Human Factors

Cross-Section of Sauber F1 Cockpit

http://motorsportmodeller.blogspot.in/2012/10/sauber-formula-1-cut-in-half.html

F1 Steering Wheel, 2011

http://www.notasmartman.com/f1-round-bathurst-like-it-or-not-its-awesome/

http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2013/07/06/2013-german-grand-prix-qualifying-in-pictures/f1-grand-prix-of-germany-qualifying-34/

F1 Pit-Stop with Wheel Change

http://www.anypics.ru/mini/201210/11521.jpg

F1 Cockpit, Mercedes W04 2013

http://www.f1-fansite.com/f1-wallpaper/hd-pictures-2013-launch-mercedes-w04-f1-car/

Nico Rosberg on the Mercedes W04 2013

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eh4FB5D3rs

So,
-

What have we learned about Human Factors ? driving posture line of sight steering wheel controls foot pedal controls seat in the shape of your body clearance for movement body support display font size, spacing and colour pitcrew optimized for team performance

What is Human Factors ?

Human Factors is concerned with the application of what we know about people, their abilities, characteristics, and limitations to the design of equipment they use, environments in which they function, and jobs they perform. Human Factors & Ergonomics Society
http://www.hfes.org/web/educationalresources/hfedefinitionsmain.html

Ergonomics / Human Factors ergonomics ergon = work + nomos = laws {greek} laws of work erg : gcm /s

Ergonomics discovers and applies information about human behavior, abilities, limitations, and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environment for productive, . Chapanis (1985)

Human Factors
Past, Present & Future

Doug Englebart + First Mouse 1967

Apple Magic Mouse 2009

Pranav Mistry + 6th Sense 2009 onwards . . ,

Past

Present

Future

Human Factors So, why should we care?

Human Factors
Well, here is why > Human Factors is perhaps as old as mankind! Oh Really?

Human Factors

Stone tools at Gona, Ethopia. Estimated to be 26,00,000 years old.

Journal of Archaeological Science (2000) 27, 11971214, doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592

Human Factors

Egyptial Azde (3000 BC). Precursor to the axe. Initially stone tied to wooden handle with leather strap. Later stone replaced by copper.

Human Factors
What do we see> + Initially tools based on trial & error + Next, tools built to fit to the task

Human Factors

Amphitheatre in ancient Greece (500 BC)

+ Seating designed to fit legs

Human Factors

Stonecutting tools in ancient Greece (460 BC)

http://ergou.simor.ntua.gr/research/ancientGreece/AncientGreece.htm

+ Tools designed for the hand

Human Factors

Earthenware, ancient Greece (350 BC)

http://ergou.simor.ntua.gr/research/ancientGreece/AncientGreece.htm

+ Objects designed for ease of use

Human Factors

Child Seat, ancient Greece (not dated)

http://ergou.simor.ntua.gr/research/ancientGreece/AncientGreece.htm

+ Objects designed for right fit

Human Factors

Vitruvian man, Leonardo Da Vinci (1487)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man

+ Human body as source of proportion

Human Factors

Body Armour in the Middle Ages,

http://medieval.ucdavis.edu/20C/Weapons.html

+ Human body as object for protection

Human Factors
Pre Industrial Age
+ objects crafted by hand + knowledge transfer through generations + tool/object customized for individual + time intensive process + slow innovation

+ Objects handmade according to need

Human Factors

James Watts Steam Engine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_steam_engine

1778

+ The Steam Engine Changes Everything

Human Factors
E.H.Weber (1795-1878)
+ first to study human perceptional abilities + touch, pain, sight, hearing, taste & smell + two-point threshold, weight perception, just-noticeable-difference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Weber

+ Founder of Experimental Psychology

Human Factors
F.W.Taylor (1856-1915)
+ father of scientific mgmt + first to systematically observe and study work + goal to improve industrial efficiency. Which is the best way to do a job? What should constitute a days work? + time studies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

+ Founder of Scientific Management

Human Factors
Taylors Principles
Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. Provide detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and workers actually perform tasks.

Human Factors
Time Studies @ Bethlehem Steel (1898)
+ studied shovelling work at Bethlehem Steel. + same shovel to load rice coal(3.5lb) and ore(38lb) + conducted detailed time studies with different shovel loads to determin optimum load/shovel + 21.5 lbs found to be optimum weight/shovel + shovel scoops redesigned for different materials + same work now done by 140 men instead of 600 + material handling cost reduced by 50% + $78,000 saved per year

Human Factors

Taylorism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slfFJXVAepE

Human Factors
Tell us of a contemporary activity shaped by Taylors Principles? Hint:

Human Factors
F.B.Gilbreth(1868-1924) L.M.Gilbreth(1878-1972) + use video to study motion + reduce number of steps@work + use process flowcharts + develop chronocyclegraph + study individuals w/disabilities + concern for workers welfare
http://www.lib.purdue.edu/spcol/manuscripts/fblg/

