NIGC:- WEEK 2

Element 1:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control

Precautions in maintenance o Work Equipment Use of permit to work Isolation/locking off Dissipation of stored energy Segregation Safe means of access Use of PPE Competent personnel Ensure safe environment (allow to cool) Hazards o maintenance !ork opposite o a"o#e plus C emicals !iological "s#estos $ot or cold Pressure to complete work $ec%anical Hazards o $ac%iner& Entanglement %raps Impact Contact E&ection EN'ICE (ra! e)amples o entan*lement+ crus%in*+ dra!in* in+ s%ear Non-$ec%anical Hazards o $ac%iner& C emical/#iological a'ards Dust and fumes Ergonomics Electricity (ire/e)plosion $a'ardous su#stances *anual andling +oise ,adiation Sta#ility of mac ine %emperature e)tremes Ultra violet lig t -i#ration
1

, ice mac%iner&: - P%otocopier and -%redder Common %azards Electrical Ergonomic +oise Sta#ility of mac ine ,t%er Hazards P%otocopier Drawing in %rap #etween moving parts C emicals Ultra violet lig t

(ocument s%redder Drawing in to cutters Contact wit cutters Dust

$anu acturin*.$aintenance $ac%iner&: /enc% top *rinder.Pedestal drill Common Hazards Electricity Ergonomics Dust Sta#ility of mac ine ,t%er %azards /enc% top *rinder Contact wit rotating w eel Drawing into t e trap #etween t e tool rest and w eel E&ected parts of w eel or workpiece (ire and sparks -i#ration

Pedestal drill Entanglement Contact (Sta##ing/puncture) Impact from an unsecured workpiece Cutting from swarf E&ection of a #roken #it or materials *anual andling

0*ricultural.Horticultural $ac%iner&:- C&linder mo!er and strimmer Common Hazards !iological e.g. animal droppings C emicals e.g. er#icides Electrical (ire/e)plosion if petrol Ergonomics *anual andling +oise and vi#ration E&ection of materials
2

,t%er Hazards C&linder mo!er Contact wit rotating #lades Entanglement in #lades

-trimmer Contact wit cutter Entanglement wit cutter

1etail $ac%iner&:- Waste Compactor.C%eckout Con#e&or Common %azards Electricity Ergonomics *anual andling ,t%er Hazards Waste Compactor Impact Crus !iological infection from waste

C%eckout Con#e&or Drawing in traps +on/ionising radiation (Scanner)

Construction $ac%iner&:- Cement $i)er.Circular -a! Common Hazards Dust Electricity Sta#ility of mac ine Ergonomics %rapping #etween fi)ed and moving parts +oise ,t%er Hazards Cement $i)er Entanglement C emicals *anual andling Circular -a! Drawing into rotating #lade Contact E&ection of materials

$ac%iner& Hierarc%& o Controls (i)ed guards 0t er guards or protection devices Protective devices (1igs2 $olders2 Pus Sticks) Information2 Instruction2 %raining and Supervision 2i)ed Guards:- 0 p%&sical "arrier not connected to mac%ine controls !%ic% %as no mo#in* parts and requires a tool to remo#e it

2i)ed Guards 0d#anta*es *inimal maintenance 0nly defeated #y deli#erate act 0nly visual inspection *ay protect against ot er a'ards e.g. noise2 dust2 e&ection of materials

(isad#anta*es +ot linked to mac ine controls +o protection w en removed "ccess to dangerous parts w en removed *ore difficult to remove not practical w en fre3uent access re3uired %ends to #e left unfi)ed w en fre3uent access re3uired *ay amper visi#ility

Interlock Guard:- 3inked to t%e mac%ine controls so t%at !%en t%e mac%ine is in a dan*erous condition t%e *uard cannot "e opened or openin* t%e *uard causes t%e mac%ine to "ecome sa e Interlock Guard 0d#anta*es "llow safe access for feeding materials Convenient to use 4ess likely to #e deli#erately defeated Speeds up operations (isad#anta*es Increase t e comple)ity of t e mac ine Difficult to test and maintain *ay need a #rake or time delay Components could fail in service ,egular maintenance re3uired *ay not fail to safety

