Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B
Physical and Chemical Property Data
Table B. 1 Atomic weights and numbers
Based on the atomic mass of 12C. Values for atomic weights apply to elements as they exist in nature.
9
Name
Symbol
Atomic number
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
26.9815
121.75
39.948
74.9216
137.34
9.0122
208.98
10.811
79.904
112.40
132.905
40.08
12.011
140.12
35.453
51.996
58.9332
63.546
162.50
167.26
151.96
18.9984
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.967
178.49
4.0026
164.930
1.00797
114.82
126.9044
192.2
55.847
83.80
138.91
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
I7
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
Appendices
399
Name
Symbol
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Wolfram (Tungsten)
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
W
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Atomic number
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44
62
21
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
74
54
70
39
30
40
Appendices
400
Formula
Degree of reduction y
relative to NH 3
Degree of reduction y
relative to N 2
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Adenine
Alanine
Ammonia
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
n-Butanol
Butyraldehyde
Butyric acid
Carbon monoxide
Citric acid
Cytosine
Ethane
Ethanol
Ethene
Ethylene glycol
Ethyne
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Fumaric acid
Glucitol
Gluconic acid
Glucose
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycerol
Glycine
Graphite
Guanine
Histidine
Hydrogen
Isoleucine
Lactic acid
Leucine
Lysine
Malic acid
Methane
Methanol
Oxalic acid
Palmitic acid
Pentane
Phenylalanine
Proline
Propane
C2H40
C 2H402
C3H60
CsHsN 5
C3HyO2N
NH 3
C6Hi4O2N4
C4HsO3N2
C4H704N
C4HioO
C4HsO
C4H80 2
CO
C6H80 7
C4HsON 3
C2H6
C2H60
C2H4
C2H60 2
C2H 2
CH20
CH20 2
C4H40 4
C6HI406
C6Hi20 7
C6Hi20 6
CsHgO4N
C sHt003N2
C3HsO 3
C2HsO2N
C
CsHsON 5
C6H902 N3
H2
C6H 1302N
C3H60 3
C6Hi302N
C6HI402N 2
C4H605
CH 4
CH40
C2H20 4
C16H3202
C5H12
CgH l 102N
C5HgO2N
C3Hs
C 3HsO
C3H60 2
C3H403
C3H703N
C4H604
5.00
4.00
5.33
2.00
4.00
0
3.67
3.00
3.00
6.00
5.50
5.00
2.00
3.00
2.50
7.00
6.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
4.33
3.67
4.00
3.60
3.60
4.67
3.00
4.00
1.60
3.33
2.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
4.67
3.00
8.00
6.00
1.00
5.75
6.40
4.44
4.40
6.67
6.00
4.67
3.33
3.33
3.50
5.00
4.00
5.33
5.00
5.00
3.00
5.67
4.50
3.75
6.00
5.50
5.00
2.00
3.00
4.75
7.00
6.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
4.00
2.00
3.00
4.33
3.67
4.00
4.20
4.80
4.67
4.50
4.00
4.60
4.83
2.00
5.50
4.00
5.50
5.67
3.00
8.00
6.00
iso-Propanol
Propionic acid
Pyruvic acid
Serine
Succinic acid
1.00
5.75
6.40
