1430 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO.

3, MARCH 2012
DC Link Active Power Filter for
Three-Phase Diode Rectier
Xiong Du, Luowei Zhou, Senior Member, IEEE, Hao Lu, and Heng-Ming Tai, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, a dc link active power lter (APF) for
three-phase diode rectier is proposed. The proposed dc link APF,
which is composed of two series-connected bidirectional boost
converters, intends to eliminate the input current harmonics. It is
paralleled at the dc link of the diode rectier and is coupled to the
ac input with three line-frequency switches. Compared with the
full power processed power factor correction (PFC) solution, the
dc link APF is partially power processed in that it only compen-
sates for the harmonic current component at the dc link. Thus, it
features with lower power processing. Moreover, it exhibits better
total harmonic distortion of the ac line current when compared
with the traditional ac side shunt APF. Voltage and current loop
models are developed for average current control, and the selection
of the current loop bandwidth is presented. Switching stresses
of the ac APF, the dc link APF, and the six-switch PFC are
also calculated and analyzed. Experimental and simulation results
demonstrate the effectiveness of this dc link APF.
Index TermsActive power lter (APF), bandwidth, compensa-
tion performance, diode rectier, power factor correction (PFC).
I. INTRODUCTION
H
ARMONIC current pollution generated by nonlinear
loads is a serious problem in power systems. Numerous
harmonic standards have been put forward on this issue, for
example, IEEE and IEC standards [1]. Since three-phase diode
rectiers are widely used in industry, such as adjustable speed
drives and dc power supplies [2][4], the harmonics generated
by the diode rectier in the line current is a main concern in
power electronics. To eliminate the harmonic current generated
by this type of harmonic source, the shunt active power lter
(APF) or series APF has been an effective solution [5][11].
However, the rating of APF is normally small because of its
partial power processing property. Hence, it generally features
with low cost and small volume. Shunt APFs are usually paral-
leled at the ac side. Therefore, both the voltage and the current
Manuscript received September 26, 2010; revised January 24, 2011,
April 26, 2011, and July 23, 2011; accepted August 15, 2011. Date of pub-
lication September 6, 2011; date of current version October 25, 2011. This
work was supported in part by Foundation for the Author of National Excellent
Doctoral Dissertation of China under Grant 200948, in part by the Program
for New Century Excellent Talents in University under Grant NCET-09-0839,
in part by the National 111 Project of China under Grant B08036, and in part
by Scientic Research Foundation of State Key Lab of Power Transmission
Equipment and System Security under Grant 2007DA10512711101.
X. Du, L. Zhou, and H. Lu are with the State Key Laboratory of Power Trans-
mission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, and the College
of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
(e-mail: duxiong@cqu.edu.cn; zluowei@cqu.edu.cn; luhao_84@163.com).
H.-M. Tai is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of
Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA (e-mail: tai@utulsa.edu).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIE.2011.2167112
processed by APF are with alternating values. We name the
traditional shunt APF, the ac side APF thereafter, to distinguish
with the dc link APF to be studied in this paper.
A four-quadrant inverter is commonly used in the power
stage of the ac side APF, and an ac side APF always needs
complicated harmonic current detection and control. On the
other hand, the three-phase power factor correction (PFC),
which is a full power processing solution, has been exten-
sively studied [12][19]. The most popular topology of the
three-phase PFC is a six-switch bridge. This type of PFC has
the feature of bidirectional power owing capability. In some
specic applications, unidirectional PFC topologies such as
the Vienna converter [15], [16] and the series connected dual-
boost converter [19], [20] are considered. Both bidirectional
and unidirectional three-phase PFCs are required to process all
the load power. Thus, most of them suffer from higher silicon
cost as compared with the APF solutions which require only
partial power processing. Multipulse rectiers, which employ
low frequency phase shift transformer to synthesize reasonable
line current waveform, are also reported for the reduction of the
silicon cost [17], [18]. Due to the application of low frequency
transformer, the volume is a critical limitation.
For three-phase diode rectiers, low cost harmonic elimi-
nation methods, which adopt a few passive or active compo-
nents to inject triple-order harmonic currents at the dc link of
the three-phase diode rectier for line current correction and
harmonic injection, have been reported [21][27]. The circuit
presented in [21] is a series connected dual-boost converter
with tuned LC lter which functions as a third order harmonic
current injection network. Later, the tuned LC lter is replaced
with a low frequency zigzag connected transformer so that the
parameter variation effect of the LC lter can be avoided [22].
The active switches in these two topologies need to process
all the output power at high switching frequency while the
LC lter suffers from parameter sensitivity, and low frequency
zigzag transformer still appears large volume. To eliminate
active switches, passive harmonic current injection circuits,
which combine separate LC lter and low frequency star-
delta transformer, have been proposed [23][25]. Similar to the
circuits in [21], [22], these circuits still experience parameter
sensitivity and large volume. To dodge the parameter sensitivity
effect of the passive lter network in [23][25], a compact high
frequency active current shaping network has been developed
to replace the passive lter, and three ac switches are employed
to take place of the bulky low frequency transformer [26].
However, the line current would not be proportional to the line
voltage theoretically because of only one current variable being
controlled instantaneously. This is because two independent
0278-0046/$26.00 2011 IEEE
DU et al.: DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 1431
phase currents are present in the three-phase three-wire system.
Hence, the line current performance is limited and the line
