic, confined.

(See No. 53).

There are two writI.

\Z'

ings of this phonetic


rest bj^
II.

^^.

tree,

^, to stop and to take a nap under a tree


;

tree

which

is

hemmed

in

weP,

by rocks or
in

large trees, and thus restricted

or wilting from confineThis last is the one which is in general use. The addition of band implies that there is an act of repression. It
grow^th,

ment.

seems probable
different

were two characters but they have become


that
these

merged into one. The reason for this view is, the two meanings, viz., sleepy and cramped and hemmed in. The first
seal w^riting is in accord w^ith the idea of

sleepy, to stop

ll;

under a tree :^ and take

a nap.

It is difficult to explain

why

this

character should have the tw^o meanings

had
797
tan^' *,

it

sprung from one symbol.

To

caiTy a burden on a pole, a load or

burden.

^, f

shou^ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). fe cban^ Phonetic, to talk impudently. (W. 59
ti).

from f' weP, a man A standing on a dangerous crag f (See No. 634), and A pa^, to scatter, and e" yerP, w^ords to recklessly scatter indiscreet words. The
This
is
;

radical

indicates

that the character

was

first

used as a verb.

One who talks

indiscreetly has

a heavy, dangerous burden to bear and this eventually has been

277

798

-H-

extended to mean a burden of any kind. (W. o9 H). .


raiiao^

sprout,

the sprout of grain


*

wild

tribes.

-H^

ts'ao'-,

Radical No. 140, grass.

(See No. 22).

i'ien^ Phonetic,

field.

(See No. 212).

The sprouting vegetation W of the cultivated field 15. That which is planted just
appeai-ing above the ground,

s.

(W.

149
799

B).

Wjgl

jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.


ly

Bright sunlight, to dry in the sun. (See No. 12). ^'*^ Phonetic, elegant. This phonetic originalshai^,
etc., animals but it early took on the meaning of elegant, perhaps owing to the graceful appearance of the animals. The upper part ^ li*, is a primitive representing decoration. These animals were decorated with horns. jM In* deer is a

meant

antelope, deer, jS

which

lived in droves,

and tail. hsi^, Phonetic, west. (See No. 26). The westem sun is much warmer than the eastern,
picture /^ of horns, body, feet

thus this

is

a suggestive addition to the


is

character, but, like the other phonetic,

without phonetic
800
tu^.

significance.

Solitary, only, childless.

-^

:;^

-7^

ch'uan Radical No. 94, a dog.


representation.

pictorial

sAa* Phonetic, a silkworm sjjinmng its thread.


(See No. 749)
is

(W. 54

I).

If

a silkworm

spinning a cocoon

it is

working alone

278

and

for

itself,

and when

this phonetic is

used -in this combination the idea of " solitary " is derived from the above
fact.

in

As dogs do not usually roam about ijacks the dog radical is appropriate to

form the character for solitary or alone.


^^,
ycS^

ao^,

The southwest comer of a room, where


the Lares w^ere placed, mysterious.
(See No. 54).
iiito

ta\ Radical No. 37, large.


radical

This character cannot be broken up

and phonetic.
given to

The above
it

radical

is arbitrarily'

in the ^modern
thfe

writing.

The Shuo Wen says


f\ ttiieti^,

cha-

racter stands for the south-west corner of

the

room
is

the dark corner, w^here

one

obliged to grope with the hands

order to differentiate 3^ pien^ the articles. 5^ pien^ is the track of a wild


f^ in

animal and these w^ere easily distinguished, the one from the other, only by hunters or those who frequently saw them thus this is a symbol for discrimination (See No. 837). As there w^as more or less obscurity about such a corner, by extension the character has acquired the meaning of mysterious. (W. 123 F).
;

802 ^fi
mi*,
pi'^,

Secret, private, divine.

5fe^

s/2/A*,

Radical No.

113,

spiritual

ijtifluences'

(See No. 164). Written 4 with a pen^:^. Radical No. 115, standing grain. /^o^ (See

No. 556).
il^^ pi*,

Phonetic, must.

(See No. 504).

279

M pi* originally

was

used as a term for a

god or deity and the manifestations of his will must >^> be complied with. |J5 is another writing of the same character. The meaning of secret may have originated from the fact that the will of the gods could not be known unless set forth by revelation or omen.
803
chati*,

part of a day,

briefly,

temporarily.
(See No. 12).

jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.

Sj? chair',

Phonetic, to decapitate, to cut in two.

This

phonetic

is

a war chariot with


It

scythes according to the Shuo Wen.

may

have been used to exterminate captives, and so, by extension this symbol Df came to mean beheading by an executioner.

The character may inean to w^hirl or brandish ^ a battle axe Jr. (W. 128 A). See ilf (No. 812). When a day
U
jih* is

divided the time

is

necessarily

short.

J^S
>f

pi*^,

To

press upon, to

ill

use.

J_ n

c/2o*

Radical No. 162.


character

(See No. 10). (See No. 267).

iu"

Phonetic, abundance.

The
pi*.

should
is

be

written fg

When

there

an abundance of men, a

crowd of people, they press one another, and if the throng is great, the weaker a very ones suffer from the pressure suggestive symbol for oppression.
;

805

]j^

tieh^,

To

stumble, to

fall.

ja

^
rti

Radical No. 157, the foot. (See No. 484). (See sMb^, Phonetic, to lose, to err, a fault.
tsu^.

No. 566).

Am

error

of the foot

J,

mis-step, leads to

fall !^.

^'^

s^m\ Personal,

selfish, secret.

T^
A

Ao^ Radical No. 115, standing grain. (See No. 556). (See No. 569). szn^ Phonetic, private, selfish. Grain %. was used for paying taxes and
the residue

was

personal /.property ^L

By

extension,

selfiish.

807^
i^

yu*. Passion, lust.

Radical No. 61, the heart. This is yu*. Phonetic, to long for, to desire. (See No. of cHiao*, 135) the made up
hsin^.

upper

lip,

or the flesh

^ above the mouth,


cb'ien*

P k'otf. In this phonetic the upper lip seems to be regarded as the center of selfrestraint.

The

indicates

deficiency of restraint

which allows desire

to gain, the master3\

When

;& bsin^ is
lust.

added
808
yen*,

it

stands for passion or

^
sfe.

from view^, to shade. sbou% Radical No. 64, the hand, (See No. 53). yeif Phonetic, a man making a long stride,
screen, to hide

To

quickly

by

extension, to cover, remain.

The

man making a and covering ground the length of shenP, the outstretched arms, a fathom. (See No. 784). When hand i sbou\ is added the hand covers or screens from
old w^riting, depicts a
:;;*;

stride

e"|3

view.

281
809
.Wffl^ iRetired, in

private

life.

|5,#.

/a*

Radical No. 170, a mound. '(See No. 493). V7I2* Phonetic, carefnl, care, taking an interest in, freedom from care to enjoj^ the
;

of the work kung^ of one's hands ^> ^. The *ij> hsin^ indicates peace of mind of one who has what he needs
results

and
P fu*

desires nothing else


is

(W. 49 G).

The

place,

a modern substitution, meajiing where fonnerl5^ was written U a

hiding place.
810

ni3h\ To deceive, to conceal. nm\ Radical No. 109, the eye.

(See No. 102).

mam^ Phonetic,

equality. (See No. 306).

When

both eyelids are closed (equally tight), then one cannot see. An old meaning of
this character
Bji

was

to close the eyes.

It

now means
of affairs.
811

to

hoodwink or to cause one

to have closed eyes to the real condition

ja^,
-f|

To

sprout, to bud, a germ, a shoot.

ts'ao" Radical No.

140, grass or vegetation.


(See No. 97).

(See No. 22).

^ j^.

Phonetic, a tooth.

an interesting process and is watched by those interested in children. The sprouting of seeds seemed to the originators of this character to have a
Dentition
is

striking resemblance to tliat process

it

occurs at the
life

commencement of the new


like teeth just

and the germs appear showing above the gums.

282
812

^ai
TK,

cbien*, Gradually,

by

degrees.
(See No. 79).

^'^"^^'

Radical No. 85, water.


decapitate,

*ii chau?, Phonetic,

to cut in two.
cuts
its

(See

No.

803).

Water

way

in the process.

through great rocks but ages are required This impressed the scribes
this process as

and they adopted


for gradually.

a symbol

813 ^tt.

5[^
^jXi

ku^, Grain, cereal.

^^

.^
^& ^2
I !

hd^,

Radical No. 115, standing grain.


No. 556).

(See

ch'iao^ k'o^, Phonetic,

and vegetation d:, ^ chihi^. By extension, the husk of grain, the shell of nuts' or of an egg. The 5: shu\ to strike, (See No. 165) is added, as frequently the husk requires

a cover

much harsh treatment, moved from the grain.


814
^iL.
li*,

before it

is

re-

kernel (of grain).


rice,

^^
ly

tap,

Radical No. 119,

small grains,.
r,:

(See

No. 47).
/i*,

Phonetic, to establish, to stand.

(See No.

Grain in bulk cannot be piled up a bin it is only a single kernel %t. that can stand jt alone mthout
216).
unless
it is in
;

support.
815

S
^^
'^j

chih^,

branch of a

tree.

y^

mu*, Radical No. 75, a tree, or wood.

(See

No. 22). chih^, Phonetic, a bow, a branch, to advance

money

the 65th Radical.

283
:

This phonetic originally was used for the branch of a tree. The old writing shows

'

a hand with a branch as if stripping it from a tree. The radical ;ic is a modem
superfluous addition.
yin*, Shad3', to shelter.
-^^,
lj|

816

^ [^
[^

ts'ao' Radical No. 140, grass.


yiti^,

(See No. 22).

Phonetic,
to the skj^
it is

secret, cloud 3^

dark, Hades, female, This symbol often refers as being over cast now^ cbin^,
shade,
;

cloudy

ytin".

The

fu*,

high,

is

superfluous.

When -'^ is added it

indicates

that the shade comes from trees or some thatched or artificial shelter.
817

J-^
;

liang^, Cool, fresh", cloudy.

^,7K -^

Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). (See No. 98). ching^, Phonetic, the capital.
^"^''

the most important place and in the Empire, by extension it is most cool w^ater is most desirable desirable and refreshing.

The

capital

is

818

u*, A ferry, to ford, to cross a ferry. Radical No. 85, water. (See No, 79). shui\ J/ ^JC capacity tu*, Phonetic, to measure, a degree made up of J^. to cross. This phonetic is
; ;

=^ shn\ contracted, (See No. 762), and yu*, the right hand which measures by The important (W. 24 M). spans.

thing in fording a stream is to be sure that the water 7j< is not deeper than you
are able

M to ford, W
7j<.

or,

to pass across

^ water

284

819

j^^ ^,
^^Iv, /=Ri

pao*,

To expose

to the direct sunlight

violent,

cruel.

jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.

(See No. 12).

This character does not divide into radical

and phonetic.
definitely

The

old

writing shows

the idea which the character


;

w^as intended to convey

which was to

spread f^ grain out HJ in the sun H to dry. On account of the strength of sunlight it has

come to mean

violent or cruel.

820

.^iju

tjJC

poS A wave, a

ripple.

V',7jC shu^, Radical No, 85, water, (See No. 79). p'r, Phonetic, the skin. (See No. 224). The

waves and
layer,

ripples are like

superficial

^ p'P, of the water.


profligate.

(See No. 832).

821

;jA

4^C
J/

^2H^*,

Waves,

7J^

shui\ Radical No. 85, water.


liatj^, Phonetic,

(See No. 79).

good

the original nature of

a thing.

(See No. 445).

It is the nature of water 7jC to form waves, the waves tS seem impertinent, rude, lawless, profligate ^.

&

I(JQ

A pillow, to pillow to sleep, yt^ mu*, Radical No. 75, wood, (of which pillows
chin^,
;

are

made

in

China) (See No. 22).


;

^ ^

yin^ Phonetic, to

go away, to withdraw a man )L who walks out of a space t-r ^ (See W, 34 E). When wood 7|C mu" is added it forms the character for pillow and is thus explained when the head is pillowed (asleep) the man makes journeys jfc yiti^ all over the world in his dreams.
:

285

823

^g

^ ^

chtng^f Quiet,

still

clean.

ch'in^, Radical No. 174, pure, fresh.


63).

(See No.

ch&rt^. Phonetic, to wrangle, to contest.

(See

No. 315). This character W^ was originally used for thoroughly blended colors ch^iti^, but it is now used for quiet or

still.

The proper character


;

for this

was

1^ chitig*,

^
824

a cessation at H*, of wrangling cheng^ but in modem composition the


is

proper character

never used.

,^
^=

tan^,

The

gall, courage.

^,^
-^
"^

Jon\ Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). chan^ Phonetic, to talk indiscreetly, oversee.
(See No. 797).

The reason

for this

com-

bination of radical and phonetic

does indulge in indiscreet statements, he not onlj'- needs to be a man of muscle M jou*, in order to stand

been

may have

^if

man

by these statements, but also a man of courage or gall. The gall bladder is'considered to be the seat of courage.
825 jL-l*

J2C
il^\

ch'ieh*,

'^
826

hsin',
c/i'uS

Timorous, cowardly. Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). (See No. 67). If the Phonetic, to go.
is

heart ;&
cbii*,

gone

* there is no courage.
awe
of.
,

Afraid, to fear, to stand in

)^\

i|

AsiV, Radical No. 61 the heart.


ch'ti''

(See No. 18).