4.78
5.00
6.67
6.00
4.67
3.33
4.33
3.50
Appendices
4oi
Compound
Formula
Degree of reduction y
relative to N H 3
Threonine
Thymine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Uracil
Valeric acid
Valine
C4H903N
C 5H 6~ 2N 2
Cl 1H 1202N2
CgH 1103N
C4H402N 2
C5H100 2
C5HI102N
4.00
3.20
4.18
4.22
2.50
5.20
4.80
4.75
4.40
4.73
4.56
4.00
5.20
5.40
Biomass
CH 1.8Oo.5No.2
4.20
4.80
capacities
(Adapted from R.M. Felder and ILW. Rousseau, 1978, ElementaryPrinciplesof ChemicalProcesses,John Wiley and Sons, New York)
Cp ( J gmol- 1 ~
1) = a + b T+ cT 2 + d T 3
State
Temperature unit
b. 102
c. 105
d. 109
Temperature range
(units of T)
Acetone
Air
g
g
g
g
c
~
oC
K
oC
K
71.96
28.94
28.09
35.15
89.5
20.10
0.4147
0.1965
2.954
- 12.78
0.3191
0.4799
0.4421
34.76
- 1.965
- 1.965
-6.686
0-1200
0-1500
273-1800
0-1200
276-373
g
l
l
g
g
g
g
~
oC
oC
oC
*C
oC
oC
36.11
103.1
158.8
61.34
34.28
28.84
29.13
4.233
-2.887
7.464
0-1500
15.72
4.268
0.00765
-0.1341
-8.749
0.000
0.3288
0.9715
19.83
-8.694
-0.8698
-4.335
100
0-1200
0-1200
0-1500
0-1200
33.51
1.547
0.3012
- 3.292
0-1500
g
g
l
l
g
1
g
g
*C
K
~
~
~
~
~
~
34.31
19.87
75.86
82.59
42.93
110.0
29.00
29.10
5.469
5.021
0.3661
1.268
-11.00
-11.00
8.301
-1.87
-8.03
0.2199
1.158
0.5723
-0.6076
-2.871
1.311
0-1200
273-1500
0
40
0-700
25
0-1500
0-1500
c
c
l
g
l
g
K
K
~
~
~
~
15.2
18.3
139.1
38.91
75.4
33.46
2.68
1.84
15.59
3.904
-3.104
8.606
0.6880
0.7604
-3.593
Ammonia
Calcium
hydroxide
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
chloride
Hydrogen
sulphide
Methane
Methanol
Nitric acid
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Sulphur
(rhombic)
(monoclinic)
Sulphuric acid
Sulphur dioxide
Water
273-368
368-392
10-45
0-1500
0-100
0-1500
Appendices
402,
,,,
Pref= 1 atm.
Cpm(J gmol- 1 o c - 1
T(~
0
18
25
100
200
300
400
500
Air
02
N2
H2
CO 2
H20
29.06
29.07
29.07
29.14
29.29
29.51
29.78
30.08
29.24
29.28
29.30
29.53
29.93
30.44
30.88
31.33
29.12
29.12
29.12
29.14
29.23
29.38
29.60
29.87
28.61
28.69
28.72
28.98
29.10
29.15
29.22
29.28
35.96
36.43
36.47
38.17
40.12
41.85
43.35
44.69
33.48
33.51
33.52
33.73
34.10
34.54
35.05
35.59
Formula
Temperature (~
Cp (cal g - l ~
Acetic acid
Acetone
C2H40 2
C3H60
Acetonitrile
Benzaldehyde
Butyl alcohol (n-)
C2H3N
C7H60
C4Hl00
C4H80 2
Carbon tetrachloride
CCI4
Chloroform
CHCI 3
26 to 95
3 to 22.6
0
24.2 to 49.4
21 to 76
22 to 172
2.3
19.2
21 to 115
30
0
40
20 to 100
0
20
30
0
15
30
0.522
0.514
0.506
0.538
0.541
0.428
0.526
0.563
0.687
0.582
0.444
0.501
0.515
0.198
0.201
0.200
0.232
0.226
0.234
Cresol
(o-)
(m-)
C7H80
Dichloroacetic acid
C2H2C120 2
Diethylamine
Diethyl malonate
Diethyl oxalate
Diethyl succinate
Dipropyl malonate
Dipropyl oxalate (n-)
Dipropyl succinate
C4H 1IN
C7H 1204
C6H100 4
CsH 14O4
C9H 1604
C8H140 4
C1oH 18O4
0 to 20