current total harmonic distortion (THD) is high. With the same
active current shaping network, the ac switches are replaced
with star-delta transformer for cost reduction [27]. As reported
in [26], the performance of this harmonic current injection
method is not acceptable because the line current THD is still
around 8.5%.
In this paper, we propose a dc link APF for three-phase diode
rectiers. Although the dc link lter for a single phase rec-
tier has been studied [28], [29], extension to the three phase
is not straightforward and requires new topology and control
strategy. The dc link APF studied in this paper differs from
the active dc lter in HVDC [30] in terms of the connection
structure and the function. The active dc lter is connected at
the bottom of an existing passive dc lter at the rectier station.
It is mainly used to reduce the dc current ripples and to increase
the dynamic response of the dc current ripple lter [30]. On the
other hand, the dc link APF is connected in parallel at the dc
terminal of the diode rectier and coupled with the ac input.
Its main function is to suppress the line side input current, not
to regulate the dc link performance. The proposed topology
consists of two series-connected bidirectional boost converters,
which function as harmonic current generators to compensate
for the phase currents to be in phase with the corresponding
line voltages, not just triple current injection as in [21][27].
Moreover, three line-frequency ac switches decouple the three-
phase circuit to the two-phase circuit to simplify the control
effort. Compensation performance of this three-phase dc link
APF is analyzed and is evaluated under limited switching
frequency and limited current loop bandwidth. The current
loop bandwidth selection is presented based on the frequency
domain evaluation. In addition, the voltage loop and current
loop models are developed for the control design, and switching
stress is calculated and analyzed. Performance comparison with
the ac side APF and three-phase PFC is also conducted. Sim-
ulation results and experimental results measured from a DSP-
controlled prototype are presented to verify the performance of
the proposed dc link APF.
II. PROPOSED DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER
Consider a three-phase diode rectier with a dc load as
shown in Fig. 1. The dc load is modeled with a simple RL
load. It can be justied even under the output capacitor lter
condition in that an inductor is usually placed in front of
the capacitor to smooth the dc link current. If there is no
other mechanism to improve the input current quality of the
diode rectier, the input line currents are polluted with series
harmonic components. To alleviate the harmonic pollution, a
dc link APF is proposed. This dc link APF is coupled to the
ac input with three ac switches working at line frequency and
connected to the load, as shown in Fig. 1. It consists of two
series-connected bidirectional boost converters, which contain
positive part components L
p
, S
p1
, S
p2
, C
p
and negative part
components L
n
, S
n1
, S
n2
, C
n
.
The operation principle of the dc link APF can be examined
as the series connected dual-boost three-phase PFC [19], [20].
Fig. 1. Schematic of proposed dc link active power lter for three-phase diode
rectier.
Fig. 2. Line period division and ac switches conduction states.
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit for the interval I.
The input line voltages are divided into six intervals, IVI, as
shown in Fig. 2. In each interval, only one ac switch conducts.
For example, in interval I, S
b
conducts while S
a
and S
c
are off. The dc link APF is simplied to a series-conducted
bidirectional boost converter. Fig. 3 shows the equivalent circuit
of the dc link APF for interval I.
The dc link currents have correspondence with the ac input
currents. Distinct interval produces different correspondence.
For example, the currents i
p
, i
m
, i
n
are i
a
, i
b
, and i
c
, respec-
tively, in interval I. The input voltage v
pm
of the positive boost
converter is equal to v
ab
, so is the voltage v
mn
of the negative
boost converter equal to v
bc
. The dc load is modeled with a
constant dc current source.
1432 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MARCH 2012
If the line current i
x
can be controlled in proportion to the
corresponding line voltage in each interval such as
i
x
=
v
x
R
e
(1)
where x = {p, m, n}, v
p
, v
m
, v
n
are the voltages between node
p, m, n and node o in Fig. 1, R
e
is the equivalent phase resis-
tance. Then, the line currents also hold the same proportionality
to the corresponding line voltages [19], [20],
1
i.e.,
i
y
=
v
y
R
e
(2)
where y = {a, b, c}. v
p
and v
n
are the positive and negative
envelopes of the line voltages, and v
m
is the complement
voltage
v
p
=Max(v
a
, v
b
, v
c
) (3)
v
n
=Min(v
a
, v
b
, v
c
) (4)
v
m
=v
a
+v
b
+v
c
v
p
v
n
. (5)
In the steady state, the dc voltages of the capacitors are
assumed to be equal
v
cp
= v
cn
(6)
and their dc component is V
c
. Due to the equivalent series-
connected boost converter topology, the complementary high
frequency switches S
p1
, S
p2
and S
n1
, S
n2
can be controlled to
regulate the dc rail current i
p
and i
n
, respectively, to satisfy the
relationship (1).
When S
p1
is on and S
p2
is off, the voltage across the inductor
L
p
is positive, i.e.,
v
Lp
= v
pm
> 0. (7)
Then the inductor current i
Lp
will increase. When S
p1
is off
and S
p2
is on, the voltage across L
p
is negative
v
Lp
= v
pm
v
cp
< 0. (8)
The inductor current i
Lp
decreases. This current regulation
process also can be applied to the negative part boost topology.
Typical operation waveforms of the dc link APF rectier
are shown in Fig. 4 under the symmetrical sinusoidal input
condition. The voltages and currents are drawn with p.u. values.
The voltage base is the amplitude value of the phase voltage,
and the current base is the dc load current which is assumed
to be constant dc with 50 Hz line frequency. The top panel
illustrates the voltages v
pm
and v
nm
of the positive part and
negative part boost converter, respectively. The middle panel
displays the current waveforms in the positive boost converter.
Those in the negative part have similar waveforms and are not
shown. The bottom panel exhibits the input phase voltage and
the line current of phase a. From Fourier analysis of the line
1
Equations (1) and (2) are based on the three-phase voltages without zero-
sequence component. If the zero-sequence voltage exists in the line voltage,
then v
x
should be changed to v

