Tutorial

STATISTICS OF AC UNDERGROUND CABLE IN POWER NETWORKS

Steve Swingler CIGRE WG B1-07

With collaboration of Members of WG B1.07

Presentation overview
Background to CIGRE WG B1-07 Technical Brochure 338 Questionnaire Statistics Technical differences Overhead v Underground Relative Costs

History
Mid 1990s JWG 21/22
Questionnaire sent to utilities 19 countries Paper to the 1996 Session Technical Brochure 110

Events since 1996

Weather-related incidents Technical changes Strong competition Increased urbanisation Public concerns Structure of electricity supply

WG B1.07: Terms of Reference

Collect statistics for the lengths of underground and OHL Analyse as function of voltage/power Submarine and DC circuits excluded Only include projects up to 2006 Describe significant underground cable projects Factors to be considered when comparing costs Non-cost factors that must be taken into account

WG B1-07: Membership List

Steve Swingler - UK (Convenor) John Daly - Ireland (Secretary) Ken Barber - Australia Rudolf Woschitz - Austria Alain Gille - Belgium Ray Awad - Canada Josip Antic - Croatia Christian Jensen - Denmark Anne Chauvancy* - France Matthias Kirchner - Germany Ernesto Zaccone* - Italy Masao Matsumura - Japan Gert Aanhaanen - Netherlands Christer Akerwall* - Sweden Walter Zenger - USA
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* The original members of the working group were Monique Le Stum, Marcello Del Brenna and Johan Karlstrand

WG B1-07: Membership

Total Utilities Manufacturers Research Institutes

15 8 4 3

Fundamentals
Report
Simple, Brief, Factual Technical detail in appendices Objective Avoid government policy/regulatory issues Refer to work of other Working Groups

Questionnaire
Very specific questions of fact Concentrate on statistics of circuit Analysed in voltage ranges

Target audience
Utilities Manufacturers Governments

Politicians
Developers Environmental campaigners

Target audience
Utilities Manufacturers Governments

Politicians
Developers Environmental campaigners Authoritative .an international consensus Make choosing between cable and overhead line a more transparent process
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Technical Brochure 338

1 2 3 4 5 6 A B C D E F G Introduction Statistics of installed lengths Technical Considerations Cost Factors Conclusions References Statistics of Installed Lengths Thermal Design Electrical Design Construction and Installation Operation Cost Estimation Significant Cable Projects

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23 Significant Cable projects

Significant - of international interest in engineering, commercial, environmental or social terms Basic details of construction of cable, installation methods and reason for these choices

Technical details (Bonding, forced cooling, monitoring, protection)

Anything else that is novel either regarding engineering, environmental or commercial/regulatory considerations Why was undergrounding chosen Photo of construction Collect statistics for the lengths of underground and OHL

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23 Significant Cable projects

Country
Denmark UK Netherlands Belgium Korea Germany

Project name
Aarhus-Aalborg Nunthorpe-Newby Nieuwe Waterweg & Calandkanaal Tihange - Avernas YoungseoYoungdeungpo Berlin Diagonal

kV
400 400 380 150 345 380

(mm2) Installation
1200 2000 1600 2000 2000 1600 Direct buried or duct Direct buried Direct buried or duct Direct buried Tunnel Tunnel

Japan
Spain USA USA

Shinkeiyo-Toyosu
Barajas Airport Bethel to Norwalk Jefferson - Martin

500
400 345 230

2500
2500 1267

Tunnel, Bridge
Tunnel Ducts, direct buried Ducts, direct buried

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Significant project 5

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Questionnaire
Collect statistics for the lengths of underground and OHL
Five voltage levels Cable divided into extruded or lapped Circuit length with no regard to number of cables per phase Cross-site cables should not be included Typical continuous rating for overhead line

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Data Collected
Voltage Range (kV) 50-109 110-219 220-314 315-500 501-764 Rating Range (MVA) OHL (cct km) Cable (Extruded) (cct km) Cable (Lapped) (cct km)

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% of Total circuit length that is underground