Element 2:- $o#ement o People and $aterials

Hazards to pedestrians Slips2 trips and falls on same level (alls from eig t Collisions wit moving ve icles Precautions or accidents on -taircases ,emoval of o#structions Provision of non/slip surfaces ,eflective edging "de3uate lig ting Effective maintenance Use of signs 5idt Provision of andrails Dimensions treads and risers 4andings Consider disa#led persons "void t e need to carry eavy o#&ects up and down Causes o accidents on staircases opposite o a"o#e 0ccidents on !alk!a&s almost t%e same Hazards o ork trucks 0verturning 0verloading 4oss of loads Collision wit ot er ve icles Collision wit pedestrians E)plosions and fire W%& can trucks o#erturn %ravelling on gradients t at are too steep %ravelling forwards w en descending slopes 0verloaded or unevenly loaded %ravelling over soft or uneven ground %ravelling over slippery surfaces %ravelling too fast Striking ker#s or ot er edges +ot suita#le for t e task Carrying loads at a dangerous eig ts 'o a#oid o#erturnin* opposite o a"o#e

Parkin* o ork trucks Put in neutral Put on and#rake Switc off engine ,emove key 6ive key to appropriate person (orks on floor *ast slig tly forward Parked in suita#le location +o #locking of e)its 0dditional %azards o electric ork trucks $ydrogen gas released during #attery c arging Electricity pro#lems *anual andling of li3uids Corrosive acids % ey are 3uiet (ri#er selection Suita#le age *edical e)amination ,outine medical c ecks at regular intervals "ssessment after prolonged a#sences Capa#le of %raining ,efres er training -a et& o pedestrians in #e%icle mo#in* areas Segregation Suita#le parking areas "void reversing if possi#le 0ne/way systems "void s arp or #lind #ends Sufficiently wide entrances and gateways -ision aids Speed limits Signallers (!anksmen) Protection from fumes Protection from materials falling off $ig visi#ility &ackets

Element 4:- $anual and $ec%anical Handlin* Hazards

$anual Handlin* In5uries E)ternal7/ Cuts2 #ruises2 a#rasions2 crus in&uries Internal7/ Strains2 %ears2 $ernias Hierarc%& to reduce %andlin* in5uries "void andling "ssess Implement controls $anual Handlin* 1isk 0ssessment 3oad 5eig t Si'e S ape ,igidity Difficult to grasp Unsta#le S arp2 ot2 cold etc. Indi#idual Se) Stature Individual capa#ility %raining Persons assessment of own capa#ility 'ask $olding away from trunk %wisting Stooping ,eac ing upwards 4arge vertical movement 4ong carrying distances Strenuous pus ing or pulling Unpredicta#le movement of loads ,epetitive andling Insufficient rest or recovery 5ork rate imposed #y t e process En#ironment Constraints on posture Poor floors -ariations in levels $ot/Cold/ umid conditions Poor lig ting

Correct Kinetic Handlin* 'ec%nique "ssess t e load Close to load as possi#le Secure grip Suita#le feet position !ack straig t !end t e knees 4oad close to t e #ody Smoot movement Con#e&ors Hazards %rapping in drive mec anisms %raps2 +ips2 Drawing in S arp edges Items &amming conveyor (alling o#&ects ,iding or crossing conveyor Impact wit o#&ects +oise *anual andling Electrical a'ards '&pes o Cranes *o#ile %ower 6antry 0ver ead Cranes ma& ail "ecause o 0verturning 0verloading Unsuita#le support or inade3uate #ases for crane 4oss of load (ailure of load 4ack of maintenance (ailure of load #earing part Precautions 6uards2 +o loose clot ing Pop out rollers2 nip guards Edge protection2 eliminate edges "de3uate design Edge guards2 #arriers !ridges2 complete enclosure $elmets2 padding $earing protection *ec anical andling Suita#le electrical e3uipment

-a e use o Cranes Suita#le crane Suita#le ground conditions Use of outriggers "voidance of o#structions Care near over ead power lines Designated and protected area Suita#le and tested lifting tackle Correct slinging tec ni3ue Competent personnel 4oad near ground if travelling 6ood visi#ility 6ood communications Suita#le storage for fuels etc Hazards opposite o a"o#e plus Use of crane in ig winds Emplo&ee sa et& durin* li tin* %rained personnel Properly trained e3uipment E3uipment as ad statutory inspections 5arning of lift taking place +o employee to walk under load Ensure load is secure S54 of crane and tackle not e)ceeded 4ifted to correct eig t *oved at appropriate speed "de3uate supervision 4ifting "ccessories (%ackle) $ain Hazards 0verloading/used a#ove safe working load Incorrect use e.g. too wide an angle wit c ains Insecure attac ment of load Damage to tackle Incorrect slinging met od (ailure to e)amine and inspect pre/use Incompetent staff Precautions opposite o a"o#e

