VI.

()
o onpyn nstnm ym n-
ym onpynm, oopx nyx nx ntn-
nx oro n noro nn npnoxnx.
B nno psn npnoxx ononnt nt +-
x onpyn.
1. do
nntno do ynopnxx n ynpntntx
nonnntntx npnoxnxx n on nn-
no tnonoro rnron, np oxpnxx npxo
nopxo non. Hp npno syoro np tno-
nt rnrono onnxmx non , -
, , :
The above law does hold.
Btmynoxnyt son npnnn.
nor ynn syoro npx nonn-
onno.
Hpn. n n npnoxn t m np o sn-
n , nnpp actually, really, indeed, o do n
npnox.

I
,
do:
1. These molecules are too small to be seen, even with
the microscope, but strong experimental evidence seems to
show that they do exist.
2. The Iormation oI ozone during the electrolysis oI
water
143
does not change the weight oI the gas collected at the positive
pole but it does decrease the volume.
3. We were discussing so Iar what happens to a body
when Iorces do not act on it. Let us now consider what
happens when Iorces do act on it.
4. Though some substances (e. g. sand) seem to be very
nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some
extent.
II
. !
"#"# do: , $"#" "#"#, "#"#%&#$%
.
1. This Iield does not aIIect the Iorward motion oI the
electrons but does act upon the transverse motion.
2. Not all metals react with acids, and when they do the
gas evolved is not always hydrogen.
3. Gold usually occurs in the natural state while iron does
not.
4. The individual electrons do not move even
approximately independent oI the another as do, Ior example,
the planets in the solar system.
5. Copper does not combine with oxygen when cold, but
it does do so slowly when heated.
6. The beta-rays which do pass through the aluminium
do not ionize the gas as proIusely as do the alpha-rays.
7. Most authorities agree that catalysts do in some manner
combine with the substance or substances upon which their
catalytic inIluence is exerted.
'. (#)
pnt nopxo non mpoo nontsyx n n-
rno xst nx ntnnx noponnntx nnon
npnoxnx. Btnxt nn npnoxnx ntnox
n npno o, np +o o npno opnoy
nopxy non.
*. pnt nopxo non ox tt ntsnn n-
oopt npx oms.
144
1. Per!"s #o$ere have been achieved better results as
in this Iield oI science.
% &', ( n tn ornyt nym
psyntt, n +o on ny.
2. )o* o#+, does 22 act as an oxidizing agent but it
also acts as a reducing agent.
H2O2 ny onxmm rn, no
nonnnnmm rn.
Hpn 1. n syo opy Present n Past
IndeIinite, o np opno nopx non np nonxm o
nnoorntnt rnron do, oopt n ny mnt y-
nntnt do, pymm nr npxoro nopx non. Hp nt-
nn noponnnoro nn npnoxnx n npno o otno
nnmx nx nnpx.
on not until , (n until npnor)
n (, ( (n until oms) x ox ntsnt
opnt nopxo non:
)o* -#*.+ Dalton made his Iamous discovery d.d s/.e#*.s*s re!+.0e the
importance oI this law.
1 (, or nton nn no snno opt,
2' snn +oro son.
Hpn 2. Hp on not until ox tt npxo
nopxo non:
The names oI many Russian scientists were #o* known -#*.+ the
October Revolution.
n norx pyx yntx n snnt
xpto pnonmn.
n norx pyx yntx n tn snnt xpto
pnonmn.
F. t ny ntnnx n npno o n np-
noxn npx I, nxoxmro n on opt
Continuous, npx II n npnrntnoro, oopt
xnnxmx tm onnoro syoro. Hpno x
npnoxn ny nnt ononnnx n o-
oxntn, oxmx non ntnnnoro non:
1. 3o#4.r5.#6 this possibility .s another Iact.
y nosoxnot m on .
78 9e+!*ed *o the chemical activity !re many other eIIects.
xo nnotm :' nor pyr
+t.
145
3. ;5"or*!#* Ior this method $!s the Iollowing point.
nx +oro o &' nymm on.
B. pnt nopxo non ynopnxx n +-
x npnoxnxx, nnotx oms so, neither n
nor.
1) B npnoxnxx omso so syo npn
nno n rnrono-nxso, n rnrono-s
n, n ontnt rnrono. oms so npnox
, np +o nonopxx syo nptymro
npnoxnx:
$!s +!*e and so $!s his Iriend.
n :, : ro pyr.
2) B npnoxnxx oms neither n nor
syo o tn npnnno nonnotm. omst
neither nor npnoxx() , , np
opnn onox rnrony:
)or so-+d we 4or6e* the importance oI this word. <
t ' :&' noot +oro
non.
= ' t stnt noot +oro non.

