General Line Protection

General Line Protection
List of Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Distance relays - basics Operating characteristics Effect of parallel line Phase selection Power swing blocking Communication scheme Switch on to fault Weak end infeed Supervision fuse failure System supervision. Fault locator Stub protection Earth fault protection Auto reclosing systems
ABB ATCF-PT 1
1-Distance relay basics
ABB ATCF-PT 2

Objective of relay protection
Protect persons and equipment in the surrounding of the power system Protect apparatus in the power system Separate faulty parts from the rest of the power system to facilitate the operation of the healthy part of the system
ABB ATCF-PT 3

Electrical faults in the power system
Transmission lines Busbar Transformer/ Generator Total 85% 12% 3% 100 %
ABB ATCF-PT 4

Fault statistics
Single phase to earth Two phases to earth Phase to phase faults Three phase faults 80% 10% 5% 5%
The probability of line faults caused by lightnings are 0,2-3 faults/ 100 km and year
ABB ATCF-PT 5

Fault types
Transient faults
are common on transmission lines, approximately 80-85% lightnings are the most common reason can also be caused by birds, falling trees,Forest growth, swinging lines, High velocity winds etc. will disappear after a short dead interval
Persistent faults
can be caused by a broken conductor fallen down can be a tree falling on a line must be located and repaired before normal service
ABB ATCF-PT 6

Fault types on double circuit lines
Simultaneous and Interline faults
On parallel line applications a problem can occur with simultaneous faults. A full scheme relay is superior when the protection is measuring two different fault types at the same time.
L3 L1 L2
L1 L2 L3
Z<
L1-N
L2-N
ABB ATCF-PT 7

Fault resistance
multi-phase faults
consist only of arc resistance
L3 L1 L2
L1 L2 L3
earth faults
consist of arc and tower footing resistance
Warringtons formula
Rarc =
28707 x L I
1.4
L= length of arc in meters I= the actual fault current in A Footing resistance
ABB ATCF-PT 8

Fault types
Mid-span faults
the fault resistance is out of control can be caused by growing trees, bushfire or objects touching a conductor this type of high resistive faults can not be detected by impedance protection
ABB ATCF-PT 9
MAIN REQUIREMENTS ON LINE PROTECTION ARE:

SPEED SENSITIVITY SELECTIVITY DEPENDABILITY SECURITY RELIABILITY MTBF
ABB ATCF-PT 10

Measuring principles
Overcurrent protection Over current & under voltage combination Differential protection Phase comparison Directional- wave protection Distance protection
ABB ATCF-PT 11

The principle of distance protection
ZK=Uk/ Ik Uk
A
Uk=0
metallic fault
Zk Z<
Ik
ABB ATCF-PT 12

Power lines have impedances of size 0,3- 0,4 ohm/ km and normal angles of 80 - 85 degrees in a 50Hz systems.
A B
ZL=R+jX
Z<
Z<
The line impedance must be converted to secondary values with the formula:
VTsec Zsec= VTprim
CTprim CTsec
Zprim
ABB ATCF-PT 13

t
t3 t2 t1
l
A B
f1 f2 f3
Z<
Z<
Z<
Z<
t
t3 t2 t1
l
ABB ATCF-PT 14

Measuring loop for earth faults
The distance protection relays are always set based on the phase impedance to the fault Zs
UL1 IL1
RL
XL
IN
RN
XN
The measured Impedance is a function of positive and zero sequence impedance

ABB ATCF-PT 15

Measuring loop for two- phase faults
UL1-L2 IL1 IL2
RL
XL
The measured impedance is equal to the positive sequence impedance up to the fault location
ABB ATCF-PT 16

Measuring loop for three- phase faults
UL1 UL2 UL3 IL1 IL2 IL3
RL
XL
The measured impedance is equal to the positive sequence impedance up to the fault location
ABB ATCF-PT 17

The earth fault measurement
U= I1Z1+I0Z0+I2Z2 U= Z1( I1+I2+I0 ) +I0Z0 -I0Z1 U=I Z1+I0 ( Z0 - Z1 ) Z1=Z2 I= I1+I2+I0 3I0=IN
I U=I Z1+ N ( Z0 - Z1 ) 3
ABB ATCF-PT 18
U=IZ1+IN
Z0 - Z1 3

The earth fault measurement
The current used is thus the phase current plus the residual current times a factor KN = (Z0-Z1) / 3Z1, the zero sequence compensation factor. The factor KN is a transmission line constant and Z0/ Z1 is presumed to be identical throughout the whole line length. (1+KN) Z1 gives the total loop impedance for the earth fault loop for single end infeed.
ABB ATCF-PT 19