21 to 197
0 to 20
21 to 106
21 to 196
22.5
20
20
20
20
20
20
0.497
0.551
0.477
0.349
0.348
0.516
0.431
0.431
0.450
0.431
0.431
0.450
Appendices
4o3
Compound
Formula
Temperature (~
Cp(calg-1 ~
Ethanol
Ether
C2H60
C4HloO
Ethyl acetate
C4H802
Ethylene glycol
C2H602
Formic acid
CH202
Furfural
C5H402
Glycerol
Hexadecane (n-)
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutyl alcohol
C3H803
C16H34
C6H120 2
C4HIoO
Isobutyl succinate
Isobutyric acid
Lauric acid
C12H2204
C4H80 2
C12H2402
Methanol
CH40
C6H120
C4H80
C2H402
C4H802
C16H3202
C3H602
C5H1002
C7H1402
C4H802
CsHsN
Quinoline
Salicylaldehyde
Stearic acid
C9H7N
C7H602
C18H3602
0 to 98
-5
0
3O
8O
120
140
180
20
20
-11.1
0
2.5
5.1
14.9
19.9
0
15.5
20 to 100
0
20 to 100
15 to 50
0 to 50
20
21 to 109
30
0
20
40 to 100
57
5 to I0
15 to 20
21 to 127
20 to 78
13 to 29
20
65to 104
0
20 to 137
20
20
20
20
21 to 108
0 to 20
0 to 20
18
75 to 137
O.680
O.525
0.521
O.545
0.687
0.800
0.819
1.037
0.457
0.476
0.535
0.542
0.550
0.554
0.569
0.573
0.436
0.509
0.524
0.367
0.416
0.576
0.496
0.459
0.716
0.603
0.442
0.450
0.572
0.515
0.590
0.601
0.553
0.549
0.516
0.459
0.653
0.444
0.560
0.459
0.459
0.459
0.405
0.431
0.395
0.352
0.382
0.550
Appendices
404
Formula
Temperature (oc)
T
Cp(cal g- 1 oc-1 )
Acetic acid
Acetone
Aniline
Capric acid
Chloroacetic acid
Crotonic acid
Dextrin
Diphenylamine
Erythritol
Ethylene glycol
Formic acid
C2H40 2
C3H60
C6HTN
C10H2002
C 2H3CIO2
C4H60 2
(C6H 1005)x
Cl 2H i l N
C4HI004
C2H60 2
CH20 2
- 2 0 0 to 25
- 210 to - 80
Glucose
C 6H !20 6
Glutaric acid
Glycerol
Hexadecane
Lactose
C5H804
C3H80 3
C!6H34
Cl 2H22O 11
C12H22011.H20
Ci28240 2
C 6Hi0 O5
C6H!206
C3H40 4
C i 2H22011
C6H140 6
C2H204
C2H204.2H20
0.330 + 0.00080 T
0.540 + 0.0156 T
0.741
0.695
0.363
0.520 + 0.00020 T
0.291 + 0.00096 T
0.337
0.351
0.366 + 0.00110 T
0.387
0.430
0.277
0.300
0.299
0.330
0.495
0.287
0.299
0.430 + 0.000027 T
0.607
0.275
0.275
0.320
0.313 + 0.00025 T
0.259 + 0.00076 T
0.338
0.385
0.416
0.382
0.430
0.561
0.248 + 0.00153 T
0.299
0.301
0.287
0.308
0.366
0.320
Lauric acid
Levoglucosane
Levulose
Malonic acid
Maltose
Mannitol
Oxalic acid
Palmitic acid
C16H320 2
Phenol
Succinic acid
Sucrose
Sugar (cane)
Tartaric acid
C6H60
C4H60 4
Urea
CI 2H 22011
C12H22011
C4H60 6
C4H606.H20
CH4N20
8
60
38 to 70
0 to 90
26
60
- 190 to - 4 0
- 22
0
0
20
20
0
20
20
- 30 to 40
40
20
20
20
0 to 100
- 200 to 50
0
50
100
0
20
14 to 26
0 to 160
20
22 to 51
36
0
50
20
Appendices
405
Table B.7 Normal melting points and boiling points, and standard heats of phase change
(From R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau, 1978,
Molecular
weight
Melting
temperature
(~
Ahfat
melting point
(kJ gmol-1)
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Ammonia
Benzaldehyde
Carbon dioxide
Chloroform.
