Chemistry IA : Enthalpy of Neutralisation To calculate enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of acid Materials

Materials 0.02 moldm-3 Potassium Iodide solution (premade) ( Error n/a) 1.0 moldm-3 Propanone solution (premade) ( Error n/a) 1.0 moldm-3 Sulphuric acid (premade) ( Error n/a) 0.5 moldm-3 sodium hydrocarbonate solution (premade) ( Error n/a) 0.010 moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution (premade) ( Error n/a) Error of measuring cylinder (50cm3) used = 0.5 cm3 Dat a Collection Temperature Final 0.5C Change 1.0C 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.0 24.0 25.0 24.5 24.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 6.0

Acid and Base Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide ethanoic acid and potassium hydroxide

Initial 0.5C

Observations effervescence with the acid base solution no colour change exothermic reaction

Data Processing

Equation for Enthalpy Change: Q= m= c= T=

Q = mc T

Thermal energy (J) Mass of substance to which heat is transferred to (g) Specific heat capacity of substance (Jg-1K-1 ) Temperature change (K)

For m, we shall assume density of solution is 1gcm-3, and c is the specific heat capacity of water i.e 4.18 Jg-1K-1

1) Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide

HCL(aq) +

KOH(aq)

KCL(aq) +

H2O(l)

Q = mc T = (25+25) X 4.18 X 6.0 = 1254 J Moles of Acid Moles = Concentration x Volume = 1 X 0.025 = 0.025 mol Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of HCL acid =1254/0.025 =50160 J/mol -50 kJ/ mol to 2sf
Error Propagation

% error for Q =(1/50) X 100 + (1/6) X 100 = 19 % % error for moles =( 0.5/25 X100) = 2% % error for Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of HCL acid = 19% + 2% 21% to 2sf Absolute error for Enthalpy of neutralisation = (0.21 X 50) (quoted to same number d.p as in final answer) = 10.5kJ/mol 11 kJ/mol

2) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide HCL(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCL(aq) + H2O(l)

Q = mc T = (25+25) X 4.18 X 7.0 = 1463 J Moles of Acid Moles = Concentration x Volume = 1 X 0.025 = 0.025 mol Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of HCL acid =1463/0.025 =58520 J/mol -59 kJ/ mol to 2sf
Error Propagation

% error for Q =(1/50) X 100 + (1/7) X 100 = 16 % % error for moles =( 0.5/25 X100) = 2% % error for Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of HCL acid = 16% + 2% 18% to 2sf Absolute error for Enthalpy of neutralisation = (0.18 X 50) (quoted to same number d.p as in final answer) = 9kJ/mol 9kJ/mol

3) Ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide CH3CO2H (aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3CO2H Na (aq) +
Q = mc T = (25+25) X 4.18 X 6.0 = 1254 J Moles of Acid Moles = Concentration x Volume = 1 X 0.025 = 0.025 mol Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of CH3CO2H acid

H2O(l)

=1254/0.025 =50160 J/mol -50 KJ/ mol to 2sf

Error Propagation

% error for Q =(1/50) X 100 + (1/6) X 100 = 19 % % error for moles =( 0.5/25 X100) = 2% % error for Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of CH3CO2H acid = 19% + 2% 21% to 2sf Absolute error for Enthalpy of neutralisation = (0.21 X 50) (quoted to same number d.p as in final answer) = 10.5kJ/mol 11 kJ/mol

4) Ethanoic acid and potassium hydroxide CH3CO2H (aq) + KOH(aq) CH3CO2H K (aq)
Q = mc T = (25+25) X 4.18 X 6.0 = 1254 J Moles of Acid Moles = Concentration x Volume = 1 X 0.025 = 0.025 mol Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of CH3CO2H acid =1254/0.025 =50160 J/mol -50 KJ/ mol to 2sf
Error Propagation

H2O(l)

% error for Q =(1/50) X 100 + (1/6) X 100 = 19 % % error for moles =( 0.5/25 X100) = 2% % error for Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of CH3CO2H acid = 19% + 2% 21% to 2sf Absolute error for Enthalpy of neutralisation = (0.21 X 50) (quoted to same number d.p as in final answer) = 10.5kJ/mol 11 kJ/mol

Comparison with literature Values

Table of relevant enthalpy of neutralisation literature values1

Reaction Enthalpy change of neutralisation / kJ mol-1 + NaOH(aq) Sodium hydroxide NaOH(aq) Sodium hydroxide NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -57.9

HCl(aq) Hydrochloric Acid CH3COOH(aq) Ethanoic Acid

CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

-56.1

1) Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide Calculated Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of acid : -59 kJ/ mol (to 2sf) 9kJ/mol Literature value " : -57.9 kJ/mol Percentage error : (59- 57.9)/57.9 X 100 2% to 2sf

3) Ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide

Calculated Enthalpy of neutralisation per mole of acid : -50 kJ/ mol (to 2sf) 11kJ/mol Literature value " : -56.1 kJ/mol Percentage error : (50- 56.1)/56.1 X 100 10% to 2sf

Conclusion and evaluation For the two of our acid base combinations we could obtain literature values for, our calculated enthalpy of neutralisation values are roughly 10%, which is a reasonable amount, indicating that the data method and collection for our values were not completely flawed. The enthalpy of neutralisation obtained for Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is greater than with ethanoic acid, which is reasonable as a stronger acid and a strong base releases more energy than a weaker acid with a strong base. However, there are systematic, random errors and improvements for data collection which can be made.

A systematic error, which may cause our calculated enthalpy values to be less than the literature values would be due to heat loss. Heat loss would have been to the surroundings,
1

Sourced from document AS Experiment 11.1(4) Student sheet Enthalpy Changes of Neutralisation http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=ethanoic%20acid%20potassium%20hydroxide%20enthalpy&sourc e=web&cd=4&ved=0CDcQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellingtoncollege.org.uk%2Fresource.aspx%3Fid% 3D15643&ei=AqtKT7iWCcr68QOS4aWhDg&usg=AFQjCNGohQHo7iI_hCy6WfeRkJc59mrSxg accessed 24/2/12 9:30pm

and the polystyrene cup holding the solution. An improvement would be to use a well insulated calorimeter cup, or to account for heat loss to the cup by recording its specific heat capacity. An even better improvement for accounting for heat loss to the surroundings, would have been for us to record temperature of the solution over time, allowing us to plot a graph of temperature over time, which may look something like the one below: fig 1. Graph suggesting relationship between temperature and time2

With the graph, we are able to extrapolate data from our points, and find a more accurate change in temperature of the solution. This would also reduce random errors, as anomalies would be easier to spot with the trends of the plots. Random error could be reduced if we measured our solutions with a pipette, rather than a measuring cylinder, as parallax error would be reduced. It would also be valuable to make up the solutions of acid and base in situ, so the error readings for concentration of solutions can be recorded and accounted for. Data could be obtained with a digital thermometer and a data logger: this would improve accuracy of data, as the data logger can record accurate temperature values for small time intervals, allowing better results from extrapolating points on a graph. For more reliable results, the investigation should be repeated, allowing mean values to be obtained, and reducing the effect of anomalies on our data. More accurate data could be obtained by using more accurate c and m values for the enthalpy calculations. We assumed density and specific heat capacity of the acid base solutions were the same as water, however this is not the case, as a mixture of different solutions were used. If we were able to obtain literature values for the other acid-base combinations, we would get a better idea of the percentage errors in our calculations.

diagram taken from Heat of Neutralization http://www.yaksic.com/hn26.html accessed 24/2/12 9:20pm