Double end infeed
I1 U1 UF RF I Load I2 U2
UF = RF ( I1 + I2 ) RF ( I1 + I2 ) RF1=
ABB ATCF-PT 20
I1

Measuring error at high resistive earth fault on a line with double end infeed
X
Rf Load import
ZL
Rf Load export
ABB ATCF-PT 21

Remote faults
Due to current contribution If2 and If3 in substation B, the distance protection in station A will measure a higher impedance than the "true" impedance to the fault. The relay will thus underreach and this means in practice it can be diffcult to get a remote back-up.
ZL Um Z<
If1 B If2 If3
ZF
If=If1+If2+If3
Um= If1 x ZL+ (If1+If2+If3) x ZF

ABB ATCF-PT 22

Directional measurement
When a fault occurs close to the relay location the voltage can drop to a value where the directional measurement can not be performed.
Modern distance protection relays will instead use the healthy voltage e.g. for L1- fault the voltage UL2-L3, shifted 90 degrees compared to UL1. This cross polarisation is used in different proportions between healthy and faulty phases in different products. At three- phase fault close to the station all phase voltages are low and cross polarisation is not of any use. Instead a memory voltage is used to secure correct measurement.
ABB ATCF-PT 23

Design of distance protection
Switched scheme
consists of a start relay to select (switch) the measuring loop to the single measuring relay
Full scheme
has a measuring element for each measuring loop and for each zone
Z<
L1-N
L2-N
ABB ATCF-PT 24
2- Operating characteristic
ABB ATCF-PT 25

THE FIRST ZONE CHARACTERISTIC
SHOULD COVER AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE OF PROTECTED CIRCUIT AND OF ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE. IN CASE OF Ph TO GROUND FAULT FOLLOWED BY RECLOSURE TO TRIPPING IN UNFAULTED PHASES. FAST OPERATION DIRECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION.
ABB ATCF-PT 26

THE FIRST ZONE CHARACTERISTIC(Contd..)
EXTENSION UPWARDS AND TO THE RIGHT SHOULD ENCLOSE AS MUCH OF LINE IMPEDANCE AND ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE WITHOUT OVERREACH. REACH IN RESISTIVE DIRECTION SHOULD BE LARGE ENOUGH TO COVER LARGE RESISTANCE AND TO GET GOOD DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE BUT LIMITED TO AVOID UNWANTED TRIPPING IN CASE OF POWER SWINGS , OVERREACH IN ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE IS SEEN WITH LARGE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE , SHORT TIME OVERLOADING.
ABB ATCF-PT 27

THE SECOND ZONE CHARACTERISTIC
EXTENSION UPWARDS IS DECIDED BY IMPEDANCE OF PROTECTED LINE AND SETTING OF I ZONE OF ADJACENT LINES. IN MOST CASES R-AXIS REACH OF ZONE - II SAME AS ZONE -I IS SATISFACTORY. IF ADDITIONAL RESISTANCES ARE EXPECTED WHICH ZONE - I IS NOT ABLE TO COVER THEN DIFFERENT SETTING FOR ZONE - II IS ADVANTAGEOUS.
ABB ATCF-PT 28

THE THIRD ZONE CHARACTERISTIC
THIS IS THE WIDEST OF ZONES IN WHICH TRIPPING CAN OCCUR AFTER LONGEST TIME DELAY. IS REQUIRED TO GIVE REMOTE BACKUP THOUGH IN MANY CASES IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET COMPEREHENSIVE REMOTE BACK UP.
ABB ATCF-PT 29

DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES.
jX
Low measured reactance Ratio between fault resistance and resistance is high. Distance protection with mho characteristic can not see an average fault resistance.
RF XF
ABB ATCF-PT 30

DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES
Low measured reactance
jX
Ratio between fault resistance and reactance is high. Distance protection with mho characteristic can not see average fault resistance. Cross polarization has no significant effect.
XF R
RF
ABB ATCF-PT 31

DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES
jX
Quadrilateral characteristic improves sensitivity for higher RF/XF ratio. It still has some limitations. -The value of set RF/ XF ratio is is limited by 5 - Remote infeed increases the apparent value of fault resistance. - Requirements on current instrument transformers are stringent.
XF R
RF
ABB ATCF-PT 32

DISTANCE PROTECTION ON SHORT LINES.
jX
Teleprotection schemes improve the total system behavior. Overreaching permissive schemes increase the sensitivity.
Weak infeed logic for very high fault resistance.