x
= v
x
(v
p
+ v
m
+ v
n
)/3, and v
y
should
be changed to v

y
= v
y
(v
a
+ v
b
+ v
c
)/3 because the zero-sequence cur-
rent does not exist in the three-phase three-wire system.
Fig. 4. Typical operation waveforms of the proposed dc link APF.
current of a three-phase diode rectier with inductive load, the
phase current amplitude can be obtained by
I
m
=
2

p.u. (9)
This indicates the quantitative relationship of the currents
shown in the middle panel in Fig. 4. As can be seen from Fig. 4,
the current processed by the dc link APF is just part of the load
current. This situation enables the reduction of power rating,
like the traditional ac side APF. However, the compensation
performance of the dc link APF is much better than that of the
traditional ac side APF, which will be described in Section IV.
III. CONTROL OF DC LINK APF
A. Control Structure
Average current control [31] is employed to control the
dc link APF for digital implementation. The input voltage feed-
forward [32] is also adopted here to eliminate the input voltage
effect to the current loop. Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the
overall current control, which consists of one outer voltage loop
and two inner current loops. V
m
is the amplitude of the carrier
signal, which is the signal employed in the sine-triangle PWM
to generate duty ratios.
The sum of the voltages from the two dc capacitors is
compared with a dc voltage reference U
ref
. The difference is
fed to the voltage loop compensator, a PI controller PI
1
to
obtain the equivalent phase conductance g
e
. Multiplying g
e
to
DU et al.: DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 1433
Fig. 5. Average current control with input voltage feedforward.
the respective line voltage yields the reference currents of the
positive part and the negative part boost converter
i
pref
=g
e
v
p
(10)
i
nref
=g
e
v
n
. (11)
The reference currents i
pref
and i
nref
are compared with the
sensed dc rail currents i
p
and i
n
, respectively. The differences
are fed to the inner current loop compensators G
c
, which
consists of two PI controllers PI
2
and PI
3
. The output of
the current compensator determines the duty ratios through the
PWM circuits. d
p
and d
n
are, respectively, the duty ratios of the
switches S
p1
and S
n1
. Moreover, the duty ratios of switches S
p2
and S
n2
are (1 d
p
) and (1 d
n
), respectively. The dashed
line indicates the input voltage feedforward that eliminates the
input voltage coupling effect.
The control structure is similar to that of the typical single-
phase PFC [33]. The difference lies in that the inductor current
in the single-phase PFC is controlled directly by the duty ratio
of the PFC switch, whereas the inductor currents are controlled
indirectly by the duty ratios d
p
and d
n
in the proposed structure.
Models of the voltage loop and the current loop are discussed
below.
B. Voltage Loop Model
As in the conventional cascaded loop control, the bandwidth
of the outer voltage loop is much smaller than that of the
inner current loop. Hence, dynamics of the current loop (e.g.,
inductor current) can be ignored when modeling the voltage
loop. Double averaging method [33] is applied to obtain a
simple rst-order power stage voltage model with small signal
linearization. From Fig. 3 and according to power balance,
we have
v
pm
(i
p
i
Load
) +v
mn
(i
n
i
Load
)
= Cv
cp
dv
cp
dt
+Cv
cn
dv
cn
dt
(12)
where v
cp
and v
cn
are voltage across the capacitors C
p
and C
n
,
respectively. All the time variables in (12) represent the values
averaged in one switching period. Averaging (12) for one third
of the line period yields
3V
2
p
2
g
e