Element 6:- C%emical and "iolo*ical %ealt% %azards and controls

'ar*et ,r*ans:- 0 part o t%e "od& !%ic% sustains an ad#erse e ect !%en it is e)posed to or "& contaminated "& a particular %arm ul a*ent E)amples:- *ercury2 4ead t e #rain "s#estos2 "mmonia t e 4ungs /odies de ences a*ainst dust % e air and wetness of t e nose % e c ange of direction of t e laryn) Snee'ing and coug ing % e air cells in t e respiratory tract %ears and #linking of t e eyes (ermatitis -&mptoms:- !listers2 Inflammation2 Dryness2 reddening2 cracking of skin Protecti#e measures a*ainst dermatitis Eliminate t e su#stance Su#stitution of t e su#stance !arrier creams2 6ood ygiene practices PPE 1outes o entr& in t%e "od& In alation Ingestion "#sorption Direct entry In&ection 0cute e ects:- 0d#erse %ealt% e ects resultin* rom sin*le or s%ort term e)posure !%ic% is usuall& re#ersi"le e7*7 0lco%ol C%ronic:- 0d#erse %ealt% term e ects resultin* rom prolon*ed or repeated e)posure leadin* to a *radual o ten irre#ersi"le e ects e7*7 li#er disease caused "& 0lco%ol

10

Classi ication o Hazardous -u"stances Irritant:- Non-corrosi#e su"stances !%ic% t%rou*% immediate+ prolon*ed or repeated contact !it% skin or mucous mem"rane ma& cause in lammation e7*7 Petrol Corrosi#e:- -u"stances !%ic% on contact !it% li#in* tissue ma& destro& it "& "urnin* e7*7 acids Harm ul:- -u"stances !%ic% i s!allo!ed+ in%aled or penetrate t%e skin ma& cause dama*e to %ealt% 8er& 'o)ic:- 0 poisonous su"stance !%ic% in lo! quantities ma& cause deat%+ acute or c%ronic dama*e to %ealt% 'o)ic:- 0 poisonous su"stance !%ic% in lo! quantities ma& cause deat%+ acute or c%ronic dama*e to %ealt% Carcino*enic:- -u"stances !%ic% cause disorders to cell *ro!t% t%at ma& lead to cancer In ormation on $anu acturers -a et& data s%eets Identification of t e su#stance *anufacturers information Composition of t e ingredients (irst/aid precautions (ire/fig ting measures $andling and storage PPE Disposal considerations %ransport information ,egulatory information Gra" -ampler 9C%emical stain detector tu"e: (ra! it 0d#anta*es 4ow cost %akes little time Immediate result 4ittle training Information during spillage 6ood for coarse indication (isad#anta*es Inaccurate Positioning of tu#e 0nly a snap s ot Inefficient C emical use only Su#stance specific

11

Hazardous su"stance risk assessment ; steps as normal Control o %ealt% %azards Eliminate 1educe "& su"stitution Isolate:%otal Enclosure Segregate t e people Control Engineering Control (4E-) *aintenance of controls C ange t e work pattern or met od $ygiene and ousekeeping PPE (iscipline Emer*enc& controls or spilla*e+ air pollution etc7 -entilation systems alarmed PPE Emergency s owers2 eye was facilities !ooms2 sawdust2 spillage procedures Evacuation procedures Isolation of t e area Evacuation of t e employees at risk PPE for staff involved in clear up 3ocal E)%aust 8entilation $ain Parts:- Hood+ (uctin*+ 2ilter+ 2an (ra! it 3E8 "ecomes ine icient "ecause o :!locked filters 4ack of maintenance Position of ood Unaut orised alterations !roken ducting 5ear of fan #lades Incorrect settings Increased contaminant level Inade3uate design (ailure of operators to use it C%ecks opposite o a"o#e