HP |#

Phonetic, the timid look BB of the bird H, needed to preserve life, looking to right
left.

and to

When a hawk has caught

286
his prey, he is
it,

on the alert while devouring


hsin\ heart, the
referred

lest

an enemy should attack him.


'I'

With the addition of


timidity of the bird

is

to the

emotions.

^"^

ying^,

To go out and
,

receive, as

a guest.
(See

j^
J[p^jT5

cho'^ Radical No. 162, to run and stop,

No. 10).

aB^^ Phonetic, high, noble.

high dignitary

an

official

who

holds the seal ^.


official.

Here
(See

the seal

^
a

stands for the

No. 42).
is

The other part of the

phoiietic

A li, from the usual position.


looking up to the
1_ chd^ is
official

man

facing the opposite w^ay

This
as
if

man

is

desiring to

attain to the rank of the latter.

When

added the idea of respectfully going out to meet a guest or high dignitary
828
lien^,

is

expressed.

yan^, to look
(See

up,

has the same phonetic.

W. 26 G)

Lead or

tin ore

lien^,

a chain.
(See No. 13).
(See No. j^po).

-^

chin",
//en^,

Radical No. 167, metal.


Phonetic,
to connect.
is

This phonetic
it is

suggestive of a chain as
-

used for things connected.

The chain

ii is

made

of many rings of metal

^ con-

nected
829
lii^,

^ like

a string of

carts,

^, going

L, one after the other.

Many

times, repeatedly.

/,'|\

f^

shih^,

Radical No. 44, a person' in the recum(See No. 449).

bent posture.

^>

lou^ Phonetic, the part of the palace

where

287

women

The idea of the phonetic here is not the same as that in lou^. This M lii^ is a very old character and it is easiest to explain it by commencing with the P shih^, which is a contraction of M Tvtt^, a room (See No.
are confined.
(See No. 392).
;

337).

wa^, a negative

4", i<,

chung^

niP are

two

characters used in the

A#

pa^ kua^, w^hich indicate an empty space and it indicates that in this room M,

where the women were confined, there was no # furniture, it was empty. The character eventually came to mean a space as opposed to a solid substance and w^as used for the holes in the lattice windows. From this the idea of "frequent 'J is derived, as in a w^indow there are many
of these spaces.
830

^
^

a herd, a multitude, yang^, Radical No. 123, a sheep.


cb*uif,
flock,

all.

(See No.

253).
cbun^, Phonetic,

a princely man. It is composed of^ yiti^, and P k^ovt; a magistrate who holds in his hand ^ authority ) and who utters his decrees or orders.

As sheep are orderly


above phonetic

in their actions the

was adopted with


It

#.

yang^, sheep, for a flock of sheep.

now

means a
831

flock of

any

kind.

yiian^,

A hem

of a garment, a collar,

cause,
,

a connection, because.

^ szu\ Radical No. 120,

silk.

(See No. 8).

I'

2.88

t'uati' Pho-netic,

pigs with bristles.

By

exten-

sion > accessories, as bristles are accessory

to the pig.

(W. 68

I).

When

silk

is

added

it is

used for the trimmings of a

garment. The bristles of the pig were regarded as decoration and harmonized with his general appearance.
832

W.
-\r.

p'O^,
t'ti',

declivity,

a mound, a

hill.

Radical No. 32, the earth.


of this phonetic plus dt
hill,

(See No. 13).

p'P, Phonetic, skin.

(See No. 224).


t'u^,

The use
a
(See No.

earth, for

and plus

v'

sbuP, for a

wave

820) leads to the supposition that the two characters were originated by the same scribe. The w^ave is an elevation on the surface of the water and a hill is

an elevation on the surface of the earth. In skinning an animal the skin is prone to lie in wrinkles this may have siaggested its use as a phonetic in the two in;

stances.

833

ch'uaxtg^^,

To piash

ahead, to bolt out or in


(See No. 5).

rudely.

men\ Radical No. 169, a door.


a1a^ Phonetic, a horse.

(See No. 261).

With-

out phonetic

force,,
;

but

it is

suggestive of

dashing forward if once a horse ^ strikes the side of a door P^ w^hen going through, he will ever afterward go through with a rush PS.
834
fotr',

To throw

at, to give over, to join.

28^

^ shou\
jXi sht^'
^

-^

Phonetic, the right hand

Radical No. 64, the hand, (See No. 53). making a quick

motion, to strike. (See No, 165). With the addition of shou^ i the hand, a good character for to throw is formed and to
give over or to join must

mean that one

throws himself on the mercy of another,


as the prodigal did in the far country.
835

ch'iian^,

Cured, recovered.
(See No. 593). (See No.

ni\ Radical No. 104, sickness.


ch'tiaii^,

Phonetic, entire,

finished.

552). This character

is

not found in the Shuo


difficult
:

Wen, but
of
tii^

it is

not
its

to see the idea

its

composition

when

has run

course

the disease f^ the ch'iiati^,

patient recovers.
836

yiian^,

A fountain,

the source.

yj^ i/ shaP, Radical No. 85, water. f^ yiian^, Phonetic, the origin,
'

a spring.

(See

No. 653). The modern character has f shui^, water, added, owing to the present writing of the phonetic having no suggestion of water
left in it.

The

original

character

depicted

the streams issuing

from under a ledge of rock.


837

fan^,

To

interpret, to translate.

^
'

^ *

szu\ Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). {an\ Phonetic, the tracks of a wild beast, aborigines, discrimination. The ffi is the
ball

of the

foot

and the

rest

of the

290

symbol

the imprints of the claws tR (cf. No. 801). Hunters became expert at recognizing the footprints of the various
is

animals and could beast made them.

tell

at a glance

what

The character

for " to interpret or trans-

late" should be written


substituted.

M fan^, hnt through

the carelessness of some scribe


for translating the writing of

^ fan^ was
first

It was probably used

some

tribe
.

or person w^ho wrote different symbols

from those

in

common
:

use.

Observe that

shen^, to

judge or investigate, uses the same phonetic the judge in his courtroom t^ miet^, investigates fan^ the testimony

and pronounces sentence accordingly.


838
kaei^.

Women's rooms, w^omen,

female, girl.

men\ Radical No. 169, door.

(See No. 5).

kueP, Phonetic, a small stone scepter or baton,


anciently given to nobles as

sign of
ft

rank.

(See No. 161).

The character

ioei^ seems to

indicate the door of

have been first used to a feudal lord in distinction from the large door used by the 3E wang^, the prince, and it was afterwards used to designate the door of the women's apartment, and finally wae used foi

women
839
jang^,

m general.

To

clamor, to cry out, to scold.

mouth. bsiang^ Phonetic to remove, to assist, to per"^' '^ feet. It is necessary to study the old
k^ou^. Radical No. 30, the
;

291

writing.

It is to take off one's outer gar-

ment 3^ i^ and assist a in a common piece of work X kun^. The nn hsiian^ indicates that there is much discussion, perhaps

many

orders given. X, seen only in oldest

w^riting,

was changed

into

Si

indicated disox'der or confusion.


I.

chP and (W. 16

and 72 H.) With the addition of n mouth, to this already boisterous phonetic we have a strong character for clamor. The modern writing gives but
k'ou^,
little clue

to the original composition.

840

f
^*

^
rft*

nien^,

To

expel, to drive out.

sbou% Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). When nien^, Phonetic, the Emperor's chariot. the Emperor went on the street the ordinary traflBc was suspended and the
streets

must be vacated.

The addition of

hand t shou^ to

this phonetic

may have
for

formed the character adopted


sage of the Emperor's chariot.

the

clearing of the thoroughfare for the pasIt

was

drawn by two men ^.


841

(W. 60

M)

yen*,

To

disUke, to loathe.

Radical No. 27, Jf^ ban*


Bfc

a projecting

cliff.

satiated, ^M* kan^, with I* yen* Phonetic, to be meat B jou*. dog it ch'iian^, The fe i^ and "M* kan^ of the old forms have been changed to g in the modern charSatiety seems to have been the acter.

aim in the ancient feast it is indicated bv S i^, belching. By extension, the M


;

292
yeii^

means

disgust, aversion.

han* re-

presents the retreat from the place of


842
r>

feasting.

(W. 65 G).
to discard.
(See No. 22).

^^

>

f'H
:;fC

ch'i\

To

reject,

mu\

Radical No. 75, wood.

This character does not exhibit radical

and phonetic. The seal writing represents a newborn child in a scoop and two hands in the act of throwing it awaj^. (W. 94 This indicates that infanticide has G.)
long been practiced in this country.
843

^, f
-Q

kuaP, A staff, a cratch. sbou\ Radical No. 64, the hand.


ling^,

(See No; 53).

Phonetic, separate, extra. (See No. 474).

As a staff is something used by man in walking and is not a part of himself, this
phonetic aids in explaining the character

but
844

is

w^ithout phonetic force.

i
(^

chUtt^, Dust, the w^orld.

t'u^ Radical No. 33, earth.


7u*,

(See No. 13).


gazelle.

Phonetic,

deer,

an antelope, a

On

the upper part are the horns, below^

are the feet and the

body

is

in the middle.

The original writing of %. ch^en^ was not always the same. ^ indicated the dust which a herd of deer or elk caused to rise
'

when they
deer.
845,
fitl

ran.

There

is

now

but one

to*'^,

To stamp,

to knock off (from the feet).

Jg^ tso^ Radical No. 157, the foot.

7^

tc?,
'

(See No. 484). Phonetic, bushes with branches hanging

with flowers.

'

(Sfee

No. 581).

When

foot

293
is

added to this phonetic, there is the idea of something hanging or adhering to it, which can be removed by a stamp of the

foot.

'^
^

ytf, Oil.

y\i shuP, Radical No. 85, water. yir, Phonetic, from, origin.

(See No. 79).

(See No.

732).

was originally and it was adopted


This
oil.

the

name

of a river

as the character for


for

There

is

no etymological ground

this use.
847
fu*,

-^ J^

a married w^oman. nff, Radical No. 38, a woman. (See No. 16). chou^ Phonetic, a dusting cloth attached to a
w^ife,

Invented in the 21st century B. C. When in tivP, a woman, is added it is used as the character for a married
handle.

w^oman or

wife, the

broom-stick.
848

one w^ho handles the (W. 44 K).

-^S

we?.

To

dread, to respect, to be in

awe

of.

t'ien\ Radical No. 102, field.

(See No. 212).

This character cannot be divided into


radical

and phonetic.

Originally the

B3

i'ierP field,

was 6

^ fu*,

a demon's head,

and ^ chao^, claw^, and finally )) A jen^, a man, a frightened man, was added as a
demon's head

and a

tiger's

claw^s

are

most
in

fear-inspiring objects to

man.

This
is

character has undergone so great a change

modern writing that the etymology

entirely lost.

294

^^

^^

yen^, Radical No. 149,

hu\ To protect, to defend. a word. (See No. 10). huo* Phonetic, to hold a bird H in the hand % to protect it. This is a bird of the falcon or ha^wk tribe, carried on the arm 3C.
According to Kuei* Shih* Shuo^ Wen^, the bird is eminently able to foresee good fortune or calamity, and there is an intimation that they were kept and protected in order to secure good fortune. With the addition of word, yctf, the character stands for protection or, to

^R^X

defend
850
JFu^

To

float,

to rove, to travel.

7^,7K shu?, Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). ife^ y^^ Phonetic, the motion of the arms of a swimmer fluttering of a flag. The phonetic is a contraction oi'^yt^, a sw^immer. The S^ yen^ (See No. 698) a fluttering motion, here means the overhand swimming strokes. The ^ "^ tzv^, a child,
;

indicates that the legs of the

swimmer are

hidden by the water and thus invisible as those of a child wrapped in long clothing.

The water
addition.

radical

shuP,

is

a recent
is

By

extension this character

used for the verb, to travel.


851

standing so close together that they require to be transplanted, to move. Radical No. 115, standing grain. (See bo^, No. 556).
P, Stalks

toS Phonetic, many.

(See No. 184). This phonetic assists in explaining the meaning

295

of the character, but has no value as


phonetic.

When

plants are crowded


is

and

their

growth

thus stunted, the

farmer often transplants room for development.


^^^

^ and

so allows

^
i^^

ch'Ja\ Timely.

hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart.

(See No. 18). (See

yf^ ho^, Phonetic, joining, union,

harmony.

No. 103). That which occurs just at the right time or just when it is wanted, j5
hsin^, is called timely.

853

XQ
~^

ch'iao', Skillful, lucky.

~p kun^, Radical No.


of work.
ch'iao^ Phonetic,

48, work,

workman, time
breathing, air
(See

(See No. 89).


difficulty

in

which has met with an

obstruction.

No. 258). This is a phonetic which inthese dicates curves and waves of air kun^, a reprecurves and twists plus
;

sentation of the square,


together, are used for

when brought

man who
in

skilful, as a workcan combine curves and angles his work must be skilful.

854

p'aP,

To

arrange.

^,

-f

shou\ Eadical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). a primitive with two sides fej^, Phonetic,
opposite to each other.
(See No. 276).

The

objects are placed in a certain position

with reference to each other and with the addition of hand this forms the character
to arrange.

296

855

ij^
*=*

shih^,

To

vt?!

swear, an oath.

yeii\ Radical No. 149,


^^^^'

word.

(See No. 10).

it?

JJ"^

Phonetic, to break, to cut in two.

In the

oldest writing this phonetic represents

an
In

ax which has cut a branch


ancient times

in two.

when one

desired to affirm

a statement as true, he took an ax and cut a branch in two, the idea being that he expected such a retribution if his state-

ment was not


ej'efl^,

true.