3V
p
I
load

= CV
c
d(v
cp
+v
cn
)
dt
(13)
Fig. 6. Voltage loop model.
where V
p
is the amplitude of the phase voltage, and C is
the capacitance under symmetrical conditions, C
p
= C
n
= C.
Consider the perturbation on g
e
and v
cp
+v
cn
, and neglect the
perturbation of I
load
, we obtain the transfer function
G
ve
(s) =
v
cp
(s) +v
cn
(s)
g
e
(s)
=
3V
2
p
2CV
c
s
. (14)
The voltage loop model is shown in Fig. 6, in which H
v
(s) is
the voltage sensing scale for practical implementation. G
v
(s)
is the voltage compensator transfer function, represented by a
traditional PI controller.
C. Current Loop Model
In each interval shown in Fig. 2, the equivalent circuit in
Fig. 3 has symmetric structure. Thus, the current loop can be
analyzed in either the positive part or the negative part boost
converter. The positive part is selected here. When analyzing
the fast current loop, the voltage dynamics can be approximated
by a simple constant dc voltage source. Then, the output of the
voltage loop is treated as a constant admittance G
e
. The current
loop modeling method in [34] is applied to obtain the current
loop model shown in Fig. 7 with leading edge modulation. The
dashed-line represents the input voltage feedforward. Without
the input voltage feedforward, the inductor current can be
derived as
I
Lp
(s) =
G
c
(s)
V
c
V
m
1
sL
p
1 +G
c
(s)
V
c
V
m
1
sL
p
[I
pref
(s) I
Load
(s)]
+
1
sL
p
1 +G
c
(s)
V
c
V
m
1
sL
p
V
pm
(s)
=
G
c
(s)
V
c
V
m
sL
p
+G
c
(s)
V
c
V
m
[I
pref
(s) I
Load
(s)]
+
V
pm
(s)
sL
p
+G
c
(s)
V
c
V
m
.
This shows that the inductor current response is coupled with
the input voltage. Adding the feedforward part to the current
loop, the inductor current becomes
I
Lp
(s) =
V
c
V
m
G
c
(s) [I
pref
(s) I
Load
(s)]
sL
p
+
V
c
V
m
G
c
(s)
. (15)
The input voltage coupling is eliminated through the voltage
feedforward.
Control design is straightforward because both the voltage
model and the current model are simple rst-order models.
The simple PI controller can be tuned to meet the control
1434 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MARCH 2012
Fig. 7. Current loop model.
objectives [35]. The main concern becomes the determination
of the frequency bandwidth of the voltage loop and the current
loop. Since each loop has its own control target, the voltage
loop bandwidth should be set smaller than the lowest order
voltage ripple in the dc bus voltage. In addition, the current
loop bandwidth is required to be as high as possible to improve
the current compensation performance. Generally, the current
loop bandwidth is limited to 1/5 to 1/10 of the switching
frequency [31].
Regarding the compensation performance of dc link APF, it
is desired to have higher current loop bandwidth with higher
switching frequency. On the other hand, lower current loop
bandwidth with smaller switching frequency is recommended
to account for the device switching frequency and the efciency.
The criterion for the selection of current loop bandwidth will be
presented in the next section.
IV. COMPENSATION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
This section describes the relationship between the com-
pensation performance and the current loop bandwidth of the
proposed dc link APF and evaluates the compensation perfor-
mances of the dc link APF and the traditional ac side APF.
Both APFs have the following characteristics on compensation
performance.
1) If the current harmonic components in the line current
could be neglected with innite current loop bandwidth,
then the THD of the line current is assumed zero for the
dc link and the ac side APF.
2) For nite current loop bandwidth, only the frequency
components with harmonic orders smaller than the band-
width will be compensated.
3) The switching frequency related current ripples are ig-
nored because these harmonics are easy to be ltered
out and usually are much higher than the harmonic order
specied by the standards.
The line current in ac side APF still contains the current
harmonics with frequencies higher than the current loop band-
width, and these high frequency components directly affect the
line current THD. In contrast, for dc link APF, the compensated
harmonics with frequency less than the current loop bandwidth
will appear in the dc rail currents (i
p
and i
n
) to form the
desired current waveforms (as shown in the middle panel of
Fig. 4). That is, due to the nite current loop bandwidth, the
compensated positive part inductor current contains only nite
number of harmonics and can be expressed as
i
Lp
(t) =
N