RF XF R
Requirements on CTs are decreased. Independent underreaching zone 1 is sometimes an additional advantage.
ABB ATCF-PT 33

jX
DISTANCE PROTECTION ON LONG LINES
Load impedance limits the reach in resistive direction. High value of RF / XF ratio is generally not necessary.
ABB ATCF-PT 34

DISTANCE PROTECTION ON LONG LINES
Load impedance limits the reach in resistive direction. High relay of RF/ XF ratio is generally not necessary Circular (mho) characteristic - has no strictly defined reach in resistive direction. - needs limitation in resistive direction (blinder) Influences of heavy load current at phase to earth faults. Sensitivity for low currents. R
ABB ATCF-PT 35

AT THE ORIGIN DIRECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION REQUIRED BY LINE PASSING THROUGH 2nd QUADRANT , 4th QUADRANT AND ORIGIN. THE DIRECTIONAL MEASUREMENT IS BASED ON THE USE OF + VE SEQUENCE VOLTAGE FOR THE RESPECTIVE FAULT LOOP. VOLTAGE USED FOR RPH ELEMENT IS 0.8 U1R + 0.2 U 1RM WHERE U 1RM IS MEMORY VOLTAGE (+VE SEQUENCE) THIS WILL ENSURE CORRECT DIRECTIONAL DISCREMINATION. EXTENSION IN 2 nd AND 4th LIMITED TO AVOID OPERATION OF UNFAULTED PHASE AN ALSO DURING SWINGS YET GIVE GOOD DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE.
ABB ATCF-PT 36

LOAD CURRENT INFLUENCES THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT.
ABB ATCF-PT 37
Line impe danc e

LOAD CURRENT INFLUENCES THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT. The same fault position Equal fault resistance
Line impe danc e
Characteristic with out load compensation
ABB ATCF-PT 38

A
EA EXPORTING END OVERREACHING
ILOAD ZL RF
EB IFB IMPORTING END OVERREACHING
IFA
ZM = ZL + RF Note : Currents and voltages are phasors

ABB ATCF-PT 39
1+
IFB I FA

LOAD CURRENT INFLUENCES THE IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT. The same fault position Equal fault resistance
Line Imp edan ce
Characteristic with out load compensation
Load compensated characteristic
ABB ATCF-PT 40

IT IS NOT WHAT MANY HOPE IT IS
RCALC is an interactive PC based program, which helps the users in determination of optimum settings of distance protection. Its operation is based on real algorithms used in the distance protection. It includes measuring characteristics for : -RAZOA and RAZFE -REZ 1 and REL 100 -distance protection in REL 5XX
RC AL C
ABB ATCF-PT 41

IT IS NOT WHAT MANY HOPE IT IS
It presents the operation areas of distance protection zones in impedance ( R- X ) plane Simulates two machine system : -single line. -double circuit line with zero sequence mutual coupling. -remaining network (line) between two busbars. -load conditions -changing fault resistance.
RC AL C
ABB ATCF-PT 42
3- Effect of parallel line
ABB ATCF-PT 43

Zero- sequence mutual coupling on parallel lines
ZL
ZOM ZL
ZA< overreaching
ABB ATCF-PT 44
ZA<
ZB< ZB< underreaching

Zero- sequence mutual coupling on parallel lines
In double circuit lines and parallel lines the zero sequence coupling will result in measuring errors, specially at ground faults. The mutual impedance will either cause an extension or reduction of the set reach on the relay. Maximum overreaching will occur when the parallel line is out of service and grounded at both ends. The overreaching caused by the grounded parallel line can be avoided at the setting of the relay, by the KN factor.
ABB ATCF-PT 45

EFFECT OF MUTUAL COUPLING ON DISTANCE RELAYS
ZOM
PARALLEL LINE EARTH CURRENT = IEP = 3IOP INDUCED VOLTAGE IN THE FAULT LOOP = I EP ZOM / 3 DISTANCE RELAY PH- EARTH UNIT MEASURES Z = VPH- E / = ZL IPH
( I PH + KO IE ) WHERE KO = ZOL - ZL / 3ZL + ( ZOL - ZL ) IE / 3ZL + IEP ZOM / 3ZL

IPH + KO IE
= ZL
ABB ATCF-PT 46
1 + KOM IEP / IPH + KO IE ERROR
WHERE K OM = ZOM / 3ZL

- THE ERROR IS MUTUAL COUPLING FACTOR ZOM / 3ZL . - ERROR INCREASES WITH IEP IN RELATION TO THE RELAY CURRENT IPH + KO IE - THE RELAY UNDER REACHES WHEN IEP IS IN PHASE WITH IPH AND IE - THE RELAY OVER REACHES WHEN IEP , IPH AND IE HAVE OPPOSITE SIGNS.
ABB ATCF-PT 47