With the addition of


is

word, this character

used for

an oath.
856

^
J^

the hand (as bread). Radical No. 64, the hand: (See No. 53). jgS pi^p'i*, Phonetic, a prince, a man who pro-

pa?,

To break apart with

shoti",

nounces n the sentence


hsin" (See No. 274).

on criminals

^
P

The

chielf, seal,

has been changed to


writing.

shih^,

in

the

modern
kill

As the

sentence

was
is

generally death, the char-

acter also means to

When hand
addition

by cutting asunder. means to break open with the hand a case where the
added
it
;

of a

radical

very

materially

reduces the original severity of the phonetic.

E^

a*,

The bank, the

shore.

^^ shan^, Radical No. 46, a mountain, a pictorial


representation in the old writing.

=p

kan^, Phonetic, arms.

(See No. 110).

Here

the idea
defense.

is

that arms T kan^, are used for The radical llj shan^, a mountain,

297

should
clifif,

ako include T han*, a projecting as mountains and the cliffs are the

guardians against the encroachment of


the sea.
858

yao^ To shake, to sway to and fro. shou\ Radical, No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). (^ J ad- Phonetic, an earthen vessel for cooking or keeping meat. (W. 130 C). There is no explanation of why this phonetic is
used with the radical t hand, shod', for the verb to move, and consequently it must be regarded as a simple phonetic.

859
iit

huan^, Agitated, apprehensive,

to scare

very.

*i^ hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). huang", Phonetic, barren, wild, reckless. (See No. 639). This is a good phonetic and

when heart

'I'

of the barren

hsin\ is added the condition and worthless land is trans-

ferred to the heart.

It suggests the idea " of being scared out of one's w^its."

860
yir', Silly,

stupid.

S^

i^

bsin^.

yvL^ Phonetic, a monkey.

Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). In the old writing the head resembles that of a demon. (See No. 447).
It

has a prehensile

tail

(W.
is
is

23 E).

For some reason a monkey

regarded as stupid, thus when heart


heart
861

added the character indicates a monkey's

stupid.

cbji^,

To

grasp, to restrain.

f ,^

sbou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53).

298
fel

chu^, Phonetic,

a sentence (See No. 80) to admonisli or warn, and with the addition of i sbou^, the hand, to lay hold on one,
;

to prevent his going.


nally from

^ cbii* is not origi,

pao^, as stated under the

but from f 5 cA/V, a primitive representing a creeping plant twining over and circling round other things. That 1 cA/V is here w^ritten

80th

cl^aracter,

^ pao^, to w^rap, is misleadBecause the tendril 1 cbin^ and the placenta *J> pao^ both have the idea of to wrap, or contain, the modern forms are often identical and they are used interchangeably.
precisely like
ing.

862

Hb*
~ij*
*-*-

shou^,

To

keep, to guard.

mien^ Radical No. 40, a house.


ts'un^, Phonetic,

-^

an

inch,

(See

No. 69).
it

It is

a measure, a hand. without phonetic

value but
acter.

explains the use of the char'^ mieti^ is

an official's residence and here the law "^ ts^un*, is kept and used in the administration of the '^ office. Another explanation is that raien^ is a house on the frontier w^here

The

soldiers

are

stationed

to

protect

the

frontier

from encroachment.
lose,

XP^

i^,

j^

To

bequeath, to

to give.
(See

cho^ Radical No. 162, to run and stop.

No. 10).
kuei^, Phonetic,

k'uei\

honorable. This is from a basket, (See No. 693) and K pei\

299

a basketful A of precious things, M, valuable. This character has undergone many changes and the present
precious,

writing does not indicate the original meaning. Kang Hsi gives three old writings which are obsolete. The best

way

remember the character is to regard the valuables -M kuei^ as moving ^, changing hands, either as a present or
to

bequeathed
864

jt.

ch'un\ The
.

lips.

^ ^ jou\ Radical No. 130, meat, Phonetic, 7 to 9 J^^ ^


ch'en^,

flesh.

time,

a.m.

(See No.

122)

Mmmi^

Ch'ang'' Chien^ Shuo^

Wen'2
(it

gives the following explanation :M, /^


cb'en^ is

from

Zi

i^,

germination
huaf",

represents the

the ground)

germ and \l

striving to get thru


fi

an inverted
;

man, change

(See No.

488
;

the seed

is

being changed into a plant,) and

H old
is

writing of Jb shang^, up (the plant grow^ing up out of the ground) and


;

half indicating that at first the sprout is covered w^ith the earth. As this is the season when vegetation commences to grow it is a most important time for
farmers.

Why

this
is

'

was

selected as the

not apparent, unless the cotyledons of plants such as beans


phonetic for lips
reininded the scribes of the
865
lips.

Xt
TJC

wan^, Crooked wrong, a grievance. mu\ Radical No. 75, wood. (See No.
;

22).

300

Zp

-^ wang^ Phonetic, vegetation which grows here and there w^ithotjt any order. (See No.
350).
this

tree

With the addition of tree ?ic mu* irregular growth is transferred to the and this is a symbol of a crooked,
or unnatural growth, a tree so
it
is

wrong

contorted that
purposes.
rIJX

useless for building

jjE-

rd^

chieh^, To prohibit, to caution a precept, yen\ Radical No. 149, a word. (See No. 10). This cbieh*, Phonetic, to warn, to caution. phonetic is made up of two h^nds fl" and a halberd ^. It implies an ocular warning. When b" yen^ is added it implies a verbal w^arning. (W. 47 E).
;

867

liffe

r*"

to a house in ruins, useless abandon. yitf Radical No. 53, a covering, a shelter, a
fei*,

Ruined,

house.

^-

fa^,

Phonetic, to shoot
(See No. 214).
etic

an

arro"w, to send forth.

Some

explain this phonfeet,

as y^ po*, to separate the

to place

the feet apart as one does w^hen shooting

an arrow
is

^ from a bow ^
is

When shootis

ing the arrow

sent

away,

lost

this
;

the idea stressed in this combination and when f yerf, a house, is added it indicates an abandoned house one which owing to its location or for other reasons cannot be used.
;

868

chieb\

To borrow,
of.

to

avail

oneself of ;

by

means

301 -H' ts'ao^, Radical No. 140, grass or vegetation.

(See No. 22).

an #4i

n,%Q

chi^ Phonetic,

a field plowed by the Emperor, appanage, to borrow. This is made up of ^, :^ leP, a harrow (See No. 601) and ^, "^ hsi^, dried meat old, ancient. (See No. 222). The crops from the Imperial field w^ere used in sacrifices. This phonetic is made up of the products of the field, grain, and the results of the chase, dried meat in a word, the articles used as food. By planting and hunting one could supplj' himself w^ith these articles and the original meaning was, "to avail oneself of," and this meaning w^as extended to
;

" borrow^."

It is now^ w^ritten w^ith the

grass radical
869
hui*,

when used

in this sense.

Weeds growing among


cjean.

grain, dirty, un-

^^

ho^, Radical

No. 115, standing grain.

(See

No. 556).
sui*,

Phonetic,

harvest,

a year.

(See No.

197).

As Jupiter's phases indicated whe-

ther or not

war was
;

to be waged,
tIc

it

thus

decided whether the crops

ho^ were

properly cared for


carried on the

w^hen

war was

being

weeds were not removed and thus the fields w^ere dirty, as the men were called away from their agricultural
pursuits.
270

at

tu^

The

belly.

M^
,

Joti\ Radical No. 130, meat, flesh.


133-).

(See No.

302
-j-

t'u^ Phonetic,

earth.
is

(See No.

13).

This

not found in the Shuo Wen and hence is probably a modern invencharacter
tion.

The

t'a^ is a simple phonetic.


if.

871

Aou^

Illicit,

careless,

-H* ts'ao\ Radical No. 140, grass.

(See No. 22).

kov^, Phonetic
entice
;

curved, crooked,

a hook
list.

to
is

to cross out from a


1
,

This

a creeping vine, This (See No. 861), and P A'o^ mouth. phonetic is often written ^ kou^. Because a creeping vine extends its growth in any

composed of

cbiu^,

direction, it is regarded as being selfish,


careless,

and by extension

illicit.

872
-.

t^ox^,

To

steal, to pilfer, secretly, stealthily.

'

-^v jen^, Radical No. 9,

a man.
(See No. 795).
fif

'HU,

^ yvP The
still

Phonetic, a small boat.

original writing of this character

was

% t^ov^, and
in
it

has to be looked up the Shuo Wen under -^ nii^, woman,


it

says the vulgar writing is f^ It is evidence that the incongruity i'ovi^. of using nii^, w^hen in the courts and

where

jails ninety-nine

out of a hundred thieves


replaced

are men, w^as recognized and consequently


the -^ nu^

was

by
-i;

jen^,

person of either sex.


,

Why
;

w^as used as

phonetic

is

not apparent

perhaps boat-

women were
propensities.

notorious for their thieving

873

-fip;

Sp

tu*,

Jealous, envious.

30S

-^ n^^
J^

Radical No. 38, a No. 16).

woman, a

girl.

(See

bu*, Phonetic,

single door.

(See No. 480).

This

is

another instance where


if

women
jealousy

are maligned by the scribes as

were confined to the female portion of the race. The Shuo Wen says that 5P tu is the jealousy of women and ^, chi* the jealousy of men. If this is correct why is nv? used in both characters ? The present character represents a woman back of a ^ door giving vent to her jealousy where she is not seen by others.

human

874
cba},

Sediment, dregs.
85, water.
(See No. 79). (See No. 397).

f ,i^

shm\ Radical No.


ch's?,

Phonetic, a proper name.

at one time used as the character for a railing and also for the foundation
It

was

of a pillar, but none of these meanings aid in the explanation of the present

combination, therefore

it

has to be put

in the class of simple phonetics.


875

J.^
cbing*,

region,

a place

state or condition.
(See No. 13).
;

i. u\

Radical No. 32, earth.

cbing*, Phonetic, the end, limits

boundaries

yin^, of men where the pronunciations With the ;L differ; only, nothing but.

addition of

t'u\

earth,

removed from the region in which the language


876

the stress is boundaries, to the


is

the same.

cb'u^ Painful, distressing

orderly, well-done.

304

^ mu\
ag;

Radical No. 75, wood, tree.

(See No. 22).

ch'a^,

Phonetic, a place planted A?v^itli trees. This phonetic contains the radical, the lin'. upper part is a grove or forest in part the foot lower is shu^, The JE

877

Iirt
i'
,

(W. 112 C, 119 N). It is a difficult thing to walk through a thicket. The idea of orderly may have been suggested by the regular order of the trees which were planted in the grove.
motion.
wa^,
i|l^

To awaken,
Phonetic,
I,

to discern

to recover.
(See No. 18).

hsin\ Radical No. 61, the heart.

31 wu^

"

composed of S. wti" five (See No. 30), and k'ou^ the mouth, # wu^ is a verj^ lofty appellation
It is

my.

for

I,

mj'self,

as
3l,

it

represents the creation

of
,

all

things

by the w^ord of

my mouth

n but man has ever been prone to elevate himself and with the addition of f hsin^, heart, consciousness, w^e have the symbol
for,

to discern.
float, to drift.

^78

,)BBff

t^Tf^

p'iao^,

To

7K,

7^

sAuf, Radical No. 85, water.


p'iao'^,

(See No. 79).


ticket.

1^

Phonetic, a signal,

(See No.

255).
shui",

The

old writing represents

smoke
v'

floating in the air as

a signal

when

water,

is

added,

the floating

is

transferred from the air to the water.


879
____

,,

^
J^

c/zeS

To

cover, to hide, to screen, to intercept.

cho* Radical No. 162, to run

and stop (See


If

No. 10). sAu* Phonetic,

all

(See No,, 762).

a person

305

from, 5_ cbd'', the light of the hearth ^. he was not seen, as


left

or went

away

this

was

all

the light in the house at

night.
880

/g^ -^^

ts'aP, Variegated,

gay,

ornamented

with

diverse colors.

^
TIC,

shan^ Radical No, 59, to adorn with feathers or colored hair. It is intended to represent feathers or long hair.
ts'aP, Phonetic,

to pluck with the fingers


;

f^>

from a tree :^ to choose. (W. 49 B). With the addition of shan\ to adorn with feathers or long hair, we have flowers and long hair or feathers
fruit or flowers

thus the character contains


articles for
881

all

the natural

ornamentation.

-b^
Jpg^

^ ^

taa^, To obstruct, to withstand. shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). tan^, Phonetic, to be equal to. (See No. 478).

A hand

shou^,

must be equal to
it

"^ the

requirements before

can obstruct or

withstand M.
882

^h.
I^r

jru*,

That which
quarrel
;

decides

who

is

right in a

-^

cA'uan^ Radical No.


representation

a prison, a jail. 94, a dog, a

pictorial

The Shuo Wen explains this character as being two dogs J it ch^iiatf. The phonetic
yen^ but though it has no phonetic force, it assists in explaining the meaning.
is

The two dogs personate two

criminals

who

are

mutually

incriminating

each

306

other

J^t^, in order to secure

lighter

sentence.

and
883
chia^.

is

not a pleasant pastime an apt symbol for Hades or prison,


This
is

ir ^C

u',

To marry a husband. Radical No. 38, a woman.

(See No. 16).

cA/aS Phonetic,

221).

a home, a family. (See No. The bride leaves the parental roof
M.
cbia^,
is

and a new home

started.