n=0
I
Lpn
cos nt. (16)
where values of n are the integer multiples of 3 and is the fun-
damental frequency. N is the largest harmonic order of which
the frequency is smaller than the current loop bandwidth. The
relationship between the harmonic components in the dc rail
currents i
p
, i
n
and the ac line current will be developed below.
This relationship will be applied to quantify the bandwidth
effect for compensation performance on dc link APF.
Assume the line voltage has symmetrical sinusoidal wave-
form. A switch function S
fa
(t) for phase a, shown in Fig. 8,
is introduced to establish the time domain relationship between
the dc rail currents and the line current. The switch function
S
fa
(t) is given by
S
fa
(t) =
_
_
_
0
T
2
< t
T
6
1
T
6
< t
T
6
0
T
6
< t
T
2
.
(17)
T is the line period. Then, the line current can be expressed in
terms of the dc rail currents and the switch function
i
a
(t) = i
p
(t)S
fa
(t) +i
n
(t)S
fa
_
t
T
2
_

_
1 S
fa
(t) S
fa
_
t
T
2
__
[i
p
(t) +i
n
(t)] (18)
or
i
a
(t) =
_
2S
fa
(t) +S
fa
_
t
T
2
_
1
_
i
p
(t)
+
_
2S
fa
_
t
T
2
_
+S
fa
(t) 1
_
i
n
(t). (19)
Under symmetrical conditions, the dc rail currents have the
following relationship:
i
n
(t) = i
p
_
t
T
2
_
. (20)
Dene a new switch function
S(t) = 2S
fa
(t) +S
fa
_
t
T
2
_
1. (21)
Substituting (20) and (21) into (18) yields
i
a
(t) = i
p
(t)S(t) i
p
_
t
T
2
_
S
_
t
T
2
_
. (22)
The line current harmonic components can be calculated via
the frequency components of i
p
(t) and S(t) by the convolution
methods.
Ideally, i
p
(t) is periodic with period T/3. Thus, in one
period, i
p
(t) has the following expression:
i
p
(t) = I
m
cos(t),
T
6
t
T
6
. (23)
DU et al.: DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 1435
Fig. 8. Switch function S
fa
(t).
Its Fourier series expansion is
i
p
(t) =

n=
I
pn
e
jnt
(24)
where
I
pn
=
3

3
2
(1)
n
3
+1
1
n
2
1
I
m
(25)
and values of n are multiples of 3. The switch function S(t)
can be expressed with harmonic decomposition
S(t) =

n=
S
n
e
jnt
=

n=
2
n
sin
_
n
3
__
1 cos
_
n
3
__
e
jnt
. (26)
Values of n that are multiples of 3 cause S
n
to become zero.
Thus, no multiples of a third harmonic may exist in S(t).
From the property of Fourier expansion for periodic functions,
we have
i
p
_
t
T
2
_
=

n=
(1)
n
I
pn
e
jnt
(27)
S
_
t
T
2
_
=

n=
(1)
n
S
n
e
jnt
. (28)
Substituting (23)(28) into (22) yields the line current
i
a
(t) =