8.0%

6.6%
6.0%

4.0%

2.9%

2.0%

1.7%

0.5% 0.0%
0.0% 50-109 kV 110-219 kV 220-314 kV 315-500 kV 501-764 kV

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% Underground 50 - 109 kV

100%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

0%

Si ng ap or Ne e th e Un rla ite nd d s Ki ng do m De nm ar k Ja pa Sw n itz er la nd Be lg iu m Po rtu ga l G er m an y Po rtu ga l Sp ai n Fr an ce Au st ra lia M ex ico Sw ed en Ca na Ne da w Ze al an d

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Sw
10% 15% 20%

25%

Ne erla th nd er la nd D Un en s ite m d a Ki rk ng do m Ko re Be a lg iu m Au s G tria er m an y Ja pa n Ire la nd Ita ly ed en Ne Is w rae Ze l al an Fi d nl an Ca d na Au da st ra lia Sp ai M n ex Ro ico m an Cr ia oa tia US A Sw

% Underground 110 - 219 kV

itz
0% 5%

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Un ite d

0%
om

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

Ki ng d Ja pa n Ire la nd Fr an ce Sp ai n Ita ly

Sw itz er la nd nd s rla Ne th e Ca na da Po rtu ga l M ex ico Sw ed en US A Au st G ra lia er m an y

% Underground 220 - 314 kV

Br az il

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0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

4.0%

De nm ar k Ko re a Un ite d ria Ki ng do m Au st ra lia Br az i l Ja pa n US A Sp ai n G an y Ne th er la nd s Ita ly Ca na da Sw ed en er m Au st

% Underground 315 - 500 kV

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% of cable with Extruded Insulation

80%

72%

60%

47% 40%
40%

27%
20%

0% 50-109 kV 110-219 kV 220-314 kV 315-500 kV

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Summary
Summary of Statistics
HV Networks are predominantly overhead Situation more extreme at higher voltages

Main reason
Underground cable systems generally more expensive Situation worse at higher voltages

Why?
Why is underground cable more expensive Why is it worse at higher voltages

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Technical differences increase cable costs

Electrical insulation of the conductor Heat transfer to prevent overheating Construction work necessary to install the circuit Electrical Design Operation Recent developments to reduce the cost of undergrounding

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Electrical insulation of the conductor

1. 2. Insulator Phase conductor - lowpower lines often have a single conductor; higher power lines may use multiple sub-conductors. Spacer to hold the two sub-conductors apart Earth wire at the top of the tower or pylon The three phase conductors on one side of the tower make up one electrical circuit. Most lines have two circuits, one on each side.

3. 4. 5.

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Electrical insulation of the conductor

Conductor XLPE insulation

Metallic (aluminium) sheath

Polyethylene oversheath

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Sheath loss

Conductor loss

Heat transfer to prevent overheating

Dielectric loss

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Dimensions and weight

Material Area Diameter Mass per unit Resistance (mm2) (mm) length (kg/m) (/km)

Overhead conductor Al alloy Underground Copper conductor only Complete underground cable

821

37.3

2.3

0.039

2500

64

22

0.007

149

39

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Relative size

150 mm

40 mm

Relative size of a 400 kV XLPE cable and an overhead line conductor of similar rating

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Construction
Construction works are a significant part of the cost Cost varies widely depending on:
ease of access along the route amount of power to be transmitted

Urban undergrounding
large number of crossing services trench walls have to be supported in order to work safely need to manage the traffic flow restrictions often paced on the hours of working Deep bored tunnels practically easy but expensive

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Urban undergrounding

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Rural undergrounding
In rural areas the costs might be reduced
Mechanical excavation can often be used Trenches with unsupported sloping walls

Additional costs for large-scale rural undergrounding

Protection of watercourses Preserving hedgerows and woodlands Archaeological surveys Directional drilling under roads, railways and waterways

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Unsupported trench

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Power transfer Voltage ranges

2000

1500
Mean power - MVA

1000

500

50-109

110-219

220-314

315-500

Voltage Range - kV

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Construction 66-90 kV

Soil 1m Backfill

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Construction 66-90 kV

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Construction 400 kV
3m 1.6m ~20m 3m

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Transition on tower

90 kV terminations

110 kV terminations
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400 kV transition compound

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Electrical Design
Special bonding Reactive compensation Fault clearance and protection

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Solid Bonding
I Ic Is Is
When both ends of the metallic screen are grounded, there is no induced voltage but a current flows along the metallic screen.