This combination of radical and phonetic forms a good character for the above

meaning.
884
p'ieh^,

To throw away,

to give up.
(See No. 53). (See No.

.^
'raJC

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand.


pi*,

Phonetic, mean, poor, ruined.

added, which indicates the action of discarding or throwing aw^ay w^orn out clothing ^^ w^e have a verj' good symbol for the
211).
t shou^,

With the hand

above meaning
885
fsrti

W..

r^n. Jp3^

tien*,

A grand

hall,

a palace.

JSC shu^ Radical No. 79, the right

hand making a

jerky motion.

(See No. 165).


is

t'on^

not now^ used as a character the buttocks. The explanation given in Chu Shih -^ R Shuo Wen is as
;

The phonetic

follows:
thief is

^mmmm^mBm^^t
^
is

"a

bound and spanked

in the hall."

here used for M. tien*. A place for the administration of punishment

The second

seems to have originally been the chief use of the IS tien*, but as their ciYilization

307

advanced it was used far Ifaifge gatherings of any kind. (W. 22 D).
d

^|t

IP,

fence, to inclose.

chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo.


IP,

(See No. 7).


(See No.

Phonetic, to part, to separate.

351).

To separate off, M IP, a plot of land with a bamboo j^^ chu^ fence is the explanation
of this character.
887

^,ft
F*-*

a species of bamboo with spines. chu\ Radical No. 118, bamboo (See No. 7). paS Phonetic, a kind of boa (See No. 53). It may be that a serpent B w^as selected for the phonetic because it, like a hedge, has length without much width and fj chtP, bamboo, is a common material for a hedge, or a fence.
pa',
;

A bamboo hedge

S88
p'u^.

The

vine.

H*]}lljl ts'ao*.

Radical No. 140, grass or vegetation.


to crawl, as

(See No. 22).


p'u^. Phonetic, to fall prostrate
;

child.
1,

The

''1

pao^ here takes the place

of

chiu^ of the original writing.

The

pao^ is reason for this change is that one of the 214 radicals and 1 chit^ is not.

Thus the meaning was a


spreads
S89
t'ao^.
"Sf,

vine

which

M-

(See No. 416).

The grape.
(See No.

ts^ad, Radical No. 140, vegetation.


22).

308

j^

fad'. Phonetic,

a furnace for pottery. This seems to be a simple phonetic. It is a of a kiln ^ representation pictorial inside. (W. 54 with porcelain ware ^' D). is a recent character, coined about 100 B.C. An emperor of the Han Chang^ Dynasty in 138 B.C. sent Ch'ienS to the region of the Caspian Sea on a mission and this man brought back grapes, alfalfa and large horses. He saw^ that grapes w^ere good for men and alfalfa w^as good for animals. This man also established a trade route to that part of

m%

the world.

(See Giles' Biographical Dic-

tionary, under Chang^ Ch'ien 3i %,

and

K'ang
890
ya^,

Hsi*s Dictionary under

^ t'ao^.)

To

press

down, to

repress.

:j^ t'u^ Radical No. 32, the earth.

yen*, Phonetic,

to

disUke,

to

loathe,

satiated.

(See No. 841).

to be This phonetic
is

represents a

man

w^hose stomach

dis-

tended and uncomfortable.


of db t'u^ earth,

The addition
is

may

imply that a hole

to be filled with earth dt and solidly packed JE as an over-distended stomach is packed with food.
891
pien^,

whip.
(See No. 163).

ke. Radical No. 177, to skin.

pien*, Phonetic,

convenient, ready.

(See No-

492),

The

was

originally
it is

an

instru-

ment

of torture, but

w^hip for animals.

used as a convenient {M piece

now

309

of leather
892 Jt^^

$ may

stimulate,

in'

some,

recollections ot a slipper sole.

j3$
^L^
(j

tiin^,

You. (A polite term). This authorized character. bsiti^, Radical No. 61, the heart.
nP, Phonetic, you.
(See No. 3).

is

an un-

of heart
respect.
nir/,

jC?

hsin'-, is

The addition intended as a mark of

Some think that the origin of ^ was from i^^ ^ nP lao^ which ih the spoken language was contracted to nirf, and this character was coined for the new
sound.
893

t'ang^,

bath tub.

JUL min^. Radical No. 108,

a dish or

vessel.

t^ati^. Phonetic,

^ fan^,
above
hsing^,
;

hot water, broth, min^ and form a good character for the

894

M
IF

also read tang''.


figure, shape.

Form,

^
^T

shan^ Radical No. 59, feathers, long hair.

(See

No. 415). ch'ien^ Phonetic,


in

two

shields of equal height.

(See No. 235).

Shields with decorations

were common. An article if not decorated is spoken of as lacking in appearance or shape.


various
designs

1p0
y^^ >|
~'

7iV,

Two, a
acter)
.

couple.

(An unauthorized chara man.


(See

jeti^,

Radical No.

9,

RJa

ifazi^*,

Phonetic, two, a pair, an ounce.

No. 35). It is probable that this character


originally used for

was

two

meri,

but

it is

now

used for

two

of anything.

310

896

J^^

ching^, Bright sunlight

a view

appearance

circumstances.
jih\ Radical No. 72, the sun.
(See No. 12).

-^

ching^, Phonetic, the capital.

(See No. 98).

When

ching^ H jih*, is high, then one can get a view of the landscape or can learn tlie appearance of the sur-

the sun,

roundings.
897

wo*,

To
a

use great effort

and bend the mind to


;

subject, to strive after

business, duty,

must.
li\

Radical, No. 19, strength.

(See No. 212).

1^"* Phonetic, to display one's skill in wielding, ^5t mao^, (a three pronged 3L p'u^, arms,

halberd).
addition.
898

The

;f3 li*,

strength,

is

a modern

/I

i\\

chieh*,

alone;
assist

Boundaries w^hich separate men, one an assistant, one who waits on, to
;

pett3^
9,

yv
/\^

jenP,

Radical No.

a man.
(See No. 32).
It

pa^, Phonetic, eight.

has no
it

phonetic pow^er, but in the seal writing


helps

to

explain

the

meaning of the

character.

Man, A

jerp, is in the center

and the A pa^, separates him from others. The meaning of to assist has been added without logical sanction.
899

IQ

sbao*.

To

connect, to join, to tie together, to

hand down as a trade.

7^ szu\ Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). S chao*^, Phonetic, to summon, to call. (See No. The original meaning seems to 722).

311

have been a father summoning, S cbao\ his son and requesting him to continue, ^
szu^,

the family trade or profession.

900

^.i|li
>tC

chP, Utmost, very.

mu\

Radical No. 75, wood.

(See No. 22).

chi* Phonetic, haste, urgent,

a struggle

for

life.

A man who watches

for the favorable

opportunity of heaven and the advantages of earth. A man is seen in the seal w^riting, between heaven and earth erh* (the radical) he is striving w^ith voice n> and hand, %, to gain his end. (W. 2 D),

With the addition of


top.

;^ mu*,

tree,

the

character stands for extreme, the very

The tree, in its position between heaven and earth, attains to a much hiffher altitude than does man.
901

m
niu
JlX.

p'aii^,

To

look at, to hope

for.

@
X^

wa\

Radical No. 109, the eye.

(See No. 102).

Ien\ Phonetic, to divide.

(See No. 181).

When one

hopes B^ for something the eye /en\ @, /^^^ is prone to spend a portion of its time looking for it.

902

^'^"''

'i'^e

thighs, the haunches, the


;

rump
;

division, share

a band, a gang

a strand

of a rope.

%,H
-^

iou\ Radical No. 130, meat. (See No. 133). shu^ Phonetic, a long pole projecting before a war-chariot, a spear, to kill. (See No. seems to be The meaning in 165).

taken from the

first definition given,

the

thighs are an extension of the body.

The

312

idea of a strand or a part or share seems

come from an ancient usage of the word the Shuo Wen says that the ^ shu^
to
;

is

here used for

^ shu^,
The

different, to dis-

tinguish between.
cern

divided into strands, and


is

made

lip

a rope are a business conof a certain number of


fibers of

shares. 903

kung^,

mine.

/g

Radical No. 112, stone. (See No. 42). kuang^. Phonetic, broad. (See No. 696). The
sbih^,

Shuo Wen says that this should be w^ritten m. Here ^, huatig", (See No. 207), is used for i, t'u^, yellow earth, with '^, shih^, metal-bearing stone. Another A!\rriting is M.
S04
hsii*,

thread, a clue, to succeed to.


silk.
it.

^
H

szu\ Radical No. 120,


che^,

(See No. 8).

This character w^as invented to represent a connection between w^hat has already been said and what is to follow. The seal writing
Phonetic, this, that,
indicates that it reaches in

two

directions,
is

two
tzQ*,

crossed branches, and beneath


follows.

Q
of

contracted, the starting point for

what
ing in
S05
chien^,

Thus the composition


the self

the character

^ indicates

reach-

all directions in

or trace

order to find a clue of the thing desired.


slip,

f^t

A bamboo

to abridge, rude.

,11r cAu', Radical

chien^,

No. 118, bamboo. (See No. 7). Phonetic, between, among. (See No.

313

183).
the
joints,

Strips were

made

of the part of

yr between fS chien^, the and on these sUps directions or descriptions were written if the description w^as lengthy the slips were bound up in book form, but w^hen the description
;

bamboo

was kept within the limits of one slip of bamboo it was regarded as abridged and
eventually the above character took on

that meaning.
906

ya^,
4=:.^.^

The bouse or
tribunal.

office

of

an

official

^, ^^

hsing^, hang^, Radical

act

No. 144, to walk, to read hang^ a row^, motion. (See No.


I,

S wu^

161).
Phonetic,

my.

(See No.

877).
it

The

original phonetic

was ^,
;

ya^,

a tooth,
represents

something to be dreaded
the
in
official.

The

radical If hang^, a row,

order, represents the underlings

who

are standing at their places in a


either side of the
official.

row on

It is difficult

to explain

how

the writing

was changed

from
907 stA.

^ to ^.
end, finally, only.

^^
j^

cbing*,
Ji\

The

Radical No. 117, to stand. (See No. 216). By using jt li*, as the radical the

etymology
character
chapter.

has

been

destroyed.

This

is ver5'

similar to

chatig^,

(See No. 87) should be the radical, and below this is ching (See No. 875). Another man, }\i,
yin^,

sound,

explanation

is,

# indicates that

this

man

314

was singing, he sent forth tones, "h and we thought only of the melody # when the song is completed ^ there is a
JL

sense of finality.
908 ._
ts'aP,

^
rj%

To

select,

to pluck.
(See No. 53). (See No.

shou', Radical No. 64, the hand.

ts'aP, Phonetic, to gather, to pluck.

281).

The addition of the

t, t'P

shou\

contributes nothing.
909

hsiang^,

The nape of the neck

a sort

item,

^
rC

sum, income. j'eA'', Radical No. 181, the head, a page of a book. (See No. 105). kting^, Phonetic, labor. (See No. 89). Owing
to the head, neck

and back forming a

notch resembling one side of the radical kung^, X, this SAinbol w^as selected as the
phonetic for the above character.

Another

reason given for the selection

nape of the neck is carried, viz., where work, X, kuti^, (W. 82 A). done.
910
ching^,

that the w^here burdens are


is

is

A ford, a ferry, a narrow^s, a mart where boats stop.

7^,7K shai\ Radical No. 85, water. (See No. 79). (See No. 7). This ju^'* Phonetic, a stylus. phonetic w^as formerly ^ chiti^, a stylus ^* jru* making marks ^. It was conThere seems to be tracted to j'u*.

much

evidence to the effect that originally

this character

was written

f^,

a place

where a boat w^as sure to be found for

315

crossing a river.

character

it

was

This being a clumsy contracted until it as-

sumed
911

its

present form.

^^_
charge with, to entrust. ye^ Radical No. 149, a word. (See No. 10). t t'o* Phonetic, to depend on, to engage a substitute. (See No. 624). By a word or
_^ fo^,

To

command
t'o*

"g"

the responsibility is changed

from one person to another.


to wander, to stroll, to travel.
1

912

yu^,
,

To roam,
No. 10).

-y^ chd^ Radical No.

62, to run and stop.

(See

Of-

yr^ Phonetic, the motion of the arms ot a swiminer. (See No. 850). The character is often used for No. 850 W. The 5_ chd^, indicates inovement, and for moving from place to place on land, is more logical than is W- yi^-

913

chi^,

A
',

inachine, a loom, to reveal,

a spring.
No. 34). used for

y^ mu\

c/zi*'

Radical No. 75, wood. Phonetic, few, nearly.

(See No. 22).


(See

This phonetic plus wood is The first machines probably machine.

were looms and these were constructed of wood. A few ^ pieces of wood Tjc, which developed movement is a good symbol for a machine ti.
914
_jv

an instrument. cA'uan^ Radical No. 94, a dog, a


ch'i*,

utensil,

pictorial

representation.

n^

ch'i^

Phonetic,

many mouths,

clamor.

Dishes

316

are spoken of as having mouths, thus

each mouth represents a dish. The dog was added as he was kept to clean up the dishes after a meal. Another explanation
is,

the

dog
he

is is

watchful and
responsible for
;

careful

of

articles

thus here

the dog implies that utensils


cared
for.

must be

There is an old writing chH^, which has the radical -pf fov^, porcelain, instead of :^, chOiar^, which is more logical, but owing to its being obsolete it does not help in remembering
the construction of the character.
915

pa
jf^
chad",

To

illuminate, according" to.


fire.

m>J^

hno^. Radical No. 86,

(See No. 482).

ch.a&. Phonetic, bright, to

show

forth.