h
C
h
cos(ht). (29)
The coefcient C
h
is
C
h
=
+

l=
4I
pl
S
hl
(30)
or
C
h
= 4I
m

l=
_
3

3
2
(1)
l
3
+1
1
l
2
1
_

_
2
(h l)
sin
_
(h l)
3
__
1 cos
_
(h l)
3
___
(31)
where values of l are multiples of 3, h is odd and h = l. l is the
harmonic order of i
p
(t). When the current loop bandwidth is
innite, both l and h extend to innity. Suppose that the current
loop bandwidth is limited to N times of the fundamental line
frequency, the lower bound and upper bound in the summation
of (31) becomes N and N, respectively. It follows from
(30) that we obtain the relationship between the harmonic
components of the line current and that of the dc rail currents.
Next, we evaluate the line current performance under specic
current loop bandwidth using the relationship (30) and (31).
Ideally, the line current can be compensated by the dc link
APF to harmonic free with innite switching frequency. How-
ever, this is not the case in reality. Suppose that the current
loop bandwidth is limited to the N times of the fundamental
line frequency. Since the harmonic standard only considers the
harmonics up to the 50th order, the line current THD
dc
by the
dc link APF can be calculated as
THD
dc
=
_

50
h=5
C
2
h
C
1
(32)
C
h
is the hth harmonics from (31). Similarly, the line current
THD
ac
by the ac side APF can be expressed as
THD
ac
=
_

50
h=N+1
H
2
h
H
1
(33)
where the coefcient
H
h
=
2
h
sin
_
h
3
_
(1 cos(h)) (34)
is the amplitude of the hth harmonics [36]. It can be seen from
(32) and (33) that the harmonic components in the line current
of the ac side APF start at N + 1, whereas the harmonics starts
at 5 for the dc link APF. This is because the line current of
the dc link APF contains only the (6k 1)th harmonics, where
k is the positive integer.
Table I lists the line current THD for both dc link APF and
ac side APF under various current loop bandwidths. It shows
that under the same current loop bandwidth, compensation per-
formance of the dc link APF is much better than that of the ac
side APF. THD of the dc link APF is less than 0.5% with 1 kHz
or higher current loop bandwidth, and further improvement of
THD by increasing the bandwidth is not signicant. Therefore,
the current loop bandwidth of the dc link APF can be set in the
range of 1 kHz to 2 kHz for the line frequency of 50 Hz in the
practical implementation. Selection of the switching frequency
in the order of ten thousand Hz is reasonable and in good
agreement with the commercial IGBT power devices. Fig. 9
shows the compensated phase current waveforms by the ac side
APF and the dc link APF with 1050 Hz current loop bandwidth.
V. SWITCHING STRESS ANALYSIS
The total active switching stress of switching power convert-
ers is a key measure that determines the converter cost and
efciency [37]. This section provides the evaluation of the total
active switching stress of the proposed dc link APF, the six-
switch three-phase PFC, and the traditional shunt six-switch
three-phase APF. The results will be used to gauge the silicon
1436 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MARCH 2012
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF COMPENSATION PERFORMANCE UNDER
DIFFERENT CURRENT LOOP BANDWIDTH
Fig. 9. Compensated phase a current. (a) ac side APF. (b) dc link APF.
cost and efciency indirectly. The total switching stress SS is
dened in [37] as
SS =
K

j=1
V
j
I
j
(35)
where K is the number of switches in the converter, V
j
is the
voltage stress (peak voltage), and I
j
the current stress (rms
current) applied to active semiconductor switch j.
Comparison is based on the conditions that these circuit
topologies have the same line voltages and the same output
power and work in the same switching frequency. In addition,
the line currents are assumed to be purely sinusoidal, and the
switching frequency related harmonics are ignored. Thus, the
line currents of these three circuits are also the same.
Both of the six-switch three-phase PFCand APF are assumed
to work at bipolar conditions with independent phase current
control. There are six high frequency switches each in these
two topologies, whereas the dc link APF consists of four
high frequency switches and three low frequency ac switches.
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF SWITCHING STRESS
TABLE III
PARAMETERS OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Therefore, the switching stress of dc link APF is composed of
both the high frequency switching stress and the low frequency
switching stress.
The voltage stresses of all the high frequency switches are
equal to their own dc bus voltage. For fair comparison, the same
modulation ratio M is selected for all circuits. To avoid the
nonlinearity of the modulation, M should be less than or equal
to 1. In the following, M is selected as one for simplicity of the
analysis.
In a six-switch APF or PFC, the minimum dc bus voltage is
two times the amplitude of the phase voltage. Using the p.u.
unit and modulation ratio M = 1, the dc bus voltage V
dc
has a
value of 2. Thus, the voltage stresses of both PFC and ac APF
are 2 p.u. The peak input voltage of the dual boost circuit in
Fig. 3 is 3/2, as observed from the waveforms in Fig. 4. Due to
M = 1, the dc bus voltage is 3/2. This implies that the voltage
stress of the high frequency switches in the dc link APF is also
3/2. It is also true for the low frequency ac switches.
The input/output voltage relationship with the duty ratio of
down switch at each phase for the three-phase PFC can be
expressed as [38]
d
an
=
1
2

v
a
V
dc
(36)
where d
an
is the duty ratio of the down switch in phase a.
Moreover, the duty ratio d
ap
of the up switch in phase a is
d
ap
= 1 d
an
=
1
2
+
v
a
V
dc
. (37)
Then, the current stress of phase a in the three-phase PFC can
be calculated as [37]
I
ap
=