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Glycerol
Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulphide
Methane
Methanol
Nitric acid
Nitrogen
Oxalic acid
Oxygen
Phenol
Phosphoric acid
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sulphur
(rhombic)
(monoclinic)
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphuric acid
Water
44.05
60.05
58.08
17.03
106.12
44.01
119.39
46.07
30.03
46.03
92.09
2.016
36.47
34.08
16.04
32.04
63.02
28.02
90.04
32.00
94.11
98.00
58.45
40.00
- 123.7
16.6
- 95.0
-77.8
- 26.0
- 56.6
-63.7
- 114.6
-92
8.30
18.20
- 259.19
- 114.2
- 85.5
- 182.5
- 97.9
-41.6
- 210.0
12.68
18.30
O. 12
1.99
2.38
0.94
3.167
10.47
0.720
- 218.75
42.5
42.3
808
319
0.444
11.43
10.54
28.5
8.34
256.53
256.53
64.07
98.08
18.016
113
119
- 75.48
10.35
0.00
10.04
14.17
7.402
9.87
6.0095
12.09
5.69
5.653
8.33
5.021
Normal
boiling
point (~
Ah v at
boiling point
(kJ gmol - l )
20.2
118.2
56.0
-33.43
179.0
(sublimates at - 78~
61.0
78.5
- 19.3
100.5
290.0
- 252.76
-85.0
-60.3
- 161.5
64.7
86
- 195.8
(decomposes at 186~
- 182.97
181.4
25.1
24.39
30.2
23.351
38.40
38.58
24.48
22.25
0.904
16.1
18.67
8.179
35.27
30.30
5.577
6.82
1465
1390
170.7
444.6
444.6
- 10.02
(decomposes at 340~
100.00
83.7
83.7
24.91
40.656
Referenceconditions: 1 atm and 25~ or 20~ values marked with an asterisk refer to 20~
Products of combustion are taken to be CO 2 (gas), H 2 0 (liquid) and N 2 (gas); therefore, A h~ = 0 for CO 2 (g), H 2 0 (1) and N 2 (g).
State: g - gas; l - liquid; c - crystali s - solid.
Compound
Formula
Molecular
weight
State
Heat of combustion
A h e (kJ gmol- 1)
Acetaldehyde
C2H40
44.053
Acetic acid
C2H402
60.053
Acetone
C3H60
58.080
l
g
l
g
l
g
-1166.9
-1192.5
-874.2
-925.9
-1789.9
-1820.7
Appendices
406
Compound
Formula
Molecular
weight
Acetylene
Adenine
C2H 2
C5H5N 5
26.038
135.128
Alanine (D-)
Alanine (Lo)
C3H702N
C3H702N
89.094
89.094
Ammonia
Ammonium ion
Arginine (D-)
Asparagine (L-)
Aspartic acid (L-)
Benzaldehyde
NH 3
NH,~
C6HI402N4
C4H803N 2
C4H704N
C7H60
17.03
Butanoic acid
C4H80 2
88.106
1-Butanol
C4HI00
74.123
2-Butanol
C4Hl00
74.123
Butyric acid
C4H802
88.106
Caffeine
Carbon
Carbon monoxide
Citric acid
Codeine
Cytosine
Ethane
Ethanol
C8H1002N4
C
CO
C6H807
C18H2103N.H20
C4H5ON 3
C2H6
C2H60
111.103
30.070
46.069
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol
C2H 4
C2H602
28.054
62.068
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
CH20
CH20 2
30.026
46.026
Fructose (D-)
Fumaric acid
Galactose (D-)
Glucose (D-)
Glutamic acid (L-)
Glutamine (L-)
Glutaric acid
