Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Resources
Textbook: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3/E. By Stuart Russell & Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, 2010. http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
Other recommended books: Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, 6/E. By George F. Luger, Addison-Wesley Publisher, 2009. http://wps.aw.com/aw_luger_ai_6/ Artificial Intelligence: A Guide to Intelligent Systems, 2/E. By Michael Negnevitsky, Addison-Wesley Publisher, 2005. AI Algorithms, Data Structures and Idioms in Prolog, Lisp and Java. By G.F. Luger & W.A. Stubblefield, Pearson Education, 2009. http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/5771/5909832/PDF/Luger_0136070477_1.pdf Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence, 4/E. Ivan Bratko, Addison-Wesley Publisher, 2012. An Introduction to Prolog Programming, Lecture Notes, King's College London and University of Amsterdam, 1999-2007. http://staff.science.uva.nl/~ulle/teaching/prolog/prolog.pdf
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Objectives
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Familiarize yourself with the concept and foundations of AI
Outline
What is AI? motivation and discussions Why AI and More Examples of Applications Foundations of AI History of AI Wrap-up
WHAT IS AI?
Towel-folding robot
J. Maitin-Shepard, M. Cusumano-Towner, J. Lei and P. Abbeel, Cloth Grasp Point Detection based on Multiple-View Geometric Cues with Application to Robotic Towel Folding, ICRA 2010
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RoboCup 2012
Video
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Video
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Video
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Video
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NY Times article
Some Others
Automatic speech recognition: Google voice search Visual search: Google Goggles for Android Translation: Google translator Face detection/recognition: many consumer cameras (Apple iPhoto) Vehicle safety systems: Mobileye OCR: Optical Character Recognition
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Discussion
What is intelligence? What makes you think? Can it be learned? Or born with? Can it evolve? Can it be measured?, e.g. IQ Test How does it relate to: thinking, consciousness or awareness? Can machines be intelligent?
Intelligence: an operational meaning: http://www.nobeliefs.com/intelligence.htm
Nine Types of Intelligence: http://skyview.vansd.org/lschmidt/Projects/The%20Nine%20Types%20of%20Intelligence.htm
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Ability to perceive world knowledge Ability to learn and acquire knowledge Ability to apply knowledge Ability to recognize and describe objects Ability to communicate with others Ability to argue and make decisions using incomplete/approximate knowledge Ability to deal with unfamiliar situations Ability to adapt to new yet related situations Ability to solve problems to achieve a goal Ability to memorize things Ability to predict something in the future Ability to show emotions Ability to set goals and act autonomously Ability to create and inventive Ability to think abstractly (intelligence requires thinking)
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[1927-2011]
http://www.formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai
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Pyramid of Intelligence
Wisdom
+ vision + experience
Knowledge
Information
+ context
Data
Ref: Notes of ICS381, 081
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Conclusion
Can have computers with as many basic processing elements as our brain, but with
Far fewer interconnections (wires or synapses) than the brain Much faster updates than the brain
But building hardware is very different from making a computer behave like a brain!
Ref: Notes of ICS381, 081
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Definitions of AI
Still no crisp complete agreed-upon definition. Why?
Involves creativity (definition contradicts creativity) broad multidisciplinary area (many perspectives, many applications, many technologies, etc.)
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Human
A
Human Interrogator
C
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AI System B
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Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines would be able to fool 30% of human judges for five minutes
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One may simulate intelligence without having true intelligence (more of a philosophical objection) [Chinese room argument]
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Requires testable theories of the workings of the human mind: cognitive science & neuroscience
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Only concerns the decisions/actions that are made, not the cognitive process behind them
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Any disadvantages?
Does not necessarily involve thinking
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Common Definition
AI is the science and engineering concerned with the theory and practice of developing systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with
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Intelligent Entity
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Why AI?
Promise for handling many complex problems, saving lives and efficiently utilizing resources, e.g.
Solving information overload problems (e.g. intelligent search engines) Operating in risky and laborious environments (e.g. robots cleaning houses; assisting patients; working in nuclear plants, etc) Distributing scarce commercial knowledge (e.g. data-mining through massive databases, looking for patterns that would take a human years to spot) Enhancing training through use of simulation. Helping physicians to diagnose and treat patients Provide more natural and friendly interfaces to software users Stock market analysis, weather forecasting, oil exploration, etc. ICS381 by Dr. El-Alf@KFUPM 2012 37
Main Domains of AI
Knowledge representation (including formal logic) Search, especially heuristic search (puzzles, games) Planning Reasoning under uncertainty (including probabilistic reasoning) Perception (vision and speech) Learning Agents Robotics Natural language processing: generation, understanding and translation Expert systems: e.g. medical diagnosis, financial and scientific analysis, trouble shooting and fault finding, etc.
Robotics
Mars rovers Autonomous vehicles/planes
DARPA Grand Challenge Google self-driving cars Autonomous helicopters
Robot soccer
RoboCup
Personal robotics
Humanoid robots Robotic pets Personal assistants?
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Machine translation
translate.google.com Comparison of several translation systems
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http://www.research.ibm.com/deepqa/ NY Times article Trivia demo YouTube video IBM Watson wins on Jeopardy (Feb. 2011) Watson (Wikipedia)
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FOUNDATIONS OF AI
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AI is Multidisciplinary
CS&E Economics Mathematics
Biology
AI
Cognitive Science
Philosophy
Linguistics Psychology
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Foundations of AI
Philosophy Mathematics Economics Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability Utility, decision theory
Psychology
Computer engineering Control theory Linguistics
BRIEF HISTORY OF AI
http://www.stottlerhenke.com/ai_general/history.htm
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1951 1950s
1956
1958
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1965
1969
Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning Lotfy Zadeh introduced Fuzzy sets
Logic applications included the Shakey robot (first generalpurpose mobile robot able to reason about its own actions)
1966-73 AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears 1969-79 Early development of knowledge-based systems Early 1970s Shift from general purpose, knowledge-sparse, weak methods to domain-specific, knowledge-intensive techniques (ES)
Mid 1970s
1972
First large expert system: (Mycin: rule-based expert system for diagnosis of blood infections)
Birth of Prolog by Colmerauer with Philippe Roussel; Natural Lang. understanding by Winograd ICS381 by Dr. El-Alf@KFUPM 2012
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Mid 80s Rumelhart, Hinton, and McClelland studied neural net models of memory; back-propagation learning algorithm
19801986 AI becomes an industry Neural networks return to popularity machine learning Generalization of single-layer network: Hopfield network, backpropagation Knowledge engineering: use of Fuzzy logic improves computational power, improves cognitive modeling, allows to represent multiple experts AI becomes a science Emergence of intelligent agents IBM Deep Blue defeater chess world champion Kasparov IBM Watson wins on Jeopardy ICS381 by Dr. El-Alf@KFUPM 2012
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WRAP-UP
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Summary
Define intelligence and its characteristics Define artificial intelligence and identify its foundations Identify domains and applications for AI Learn a bit of history of AI
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Reading Assignment
Read Chapter 1 of the textbook by Russell & Norvig
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WATCH VIDEOS
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AI
THANKS!
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