1
T
_
T
0
i
2
a
(t)d
ap
dt (38)
I
an
=

1
T
_
T
0
i
2
a
(t)d
an
dt (39)
DU et al.: DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 1437
Fig. 10. Simulated steady-state response with inductive load. (a) dc link APF OFF. (b) dc link APF ON. (c) Current waveforms of positive boost converter.
(d) dc bus voltages.
where T is the line period. From the three-phase symmetry,
the current stress for other two phases will have the same
value.
Similar arguments can be applied to the three-phase ac APF.
The duty ratios of the down and up switches in phase a have the
same expression as those of three-phase PFC. Since the current
processed by the inverter is the difference between the load
current and the line current, the current stress of phase a can
be calculated as
I
ap
=

1
T
_
T
0
i
2
La
(t)d
ap
dt (40)
I
an
=

1
T
_
T
0
i
2
La
(t)d
an
dt (41)
where i
La
is the inductor current in phase a.
The same process can be applied to calculate the high fre-
quency current stress in the dc link APF, where the duty ratio
of the high frequency switches S
p1
and S
n1
in the dc link APF
can be expressed as, respectively,
d
p
=1
v
pm
V
c
(42)
d
n
=1
v
mn
V
c
. (43)
The inductor currents i
Lp
and i
Ln
are used to calculate the
current stress. For the low frequency ac switches, the currents
owing through them are portion of the line currents. Their
current stresses can be calculated based on the rms denition
directly and, thus, independent of the duty ratio.
Table II summarizes the values of switching stress for the six-
switch PFC, the six-switch APF, and the dc link APF obtained
from the voltage and current stress calculation discussed above.
As shown in Table II, the six-switch PFC has the highest total
switching stress. Its value is nearly three times that of the
ac APF and two times that of the dc link APF. The higher
total switching stress of the dc link APF than the ac APF is
mainly due to the fact that portion of the line current ows
1438 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MARCH 2012
through the ac switch and incurs higher conduction loss in the
dc link APF. However, the high frequency switching stress of
the dc link APF is about one-third that of the ac APF. This
feature will enable the dc link APF to work more efciently
in that the high frequency switching loss usually dominates
the total loss in the switching power converter [37]. The result
demonstrates the silicon cost reduction property of the dc
link APF.
VI. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A. Simulation Studies
Simulations were carried out to examine the performance
of the dc link APF to complement the experimental results.
Three cases are investigated. They are: 1) the steady-state
response; and 2) the transient response with inductive load; and
3) steady-state response with capacitive load. The parameters
used include the line frequency f = 50 Hz, line-line RMS
voltage 380 V, L
p
= L
n
= 4 mH, C
p
= C
n
= 500 F, V
cp
=
V
cn
= 550 V, and the switching frequency is 20 kHz. Inductive
dc load is a RL load where R = 20 and L = 100 mH.
Capacitive load is a RC load, where C = 200 F, R = 20 ,
and a 5 mH inductor is inserted before the RC load to smooth
the dc load current. The parameters of the passive components
in real value and in p.u. value are summarized in Table III. The
impedance base is the value of the load resistor 20 .
Simulation results of the steady-state response with inductive
load are shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10(a) and (b) show the source
current waveforms and the load voltage and current waveforms
when the dc link APF is OFF and ON, respectively. Fig. 10(c)
shows the current of the positive part boost converter. The
dc bus voltage waveforms are shown in Fig. 10(d). THD of
the source current was 30.84% without compensation and was
reduced to 3.34% with compensation of the proposed dc link
APF. It is observed from Fig. 10(a) and (b) that both the load
voltage waveform and current waveform are nearly the same
with or without the dc link APF. This is in agreement with
the performance of the shunt ac APF; that is, APF does not
affect the performance of load voltage and load current. The dc
component of the load current is 25.66 A, and the peak-peak
300 Hz current ripple is about 0.3 A. This dc value is very close
to the dc component of the load, 25.72 A, of an ideal three-
phase diode rectier loaded by a pure resistor. It is observed
from Fig. 10(c) that the dc component of i
p
is 23.40 A, which
is also the same as the calculated value. The dc voltage sum
of the split capacitors is 1100 V, which is equal to the reference
voltage. The peak-peak voltage ripple of each capacitor is about
7 V with 150 Hz frequency, but the peak-peak ripple of the
sum of these two capacitors is reduced to about 3 V and the
frequency is 300 Hz. This is due to the nearly 180