KOM ZOM / ZOL Z = - ZL 1 + KO = - 0.23 ZL

ABB ATCF-PT 48

EFFECT OF MUTUAL COUPLING ON DISTANCE RELAYS.
D KOM ZL Z = 1 + KO = 0.38 ZL ZOL - ZL KO = 3 ZL = 0.864
KOM = ZOM / 3ZL = 0.716

R1 + j X1 = 0.0289 + j 0.307 / KM RO + j X0 = 0.276 + j 1.0715 / KM RMO1 + j XMO = 0.228 + j 0.622 / KM
ABB ATCF-PT 49
ZL = 0.308 / KM ZOL = 1.106 /KM ZOM = 0.662 / KM

SETTING OF DISTANCE ZONE FOR PARALLEL LINES.
SETTING OF ZONE 1.
SETTING OBJECTIVE IS TO AVOID OVERREACH BEYOND THE REMOTE END IN CASE SHOWN BELOW. ALSO SETTING SHOULD COVER AS MUCH OF THE LINE AS POSSIBLE ( MIN 50 % + SAFETY MARGIN )
PH- E
D
1+
Z = X ZL SET KO =
ABB ATCF-PT 50
ZOL - ZL 3ZL
- KOM
ZOM ZOL ZOM ZOL
1 + KO
ZOL - ZL 3ZL
- KOM
AND REACH TO 90%
WITH THE ABOVE FOR OTHER CASES VIZ PARALLEL LINES SWITCHED OFF AND NOT EARTHED & BOTH LINES IN SERVICE THE REACH WILL REDUCE AS GIVEN BELOW.
- PARALLEL LINE SWITCHED OFF AND NOT EARTHED - 69%
- BOTH LINES IN SERVICE
- 60%
ABB ATCF-PT 51

SETTING OF DISTANCE ZONES FOR PARALLEL LINES
SETTING OF ZONE 2 SETTING OBJECTIVE IS RELAY MUST SAFELY COVER 100 % OF THE LINE WITH SAFTEY MARGIN OF 20 % FOR THE MOST UNFAVOURABLE CONDITION. PH - E
Z = ZL SET
ABB ATCF-PT 52
1+
(ZOL
ZL ) / 3ZL + KOM 1 + KO
-
]
AND REACH TO 120 %
K0
ZOL - ZL 3 ZL
+ KOM

FOR OTHER CASES VIZ PARALLEL LINE SWITCHED OFF AND EARTHED AT BOTH LINE ENDS IT MUST BE ENSURED THAT THIS DOES NOT OVERLAP WITH THE ZONE 2 OF THE FOLLOWING LINE.
Z ZL
Z 0. 44
THIS MEANS IN THE CASE OF 2nd ZONE SET TO 120 % OF ZL WOULD HAVE A REACH OF 173 % OF Z L. IN NORMAL PRACTICE THIS PROVIDES NO PROBLEMS AS OVERRECH IN TO FOLLOWING LINE IS REDUCED BY INTERMEDIATE INFEEDS AT REMOTE STATION.
ABB ATCF-PT 53

THE INFLUENCE OF ZERO SEQUENCE MUTUAL COUPLING CAN BE COMPENSATED IN NUMERICAL RELAYS IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS ALT 1 BY USING POSSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT VALUES OF EARTH RETURN COMPENSATING FACTOR K FOR DIFFERENT ZONES WITHIN THE SAME GROUP OF SETTING PARAMETERS.
ALT 2 BY USING DIFFERENT GROUPS OF SETTING PARAMETERS FOR DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS OF PROTECTED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE.
ABB ATCF-PT 54

ALTERNATIVE 1
ZOL
KN1 =
[ [ [
ZL
KOM
ZOM ZOL
3ZL ZOL
KN2 =
ZL
KOM
3ZL
KN3 =
ZOL - ZL 3ZL
]
/ 3ZL
WHERE
ABB ATCF-PT 55
K OM
ZOM

ALTERNATIVE 2
CASE 1 - PARALLEL LINE SWITCHED OFF WITH BOTH ENDS EARTHED. ZOM ZOL - ZL KOM KN1 = ZOL 3ZL
KN2 , KN3 IDENTICAL TO ALT 1 CASE 2 - DOUBLE CIRCUIT PARALLEL LINE IN OPERATION. ZOL - ZL KOM + 3ZL KN1 =
KN2 , KN3 IDENTICAL TO ALT 1
ABB ATCF-PT 56
4-Phase selection
ABB ATCF-PT 57