+ Founder of Motion Studies

Human Factors

+ Chronocyclegraph - recording motion over time

Human Factors

Bricklaying Ergonomics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVKTX_Sbwzw

Human Factors

Henry Ford (1863-1947)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

+ The Assembly Line

Human Factors

World War 1 (1914-1918)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

+ Development of sophisticated equipment

Human Factors
+ Psychologists hired to create selection tests + Establishment of aviation psychology + Understanding abilities and limitations of people + People adapt to machines . . . but things are changing

World War 1 (1914-1918)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I

+ Development of research into human abilities

Human Factors

+ Large scale recruitments for the war effort + No longer possible to select a few specialists for the job + Design equipment to take advantage of human abilities + Recognise human limitations - design to avoid human error
World War I1 (1939-1945)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II

+ Large scale empirical/applied research on HF/E

Human Factors

+ Alphonse Chapanis - Father of Ergonomics as we know it today + Paul Fitts - Fitts Law and human machine interactions + Henry Dreyfuss - The Measure of Man and Woman + Design for the human makes business sense + HF/E research shapes the post war boom in the US & Europe

+ Application of HF/E to non-military pursuits

Human Factors

+ Development of Computers and advanced technologies + Computing permeates all aspects of our daily lives + Doug Englebart - invention of the mouse + Development of the Graphic User Interface (GUI) + Consumer Products & Ergonomics + Culture, Emotions, Gestures, Artificial Intelligence . . .

+ The Human Computer Interaction Era

Human Factors
New Horizons for HF/E + Gestures, Haptics, Tangible User Interfaces + Living longer . . . implications for design + Overuse Injuries . . . how to reduce them + Information overload . . .simplify + Robotics in everyday life . . .

Welcome to the future!

Human Factors
5 Fundamental Myths
X Design is satisfactory for me It will be satisfactory for everyone else. X Design is satisfactory for the average It will be satisfactory for everyone else. X The variability of human beings is so great that it cannot be possibly catered for in any design. X Ergonomics is expensive and ergonomic considerations can be ignored for mass-produced objects. X Ergonomics is an excellent idea. However, I always design with ergonomics in mind - I do it intuitively and rely on my common sense. I dont need tables of graphs or empirical studies to backup my design.

Human Factors
+ Design with the user in mind + Recognize individual differences in human capabilities and limitations + Design of things influences human behaviour + Emphasize on empirical data and evaluation + Use the Scientific Method to test hypotheses and generate data on human behaviour + Recognize systems perspective; things, people, processes, environments do not exist in isolation

Human Factors
User Centered Design
1. User-centered design is empirical base your decisions on scientific evidence 2.User-centered design is iterative cyclic process - design > build> test> repeat cycle 3.User-centred design is participative make the user an active participant in the design process 4.User-centered design is non-Procrustean fit the product to the user, rather than vice-versa

Human Factors
User Centered Design
5. User-centered design takes due account of human diversity best possible match for greatest number of people 6.User-centered design takes due account of users task match between product and user is task-specific 7.User-centred design is systems oriented understands the role of a context or ecosystem 8.User-centered design is pragmatic design is about undertanding limits; recognizing trade-offs

Human Factors

User Centered Design

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgEAAhEeDHY

References
1. Sanders, Mark S., and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors in Engineering and Design . McGRAW-HILL book company, 1987. 2. Wickens, Christopher D., Sallie E. Gordon, and Yili Liu. "An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering." (2004). Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. 3. Pheasant, Stephen T., and Christine M. Haslegrave. Bodyspace: anthropometry, ergonomics, and the design of work. CRC Press, 2006. 4. Chengalur, Somadeepti N., Thomas E. Bernard, and Suzanne H. Rodgers. Kodak's Ergonomic Design for People at Work. Wiley, 2004. 5. Chakrabarti, Debkumar. Indian Anthropometric Dimensions for Ergonomic Design Practice. National Institute of Design, 1997. 6. Panero, Julius, and Martin Zelnik. "Human Dimension and Interior Space: A Sourcebook of Design Reference Standards." (1979). 7. Tilley, Alvin R. "The Measure of Man and Woman." Wiley, 1993. 8. Steinfeld, Edward, and Jordana Maisel. Universal design: Creating Inclusive Environments. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

URLs
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/ http://www.hfes.org/web/educationalresources/hfedefinitionsmain.html http://www.iea.cc/ http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/ http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order online/books/WCMS_120133/lang--en/index.htm http://hf.tc.faa.gov/hfds/ http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=53348 http://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijhfe http://www-edc.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/inclusivedesign/ http://ergonomics.osu.edu/ http://hfaging.gatech.edu/

Question

Are we taller in the morning?

Will have my answer tomorrow.

Thats All Folks!

Email: gourab.kar@gmail.com