Glycerol
C6HI206
C4H40 4
C6H1206
C6H1206
C5H904N
C5HloO3N2
C5H804
C3H80 3
Glycine
Glycogen
Guanine
Hexadecane
C2H502N
(C6HloO5)xper kg
C5H5ON 5
C16H34
151.128
226.446
Hexadecanoic acid
C16H3202
256.429
Histidine (L-)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulphide
Inositol
Isoleucine (L-)
Isoquinoline
C6H902N 3
H2
H2S
C6H120 6
C6H1302N
C9HTN
155.157
2.016
34.08
174.203
132.119
133.104
106.124
12.011
28.010
116.073
147.131
146.146
132.116
92.095
75.067
131.175
129.161
State
Heat of combustion
Ah c (kJ gmo1-1)
-1301.1
-2778.1
-2886.9
-1619.7
-1576.9
-1715.0
-382.6
-383
-3738.4
-1928.0
-1601.1
-3525.1
-3575.4
-2183.6
-2241.6
-2675.9
-2728.2
-2660.6
-2710.3
-2183.6
-2241.6
-4246.5"
-393.5
-283.0
-1962.0
-9745.7"
-2067.3
-1560.7
-1366.8
-1409.4
-1411.2
-1189.2
-1257.0
-570.7
-254.6
-300.7
-2813.7
-1334.0
-2805.7
-2805.0
-2244.1
-2570.3
-2150.9
-1655.4
-1741.2
-973.1
-17530.1"
-2498.2
-10699.2
-10780.5
-9977.9
-10031.3
-10132.3
-3180.6
-285.8
-562.6
-2772.2*
-3581.1
-4686.5
Appendices
407
Compound
Formula
Molecular
weight
C3H603
C12H22Oll
C6H1302N
C6H1302N
C6H1402N2
C4H60 5
C3H404
C12H22Oll
C6H1406
CH 4
CH40
Morphine
Nicotine
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Papaverine
Pentane
C17H1903N.H20
CloH14N2
C18H3402
C2H204
C2oH2104N
C5H12
72.150
Phenylalanine(g-)
Phthalic acid
Proline (L-)
Propane
1-Propanol
C9HIIO2N
C8H604
C5H902N
C3H8
C3H80
165.192
166.133
115.132
44.097
60.096
2-Propanol
C3H80
60.096
Propionic acid
C3H602
74.079
1,2-Propyleneglycol
C3H802
76.095
1,3-Propyleneglycol
C3H802
76.095
Pyridine
C5H5N
79.101
Pyrimidine
C4H4N2
80.089
Salicylicacid
C7H60 3
138.123
Serine (L-)
Starch
Succinic acid
Sucrose
Thebaine
Threonine (L-)
Thymine
Tryptophan (L-)
Tyrosine (L-)
Uracil
C3H703N
(C6HloO5)xPerkg
C4H604
C12H22Oll
C19H2103N
C4H903N
C5H602N2
CllH1202N2
CgH1103N
C4H402N 2
105.094
119.120
126.115
204.229
181.191
112.088
Urea
CH4ON 2
60.056
Valine (L-)
C5HIIO2N
117.148
Xanthine
C5H402N 4
C5HloO 5
152.113
Xylose
Biomass
CH1.8Oo.5No.2
25.9
State
Heat of combustion
A hc (kJ gmol-1)
-1368.3
-5652.5
-3581.7
-3581.6
-3683.2
-1328.8
-861.8
-5649.5
-3046.5*
-890.8
-726.1
-763.7
-8986.6*
-5977.8*
-11126.5
-251.1
-10375.8*
-3509.0
-3535.6
-4646.8
-3223.6
-2741.6
-2219.2
-2021.3
-2068.8
-2005.8
-2051.1
-1527.3
-1584.5
-1838.2
-1902.6
-1859.0
-1931.8
-2782.3
-2822.5
-2291.6
-2341.6
-3022.2
-3117.3
-1448.2
-17496.6*
-1491.0
-5644.9
-10221.7*
-2053.1
-2362.2
-5628.3
-4428.6
-1716.3
-1842.8
-631.6
-719.4
-2921.7
-3084.5
-2159.6
-2340.5
131.175
131.175
146.189
16.043
32.O42
90.036
118.089
- 552