12

-peci ic 0*ents 0mmonia Strongly alkaline colourless gas wit a pungent odour. It is a corrosive and can cause irritation to t e eyes and upper respiratory tract in small concentrations. 4arge concentrations can cause #lindness and fluid in t e lungs. Eye protection and respiratory protection essential. 0s"estos $ain t&pes:- /lue+ /ro!n and W%ite (iseases:- 0s"estosis+ 3un* cancer+ $esot%elioma <ses Pipe lagging 5all and roof panels Ceiling tiles %e)tured coatings Insulation materials 6askets !rake linings Car"on (io)ide Colourless and odourless gas w ic is eavier t an air. 4ow levels increases t e rate of respiration and ig levels depress t e rate of respiration leading to unconsciousness and even deat . Produced in fermentation process e.g. #reweries. Car"on $ono)ide Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas. (ound w ere incomplete com#ustion occurs e.g. #oilers2 ve icle e) austs In alation of t e gas results in eadac e2 drowsiness2 flus ed 8pink9 appearance and ultimately asp y)iation C%lorine " greenis to)ic gas wit a pungent smell w ic is ig ly irritant to t e respiratory system. (usts +uisance dust can cause ast ma2 #ronc itis2 emp ysema and conditions suc as as#estos2 Silicosis.

13

(ust Identi ication -isual signs of dust Dust lamps Static or personal sampling $ealt surveillance Control measures or dust Elimination Su#stitution e.g. pellets instead of powders Enclosure of t e process 4ocal e) aust ventilation -acuuming instead of sweeping Damping down 4imiting time of e)posure 4imiting num#ers e)posed ,espiratory protective e3uipment 3ead " eavy2 soft and easily worked metal. Can enter #ody #y eating contaminated food #ut usually #y #reat ing fumes or dust. "cute lead poisoning can result in nausea2 eadac es2 effects on t e nervous system sometimes deat in severe cases. ,r*anic -ol#ents % ese dissolve ot er su#stances and are also used as cleaning and degreasing agents. % ey are volatile and evaporate 3uickly at room temperature so t eir vapours can #e drawn into t e lungs. "cute effects are irritation of t e eyes2 skin2 t roat and lungs. Effects may #e eadac es2 nausea2 di''iness and loss of consciousness and in e)treme cases in deat . Isoc&anates 0rganic compounds widely used in industry for products suc as spray painting of ve icles and production of polyuret ane ru##ers and foams. Inflammation of t e nasal passages and t roat can lead to ast ma. -ilica (ound in sand2 granite etc. and t e ealt a'ard comes from #reat ing it in w ic can lead to t e lung disease silicosis.

14

/iolo*ical 0*ents 3eptospirosis or Weils disease !acteria found in t e urine of female rats and t e most common source is in river water2 sewers etc. Enters t e #ody t roug puncture of t e skin or ingestion. "ttacks t e kidneys and liver causing ig temperatures and may #e fatal. 3e*ionella "n air#orne #acterium found in water sources suc as cooling towers2 stagnant water etc. It is caused #y in alation of air#orne droplets of water containing t e legionella #acteria leading to a form of pneumonia i.e. #reat ing difficulties2 ig temperature and possi#le deat . % ose at greatest risk are middle aged smokers or elderly people wit c est pro#lems. Control measures involve temperature control and monitoring2 avoiding 8dead legs9 legs in pipework2 #iocide treatment and effective cleaning and maintenance. Hepatitis " disease of t e liver and can cause ig temperatures2 nausea and &aundice. It is caused #y a'ardous su#stances or a virus. $ealt workers and t ose andling #odily fluids are most at risk. % e control measures involve inoculation and good ygiene practices. Control measures or /iolo*ical Hazards Cleaning and disinfection 5ater treatment -ermin control Containment of t e #iological agent "voidance of s arp implements Proper disposal of contaminated waste Immunisation Persona ygiene PPE Waste -tora*e Sufficient storage area Clearly t e la#el t e storage area Ensure storage area secure Protect storage area wit #unds etc. Store different types of waste separately +ever store incompati#le waste toget er Select appropriate containers :eep 3uantities of waste to a minimum Protect waste from t e elements

15

Element ;:- P%&sical and ps&c%olo*ical %azards

Er*onomics % e study of t e relations ip #etween workers and t eir environment2 work e3uipment and work task. 5ork ,elated Upper 4im# Disorders (5,U4Ds) Causes o W1<3(s ,epetitive finger2 and or arm movements %wisting movements S3uee'ing $ammering Pus ing2 pulling or reac ing movements -&mptoms +um#ness in fingers Pains in ands or arms ,estriction of &oint movement Soft tissue swelling 2actors to "e considered durin* risk assessment (orce e)erted (re3uency and duration of operation ,epetition of movement wit out rest or recovery Posture Constraints on space Environment Impro#e a"o#e plus:*ec anise task Use correct tools and e3uipment (ispla& -creen Equipment 9(-Es: Healt% e ects Upper lim# pains and discomfort Eye and eyesig t effects Epilepsy ,adiation effects on pregnant women (atigue and stress