This
jiit,

phonetic

is

composed of the sun H,

and

chad^, to call or

No. 722).

The sun H

is

summon. that which

(See
calls

us in the morning ow^ing to its brightWt-

ness

When

ik.

huo",

fire, is

added, the

character stands

for,

to illuminate M.

^W

cbing^,

Unmixed,

fine, essence,

semen, vigor.

^ mP, ^

Radical No. 119,

rice (See

No. 47).

ch'ing^. Phonetic, color of nature, green, blue,

black.

As rice grows in weeds or other grain w^hich are found in w^heat and oats cannot flourish in a paddy field therefore rice is seldom mixed with other grain, and consequently it is here used as a symbol of pure or unadulterated. ch'ing^ is also a symbol
(See No. 63).

w^ater the

317

of purity and

these

two

radicals

when

combined form the character for unmixed


or
917
fine.

5
^

lietr,

To connect, to combine. r, Radical No. 128, the ear.

(See No. 71). kuan^ Phonetic, to run threads through the web. (See No. 95). With the addition of '^ er^, ear, one is inclined to believe, that this character was first used for the

combining the statements of different individuals.


918

collecting of evidence,

shuang^, Cheerful, quick, crisp. JC J'ao^ Radical No. 89, to mix, to lay crosswise. -4^ ta*, Phonetic, large. (See No. 54), without phonetic force. The two ^yacP' represent

the lattice w^ork of a w^indow and as this


large, :fe, ta^, enough to admit light and air the occupants of the room are not gloomy and despondent. Or, a man -fz. acting X with both arms. (W. 39 O).
is

919

huo^,

To

catch, to obtain.

yC,

^
^

ch'iian^ Radical

No. 94, a dog.

Pictorial re-

presentation.

^S,

huo^ Phonetic, to

seize with the hand X, as an owl -IS chui^ seizes its prey. With % cHiiam added the character was probably first

used for getting

game

in the chase

with

now used for, getting or obtaining, in general. (W 103 C).


the help of a hound.
It is
920

tsti^,

To

rent
;

or tax in kind from

fields,

to

lease

taxes.

318
tI^

Ao^ Radical Mo. 115, standing grain.


No. 556).

(See

H. tsu^ Phonetic, a stand used in


archaic pronunciation,

sacrifice (tsa^,

now

read ch'ieh^
the following

and

chii^).
:

In ;^
il

^ i^ X is
was

statement
land tax

tsu^

originally

the

B3

written M. of as the portion of grain ^, ho^, used as an offering in the ancestral temple.

M, t'ien^ fu*. It was originally Land rent was spoken tsu^.

The character
or tax.
921
ka*.

ffl

is

now

used for

any rent

^ ^ ^

look after, to regard, to consider. yeh^, Radical No. 181, the head, the page of a book. (See No. 105).
A'u*,

To

Phonetic, to hire, to engage. 361).


of,

(See No.

With

M yeh*,

head, added the idea


is

to look after or consider,

expressed.

If

a person heeded

the migration of

as explained under No. 361, he took the warning to heart yeh*, and acted on it.
these birds

922 &g|$

hsiang Sound, noise, reverberatioa. jiV, Radical No. 180, a sound. (See No. 39).
,

hsiang^, Phonetic,

village,

country,

rustic.

(See No. 466).


in to

two

kinds,

The Chinese divide sound, % hsiang^, a nonmusical


yii^,
a,

sound, and

musical

sound.
it is

When a sound comes


shen^.

to the ear
is

^^

is

that

The etymology M hsiang

M set forth in :& ^


the abode of

people and
for the

when W yii^ is added it stands home of sound or its origin. When

319

one hears a sound he


direction
striking,
923 \

may go
it

in

that
clock

and may find and he will say


;

was a

^
i

^M^W.
;

chiieh^,

To

decide

tcrpass sentence
ice.
off,

certainly,

ping^, Radical No. 15,


chiieh^.

(See No. 516).

-^

Phonetic, to cut

to decide, to settle,
is

certainly.

This

phonetic

described

under No. 109, an additional meaning seems reasonable according to ^ 1^ |g S:, to split with a wedge. The act of splitting a log is suddenly accomplished and once done there is no w^ay of uniting it
again.

With
ice.

ice

as the radical

it

suggests
also

a familiar winter
in thick

sight, cracks or fissures


is

With water which


it

used as the radical,

indicates a break in

a river bank, a condition once established, there w^as no question as to its existence.
924

i^>

^
'^

chang^,

The palm of the hand, to

control.

shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53).

shang*, Phonetic, a roof of a house.


52).

(See No.

When

the

hand

is

placed
roof.

palm

downwards and
925
kuei*,

fingers act as pillars, the

palm assumes the shape of a

case with drawers, a chest, a trea(See No. 22).

sury.

'^
[S

Tnu\ Radical No. 75, wood.


kuei*' k'iiei*,

Phonetic, a case with

drawers.
is

Read

k^uei*,

wearied.
\Z, iang^,

This phonetic

made up

a wooden trough, a log hollowed out, by extension, a chest, a trunk, (W. 51 A), and ^, kuei*, expenof


320

No. 863). This phonetic itself sets forth the meaning something valuable is placed in a chest or case, and the addition of 7}v, niu*, is supersive,

honorable.

(See

926

^M
-^
rfe

fluous.
cb^i, ^^'*'

relative, grieved.

Ao\ Radical No. 62, a spear, a lance. (See No. 2). That which remains after taking out the radical is not a regular phonetic. The radical is not the regular "Si, ko^, as can be seen in the seal -writing. The original meaning was a battle ax C^, and it had ^ shu^, (contracted) to pick beans^ (See No. 547) in the center. It may have been a weapon which w^as used both in military and agricultural pursuits, and so always at,hand in time of w^ar or peace ; hence its use as a symbol for relatives w^ho are always at hand. The meaning
of grieved
is

explained in the
its

^ ;^

Shuo

Wen

thus : Owing to
it

of war,

being a weapon caused a pang of regret to arise

when
927

seen.
to, business.

A^
"

-yT

g^

ian*,

To

attend

kan^, Radical No. 51, arms,

a crime.

(See No.

110).

^,.^

^arj* Phonetic,

the

sun

penetrating

into

A X,

iV

the jungle

^ and drawing up
The action

the vapoi 5.

(See No. 137).

of the sun

is

transferred to a

man who

has a ^ kan^, a stick in hand. (See No. 110). The seal writing represents the overhanging branch about to take

.321

root, the

form with
tree.

;u*,

to enter, re-

presents the tree as rooted and separated

from the parent


928 ^jbr:
Ian*,
7jC, :^

To

overflow, profuse.
(See No. 79). (See No.

shur, Radical No. 85, water.


chien^, Phonetic, to

^
1^'

watch, a prison.
is

294).

When
within

the water of a river


its

confined

where it should be, but when it breaks over ^, it is like a criminal who has broken jail.
banks
it is

929
k'uei^,

hti"

Wanting, defective Radical No. 141, a

a grievance. tiger, a tiger

skin.

(See No. 258). This cannot be broken up into radical and phonetic. Perhaps the character

was

coined to accord with the expression


hsing^

ffMM^

weP

ju' hti^,
is

"He

acts

not governed like a tiger," by rules of propriety. The # chui'^, a short-tailed bird, is used to impersonate a

a man who

man.

^,~5f yu^

the breath overcoming an obstacle. Thus the character represents one who
is

overcomes any compunctions of conscience and, like a tiger, forgets all kindnesses

and does violence to


930
I

friend or foe.

chuatig*, Appearemce, complaint,

a law

suit.

H^

ch'iiaif

Radical No. 94, a dog.

Pictorial cha-

racter.

(See ch'iang^ Phonetic, the left half of a ti'ee. explains Wen Shuo No. 84). The IS jJt,

322
this character thus
:

There

is

no animal
strikingly

the offspring of which more

resemble in appearance the father or mother than the offspring of dogs there;

fore the. selection of this radical.


,

The one

half of a log M also has a striking resemblance to the other half.


931

^1

fff,

luan*, Confusion, disarranged,

anarch3\

/j

i^

Radical No.

5,

germination,

movement.

(See No. 137).

luan* Phonetic, a thread

^ being disentangled by two hands ^. The rack H on w^hich the thread is suspended is probably the loom. The L is ZLj iS which represents the thread being draw^n out. (W. 90 B). (Archaic meaning, to put in order).

932

^
j2^
t[^

yiian^,

To

dislike,

ill

will.

hsin\ Radical No. 61, heart.

(See No. 18).

An yuan^ Phonetic, to turn in bed, decency. (See No. 42). This character is explained by
starting with
jC>

hsin^,

the heart

the feel-

ings are hurt and consequently the person

turns
night,
chieh?,

away ^

hs?,

acts as

if

it

were

and has nothing more to do 11, E with the one who has done the

injury.

933
hui*,

Converge,

deposit,
draft.

a draft

to

send

money by

r! ian^ Radical No. 22, a chest, a log hollowed out. (W. 51 A). V^ AuaP Phonetic, the name of a large river in Honan and Anhw^ei. It may have receiv-

323

ed this
iang^,

name owing

to the great
region.

of water fowl

in this

number The E
925)

a chest or

receptacle, (See No.

indicates that a large

must be confined w^ith an incorrect w^riting.


934

amount of water banks. The M is

^ ^ aS shows
she",

an^' en*,

To

lay hand on, according to.


(See No. 53).

s/2ou^ Radical No. 64, the hand.

Phonetic,

peace,

quiet.

This

phonetic

ful,

how^ w^omen w^ere regarded. If in the house ^" all was peacebut if not, the opposite condition

was

obtained as she would stir up trouble. The Shuo Wen says in explanation of ^ an* if one uses the hand and holds on to his go.ods, keeping them in their proper place, he also will receive advan-

tage from this course of action.


935

chien^,
7jC,

To

lessen, to diminish.

shuP, Radical No. 85, water.


hsien^ Phonetic, to bite, to

(See No. 79).

wound with

the

mouth
305). the

modern meaning, all. (See No. The Shuo^ Wen^ simply affirms
is
;

that this character

arbitrarily used for

above

meaning
is

consequently

no
set
is

logical reason for the


forth.

combination

is

Water

the radical and

simple phonetic.
936
IP,

IP,

a hundredth, tenth of a cash. Radical No. 166, a village, a Chinese mile.


grain, (See No. 82).

IP

Phonetic, to cut down, to diminish.

This

324:

is

composed of ^, to cut down a big tree (W. 120 5fe wei*, r represents its falling.

This character was originalh' used for another meaning, but it has long been is a plot of used for the above. A ground divided into small fields. The tree is fallen and split into small fragments and one of these can be regarded
C).

as a grain
937

BB y^

tan\ Single, odd, thin, onh-, but a list, a bill. A'ou^ Radical No. 30. the mouth. (See No. 17). This is a character which originally represented a quarrel ", hsi'ian^, two mouths, and an assault with a shovel pan' or pitchfork. (W. 72 E). It
;

has long since lost this meaning and


used for single, odd, and so forth.
original
in

is

The
seen

meaning of the phonetic


following
characters,

is

the

tan^

crossbo-w,

bullet,

shell,

and

W. chaif,

to fight.
938

pao^,

To

protect.

/f _y^ ;en^ Radical No. 9, a man. P. tai', Phonetic, an idiot. This

was

arbitrarily-

given to this character.


is

The real phonetic


wings

;^

pao^.

bird spreading its

to cover
is

its nest.

Another older writing

^, a hen covering her young to jarotect them. This originally did not have a i
as a hen protects

jen^, Sit the side.

The idea was to protect (W. 94 C), her young.


(See No. 141).

J^^,

ief,^'

'*'

To

connect, to implicate, often, weary.


silk.

szh\ Radical No. 120,

S25

'/e^ Phonetic,

field.

(Sec No. 212).

This

was

originally

lei",

three articles con-

Because of the difficulty of writing, these have been reduced to ffl and the etymology lost.
nected or tied together.

The
940
chai^,

was that which

held the articles

together.

pledge, to

pawn, hanging

on, repeti-

tion.
pei*,

Radical No. 154, precious.

(See No. 38).


stroll, it

aa' Phonetic, to go out for a

should

be written ^, to go out tU for relaxation M. f^Hg^y as animals are let out to pasture,

and will return again. With the addition of K


(See No. 38),
left in
it

(See
pei*,

No. 147).
valuable,

was used

for

a security

the hands of a person froin w^hoin

something has been borrowed.

The meaning of repetition may have originated owing to the repeated entreaty
of the borrower to

recover the article

pledged before the loan


941

was

refunded.

ts'ang-,

To

conceal, to store up.

(See No. 22). -H* ts'ao\ Radical No. 140, grass. complitsang^ Phonetic, good, generous,

ance,
ang^,

the virtue

of ministers.

ch'i-

which often means strength, and "; ch'iAo\ weapon, when united form When ch'eni^, to. S atig^, to do violence a minister, is added this force and violence used in accordance with the is only

benign

purposes

of

the

official

watches and defends the

state.

who When """

326

means covered with Perhaps grass, to store up, to conceal. this phonetic was chosen owing to the mystery attending government action.
ts'ao^,
is

added

it

942

^ ^

hao^,
leP,

To

squander, to consume

bad.
(See No. 601).

Radical No. 127, a plow.

mad^, Phonetic, a hair.

(See No. 254).

