Math 308 Solutions

Sec. 1.1

Problems(1,5,11,12,13,19,23,) page 1 More Problems(24,27,30,31,33,35,38)

1.1.1 Is x 1 + 2 x 3 = 3 linear? Sol. Yes, since it has the form of (1) (i.e. a1 x 1 + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 = b1 ) with a1 = 1, a2 = 0, a3 = 2 and b1 = 3. 1.1.5 Is | x 1 | | x 2 | = 0 linear? Sol. No, since it does not have the form of (1). | x 1 | is NOT a constant multiple of x 1 . 1.1.11,12,13 Sketch graph and use them to determine whether the systems has a unique solution, no solution or innitely many solutions. Sol. 11 Graph of y = 5 2 x is line of slope 2, of y = x 1 is line of slope 1. They meet at exactly ONE point. (See graphs in text answer p. AN1). Sol. 12 Graphs of y = 2 x + 1 and y = 2 x 2 have same slope, but different intercepts. So they are parallel and there is NO (common) solution to both equations. (See graphs in text). Sol. 13 Graphs of 3 x + 2 y = 6 and 6 x 4 y = 12 are the same line, so INFINITELY many solutions. (See graphs in text.) (Note solving for y in both leads to y = 3 (3/2) x . This is analytic verication of the graphical fact that two lines are parallel and coincident.) 1.1.19Display the (2 3) matrix A = ( aij ) (I (DLR) would write A = [ aij ]) where a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = 6, a21 = 4, a22 = 3, and a23 = 8. 2 1 6 Sol. Since aij means entry in ROW i and COLUMN j , A = . 4 3 8 1.1.23Suppose the matrix A in Problem 19 is the augmented matrix for a system of linear equations. Display the system. Repeat for the matrix Q = (q ij ) in Problem 21, where q 23 = 1, q 32 = 2, q 11 = 1, q 13 = 3, q 22 = 1, q 33 = 1, q 21 = 2, q 12 = 4, and q 31 = 3. Sol. For 19, since A is (2 3) the linear system is 2 2, i.e., has 2 equations with 2 unknowns, and the RHS (right hand side) comes from the third column a13 and a23 . Heres the system: x2 = 3 2 x1 + . 4 x1 + 3 x2 = 8 For 21, since Q is (3 3) the linear system is 3 2, i.e., has 3 equations with 2 unknowns, and the RHS (right hand side) comes from the third column q 13 = 3, q 23 = 1, and q 33 = 1. Heres the system: x 1 + 4 x 2 = 3 1. x2 = 2 x1 + 1 3 x1 + 2 x2 = x x 2 = 1 1.1.24Display the coefcient matrix A and the augmented matrix B for the system 1 . 3 x1 + x2 = 1 1 Sol. The coefcient matrix has one column with the coefcients of each unknown, so A = . The aug1 1 1 1 1 mented matrix adds a column with the RHSs: B = . 1 1 3 x1 1.1.27Same as Problem 24 but for the system: 3 x 1 x1 x2 + + 4 x2 x2 + + + 2 x3 x3 x3 = = = 6 5. 2

Math 308 Solutions

Sec. 1.1 1 A= 3 1 1 4 1 2 1 . 1

Problems(1,5,11,12,13,19,23,) page 2

Sol. Coefcient matrix from unknowns:

Augmented matrix adds the RHSs:

2 6 1 1 B = 3 4 1 5 . 1 2 1 1 In 30-35 display the augmented matrix for the given system. Use elementary operations on equations to obtain equivalent system with x 1 in rst equation with coefcient one and has been eliminated from the remaining equations. Simultaneously perform the corresponding elementary row operations on the augmented matrix. Sol. 1.1.30 2 4 6 Augmented matrix : B = . 4 1 7 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : 2 x 1 + 3 x 2 = 6 (1/2)E1 x 1 + (3/2) x 2 = 4 x1 x 2 = 7 ===> 4 x 1 x2 = The elementary row ops corresponding to these are: 2 4 3 1 6 (1/2)R1 1 7 ===> 4 3/2 3 ===> 1 7 R2 4R1 0 3/2 7 3 . 5 3 7 ===> E2 4E1 x1 + (3/2) x 2 7 x2 = = 3 . 5