PHASE SELECTION.
AN INDEPENDENT PHASE SELECTION FUNCTION OPERATES AS A COMPLEMENT TO THE IMPEDANCE MEASURIING ELEMENT SO AS TO SECURE CORRECT PHASE SELECTION IN CASE OF SINGLE PH TO EARTH FAULTS ON HEAVILY LOADED LONG TRANSMISSION LINES AND ALSO MULTI CIRCUIT. IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO SET THESE TO COVER ALL ZONES. IT IS ENOUGH IF IT COVERS FIRST OVERREACHING ZONE ( ZONE 2 ) MEASURING ELEMENT FOR DIFFERENT FAULT LOOPS BUT FOR PHASE INDICATIONS.
ABB ATCF-PT 58

.
PHASE SELECTION
I PH FAULTS jX
XNPh
UR IR Us Is UT IT
RN2
RNPh
< R N4 + j x N4 < R N4 + j x N4 < R N4 + j x N4

ALSO 3Io > 0.1 In
2 . ( 1 + Kn )
&
3Io > 0.2 IpHMAX
Characteristic of phase selector for single-phase faults.

ABB ATCF-PT 59

PHASE SELECTION
jX XPh 2. X2 2 PH FAULTS.
UR - UT < IR
R4 + j X4
70
Us - UR < R4 + j x4 IS UT - UR < R4 + j x4 IT
2.R2 R RPh
ALSO 3Io < 0.2 IN & 3Io < 0.4IpHMAX
ABB ATCF-PT 60
Characteristic of phase selectors for two-phase faults.

jX 2.X2 XPh .2/ RPh 2/3
100
jX PHASE SELECTION
R 3 PH FAULTS. THIS IS SIMILAR TO PH - PH FAULTS WITH FOLLOWING DEVIATIONS.
2. R2
- ROTATED ANTICLOCKWISE BY 30 DEGREES. - REACH 2/ 3 TIMES THAT OF FOR PH - PH FAULTS.
Characteristic of phase selectors at three phase faults.

ABB ATCF-PT 61
5- Power swing blocking
ABB ATCF-PT 62

Power Swing Blocking (PSB) function
A power swing can be started by sudden load change due to a fault somewhere in the network. Close to the centre of the power swing, low voltage and thus low impedance will occur. A distance protection relay must then be blocked during the power swing. This can be done by mesuring the transit time of the impedance locus passing two dedicated impedance zones. Normally the time used is 35-40 ms.
ABB ATCF-PT 63

POWER SWING BLOCKING FUCTION
WHEN POWER SWING DETECTION UNIT OPERATES ANY IMPEDENCE ZONE CAN BE SELECTED TO BE BLOCKED OR NOT AS REQUIRED. OPERATION OF POWER SWING DETECTION UNIT IS INHIBITED WHEN ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT IS DETECTED. THIS FEATURE IS INCLUDED TO ENSURE TRIPPING OF HIGH RESISTANCE EARTH FAULTS WHERE FAULTS WHERE FAULT RESISTANCE CAN DECREASE SLOWELY. THE RESIDUAL CURRENT INHIBIT CONDITION ENSURE PSD WILL NOT BLOCK DUE TO UNBALANCED LOAD OR RESIDUAL CURRENT EXPERIENCED WITH UNTRANSPOSED TRANSMISSION LINES.
ABB ATCF-PT 64

Power Swing Blocking function
X Power swing locus
R
t
t = 40 ms
ABB ATCF-PT 65

EFFECT OF VOLTAGE COLLAPSE ON DISTANCE RELAYS.
APPARENT IMPENDANCE PRESENTED TO A DISTANCE RELAY AS THE LOAD VOLTAGE VARIES DEPENDS ON VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LOAD. FOR A MOTOR 2 P = 0.35 ( 0.75 + O.25 V )
V = 0.8PU
V = 1.1 PU
R
ABB ATCF-PT 66

SIMPOW ( SIMULATION OF POWERSYSTEMS )
SIMPOW IS A COMPUTER PROGRAMME DEVELOPED BY ABB POWER SYSTEM AB FOLLOWING STUDIES CAN BE DONE BY SIMPOW - STEADY STATE (POWER FLOW , FAULT CURRENT , HARMONICS). - ELECTRO MECHANICAL TRANSIENTS ( LONG TERM DYNAMICS , SHORT TERM DYNAMICS , MACHINE TRANSIENTS). - ELECTRO MAGNETIC TRANSIENTS (SATURATION AND RESONANCE SWITCHING TRANSIENTS , LIGHTNING TRANSIENTS). - ANALYSIS (FREQUENCY SCANNING , EIGEN VALUES AND VECTORS, MODEL ANALYSIS).
ABB ATCF-PT 67
6- Communication scheme
ABB ATCF-PT 68