The Shuo Wen claims that the radical of


this character should
/^o^

not be

lei^

but

Thus the

original

idea

was

the

beard or husk ^ grain threshed and removed, nothing but the chaffy remained.
of grain ^, the chaff;
943

_^
chang*,

To

overflow,

an inundation.
(See No. 79).
bov^r
;

7K,

shui^ Radical No. 85, water.


chatig^, Phonetic, to

draw a

to extend,
;

increase

classifier

of tables

paper, a
3g over

surname.

(See No. 55).

Water
,

7jC

increases

and extends

the surface of the land.

944

+
^\\
k'ou\

To

knock, to deduct, to hook on, to


(See

^,

-J"

a discount. shou^, Radical No. 64, the hand.


buckle, to button,

No.

53).

k'ou^, Phonetic, the

mouth. (See No. 17). This combination tU was originally used for the governing of a horse with bit and

bridle.

The hand ^ exerted influence on the mouth P of the horse. The idea of to buckle or to button may have
originated from the necessity of putting

the bridle over the head of the beast.

327

The bridle once on the ammal had to do what the driver desired. Discounts are exacted by those who have power over
another.
945

ii^ 'rT

_^ hsiang^, Fehcity, good luck. shih^, Radical No. 113, to show, a revelation. (See No. 164).

yang^, Phonetic,

sheep.

(See

No.

253).

of the characters which have #, yatig^, for a phonetic have a good meaning.

Most

Thus, this combination stands for a

fortunate or auspicious
946

^ revelation

ff:.

tuan*, Satin.

rh szu\ Radical No. 120, silk. (See No. 8). J^ tuan*, Phonetic, a fragment, a section.
left

The

part of this phonetic is said to be a contraction of tuan*, origin, a plant which develops both above and under the

^^

ground.
No.

The right
This

side is :x, shu^.

(See

combination indicates been violently torn to has that the plant It may have been selected because pieces. in the manufacture of silk the cocoon is thrown into hot water; the chrysalis is
165).
killed,

the thread unwound, thus destroy-

ing the cocoon.


947

yi^

p'ei\

pendant, to hang on the girdle, to


9,
is

esteem.

^, ^
ra

jen^,

Radical No,
dictionary.

man.
not found in K'ang Hsi's

The phonetic
and
rlJ

It is

chit^,

composed of T\ far?', all, cloth, and is supposed to

328

represent the small ornaments hanging

from the girdle rft chm\ ^ H, t^ lU (W. 21 D). When a gentleman went out he always wore ornaments on the girdle. These oi-naments he selected because he admired them b3' extension this charac;

ter is

now
sell

used to express satisfaction

with a person or things.


948

chuan^,

To

at a profit, to

make money,
(See No. 38),
;

gain.

^
^^ t^

pe?. Radical No. 154, precious.


cbien^, Phonetic,

to join

together

together

a hand holding two stalks of grain, a hand binding sheaves. (W. 44 I). The idea of this combination i is to increase the investment M., to
with, both.

This

is

949

^^
Ph

^"^^^

^^

^
^

huo^,

To open

out, liberal

to remit.

Au^ Radical No. 150, a valley. (See No. 579). hai* ho\ Phonetic, to injure. (See No. 436). This character '^ seems to have two explanations
1.
:

person has met with misfortune

W
^

hai* or

ho\ and others have opened

ku^, their
2.

hand

liberally for his assistance.

One has a calamity

harelip,

^ ho*, such as a ^ ch'iao*, the upper lip. A person

who

has a harelip is spoken of as a 1ST tzv?. (See No. 509). ^ ch'iao* not being a radical ku^, was substituted.
huo^

^3^^

^*

c/27A\

bough, to prop up, a branch, to advance money, to draw money. This is the 65th radical. The old w^rit-

329

ing represents a hand pulling a bough

from a

tree.

(W. 43 ).
is
is

The reason

why

this

character

used to express

giving out

money

because the tree puts

forth branches from the trunk.

Note the

phrase

^%^%

to^

huo^ ch'an^ chih^, to


the emploj'er
to.

generously overlook the debts of clerks,

who have borrowed from


moi-e

money than

their

wages amount

At the end of a prosperous year these sums arc not collected.


931

ia

t'r,

To take

up, to suggest

to bring forward.

-^ shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). .a shih\ Phonetic, right. (See No. 12). Without phonetic significance. To take up H
that which
or instruct.
is

proper

^ in

order to teach

952
shih*,

To

paint,

to

ornament, to adorn, to

pretend.
shih^*, Radical No. 184, food, to eat; ecHpse.

(See No. 75). This character

is
is

an exception to the
also the phonetic.

rule,

as the radical
sacrificing

In

the gods

an animal it v^as put before and afterwards eg,ten. This


for

accounts
radical.

the

use

of

shiht',

as

The is %. The upper part is a inan and the lower is a cloth liefore sacrificing the beast a man with a cloth cleansed it and thus imrest of the character
;

proved
adorn.

its

appearance.

By

extension, to

330
953

^,

A
2*

Skill,

an

art.

*^ ts'ao^ Radical No. 140, grass.

(See No. 22).


cultivate

Phonetic,

to

plant,
is

to

the

from vfe /a*, mushroom. ground. This t'u^ earth which (See No. 485), and form M lu*, arable land, M lu*, dry land, (mushrooms grow on high land), and R cbi*, to hold an instrument or utensil in the hand. Working the soil was the first (See No. art practiced by the Chinese. "" ts'ao^ and 5r yiiti' have 139). The recently added, been yiin', cloud, is composed of shang^ (See No. 93), and ^ X vapor, rising and forming clouds. Thus the character for farming is compos-

ed of

*'*

vegetation,

ife

tilling the soil

S clouds w^hich give rain,


all effort is vain.

and which without

954

tsan^,
chin^,

A
*,

fine chisel

to engrave.
(See No. 13).

Radical No. 167, metal.

*I? chatf

Phonetic, to decapitate, to cut in two.


cutting.

A metal instrument used This utensil is smaller than the ordinary carpenter's chisel it is
(See No. 803).
for

used in the manufacture of jewelry in the

#
955

fii

shou^ shih* shops.


up,

pa^,

To

root

to

draw up

or

out

to

elevate,

promote.
(See No. 53). (See No.

^ shou\

Radical No. 64, the hand.

"fe pa? Phonetic,

a dog

led

by a

leash.

626). This leash enabled one to pull or haul the dog around at will and thus the

331

above meaning has been given to


"

this

956

^:^ 7m*
f^ffi,

combination.
s^a
.

Silk as it
"wire.

comes from the cocoons,

fine,

tH

szu^ mi* Radical No. 120, silk.

(See No. 8).

mi* Phonetic.

(See No. 141).

The second writing f^ is not allowed by K'ang Hsi. This character was one of the original 540 radicals. The repetition
of ^ mi* indicates that it is not a single thread from a cocoon, but several, tenj are supposed to be required to form a szu^. In characters which use the ^ hsi*

a figurative or real connection. M sun^, a grandson Wk hsien*, a district, (See No. 390) here the criminal's head is hung up for exhibition.
phonetic there
is
;
;

957

Jbm
han*,
chin^,

To

solder.

Radical No. 167, metal.

^.

han*, Phonetic,

(See No. 13). the torrid effect of the sun,

drought.
958 i&;t

(See No. 343).

Great heat

is

required to melt the solder.

yao

o engage, to seek, to invite.


(See

cho* Radical No. 162, to run and stop.

No. 10).

yao* Phonetic, to shine. This is made up from Wc fang*, to liberate, (See No. 147 and No. 712) and & paP, white or light the meaning is, to shine. When J_ cho*, is added the idea is to go to the one who can give you light or help. A person is engaged because he can give assistance,
shed light,

make

conditions better.

332

^^^

;^ ^'"

^^''

^
^^

To add

to,

to pile up.
(See No. 53).
vetch,

shou\ Radical No. 64, the hand.


ta^ Phonetic,

peas,

vegetation

the

branches of which get entangled, (W. 14 The pea vines and vetch extend, far from the stalk adding joint after joint
B).

character
to.

and thus with the addition of" i shou^, a is formed which means, to add
This character
is

unauthorized.

5^P
Jl^

^R

^ AS

no^,

To move,

to remove.
(See No. 53).

shou^, Kadical No. 64, the hand.


^^*) Phonetic,

that

a place

IS

&

where people

wore
ing.

skins with the hair out

^ for cloth-

It may be that this people were nomadic and thus with the addition of hand the character is used, for the above meanings. It is an unauthorized
.

character.
961

chan*, >fC

A storehouse.
(See No. 22).

mu\

Radical No. 75, wood.


to destroy,
.

^^

chien^ Phonetic,

narrow,

small.

(See No. 13)

This character -!M

was origi-

nally used for a small frame platform


built in the

camp

to protect an officer

while sleeping from attack, and from the moisture of the ground. It was also used for a lookout during military operations.

By

extension

it is

now

used for a storechati*',

house, as goods in a ed to be secui'e.


962

are suppos-

HPv, '9t

san^' ^ Miscellaneous, to fall

apart

separate

a powder.

333
-J^

p'u^ Radical No. 66,

(contracted) to tap, to

rap. (See No. 17).

The

original phonetic is

destroyed by using p'u^ as the radical for

modern dictionaries. ^, H, jou^, meat, should be the radical and Iti'san*,


classification in

to beat J^
(See

hemp stalks

threads to separate,

tt p'ai^ to cause the is the real phonetic.

No. 24). When ^ jou*, meat, is added the character was used for beating

meat to cause
for cooking.

it

to separate into shreds

By

extension

it is

now

used

for the separation of anything.

(W. 79

H).
963

Ifn

J^

hsieh

To

lay aside, unload.

chieh^ Radical No. 26,

seal,

tally. (See

No.

42).

The phonetic part of this character is not used alone and therefore has no pronunciation. The upper part is ^ wu^, (See
No. 190), one of the twelve stems; each stem stands for an animal and the one.
w^hich
is

associated
ma^.

mth
is

4^
is

wu^,

is

the

horse

Mj

This stem

easier to

write than horse and


tuted for the latter.

therefore substiJh chih^, to stop,

The

with this stem implies stopping the horse chieh?, and taking off his burden. The indicates that this is done at fixed intervals on the journey.
[]

964

wu^,
d>

thing,

an

article.

ib n/u^ Radical No.


50).
Til)

93,

a cow, an ox. a

(See No.

^,

wu* Phonetic, a negative, do not

flag

with

three pennons, usually used to indicate a

334
proliibition.

An

ox,

4^,

niu^,

was

the

most valuable asset in ancient times. The addition of the flag to the ox may have indicated its importanceit -was not
to be disposed
965
of.

This character

is

now

used for any article, regardless of value.

^
jgfe

malt candy glazed with sugar. wi' Radical No. 119 rice. (See No. 47). t'an^ Phonetic, boasting talk, a dynasty the song P of men working f^ in unison, as in pounding (rice) f^ keng^ with a heavy stone pestle kan^. This phonetic may have been selected as the preparing of grain for malt candy requires that it
t'ang^, Sugar,
; ;

be crushed in this process large stone mortars may have been employed and
;

several
pestles,

men

manipulated

the

heavy

who

exerted strength according

rhythm of a song. (W. 102 B). Shuo Wen makes the following comment ;^ mP tiieh*^ chien^ yeh^,
to the

Hsii Shih

^^

-liL

" After the rice has sprouted

it is

heated."

WM^^^'^m.

(Candy) can be made from cane, from honey, from millet and from wheat." The sugar (candy) made from millet and w^heat was called fp P.
"

This indicates that as early as the Han Dynasty 200 B. C, the Chinese were

making malt candy, but


says that
added.
966

it

was then a

recent discovery, as the writer Hsii Sbib

^ fang^, is a character recently


to arrange for the purchase of.

p'?,

To criticise,

335

4^

^ sAou^

LL. rfrf pi^,

Radical No. 64, the hand. (See No. 53). Phonetic, to compare. Two characters

reversed

and standing together as

if

com-

paring their height or strength. When t shou^, is added the idea of criticising is given to this combination. In criticising one generally states what has been done and afterwards sets forth what should have been done thus bringing out a comparison.
;

967

p'P,

The

spleen, temper.

^, ^

io"*. Radical No. 130, meat.


pel'',

(See No. 133),

p'l^pi^ Phonetic, p'?, lassitude, pei\ base>

low, vulgar, (See No. 526).


tic

may have
is

spleen

been given lax or soft in texture.


of digestion.

This phonebecause the

The
on

spleen was supposed to aid the stomach


in the

work

It is located

the

left

of the stomach and as

^ pei^,

was

a drinking vessel v/ith a handle on the left, this may have been another reason
for the use of this phonetic.

"fK

ou^,

An

image, a pair, paired

sudden, acci-

dental.

^,

>f jefl% Radical No. 9,

a man.
(archaic)

yiP Phonetic, an image,


860).

(See No.

The origin of this phonetic is not the same as of the phonetic in the 860th chaThe two are identical in modern racter. writing and even in the old writing they are frequently interchanged. M yu\ to
dwell
in,
is

the correct writing for this

336

character according to the oldest authoriWhen an image of a man was carvties.


ed out of
spirit

wood they

believed that the


in

of the

individual dwelt

this

image.
spirit.

The ii^ yii^, impersonates the With the addition of \ jen^, there

would be a pair.
is

To use

ffi

for "

sudden "

arbitrary.