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Solid Bonding

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Single Point Bonding

SVL

Earth continuity conductor

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Transferable power
1000
Tranferable power - MVA

800
400 kV 1000 MVA

600 400 200 0 0 20 40 60 Length - km 80 100

400 kV 330 MVA 132 kV 100 MVA 132 kV 330 MVA

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Reactive Compensation

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400 kV Shunt Reactor (160 Mvar)

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Protection and reclosure

OHL Circuit may have transient faults e.g. lightning strike Automatically reclose circuit-breaker (delay of 1 - 20 s) Cable Circuit - almost always permanent faults In most cases - no re-closure on cables faults Hybrid circuits zone/unit protection Fault in cable section - re-closure inhibited Risk assessment based on cable length & fault current

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Operation
Security of supply Fault repairs Routine maintenance Upgrading Monitoring

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Reducing the cost of undergrounding

Lean cable design
Higher stress/Lighter sheath Longer drum lengths Fewer joints

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Reducing the cost of undergrounding

Lean cable design
Higher stress/Lighter sheath Longer drum lengths Fewer joints

Mechanised Laying
Direct laying of cable bundles Pre-burial of ducts Float/flow assisted pulling

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Reducing the cost of undergrounding

Lean cable design
Higher stress/Lighter sheath Longer drum lengths Fewer joints

Mechanised Laying
Direct laying of cable bundles Pre-burial of ducts Float/flow assisted pulling

Deferring Expenditure
install spare ducts/leave space in tunnel install pipes for water cooling DTS and real time ratings novel or bespoke solutions
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Mechanised laying 20 kV cable bundle

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Mechanised laying ducts for 63 kV cable

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Comparing Costs
Like for like? Cost Ratios Components of cost

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Short-term ratings

Load

Continuous rating

Time
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Short-term ratings

Load

Continuous rating Actual load

Preload

Time
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Short-term ratings

Load

Actual load Preload

Continuous rating

Time
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Short-term ratings
Short-term load capacity Load Short-term load Continuous rating

Actual load Preload

Time
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Short-term ratings
Short-term load capacity Load Short-term load Continuous rating

Actual load Preload

Time
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Short-term ratings
Short-term load capacity Load Short-term load Continuous rating

Actual load Preload Duration of short-term load

Time
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Short-term rating 50% preload

Relative short-term rating
3.5
30 minute rating

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 400

12 hour rating Continuous rating

800 1200 1600 Cu-conductor Area - mm2

2000

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Cost Ratios
Often thought of as simple way of comparing costs Wide range of values quoted for apparently similar circuits 1996 study, cost ratios ranged between 5 and 21 Leads to confusion and mistrust between the various stakeholders Sensitive to small changes in OHL costs Commercially irrelevant

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Cost Ratios
Cost of underground cable $10 million Cost of overhead line $500 thousand Cost ratio 20

Case 1

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Cost Ratios
Cost of underground cable $10 million $10 million Cost of overhead line $500 thousand $1 million Cost ratio 20 10

Case 1 2

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Cost Ratios
Cost of underground cable $10 million $10 million Cost of overhead line $500 thousand $1 million Cost ratio 20 10 Additional cost of undergrounding $9.5 million $9.0 million

Case 1 2

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Components of cost
Planning/Design Procurement Construction Operation End of Life

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Procurement
Buy land/right to access in order to build/repair the circuit Develop purchase and testing specifications Cost of procurement process

Prequalification & type testing costs

Purchase cable system (including accessories, etc) Purchase monitoring and ancillary systems Purchase reactive compensation Purchase protection/re-closure equipment

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Operation
Compensation for restricting land Other on-going land costs Likely cost of future expansion/upgrading

Cost of maintenance
Cost of planned outage for maintenance Cost of spares holdings Cost of losses Cost of repair

Cost of outage for repair

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Compare on a case by case basis

Calculate costs of underground option Calculate costs of overhead option Compare these Balance with factors that are difficult to cost:
visual intrusion
threats to sensitive habitat damage to archaeological heritage land-use issues

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Thank you for your attention Any Questions?

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