Blood cell Test BbbbWBC(White Blood Cell) Kkkkkk- also referred to as leukocytes 4,500-11,000/mm ---- Neutrophils -one type

of white blood cell thats in circulation for only a very short time.---phagocytosis, trapping & disposing of bacterial pathogens. 2,500-8,000 cells per 3 mm RBC ( Red Blood Cell) -Erythrocytes, carry O2 via hemoglobin. Giving red color to blood. 120 days survive in peripheral blood circulation. - A fluctuation in the no. may indicate infections & disease states dealing with impaired immune system status (cancer, excess stress/catabolism). Severe trauma, bacterial infx, inflammatory or metabolic disorders & stress.

Viral infx, bacterial infx, or a rotten diet

Adult Male 4,700,0006,100,00 cells/uL Adult Female 4,200,005,400,000 cells/uL Hemoglobin - Impt. Part of each red blood cell surface. Carrier of dissolved gases, O2 & CO2 Youngster/ adolescents: 1015.5 g/dl Adult males 14-18 g/dl Adult Females 12-16 g/dl Congenital heart disease, Hematocrit dehydration, - Used to measure the percentage of the total diarrhea, burns blood volume thats made up of red blood cells. Youngster/ adolescents: 3244% Adult Men 42-52% Adult Women 37-47%

In no. when androgens are Anemia, used coz androgens increase - Leukemia & after hemorrhage, EPO ( erythropeitin) when blood volume has been production and Red blood cell restored. division which can increase BP & result in Stroke CVA - In severe diarrhea & dehydration, polycythemia, acute poisoning, pulmonary fibrosis. Indiactor of congenital Anemia, lymphoma, kidney disease, heart disease, congestive severe hemorrhage, cancer, sickle cell heart failure, severe burns, or anemia, excessive fluid intake DHN. Being in high altitudes, or use of androgens.

Anemia, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, hemorrhage, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, pregnancy, malnutrition, a sucking knife wound to the chest, etc.

MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) this is one of 3 RBC indices used to check for abnormalities. MCV- size or volume of the average RBC. Adult Male 80-100 fl Adult Female 79-98 fl Adolescent 78-100 fl MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) is the weight of hemoglobin present in the average RBC. Adolescent : 35-45 pg Adult Male 26-34 pg Adult Female 26-34 pg MCHC ( Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) is the measurement of the amount of hemoglobin present in the average RBC as compared to its size. RDW (Red cell distribution width) - is an indicator of the variation in RBC size. Used in order to help classify certain types of anemia, & to see if some of the RBC need their suits tailored. Adult Male 11.7-14.2 % Adult Female 11.7-14.4% Platelets or Thrombocytes essential for your bodys ability to form blood clots & thus stop bleeding. Adult: 150.000-400,000/mm3 Or ( 150-400x10(9th)/L) ABS( Diffrential blood Cell Type Counts) measures the

Abnormally small RBC ( microcytic) Vit. B12 or folic acid deficiency as well as liver disease.

RBCs are abnormally lager ( or Macrocytic), iron deficeincy anemia or thalassemia.

----- another way to assess wheter some sort of anemia or deficiency is present.

Seen after androgen use.

Iron defiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning

Iron deficiency anemia, vit B12 or folate deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia.

Malignant disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, iron deficiency anemia

Infection, various types of anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, during cancer chemotheraphy

percentage of each type of leukocutes or white blood cell present in the same specimen. Determine wheter theres a bacterial or parasitic infection, as well as immune reaction, etc. NeutrophilsNormal 55-70%

Basophils- both basophils & eosinophils are present in an allergic reaction & parasite infection. These types of cells dont increase in response to viral or bacterial infections. Basophils : 0.5-1.0 % Eosinophils: 1.0-4.0 % Lymphocytes & Monocytes Lymphocytes- can be divided in 2 different types of cells: T cells & B cells. T cells- are involved in immune reactions. B cells are involved in antibody poroiduction. Main job is to fight bacterial & viral infections. Monocytes- similar to neutrophils but are proiduced more rapidly & stay in the system for longer period of time.

Severe trauma, stress & bacterial infections, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders Either allergic response has occurred or a zophiulic pathogen infection is present.

Viral infection, bacterial infection or deficient diet.

Lymphocytes: 20-40% Monocytes: 2-8% Liver Lipid Panel- used to determine possible risk for coronary & vascular disease, heart disease.