1 2 1 1 Augmented matrix : B = 1 1 2 2 . 0 4 2 1 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : x1 + 2 x2 x 3 = 1 ===> x1 + 2 x2 x2 x 2 + 2 x 3 = 2 E2 E1 x1 + + 5 x2 = 4 E3 + 2E1 x2 2 x 1 + The elementary row ops corresponding to these are: 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 ===> 1 1 1 2 2 R2 R1 0 1 3 1 . 0 4 R3 + 2R1 0 5 2 6 2 1 Sol. 1.1.33 1 9 1 Augmented matrix : B = 1 1 7 . 1 6 3 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : 9 x2 = x1 + x 1 + x 2 = 9 ===> 2 . 2 x2 = x 1 x 2 = 7 E2 E1 2 x 2 = 21 3 x 1 + x 2 = 6 E3 3E1 The elementary row ops corresponding to these are:

Sol. 1.1.31

x3 3 x3 + + 2 x 3

= = =

1 1. 6

Math 308 Solutions 1 1 3 1 1 1 9 ===> 1 7 R2 R1 0 6 R3 3R1 0 1 2 2 9 2 . 21

Sec. 1.1

Problems(1,5,11,12,13,19,23,) page 3

1 1 3 0 1 Augmented matrix : B = 1 2 1 1 1 . 7 1 0 1 1 Elementary operations on system to eliminate x 1 : x2 + x 3 x 4 = 3 E 1 <--> E 2 x1 + 2 x2 x 3 + x 4 = 1 ===> x1 + 2 x2 x3 + x4 = 1 x2 + x3 x4 = 3 x1 + x2 + 7 x3 x4 = 0 x1 + x 2 + 7 x 3 x 4 = 0 E3 + E1 x1 + 2 x2 x3 + x4 = 1 x2 + x3 x4 = 3 . 3 x2 + 6 x3 = 1 The elementary row ops corresponding to these are: 1 1 ===> 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 R1 <--> R2 1 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3 . 1 1 7 1 0 R3 + R1 0 3 6 0 1 7 1 0 1 1 1 1 a11 x 1 + a12 x 2 = b1 1.1.38Show that the system , when a1122 a12 a21 0, is equivalent to a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 = b2 c 11 x 1 + c 12 x 2 = d 1 with c 11 0 and c 22 0. + c 22 x 2 = d 2 Sol. Try to use elimination. If a11 ! = 0 then the row operations on the associated augmented matrix: b1 / a11 a12 / a11 x 2 = x 1 + a12 / a11 x 2 = b1 / a11 ===> x 1 + 1/ a11 E 1 ===> a 21 x 1 + b2 E 2 a21 E 1 + a22 ( a21 a12 / a11 ) x 2 = b2 ( a21 b1 / a11 ) a22 x 2 = show the associated system are equivalent. The system associated with the last (augmented matrix) has the desired form with c 11 = 1( 0), c 12 = a12 / a11 (ok as a11 0 means division ok, and c 22 = ( a11 a22 a21 a12 )/ a11 ( 0) as division ok and a11 a22 a21 a12 ) 0 is given. If a11 = 0, then swapping the two equations yields: a21 x 1 + a22 x 2 = b2 which has the desired form with c 11 = a21 , c 22 = a12 , and c 12 = a22 . Now all + a12 x 2 = b1 thats left is to verify c 11 0 and c 22 0. But a11 = 0 means 0 0 a22 a12 a21 , i.e. a12 a21 0. Hence 0 a12 (= c 22 ) and 0 a21 (= c 11 ).

Sol. 1.1.35