+#$ &#, & #,),

( (#" # :
not only ... but (also) n onto ... no
hardly ... when } n ...
scarcely ... when }
no sooner ... than onto
only onto
never nor
nowhere nr
neither } n; x n
nor }
so x;
146

-. . #, ,$
&# (#) :
1. Nowhere can we see such rapid progress as in radio
engineering.
2. Not only does chlorine unite with gaseous hydrogen,
but it will sometimes take hydrogen Irom other elements.
3. Only upon the adsorption oI larger amounts was the
sensitivity again lowered.
4. No sooner has the current started running in one
direction than back it comes again.
5. OI great signiIicance, however, is the Iact that a Iew
oI particles are deIlected through large angles.
6. Perhaps never was the making oI an important invention
shared by so many persons distributed so widely over the
world.
.. . / #&$:
7. Correlative with the conception oI a system oI planes
is that oI a system oI great circles.
8. Surrounding this nucleus are electrons, the actual
number depending upon the atom being considered.
9. Included in this table are currents calculated on the
supposition that the entire eIIect is due to ionization by
collision oI negative ions only.
10. Belonging to this class are all elastomeric substances.
0. . / &
1o, 2345637,
11. Lever > moves upwards, so does lever ?8
12. Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support
combustion.
13. The Moon having no atmosphere, there can be no
wind, neither can there be any noise, Ior sound is carried
by the air.
14. It is incorrect to say that an element is that which
cannot be broken up into anything simpler. Nor can the
electron be regarded as a chemical element.
15. The ancients had no knowledge oI stellar distances,
neither was there then any means by which they could
determine them.
147
8. 9$#,
1) B yynntntx +x npnoxnxx n
npno o nnx t syoro, ntp
xnnx npnrntnt n np nonym
m oms as, though n npmnymm how
ever.
1. @!rd !s it is we must do this work.
A 2, t onxnt nt +y poy.
2. B!*e *o-6 it was the sun was still in the sky.
C tno nosno, onnn n m tno n n.
3. @o$eDer /o+d this winter is, the one oI 1941 was still
colder.
A E + s, s 1941 ro tn m
xonon.
o &' E n tn + s...
Hpn. Inron may (might) n on syoro yy-
nntnoro npnoxnx np npno otno onyx:
Frro#eo-s !s these results 5!, Ge, they are still valuable.
C + psyntt H&', on n- npnnxm
(ory npnnxt) nnnot; ... on n- nnnt.
2) ynntnt npont npnoxnx, ntp
xmm ononnntnt ono nosoxno, n
nmx onx n npx n on ever.
n ory ynopnxtx rnrono may (might),
s nro. Hp npno +o rnron otno ony
x:
1. I am right $!*eDer other people 5!, s!,8
npn, &' (8
2. IoeDer else 5!, oGJe/*, I shall approve.
A &' :, x (n-) yy nop-
xnt.
K
+#$ &#, %
&, $$) #,):
as } n; t n; o
however } n; o t ... n; xox;
though (although) } xox
148
whoever o (t) n; nx, o
whatever o (t) n; n, o; -
o (t) n; nx, oo-
pt
wherever
1
r (t) n, nmy, r; y-
(t) ... n; nmy, y
whenever or (t) n; nx ps,
or
+#$ &#, ,#
however that may be t o n tno

. (# $# # %
:
1. Important as this question is in itselI, the debate on
the subject went Iar beyond its original bounds.
2. Strange as it may seem, sulphur dioxide may act as a
reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent.
3. Small though it is, the proportion oI natural plutonium
is apparently greater than it can be thus accounted Ior.
4. Enormous as this prodigious Ilow oI energy is, we do
not know the manner oI its coming.
5. Whatever these consideration may appear at Iirst glance
they are oI great practical importance.
6. Wherever "a craze intersects the surIace perturbation
or discontinuity results.
7. Whoever the author may have been he should have
dwelt on this problem. .
:. ;) !#
pnn not n on opnntno npn-
o npnrntnoro n npx ynn nmt n-
nt npnoxnx, po nonxmro ononnnx. -
o on np npnrntnt n np
otno npnox , , :
The case is #o* .5"roG!G+e8
o ny L, M 8
Wherever ox t snn :, (8
149