969

7|r!S

chia^,

To

ride in a carriage, to harness

Your

m ma\
Jn

Honour.
Radical No. 187, a horse.
(See No. 261).

chia\ Phonetic, to add to.

(See No. 318).


first

This combination
the
970
chii',

was

used for har-

nessing animals to a vehicle:


lioi'ses
A!5

to

add

to the carriage.

To harden by pounding, as a threshing floor, to make mud walls, to build.


Radical No. 118, bamboo. (See No. 7). to undertake. (See No. 518).
is

YS
Vli

chu-,

k'un^ Phonetic,
This

not a complete phonetic as


;^ mu*, It

we
it

have to add
is finished
.

wood, to

it

before

was used

or fortifications used in
'^^

ramparts warfare, and the


for the

chu^,

was

originally aa,

wooden racks

placed on top of the wall to prevent the enem3^ from climbing over. The Tic mu*,
is

said to be the short logs

which were

used to
971

ram

the earth into a solid mass.


;

weP,
-i/T

To

submit, a grievance
grain,

to depute.
(See No. 16).

niP,

Radical No. 39, a


stti*),

woman.
(archaic
is

-q*

ho-, Phonetic,

phonetic

(See No. 771). This

a proper pho-

337

netic
etc.

and

indicates the heads of millet

being gathered.
distinct

This character has

two
1.

meanings and

may have

originated in different places.

To

submit.
:

The heads of grain hung

this it

when -k nu^, was added to was taken as the symbol of the proper attitude of woman, she should
drooping
acquiesce even to unreasonable

demands

from her husband.

The grain ^ ho^, was stored at home and given into the care of the women when the male members of the household had to leave on business thus the mean2.
:

ing of depute.
972

^
J^

t?,

To hand

to or transmit. (See No. 10).

cho" Radical No. 162, to go.

tf Phonetic, a beast like a tiger, with horns.

An examination

of the characters which

use this phonetic

show that
it

there

is

no

common
phonetic.

idea attached to them.


It

It is

therefore necessary to regard

as a simple

seems to have been used in connection with the sending of messages. The J_ cho^, indicates that originally it might have necessitated a journey. At
present
it is

used

for,

to hand to.
;

973
p'i'enS Inclined to
\/f

one side

partial prejudiced-

,/V. ;er^^ Radical No. 9,

a man.

p/en* Phonetic, a tablet

hung over a door. From ^ bn* a door and # ts'e'^, inscribed bamboo slips. (W. 156 D). As these tablets are always hung with the lower

^38

^dge against the wall and the upper edge some iiiches awajr from it, they are taken as the symboFfor not straight, inclined. And when man, -f, jen^, is added he takes on this quality of deflection.
(tIJ
7/*

Laws,

regulations"; -custom.
9,

Radical No. ^ ,}\. yen^ A*

a man.
This
is

^ij

7/e

Phonetic; to divide, seriatim, arrangejin


-

order.

(See No. 711).


It
#ai',
is

not an old
thusrifthe
are sepa-

.'character.

explained

crimes
rated
J

3?,

of a

man

i jen^,

tao^, land <placed in


is; administered

order

lieh*,

.andithe law
975
t'un*

accordingly.

To

swallow, to gulp

down;

tolabsdrb,
(See No.

grasp.

P
'^

A' du',

Radical No. 30, the mouth.

17).
t'/enS Phonetic,

the heaven. (See No. 113). This character ^ is explained in two different ways 5^ fien^, heaven, the sky,
:

envelopes

'all.

'

It

appears

like

a huge

'

mouth about to swallow everything. The second explanation commences with

976
pi*,

and :^ta*, great or large, and P A'bwVswkllowing in one big mouthful.


i^,onej

Used
mine.

up,

deteriorated,

vicious

my

JT hmg^ Radical
up.
pi*,

(Sefe

Nol 55, hands joined and held No. 247).

Phonetic, mean, poor, ruined,


(See No. 211).
'

my, mine.
ffs

The character

was oria dog,

ginally writteitJI with

% c/i'uan*,

'

339

inste&dfoi i\-kuJigf.
the,

It indicated

that

dog was dead and' useless. The old writiugds now never seen. The present writing is two hands :M* exhibiting a garment which has been worn to shreds f& by beating %.
,
;

RP'

p'ei^

^ ^

pei^,

Lose moniey indeinnify. RddicaiNo. 154, precious. (See No. 38). t'oo* Phonetic, to cut a speaker short. (See No. 332'); Here thei phonetic is used to indicate that something has been injured or a business has not been successful with the addition of.^pei* it indicates that money has, been lost-^by extension,
the giving of money as indemnity.

978

i&
f

ch'ang^,
"^^-/efl^j

To

restore, to forfeit, to atone.


9,

Radical No.

a man*
-f

i^'ishan^, PhdnetiG,to bestow. (See No. 596). The additin of jeti^, forms the charac-

which amends.
ter
979

is

used fot restoring or making

la

fffl

^
,

u Eyebrows. meV; T? mu\ Radical No. 109; the eye. (See No. 102). This is an oldi character and cannot be
-2

divided into radical and phonetic.

The

top

.of the old

writing

:t

indicates the

wrinkles above the eyebrows on the fore-

head
mu^,

the ^
is

is

the eyebrow and

the eye.

The present form

arbitrary modification,
features are largely lost.
eAan*,

Q an and- the above


.

is

To

usunp, to seize.

jer^,

Radical No. 9, a tnan.

j^ cban^' ^ Phonetic, to inquire about some enterprise by heating a tortoise shell, divi-

Thei^ is not and an unauthorized character described in the Shuo Wen. It seems to have been invented to make a distinction between the two meanings of the character chan^' * the meaning of the 1st tone
nation
;

to usurp.

(See No. 132).

is

is

to divine, of the 4th tone


lease, to rent.

is

to usurp.

981

lm\ To

^
/-p.

pei*,

jen*, Phonetic,

Radical No. 154, precious. (See No. 38). carrying a load susa man

pended from the two ends of a pole I a load, a burden 5. When i jer^, is added the burden is transferred to another A, hence the meaning, a trust, office.

(W. 82 C).
there
is

With the addition of % pei\ an obligation of money which

has been contracted for value received.


982

kuang^,

To

ramble, to

stroll.

^
983

J_

cho* Radical, No. 162, to go.


k'uatig^, Phonetic,

(See No. 10).

mad, wild, raging. (See The M is an uuauthorized chaI'acter. The combination indicates traveling in any direction the fancy may deterNo. 794).
mine.

^
t''zu^,

Porcelain, china ware.

'% wa\ Radical No. 98, tile. (See No.' 558). :^ fzvi^, Phonetic, inferior. From ^ ch'iea'^, deficient.

(See No. 273).


::! er*,

tion of

two, second,

With the addiinferior. The

ail
first is

regarded as the best, the second


silver

is

inferior.

gold,

Formerly vessels were made of and wood when crockery;

ware was
inferior.

substituted
W. is

it

was regarded

as

an unauthorized writing.

984

Tg:

i 3E
j^

wati^,
yii*,

toy, to play.

Radical, No. 96, jade.

(See No. 124).


(See No. 93).

yiian^, Phonetic, the first.

Here

this phonetic stands for the highest

quality.

When

31 yii^, jade, is

added
such

it

implies the best jade.

Cheap or inferior
Trinkets
as

jade

is

not prized.

beads and rings have been used to designate rank from prehistoric times and the word 5c wati^, was first employed as the term for such articles, but is now used for toy or plaything.
985
^555f
.

^g

^^
'^

p'letr,

The

leaf of

a book.

chu^, Radical No. 118,


pien^, Phonetic,

bamboo

(See No. 7).

tablet.

(See

No.

513).

These tablets are made of board and are


thin in comparison with their length

and

With the addition of bamboo It a leaf of a bamboo book. These books were made of slips of bamboo and tied together. After paper came into use for making books the same
width.
this is the character for

character
986 flTf shua^,
jig
er^.

was

retained for

leaf.

To

sport, to fence, to play.

Radical No. 126, the whiskers (archaic),


(See No. 635).

"pC

^"^ Phonetic, a woman.

This

is

a modern

34Si

character.

To

play, to act.

Chinese ac-

tors use false beards


in

and others dress up and personate women. female costumes


jjjj

er^, whiskers, Thus the two characters and -^ nii^, women, form the character for, to act. The character, by extension, is now used for practicing any handicraft as an occupation. (W. 164 A)'.

987

chuan^,

To

turn over, to revolve


singly;

to forward.

^che\ Radical Nd. 159, a cart.


^

(See No. 136).

chuan^, Phonetic,

specially,

one object.
tic

(See No. 414).

bent on This phone-

plus cart

forms the character to


i.e.

revolve as the wheels of a cart have but

a
938
ch'ih^,

single function,

to revolve.
;

Slow;

late,

steady

to procrastinate.
(See No. 10).
is

j_

c/zo*

Radical No. 162, to go.

bsi^ Phonetic,

a rhinoceros. The f shih), the body and ^ is a contraction of

"%

mao^, hair. These, when used together W simply indicate that the animal has a
tail.

4^

niV added places the animal

in

the bovine class.

(The Chinese are not

very careful in their classification of animals.) This beast when not enraged

moves about slowly. Thus L. c/jo*, to move, with the above phonetic makes a good character for slow.
989
lii^,

To

care for, anxious

to cogitate.

i'^ bsin^.

Radical No. 61, the heart. (See No. 18). This character, cannot be divided into
radical

and

phonetij^..

It is

composed of

@.

^ sitiS to think, head and heart (See No.


Whenj^ A^^
are
tiger,
is

45).
is

(See No, 25S),

.added the idea

conveyed that the


to

'thoughts
999

turned

things

which

trouble^tigers are greatly dreaded.

ni^ mX,

fan^,

To

traffic,

to deal

in.

^ I^
^,M
J^

pel*,

faif,

Radical No, 154, precious. (See No. 38). Phonetic, to turn. (See No. 75).

To
991
____.

turn goods into

money

^ pe/*,

is

the

purpose of a merchant.
nidtzaai*,

The

pulse.

jou*. Radical No. 130, meat.


p'ai*.

(See No. 133).

^5

Phonetic, water separating into smaller


'

streams.
.constant,
I

This

is

M
it

yung*, a constantly
still

flowing spring, reversed, the flowns

hut as
is

leaves the spring

it

divides

up

into- several,. streams.


also written with
jfc.

(This

character
radical.)

as the

The

idea

is

that the pulse

(arteries) break, up into innumerable small arteries and are distributed through the
..flesh.

'

r1

g
'^

chuan\ To love,- to care for, family. (See No. 102). H3U*, Rkdical No; 109, the eye. (W. 47 chiian* Phonetic, to pick and cull. pien*, the K). This is made up of

tracks of

a wild
ihei

tanimal,

(See'-N(>.
f^,
i.

801),
e.

to discriminatcj
select

and hand^

to
for

with
>

hands. --Adding

g
out

mu*,

the eye,
those,
for.

we. have

"to

look

one loves and is responsible In modern writing ^.c/iuaH is 'iden-

whom

tical

with the

phonetic

bf No.

609

344

sheng^ but the seal writing


993

shows one to
5S pien*.

T^
'Wr

be from

jJll

huo^ and the other from

^^

sui*, Bits,

fragments, petty.

shih\ Radical No. 112,


tsu''' *

stone.
is

(See No. 42).

Phonetic, to die.
clothing,

This
/,

made up
stroke

of

?,

and a

across

994

^ 1^
^
,

the back to indicate the wearer w^as a soldier. When a man swore allegiance to a prince or feudal lord he was regarded he was free from all as having died previous obligation and he henceforth had no will of his own, he did what his lord bade him he was but a fragment of a man, a stone 5 shih^, is used for breaking
;
;

o'^
t'e*,

crushing.

Specially, purposely, only.

niu\ Radical No. 93, ox.

(See No. 50).

rfe szu*.

Phonetic, a court, a temple.

(See No.

This character seems to indicate that in ancient times the Chinese were
346).
particular about the quality of animals

used in
^ nia^,

sacrifice.

The

color

was
szu^.

also

decided on

by the court

when added

indicated

Thus an animal
;

which, owing to ments,

its fulfilling all require-

was

set aside for

sacrifice

now

by extension used
IJU
-1

for specially.

jiir,

trust, responsibility,
9,

an

office.

,yV ie^ Radical No.

a man.
office,

^
996

/en^ Phonetic, a trust,

(See No.

981)-

Originally this character

was used with-

a^

fei)^

"* *^^

^ J^"^-

^ F#1

chu%

To

raise,

to hft up, to introduce to.

345

pi

chiu* Radical No.

134, a mortar.
is

(See No.

479).

This

another character which

has arbitrarily received a radical foreign

The character is made up of H yii^, to give, and 4: ^ shou^, hand the meaning is, to raise,
to the original construction.
to
997
lift

up, etc.

^ ^

shih*,

To

try, to test, to verify.

yen^, Radical No. 149,

a word. (See No. 10). shih*, Phonetic, a form, a pattern. (See No. 576). The m yeti^, word, seems to imply
that the one

who

is

to undertake to

make

an article according to the pattern is asking questions before he undertakes the task, thus securing the experience of
others in addition to the ocular demonstration, thereby verifying his ideas as to

the

mode

of procedure.
(See 484).

^p^
iH

pu*,

step,

a pace, infantry.

chih^ Radical No. 77, to stop.

(See No. 10).


is

The phonetic part


used alone.
ed,

of this character

not

It is

chih^, to stop, invert-

which indicates the reverse of Jh chih?, or to move. In walking first this foot is advancing while that is stationary then that foot is advancing while this is sta;

tionary.
999 t/V,

To

cast

away, to

lose,

to leave behind.

iS

Radical No. 1, one.