Workstation requirements
16

"de3uate lig ting *inimum noise "mple legroom Suita#le screen at eye level Suita#le softwear :ey#oard 5ork surface Suita#le work c air (ootrest if necessary Healt% e ects o remainin* seated or a lon* time -erte#ral and muscular damage $ig #lood pressure Circulation pro#lems -uita"le -eat or sedentar& !orkers 6ood lum#ar support 6ood widt and dept "#ility to ad&ust seat #ack and eig t Sta#le #ase "#ility to swivel Provision of arm rests Wel are and En#ironment issues Wel are Sufficient toilets 5as ing facilities Eating and c anging facilities Clot ing storage Seating ,est areas "rrangements for non/smokers Workin* en#ironment %emperature -entilation 4ig ting ,oom dimensions Suita#le work stations and seating 5eat er protection for outdoor workstations

17

Healt% e ects o poor li*%tin* Eye strain $eadac es Poor posture %ripping over unseen o#&ects Increased likeli ood of uman error Increased time to vacate work area 2actors to consider !%en assessin* adequac& o li*%tin* % e tasks #eing undertaking % e si'e and layout of t e work area % e e3uipment used "vaila#ility of natural lig t S ift times/work patterns Suita#le num#er of artificial lig t Contrast levels 6lare "reas in s adow +eed for localised lig ting *aintenance of lig ting "de3uate emergency lig ting Noise Noise terminolo*& 2requenc&:- '%e num"er o !a#e ronts assi*n a point in one second measured in Hertz Intensit&:- '%e loudness o t%e noise (eci"el:- '%e sound pressure le#el =0> Wei*%tin*:- 0 ilter in t%e noise meter t%at equates t%e noise to %o! t%e %uman ear percei#es t%e noise Hearin* (ama*e 0cute Stress %emporary t res old s ift %emporary tinnitus !last deafness C%ronic +oise induced earing loss Permanent t res old s ift Permanent tinnitus Pre#yacusis

18

Noise Control -ource Design Damping Isolate *aintenance Pat% Screens and #arriers Enclosure "#sorption Silencer '%e Person Distance %ime e)posed Information and training 3imitations on Personal Hearin* Protection +ot worn correctly +ot fitted correctly +ot properly maintained Uncomforta#le or inconvenient to wear +eeds constant management commitment *ay introduce secondary risks Hand-0rm 8i"ration Healt% E ects %ingling in t e ands and e)tremities +um#ness and #lanc ing of t e fingers Swollen painful &oints ,eduction in manual de)terity ,eduction in t e sensation of touc Control $easures Elimination 1educe t%e de*ree o #i"ration Select low vi#ration e3uipment Select ergonomically designed e3uipment *aintenance of e3uipment ,educe grip and pus force wit work e3uipment ,educe t e time workers e)posed Introduce ealt surveillance 6loves and eated pads Information and training on t e nature of risks
19

Work in a Hot En#ironment Healt% e ects Skin #urns Cataracts De ydration $eat cramps $eadac es (ainting Precautions *edical pre/selection "cclimatisation 4imit time of e)posure Cold drinks PPE Work in Cold En#ironment Healt% e ects $ypot ermia 4oss of concentration S ivering (rost #ite Precautions *edical pre/selection "cclimatisation 4imit time of e)posure $ot drinks Insulated clot ing 1adiation Non-Ionisin* '&pe Infrared 4asers *icrowaves Ultra/violet Healt% e ects !urns ,eddening of t e skin Cataracts "rc eye %emporary sterility <se in Industr& $eating and #ra'ing Cutting2 !ar code readers (ood preparation2 Signal transmission 5elding

20

Ionisin* 1adiation '&pe "lp a !eta 6amma ;/,ay +eutron

<se in Industr& Smoke detectors % ickness testing +on/Destructive testing *edical !y product nuclear fission C%ronic E ects Cancers Sterility $ereditary defects Effects on un#orn c ildren Deat

0cute e ects rom %i*% dose ,eddening of t e skin ,adiation sickness2 +ausea2 -omiting2 Diarr oea $air loss Deat