HDL/LDL & Total Cholesterol HDL- good lipoprotein that acts as a scavenger molecule & prevents a building of material. LDL- Bad lipoprotein that sticks to arterial walls & causes plaque, eventual blockage or reduction in blood flow. HDL > 35 LDL<130 Total cholesterol/ HDL ratio <3.5 VLDL ( very low density lipoprotein) < 30mg/dl ( risk indicator for heart disease) Triglycerides- are simple form of circulating & stored fat, are bound & transported by VLDL & LDL complexes. 16-19 yr-old male : 40-163 mg/dl Adlut Male : 40-160 mg/dl 16-19 yr-old female : 40-128 md?dl Adult Female : 35-135mg/ dl Homocysteine- formed in the metabolism of the dietary amino acid methionine & folic acid. It is a strong risk factor for atherosclerosis. - Indicator of improper metabolism of B vitamins (usually form a shortage) or a shortage of methylation equivalents in liver. Males & females age 0-3: 4.68.1 umol/L Males age 30-59: 6.3-11.2 umol/L Females age 30-59: 4.5-7.9 umol?l .59 years of age 5.8-11.9 umol/L

Low cholesteraol values are indicators of severe liver disease ( bile acid disease).

Triglyceride levels can be increased if food or alcohol is consumed 12-24 hrs prior to blood testing- asked fast for 12-14 hrs from food & avoid alcohol for 24 hours prior testing. Risk factor of heart disease.

Excessive dietatry intake, Can result from deficit diet, cushings syndrome, excessive Addisons disease, diarrhe, vomiting, sweating, severe burns, & chronic renal insufficiency, excessive prolonged dehydration. water intake, and congestive heart

failure. Anabolic steroids will result in an increased level of sodium as well. Clinical Values of Electrolytes & Other Anlytes Sodium- this cation ( an ion with a positive charge) is mainly found in extracellular spaces & is responsible for maintaining a balance of water in the body. - When plasma sodium rises, the kidneys conserve water. - When sodium concentraiuon is low, the kidnes conserve sodium & excrete water. Adult Range: 136-145 mEq/L Potassium- in an extremely important intracellular cation, responsible for nerve condition & ion balance across membranes. Adult range : 3.5-5 mEq/L Chloride this is the major extracellular anion (an ion carrying a negative charge). Its purpose is to maintain electrical neutrality with sodium. It also serves as a buffer in order to maintain the pH balance of the blood. Chloride typically accompanies sodium & thus the causes for change are essentially the same. Adlult: 98-106 mEq/L Calcium- is measured in order to assess the function of the parathyroid & calcium metabolism.

Can result from excessive dietary intake, acute renal failure, aldosterone-inhibiting diuretics, crushing injury to tissues, infection, acidosis, & chronic or proloneged dehydration.

Deficient dietary intake, burns, diarrhea or vomiting, diuretics, Cushings syndrome, licorice consumption, insulin use, cystic fibrosis, trauma, & surgery.

Hyperthyroidism, metastatic tumor to the bone, proloneged immobilization, lymphoma, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, etc.

Renal failure, rickets, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption, pancreatitis, & alkalosis

Carbon Dioxide- dissolve CO2, is used to evaluate the pH (relative acidity) of the blood as well as aid in evaluation of electrolyte levels. Adult: 23-30 mEg/L Glucose- used to determined whether a person is in a hypoglycemic (low blood glucose) or hyperglycemic (high blood glucose) state. Normal : 80-120 mg/dL Low normal 65-80 mg/dl BUN ( Blood Urea Nitrogen)measures the amount urea nitrogen thats present in the blood. When protein is metabolized, the end product is urea which is formed in the lievr & excreted from the bloodstream via the kidneys. BUN is a good indicator of both liver & kidbey function. Creatinine- is a byproduct of creatine phospate, the chemical used in contraction of skeletal muscle. Normal: adult male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dl Adult Female: 0.51.1 mg/dl BUN/ Creatinine Ratio: Noraml: 6-25 ( unitless measure)

Anabolic steroids can also increase calcium level. Severe diarrhea, starvation, vomiting, emphysema, metabolic alkalosis, etc. Increased levels could also mean that youre a plant. Elevated blood glucose readings ( hyperlycemia)- can be indicative of diabetes, acute stress, Cushings syndrome, chronic renal failure, corticosteroid therapy, acromegaly, & other disease. Shock, burns, dehydration, congestive heart failure, MI, excessive protein ingestion, excessive protein catabolism, stravation, sepsis, renal disease, renal failure, etc. .

Kidney failure, metabolic, shock, & starvation.

Hypothyroidism, insulinoma ( tumor of the beta islet cells of the pancreas), liver disease, insulin overdose, & starvation.

Liver failure, overhydration, negative nitrogen balance via malnutrition, pregnancy, etc.

Urinary tract obstruction, Debilitation, muscle wasting, cancer, acute tubular necrosis, & lost muscle mass via disease or reduced renal blood flow ( extreme stress ( including thermal heat stemming from shock, shock & dehydration). dehydration, congestive heart failure, atherosclerois), as well as acromegaly.

Shock, volume depletion, hypotension, dehydration, gastrointestinal bleeding, & in some cases, a catabolic state. Note: high protein diet will result a higher BUN. Creatinine ratio.

Low protein diet, malnutrition, pregnancy, severe liver diease, ketosis, etc.