Phonetic, to go.
afe

(See No. 19).

cA' a*,

(See No. 67).

To go

cA'u*,

once

I'S

to go one long to lose.

journey and not return

is

346

/^ ^^

chiu^,

long time, long

siriCe. r:

p'ieh^ Radical

No. 4, a

stroke to the

left.

(See No. 176).

cannot be broken up into radical and The seal writing represents a man who is impeded in his walking by a train. Thus we have the idea of a long time, as it requires him to move slowly and much bme is needed to walk a short
Tliis

phoetic.

distance.

7^i

weP,
vi'eP

To

oppose, to disobey.
(See No. 10).

ij^

cho' Radical No. 162, to go.


(See No. 772).
tive,

Phonetic, thongs, refractory, a surname.

This phonetic
cho,
is

is it

suggesimplies

when

3i_

added

active disobedience, disorderliness.


1001
,^

lo*,

To

fall,

to drop.

-H*,

l|ll|l

ts'ao\ Radical No. 140, grass.


/o*

^^

(See No. 22). Phonetic (Archaic), a trench for irrigation,

water 7jt used by each -man #. Each man's field was separated from his neighbor's by these trenches thus the idea of
;

separation
tion of
"'''

is

conveyed.

With the addi;

ts'ao^, it

ing of leaves in the


B).

was used for the fallautumn they fall


the stem.

when separated from

(W. 31

Now

this

is

used for the falling of

anything.

->^M4^^-

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Ai
532
532

CHAN
fl33 [178

CHAO
673
it*

218
733

281 tt 112
722

822
309

56

273

980
275 961

273

AN
934

242
ttH

937

m
m
ANG
i\]

934
857

803

803
797

4a

383

CH'AN
827

ff

722 CH'EN f294 915 \120 915 122 246 122 333 733 ie 333 Ft 733 Si IIL 464 733

^77

CH'AO

844

AO
940

CHAKG
nj;

687

368
567
55 f [131
55

CHENG
\166

D
#.

464 277 IE
5:

801 it

380
315

CHA
<^
V*

CHE
10

123

245
943
87

874

855

270 879

CH'A
352

924

40 CH'ANG
397

CH'E
15

298

298

CHAI
4=

161

978 145

410
978
618

M
CHEN

136

CHAI

m m

756

386

55 [131
f

305 305

ALPHABETICAL

LIST,

ALPHABETICAL

LIST.

349

CHUN
516
I

578
578

EN
<lii

826

45
I

(384

CH'UN
167

CHU AN
/&

ER

563
563 864

1609 1992

20
3

#
^

l9i

992

CH'iJAN

CHUNG

^
f^

500
fsoo \424

170
57

^ ^

^
W
m
604
686
/j:.

552 835

CH'UNG
jli

232
f704 \232

a
H,

CHU
r 80 \861 861

377 625
625 742

754 754 826 826


996

CH'U

67

350

ALPHABETICAL
77

LIST.

m
HSIEH

390

20

m m
^j

650
963 163 163 41

342
662

HSIEN

^ r* ^
i
?|
*?5

27

1502 1305

770 124
[141 |l [792

M
fel

792

599

U M

390
303

ALPHABETICAL
490

LIST.

351

536 536

% ^
S
K'OU

871

K'UA

KUEI
728

483
903

LE
f^

LIA
1002

871

m
^1

^
KUAI

148
374

^
K'UNG
548

895

714 f5

^
li

1002
456
710

LIANG
196
.35

K'E

M
m

^
17

54 152

g
^

^ S
'^^t'

302
,

779

ll

548 843

'

944

f&

364
180
411

518 LEI 518 St

319
601

KU
17

K'UAI
'tfe

m-

KUO
530 522

m
M

a
^.

445 559

710 939

817 373

374 1^

109

600 HI 813
611 649

28
17

215

# ^
LENG
'^

448
939

530

564
f579

KUAN

K'UEI
|693
778

119

LIAO
138

411
|G22

KEI

#
116

292 262
361

310 ^ 481
95 95

51

^
LIEH

68
5e

a
m
KIJN

70 LI
fl79

^
KEN

929

LA

|212
739 172

-ta-

361
921

421
f421

U
57

M
M
t

711 718
711

K
i

It

216 ^l 814

1630

\223

684

360

630
f428

172

223 314 484 as

684

LAI

82 64
339 LIEN 82 '^ 936 936 974
799 799
351

K'UN
Sa
704 796 796

813
902

|726

K'UAN
K'EH
-J fa.

LAN
-m.

K'U
228

928 643

KEN6

^ ^
te

424 469
"777

M
56

144

KUNG

^ m
LANG

433

KUANG
'^

^ ^
KCTJ
J

280
696 I?
982

55 153

1492

965

KUA
^h
297 297

^
ig 119

301
175 247

m
g|5

821
766

761

351
164

670
296 871

K'UAUG
794

LAO

445 164
709

89
354
nh?.

m
&J

119 ^S 365 il

682

209 683

696 5^

569 ^^

608

352

ALPHABETICAL

LIST.

LIFG
-^

E
474
61

(138
1

472
61

446

446

LIU
31 629

732

^
LO

732

710
701

632 632

LOU
fl98 [392

392 793

LU
485

953
953

844 294
279

m
LUAN

793

320

931

ALPHABETICAL
744

LIST.

353

239

m
^
P'AN
^lO

238
274
937

24
901

09-

m
PANG

238

n ^
i'

675
675

675

PANG

603 503

m
PAO

80

[495 ;327

681 376

938 264
416 819

P'AO

327 495

^
PEI
;ifc

348

354

ALPHABETICAL
231
75

LIST.

1S

m
m

952

453
453
12

141
39 367

141

421
698
5:

855

SHOU
53
Its:

366

463 862
101

101 716
563

452

SHU
34

[71
[165

m
75

876
581 165 547

619 521

762

749
749

ALPHABETICAL

LIST.

355

356

ALPHABETICAL
877

LIST.

WEI
28
634

283 283

YEN

877
964 964 193 337

440
577 577
755

634
524

216
^4

83
83

640 ^' 538


431

827

510 848
971 772

YAO
24

728 728 728 897


ffc

456

m
J

456
f417

781

772

897

1322
77 1514 77 16

1001

YA

WEN
427

670 163
97

m
wo

65

703

m
2

5.33

858

721 736

858
958 958

757

811 538 906

wu
t: 77 IK
f527 1190

YEH
4

890

^ % 5
m.

173

YANG

555
105

507

441 253 m-

30 #:

697

446 -m

253

41

INDEX BY NUMBER OF STROKES.


A letter c indicate that the character
1

is

colloquial.

stroke

358

INDEX BY NtTMBEB OP STROKES.


375
57

Rc
^Ic

^c ac
I?

266

53
11

^^ U90

^M571
fee

A,<. (273

139

664

84

He

121

5 Strokes

{5te

INDEX BY NTJMBEE OP STROKES.


997
34 82 84 86

359 930
941
Vlll

291
85
If^e

873
894
796

f579

846
857

^ e 1622

624
581

301

93
101
fl05 1240

Me

Be
5f'Je

e
8 Strokes

9i7 955

298
30.;

202
321

709

570
741

,c

445

me #;e 260
555
719 547
!7ile

964 'efe
971 'Me

310
316

336

827

^e
7tte

343
794 355

He me

244

e
ISje
liinT

634
983
IW1

^
fine

107 fie 543


109

560 801 /l^e


619

974 f?o 984


)998

315 327

U
;$ C

mo
^
"

799
765

249 384 673 34


583
I

je 5cc

114
114 115

358
374
377

938

#e

^ne fl97
889
526

330
(332 1767

#e
i^e

562

953 359
691

n
^
Bf c

Me
f^c

341 345
{349

117
fl20 1294

f400

598
767
r279 (484

U06

Se

533
538
545

413
419

705 SSe 730

7 Strokes

122

664

^e

665

e f416 139 135 l|e 713 #15 e 1151 l^e 877 Se 675 963 4P C 135 723 446 467 386 966 c 136 722 |g f422 473 975 ^ne 100 136 (589 tlbc 732 497 585 980 138 iic 739 603 510 2 f563 f 42 IRe 578 855 1522 518 ffe 3 1146 f;J;c 756 733 ;te 388 530 pt 5 fpc 149 #0. 400 644 f549 10 " 157 {955 621 1629 206 10 f!fc 160 768 712 ;fXe 866 ^-J c 669 11 c 274 769 677 ;Se 258 717 20 221 770 597 728 f405 37 212 808 1847 564 608 216 Pffc 729 811 542 582 736 c 66 226 is. ^c J 820 830 690 1492 4fee 740 53 671 ;ie 652 i^c 815 744 57 fB.c 241 861 tte 822 784 fe 554 250 72 ^ 7x ^'^ 785 me 390 *Ee 865 'l^e 825 1534 ^- c 269 827 897 650 806 71 203 902 720 sac -^le 832 i^e 834 1t 73

:#

'I^e

548

^" ^e
fp5fc

350

353
359

Me

il.j!

t
fgc

mc
^e

372

#e

^e

^0

g^e

380
411

Me

*e

^ m

Me

m m
j^e
'x-e

414
439

450
463
(^^6

^e Me

7n

Mo

ge

^e
^0
5Re
^l^e

488 489

#e #e #e

^e ^e

493
281
296 297
178

Me
^0

^c

79

f287 1584

870

510

547

843

360 180

INDEX BY NUMBER OF STROKES.

INDEX BX NUMBEE OP STROKES.


189
192 516 fflc 518 519
}?&<'

361

920
942
945

Re

218
219

521

959

238

529 536

972 982 990 991 994


609

248
f215 (447

544 IRc 708 Jfcc


718
flic

269

270
275

725
731

813 948 648


601
589

282

733

284
289

758

;^c

762 ffc

290 292
305
J5J.

764
767

625

772

384 312
724 699

307

314
321

773

a"
E3.

775 788

332 352

335 if" 356 Bi"


357 fife

790
796
799

579 895 568 629 953


991

802 802

399

404 416
417 436 437 445 457 497 499
501 513

813
821

620
565

826
/198
(392

633 692 583 342

831

835 877

453 680 396


593 663

880

887 897 911

516

362

INDEX BY NUMBBl OF STROKES.


660 251 252
271 279
545
711
I

57-0

697

m<> 1141 Sic

(956 Jm.e

693 |gc
686

331 343 316 355 369

gc

720
407
c

^e
^JjC

464
615

662 f^c 678 c

12 Strokes

M.

'^

281 If 286 584 288

736

e
^e
ira a

743

619 rre 333

1"

5S8
750 755

578 374

I'

I,,??

Me Re me

394 W.c 684

fSc

374 407

262

Wi

634 668
172

33
39 41

313 lie 32 i

!!^e

602 ,Se
599

760
783 Vic 795
804

me
llice

we ^c

414 416

423 430
/435 1462

326 329 333 jic

590 144
385

884
454 202
595 703

48
53

^c Se Me
He

1^0 lie
+f
c

y^
54 56
75 77

53

334
344
361

Me

818 837
841
845

411 Die

448

649
f421 1530

553

We
pe
Ife

453 471
472

362 F^ve

788
636 22

373
376

704

858

83 98
99
4[if.

m
^e
e

683 1e

478
487

872 874
fiie

931 695

378 ife 401


c

^e me
^e

42 44 60
61

^e ^c
ijp^

498
502 516 522

883
889

Me
ile
If
e

99

431 ?|je

737 IS-e 513

73 !tc
c

me
ie
ire

101
116 119
134
*'ii

460
465

252
685

#;e f875

477

1896

484
c

Se
e

^c Me
?^e
fifie

82
(

^c We

610

83

900 914 466


924 927 935
961

893 449
177

fr,o

1716

161

490 wn nn
493

381 tic
e

114 133
159

199
f207 (696
BiSCC

^c
fie
flic

493 ^c
495

#e
iJeSte

nt

387

^e
i)|e

164
171

211 SEC

508
{ '.)73

^c

912 f|e

^c

214 230

^
55

51c

ol3 iie

215

525

me

f638 13 Strokes 1962 ifee

242 258
273
279 306

537
c

967

Bfc

383
797

232 240

538 540

968

^0

981

978 fie

364

IXDEX BY NUMBEE OK STROKES.

^c gc
240 ffc 328 344 452

936 928 987 996 395 696


f428 (726

|c

m
gc
[file

668 ft" 63S


706
575

322 gjc 433 435 439


456

308!.*|c

922 24 Strokes

Mc

428

lie

Sc c
HJ
c

398

471 22 Strokes 485 592 PM 512

^c
c

320 446 479

He
?Ke

653
889
903
921

514
716

537

age

99

^c gc

454
799

i
fc ic ic EC

748

^e
,|c

277
511 735

25 Strokes

750

Me

787

^
11
c

826

828
837

Me
ifc
11 II

^c @c He

643 680
689

m<^

753 775 21 Strokes 351


fcl

941
954

^c

^c
IMe

726 ||c

^c

294
'''^^

886

953 fie

792
27 Strokes

615

840 868 891


19 Strokes

39 20 Strokes

Si
396

172

^c

177

gc ^c Me
mc

793
706
23 Strokes

Ho

632

749 ffc

292
299
799

gc
ffic

914 ijc
925 nlc

$c

839 fie

264 jic 285

He

286 -Ifc 307

826 i|c 849

He

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