Control $easures %ime Distance S ielding ,t%ers PPE Environmental and personal monitoring Correct disposal of radiation materials 6ood ygiene practices %raining and supervision 8iolence at !ork ,ccupations at risk %a)i drivers $ospitals Sc ools Cas transactions Delivery/collection of money Control measures %raining and information % e environment Design of t e &o# Communication 4one working ,eporting and recording incidents

21

-tress P%&sical E ects $eadac es Di''iness "c ing neck and s oulders Skin ras es Prone to infections Panic attacks ,aised eart rate Increased #lood pressure $eart disease Stomac ulcers Causes o -tress Culture Demands Control ,elations ips C ange ,ole Individual Environment Control measures or stress Selecting suita#le employees %raining Clearly defined roles Clearly work o#&ectives Comforta#le working environment 6ood lines of communication ,ealistic work sc edules Employee involvement 6rievance procedure Impartial investigation of stress *anagement support Ps&c%olo*ical e ects Increased an)iety ,educed concentration Irrita#ility Sudden mood c anges Ina#ility to cope ,educed work output Increased use of alco ol2 etc Poor sleep patterns

22

Element ?:- Electrical Hazards and Control

$ain Hazards o Electricit& !urns S ock "rcing (ire E)plosions -econdar& E ects o Electricit& (alls from eig t Unintentional movement of mac ine De/activation of control measures 4oss of information % row off Healt% e ects o Electricit& on t%e "od& Damage to nervous system Irregular eart#eat ((i#rillation) Internal #urns E)ternal #urns *uscular contractions Stopping #reat ing Stopping of t e eart 2actors In luencin* se#erit& o electrical s%ock -oltage Current %ime Conductivity or resistance Current pat 0ction on indin* someone in contact !it% electricit& Isolate t e supply if possi#le Summon elp 6ive first/aid if capa#le ,emain wit casualty until emergency services arrive Causes o Electrical 2ire Inade3uate circuits 0verloaded circuits Incorrect fuses Damaged insulation 4oose connections (lamma#le materials too close to electrical e3uipment 0ver eating of ca#les
23

-a et& o Porta"le Electrical 0ppliances '%e appliance:!attery operated C ecked #efore use Suita#le selected e3uipment Properly maintained e3uipment '%e 3ead:Ensure not run over #y ve icles Dragged over roug services %rapped in mac inery E)posed to ot surfaces or corrosive c emicals Continuous fle)ing @oints+ Connections and plu*s:*akes ift temporary connections 4eads getting pulled out Poor made connections (use #eing replaced !attery operated 2use:- 0 !eak link desi*ned to melt+ "reakin* t%e circuit at e)cessi#e currents Circuit /reakers:- Electroma*netic de#ice !%ic% per orm t%e same unction as uses i7e7 "reak t%e circuit at e)cessi#e current alt%ou*% sli*%tl& aster Eart%in*:- Electricit& !ill al!a&s tr& reac% eart% and eart%in* means pro#idin* a pat% to eart% lo!er t%an t%e %uman "od& Isolation:- '%e disconnection and separation o t%e electrical equipment rom e#er& source o electrical equipment in suc% a !a& t%at t%e disconnection and separation is secure 1educed #olta*e s&stems:- /& reducin* t%e #olta*e present s&stem t%e consequences o electrical s%ock can "e *reatl& reduced 1esidual Current (e#ices 91C(::- It compares t%e current lo!in* into t%e s&stem !it% t%e current lo!in* out7 W%en t%e le#el di ers "& a preset #alue t%e 1C( !ill open rapidl& and interrupt t%e suppl& (ou"le Insulation:- Co#erin* li#e parts "& t!o separated la&ers o insulation

24

<ser c%ecks E3uipment is of an approved standard 5iring and casing are free from damage Ca#les are correctly routed System not overloaded Correct fuses Plug properly wired and gripped Competent users Using reduced voltage in wet conditions Using ,CDs , ice En#ironments Suita#le e3uipment manufactured to appropriate standards "void t e use of trailing ca#les "void multi/socket e)tensions Control private electrical e3uipment #roug t from ome ,eport defective and damaged e3uipment Ensure effective eating Switc off overnig t %est appliances at regular intervals