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
A B
IN THE ABSENCE OF COMMUNICATION LINK -THE OPERATION ZONE OF END ZONE FAULT IS LONGER. -AUTO RECLOSING IS NOT POSSIBLE.
ABB ATCF-PT 69

Communication equipment
Power line carrier (PLC) equipment is based on a capacitive connection of signals with frequency in the range 50- 500 kHz on the power line. Radio link is a good and reliable communication equiment, but is rarely used due to the high cost. Optical fibres have the advantage to be insensitive to noise and can transmit a huge amount of information.
ABB ATCF-PT 70

COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
RELAY SETTING AND THE WAY SIGNALS ARE USED IS GIVEN BELOW. FIRST ZONE REACH UNDER REACHING (0.8 TO 0.9 Z AB ) OVER REACHING ( 1.2 Z AB) USE OF RECIVED SIGNAL OPERATION OF CB IF LOCAL RELAY HAS PICKED UP AS INFORMATION REGARDING DIRECTION OF FAULT - FOR COMPARISON WITH LOCAL END - TO EXTEND ZONE I REACH - TO BLOCK RELAY OPERATION
ABB ATCF-PT 71

Permissive communication schemes
Communication signal carrier send (CS) is sent to remote end when the fault is detected in forward direction. Tripping is achieved when the commmunication signal carrier receive (CR) is received and the local relay has detected a forward fault. In a permissive underreaching scheme the communication signal is sent from a zone that underreaches the remote end. In a permissive overreaching scheme the communication signal is sent from a zone that overreaches the remote end.
A B
Z<
Z<
Carrier send CS = Z< forward, under or overreach Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 (t2 + CR) + ZM3 x t3
ABB ATCF-PT 72

PERMISSIVE COMMUNICATION SCHEMES
PERMISSIVE OVERREACHING SCHEMES ARE ADOPTED FOR SHORT LINES ( ALSO CALLED DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON SCHEMES) ADVANTAGES ARE BETTER PERFORMANCE FOR HIGH RESISTANCE FAULTS. SUPERIOR TO PILOT WIRE AS DIGITAL DECISIONS ARE EXCHANGED AND NOT ANALOGUE SUPERIOR TO PHASE COMPARISON WHICH REQUIRES FAITHFUL TRANSMISSION OF PHASE INFORMATION.
ABB ATCF-PT 73

Blocking communication schemes
Communication signal (CS) is sent to remote end when the fault is detected in the reverse direction. Tripping is achieved when this blocking signal is not received within a time T0 (2040 ms) and the local relay has detected a fault in the forward direction.
A B
Z<
Z<
Carrier send CS = Z< reverse zone Trip = ZM1 + ZM2 (t2 + CR x T0) + ZM3 x t3
ABB ATCF-PT 74

BLOCKING COMMUNICATION SCHEMES
BLOCKING SCHEMES ARE USED WHEN COMMUNICATION SIGNALS SHALL NOT BE TRANSMITTED OVER FAULTY LINE FOR RELIABILITY REASONS Ex : BOOSTING OF SIGNAL NOT PERMITTED.
ABB ATCF-PT 75
7- Current reversal logic
ABB ATCF-PT 76

Current reversal logic
Permissive overreaching schemes can trip healthy line without C.R.L
1 Fault occurs on line 1 Fault detection by protection A:1 B:1 and A:2
A:1
B:1
2 Relay B:1 trips CB and sends carrier to A:1
Relay A:2 sees fault in forward direction and sends carrier to B:2 3 Fault cleared at B:1, current direction changed on line 2 4 Carrier from A:2 and forward looking measuring element in relay A:2 does not reset before relay B:2 detects the fault in forward direction and trips, also relay A:1 will trip when receiving carrier from B:1
A:2
B:2
A:1
B:1
A:2
B:2
ABB ATCF-PT 77
C.R.L allows slowly resetting communication equipment without risk of tripping the healthy line.
8- Switch on to fault
ABB ATCF-PT 78

Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
When energizing a power line onto a forgotten earthing no measuring voltage will be available and the directional measuring can thus not operate correctly. A special SOTF function is thus provided. Different principles can be used, from one phase current to undirectional impedance measuring. SOTF conditon can either be taken from the manual closing signal activating the (BC) input or it can be detected internaly by a logic.
U=0 V
Z<
ABB ATCF-PT 79
9- Week end infeed
ABB ATCF-PT 80