. # !# %
:
1. Mars and Venus have atmospheres not dissimilar to
ours.
2. River and lake deposits also not uncommonly contain
remains oI organisms which inhabited waters.
3. It seems not at all unlikely that many oI the lower
animal Iorms also have the power to make a similar
distinction.
4. The advances oI modern sciences in the production oI
a wide range oI experimental temperatures are thus seen to
be not inconsiderable.
5. o on it
is ... that (which, who)
*. onx it is... that, it is., which, it is... who ory
ntnxt nmo snmnnt xy ononn
+oro onx nn npnoxnx, po syoro.
Hpnoxnx oro n noxnononnnt no
op, no npot no opxnm. ononnntnt
nn n non n rpynn non (+s) n pyo
xst npx n nono , n nopxo
non: o, o ntnxx pono onpyn it is...
that, nx n onn npnoxnx:
;* .s these properties oI crystals *!* are the most important.
N + non pnnon non nxnt.
on nxnt + non pnnon.
Hpsno oro, o that t +oro oo-
po, xnnxx nosoxnot ypt ponym onpy-
nm it is... that s xnx tn npnoxnx, nmt
nxn +sy. Hpnnnt ntm npp np n:
These properties oI crystals are the most important.
non pnnon non nxnt.
.. n s npnon +o onpyn
on it is.. that xnnxx ntnn ooxnt-
n npn, oopoy npmny +o o-
150
n not until. on it was not until ... that n
npnox, np ntnxt ooxntno np-
n onnxmx non , ,
(, (:
;* $!s #o* -#*.+ 1953 *!* this book was published.
nr tn onynonn n 1953 roy.
;* $!s #o* -#*.+ Reontgen discovered O-rays *!* scientists
began to take interest in this subject.
1 (, or nrn optn C-2, ynt
nn npontx + nonpoo.

, <$#, %
,# 45 41... 56=5 >?6o, ?64@6A 45 41 2o5 B254C... 56=5:
1. It is these special properties oI sound that are the
subject oI the present chapter.
2. It was the Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, who
Iirst oIIered an explanation Ior the phenomena.
3. It was not until about 1911 that a Iirst really successIul
theory oI atomic structure was suggested by RutherIord.
4. It was not until Einstein discovered the connection
between gravitation and inertia that the mystery Newton
could not understand was solved.
5. Radioactive phenomena occur within the nucleus, and
it is here that mass and positive charge resides.
6. A solenoid carrying a current behaves just like a magnet.
It was the great French physicist Ampere who Iirst showed
this to be the case.
7. It is just energy which the atom thus yields up that is
held to account Ior the radiation.
D. <$#, !)

. , #$ %
(#$ ) , :
I
1. Not only did the newly discovered electron provide an
entity which was assumed to be a constituent oI all atoms,
but it also provided a natural unit oI electric charge.
151
2. Positrons have only a short period oI existence aIter
their Iormation. It is Ior this reason that the positive electron
had proved so diIIicult to detect.
3. Incomplete though these Iigures are, they give
more inIormation in several respects than has beIore been
available.
4. SatisIactory as this theory may be in many respects it
is Iar Irom being probable.
5. Not all substances separate Irom solution in the crys
talline state: Ior instance, wax dissolves in petrol, but on
evaporating the solvent we do not get crystals oI wax, nor
is glass crystalline.
6. It can only have been the close chemical similarity oI
circonium and haInium which prevented the isolation oI the
latter by chemical means at a much earlier date.
7. Inserted in the circuit thus created is an instrument,
called a galvanometer, diagrammed as a circle with an arrow
that will indicate the passage oI electric current through it
and the two wires.
8. In short, it is practically impossible to design a machine
so specialized that it will have value only with respect to the
Iield oI application originally intended. Nor is there any
computer which is superior to any other computer with
respect to every problem.
II
9. It is Irom experiments on solubility oI gases in liquids
that Dalton appears Iirst to have derived direct evidence in
Iavour oI this view.
10. The particles oI water grow larger as condensation
continues and ultimately become rain drops. Not until then
do they Iall earthward with an appreciable velocity.
11. So slight are the diIIerences between the
members oI division P and Q in the Periodic Table that the
division into subgroups is scarcely necessary except Ior
convenience.
12. The value oI this mass would not be aIIected by any
systematic error common to all the observations not even
by such an error which varied uniIormly with the time. Nor
would small errors in the adopted elements oI the sun have
any eIIect upon result.
152
13. At Iirst it is only the molecules which terminate the
longer paths that are ionized by collisions.
14. As the Ilux oscillates across the pole Iaces, so also
does the neutral commulating zone oscillate.
15. Prominent among the conIirmations oI Einstein's
hypothesis is the work related to the "photoelectric eIIect".
16. The "quant" theory, useIul as it has proved itselI
does not yet possess the assured position oI the atomic
theory oI matter.
17. Not until aIter the humanistic movement revived the
study oI Greek in Western Europe did Greek words begin
to enter the English vocabulary in great quantity.
18. The values so estimated were not so high as we now
know them to be, nor were they always accepted, but
recognition oI the polymeric nature oI proteins is as old as
the peptide theory.
19. Whatever theis cause, or causes, the symptoms are
the Iollowing.
ICC
20. Not only are perIect crystals an unattainable ideal,
but they would be completely useless Ior most research
studies.
21. It was Thales who taught the Greek sailors to steer
their ships by the Pole Star.
22. Indeed, it is not unusual to Iind evidence oI partial
melting oI the lead bullet on extracting it Irom the block,
especially iI the latter be oI rather hard and resistant wood.
23. Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by
orientating themselves in the earth's magnetic Iield, neither
apparently, does memorizing the route play an essential part.