25

Element A:- Construction 0cti#ities Hazards and Control

-ite Precautions or c%ildren (encing Security Cameras 5arning signs -isit sc ools %ake c ildren to site on visits 4ock away ve icle keys 4ock away a'ardous c emicals ,emove ladders Cover oles ,educe eig ts of materials Hazards or repair o 2lat 1oo (alling off (alling t roug "ccess $ot #itumen !urning gases (umes (ire *anual andling 3adders Hazards in use (alling off 0verreac ing Carrying up materials Unsuita#le ladder 4adder not properly secured Incorrect angle +ot reac ing a#ove landing place "luminium ladders near electrical lines -ca oldin* (ra! and la"el ke& parts o an independent 'ied -ca old Inspection c%eckin* t%e a"o#e are correct Plus Staggered &oints +ot overloaded Suita#le access -%o! %o! sca old is attac%ed to t%e "uildin* $o"ile 'o!er -ca old
26

Precautions Erected #y competent persons Pre use inspections Positioned on firm ground Correct eig t to widt ratio <.= ) narrowest side Use of outriggers to #roaden #ase %ying in to ad&acent structure People and materials removed #efore moving $andrails and toe #oards Suita#le work platform +ot overloaded Hazards opposite o a"o#e $o"ile Ele#atin* Work Plat orms Hazards People falling or #eing t rown *aterials falling Crus ing #etween carrier and a fi)ed structure Collapse or o#erturnin* o $EWP caused "& E3uipment failure Unsuita#le ground conditions Defective or unused outriggers 0verloading of t e carrier Struck #y load Struck #y anot er ve icle Interference wit controls Precautions opposite o a"o#e -uspended access cradles and plat orms Precautions Pre/use inspections Supports to #uilding of ade3uate strengt Suita#ly maintained Safe access and egress +ot e)ceed safe working load 6uard rails and toe #oards fitted Safety arnesses worn 4imitations on use in strong winds E)ca#ations
27

$ain %azards Undermining foundations Collapse Underground services Persons falling in -e icles close to edge "ccess and egress $a'ardous atmosp eres (looding Contamination %ype of soil ,emoval of soil Precautions or a"o#e Precautions or under*round ser#ices Plan &o# 4ocate ca#les "void ca#les Safe digging procedures Hazards o (emolition Underground and over ead services (alls from eig t (all of materials Premature collapse $ealt a'ards 6ases and vapours +oise -i#ration Ionising radiations !iological a'ards Precautions opposite o a"o#e plus E)clusion 'ones Safe met od of demolition PPE

28

Element B:- 2ire Hazards and Control

Causes o ire "rson Electrical faults *isuse of electrical e3uipment Smokers> materials 0il/gas eating e3uipment and porta#le eaters Unsafe storage of materials Use of flamma#le li3uids or gases in unsuita#le areas 5elding/ ot work *ec anical eat (Sparks/friction) % e fire triangle7/ (uel2 Source of ignition2 0)ygen (las point7/ % e temperature at w ic a vapour given off #y su#stance will ignite w en #roug t to a source of ignition Classes o ire 0 Com"usti"le solids 9Coal+ paper etc7: / 2lamma"le liquids 90lco%ol+ Petrol: C 2lamma"le *ases 9/utane+ %&dro*en+ propane: ( $etals 2 Cookin* media 98e*eta"le oil or animal ats: $et%od o Heat 'rans er (irect Contact:- '%e lame and a com"usti"le uel are in direct contact and t%e uel %eats up and e#entuall& i*nites7 Conduction:- Heat tra#els !it%in a solid material rom %otter to cooler parts 1adiation:- Heat is radiated t%rou*% t%e air causin* %eatin* o a materials at a distance rom t%e ire7 Con#ection:- Hot air rises in currents causin* t%e "uild up o %ot and un"urnt *ases under ceilin*s etc7 and allo!s ire to spread rom one room to anot%er7

29

2ire precautions to minimise t%e risk to people in t%e e#ent o ire Suita#le (ire/smoke detection 2ire 0larms:Suita#le ,egular %esting Contact wit emergency services $eans o escape %ravel distances Stairways (ire doors Signage Emergency lig ting "ssem#ly points $eans o i*%tin* t%e ire Suita#le e)tinguis ers Properly sited e)tinguis ers %raining in use of e)tinguis ers E)tinguis ers properly maintained Emer*enc& e#acuation procedures (ire mars als (ire notices (ire drills ,oll calls Provisions for dia#led 3imitin* num"ers o persons

30

31