Weak end infeed
Weak end infeed is a condition which can occur on a transmission line, either when the circuit breaker is open, so there is no current infeed from that line end, or when the current infeed is low due to weak generation behind the protection.
CR Z<
t3 t2 t1
CS (echo) CR Z<
CS
CS = ZM2 CS (echo)=CR x low voltage x no start forward or reverse TRIP = ZM1 + ZM2(CR + t2)
ABB ATCF-PT 81

WEAK END INFEED
DUE TO WEAK END INFEED FOLLOWING WILL HAPPEN.
IN PERMISSIVE OVER REACH SCHEMES BOTH CBS MAY FAIL TO TRIP INSTANEOUSLY DUE TO NO CARRIER SEND SIGNAL AND NO RELAY OPERATION IN WEAK END. IN PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEMES FAST FAULT CLEARENCE OF WHOLE LINE SECTION WILL NOT BE THERE BECAUSE NO SIGNALS WILL BE SENT FROM THE WEAK END. IN BLOCKING SCHEME OR PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME THE LOW INFEED END WILL FAIL TO TRIP INSTANTANEOUSLY.
ABB ATCF-PT 82

WEAK END INFEED.
THE LOGIC DESCRIBED FOR PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME CAN BE USED IN TWO MODES. -ECHO FOR COMMUNICATION SIGNAL ONLY. -ECHO OF COMMUNICATION SIGNAL AND TRIP OF LOCAL CB.
IN CASE OF PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME THE LAST 10-20 % TOWARDS WEAK END WILL BE CLEARED IN ZONE II TIME . IF THIS IS NOT ACCEPTABLE OVERREACH SCHEME SHOULD BE USED. IN BLOCKING SCHEME WEAK END CB CANNOT BE TRIPPED . IN SUCH CASE DIRECT TRIPPING FROM ZONE I AND ACCLERATED ZONE MUST BE USED.
ABB ATCF-PT 83
10- Supervision of fuse failure
ABB ATCF-PT 84

FUSE FAIL SUPERVISION
THIS FUCTION IS BASED ON CONDITION 3UO > 20 % OF Un / 3 AND 3IO < 20 % OF I n IT CAN BE SELECTED TO BLOCK PROTECTION AND GIVE ALARM OR JUST TO GIVE ALARM. FUSE FAIL SUPERVISION IS BLOCKED FOR 200ms FOLLOWING LINE ENERGISATION IN ORDER NOT TO OPERATE FOR UNEQUAL POLE CLOSING AND ALSO DURING AUTORECLOSING. MCB CAN ALSO BE USED.
ABB ATCF-PT 85
11- System supervision
ABB ATCF-PT 86

SYSTEM SUPERVISION.
SYSTEM SUPERVISION CONSISTS OF FEATURES TO GIVE ALARM FOR UNNATURAL CONDITIONS VIZ. - OVERLOAD SUPERVISION - BROKEN CONDUCTER - LOSS OF VOLTAGE OVER LOAD SUPERVISION GIVES ALARM IF CURRENT EXCEEDS FOR 10 SECS.
UNSYMMETRICAL LOAD CONDITION CHECK GIVES ALARM WHEN ANY PH CURRENT IS LOWER THEN 80% OF LARGEST PH CURRENT. ALSO LARGEST PH CURRENT MUST BE > 15% OF NOMINAL CURRENT. LOSS OF VOLTAGE SUPERVISION CAN TRIP OR GIVE ALARM WHEN ALL 3 PH VOLTAGES ARE LOW FOR MORE THEN 7 SECS.
ABB ATCF-PT 87
12- Fault locator
ABB ATCF-PT 88

FAULT LOCATOR
P
IFA
DA
P
RF
UA
FA RF UA = IA P ZL + ID A
IA pZL
P - p k1 + k2 - k3 RF = 0
IA
ABB ATCF-PT 89
RF

FAULT LOCATOR
Fault Locator Measuring Principle
L F
ZA
A IA
pZL
IF RF
( I - p )ZL B ZB IB
UA=IA X P ZL + IFA X RF DA
pZL
( 1- p ) ZL ZB
(I-P) ZL +ZB DA = ZA+ZL +ZB
ZA
ABB ATCF-PT 90

FAULT LOCATOR For Double Circuit Lines.
UA = IA . pZL + IFA . DA RF + IOP . ZOM
p2 - p k1 + k2 - k3 RF = 0 DA = WHERE (1-p) ( Z1A + Z1L + Z1B ) 2 Z1A + ZIL + 2Z1B UA Z1B K2 = I Z ( Z + Z + 1) A 1L 1L ADD
UA Z1B K1 = I Z + Z + Z +1 A 1L 1L ADD IFA ( K2 = I Z A 1L

ABB ATCF-PT 91
Z1A + Z1B ) + 1 Z1L+ ZADD
13- Stub protection
ABB ATCF-PT 92

Stub protection function
Bus A
>Z
It is not possible for the distance protection relay to measure impedance when the line disconnector is open. Not to risk incorrect operation the distance protection must be blocked and a Stub protection is released. The Stub protection is a simple current relay.
li ne disc open 25ms t rip
&
Bus B
I STU B >
ABB ATCF-PT 93
14- Earth fault protection
ABB ATCF-PT 94

Earth fault current in solidly grounded system
Reverse operation
0.6x3I0D
=65
3I0D
Upol Forward operation

-3U0
3I0 X cos(65-)=3I0D
3I0 >
= the characteristic angle of zero

sequence source impedance
ABB ATCF-PT 95

EARTH FAULT CURRENT IN SOLIDLY GROUNDED SYSTEM.
HIGH FAULT RESISTANCE CAN BE DIFFICULT TO DETECT THROUGH DISTANCE RELAYS. THIS CAN BE OVERCOME BY E/F O/C PROTECTION EITHER NON DIRECTIONAL OR DIRECTIONAL. PROVIDED WITH SECOND HARMONIC CURRENT RESTRAINT WHICH BLOCKS OPERATION IF RESIDUAL CURRENT CONTAINS 20% OR MORE OF SECOND HARMONICS.
POLARIZING VOLTAGE CAN HAVE HIGH AMOUNT OF HARMONICS WHEN OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS LOW PARTICULARLY WHEN CVTS ARE PROVIDED. THEREFORE RELAY MUST HAVE BAND PASS FILTER. BAND PASS FILTER PROVIDES SECURE OPERATION DOWN TO 1% OF NOMINAL VOLTAGE.
ABB ATCF-PT 96
15- Auto reclosing
ABB ATCF-PT 97

1.0 1.0 GENERAL GENERAL
The auto-reclosing of power lines has become a generally accepted practice. Reports from different parts of the world show that in certain networks in region subject to a high lightening intensity only about 5% of the faults are permanent. Auto reclosing therefore provides significant advantages. Outage times will be short compared to where station personnel have to re-energize the lines after a fault. In interconnected networks auto-reclosing helps in maintaining system stability
ABB ATCF-PT 98

1.1 1.1 Recommendations Recommendationsfor forprovisions provisionsof ofauto-reclosing auto-reclosing Presently 1 phase high speed auto-reclosure (HSAR) at 400kV and 220kV level is widely practised including on lines emanating from Generating Stations and the same is recommended for adoption. If 3-phase auto-reclosure is adopted in future the application of the same on lines emanating from generating stations should be studied and decision taken on case to case basis.
ABB ATCF-PT 99

2.0 2.0 SETTING SETTINGCRITERIA CRITERIA
2.1 2.1 Dead DeadTime Time Auto- reclosing requires a dead time which exceeds the de-ionising time Time required for the de-ionising of the fault path depends on:- arcing time, fault duration, wind conditions, circuit voltage, capacitive coupling to adjacent conductors, etc. Single phase dead time of 1.0 sec is recommended for both 400kV and 220kV system.
ABB ATCF-PT 100

2.2 2.2 Reclaim ReclaimTime Time The time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing equipment is blocked. If reclosing shot has been carried out and the line is energized and a new fault occurs before the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing equipment is blocked and a signal for definite tripping of the breaker is obtained. After the reclaim time has elapsed, the auto-reclosing equipment returns to the starting position and a new reclosing sequence can occur. The reclaim time must not be set to such a low value that the intended operating cycle of the breaker is exceeded, when two faults incidents occur close together.
ABB ATCF-PT 101

If the breaker is closed manually, the auto reclosing equipment is blocked and cannot start again until the reclaim time has elapsed. For the breaker to be used for auto-reclosing, it is essential that it has the operating mechanism and breaking capacity necessary for it to be able to perform the auto-reclosing sequences required.
ABB ATCF-PT 102

2.3 2.3 Circuit CircuitBreaker BreakerRequirement Requirement According to IEC Publication 56.2, a breaker must be capable of withstanding the following operating cycle with full rated breaking current: O + 0.3 s + CO + 3 min + CO The recommended operating cycle at 400kV and 220kV is as per the IEC standard. Reclaim time of 25 sec is recommended.
ABB ATCF-PT 103
ABB ATCF-PT 104

General Line Protection

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General Line Protection