phase shift
between v
cp
and v
cn
, which leads to harmonic cancellation.
Hence, we select (v
cp
+v
cn
) as the feedback signal in the
voltage loop of Fig. 6 because of the low ripple factor.
The transient response under dc load resistor change and
source voltage change is shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 11(a) displays
the response when the dc load resistor changes from 20 to
40 at the time instance of 0.4 s and changed back to 20 at
Fig. 11. Simulated transient responses with inductive load. (a) Load change
from 20 to 40 at 0.4s and changed back to 20 at 0.5 s. (b) Source voltage
drop 30% at 0.4 s and return to the rated value at 0.5 s.
0.5 s. Fig. 11(b) displays the response under the circumstance
that source voltage has a 30% voltage drop at 0.4 s and return
to the rated value at 0.5 s. These results of load change and
source voltage change examine the transient performance of the
control design discussed in Section III.
The voltage loop bandwidth affects the dynamic perfor-
mance. The transient response can be improved by setting the
voltage loop bandwidth higher, as illustrated in Fig. 12. In the
simulations, the dc load resistor changes from 20 to 40 at
the time instance of 0.3 s and changes back to 20 at 0.5 s.
The results shown in Fig. 12(a) and (b) are for the 15 Hz and
the 60 Hz voltage loop bandwidth, respectively. It is observed
from Fig. 12(a) that the overshoot of dc voltage is about 90 V
and the settling time is about 150 ms. On the other hand, the
overshoot is about 20 V, and the settling time is about 20 ms for
the 60 Hz voltage loop bandwidth. This demonstrates that the
dynamical performance can be improved with higher voltage
loop bandwidth.
The diode rectier with a capacitive load was also investi-
gated. The results are presented in Fig. 13. The line current
after compensation is 8.1%, which is much higher than that
in the inductive condition. The reason is that the shunt APF is
more suitable for compensating inductive load and current type
harmonic source, but not for the capacitive load or voltage type
harmonic source [39].
DU et al.: DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 1439
Fig. 12. Load transient simulation results. (a) With 15 Hz voltage loop
bandwidth. (b) With 60 Hz voltage loop bandwidth.
Fig. 13. Steady-state response with capacitive load.
Fig. 14. Experimental results with current loop bandwidth of 1 kHz. (a) dc
link APF OFF; (b) dc link APF ON; and (c) current waveforms of the positive
boost converter.
B. Experimental Results
A 2 kW prototype was constructed in the lab to verify
the performance of the proposed dc link APF. Most of the
parameters used in the experiment are the same as in the
simulation study, except that the dc load is a RL load with
R = 110 and L = 0.5 mH. The ac switch is implemented
by MOSFET IRFP460 and the high frequency switch by IGBT
PM75DSA120. The current is sensed by the LEM HX20-P
current sensor. Digital controller is realized by the Freescale
DSP chip MC56F8323.
Experimental results with 1 kHz current loop bandwidth are
shown in Fig. 14. Fig. 14(a) displays the current waveforms
1440 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MARCH 2012
Fig. 15. Experimental results with 2 kHz current loop bandwidth.
when dc link APF is not functioning, and Fig. 14(b) exhibits the
waveforms when the dc link APF is working. Fig. 14(c) shows
the current waveforms of the positive part boost converter.
These current waveforms agree with those currents shown in
the middle panel of Fig. 4. The current i
Lp
processed by the
dc link APF is just partial of the load current and is much
smaller than the load current, as can be seen from Fig. 14(c).
Moreover, extensive experiments have been conducted with
increased current bandwidths. The result for 2 kHz bandwidth
is shown in Fig. 15. It can be seen from Figs. 14(b) and 15
that the time domain line currents are no difference with either
the 1 kHz or the 2 kHz bandwidth. This result veries the
conclusion drawn in Section IV that the dc link APF has already
achieved satisfactory harmonics compensation effect with
1 kHz bandwidth. Increasing the current loop bandwidth further
does not add much to the harmonics reduction.
Frequency domain analysis from the measured data is con-
ducted to quantify the bandwidth effect. For example, the line
current THD without compensation is 27.1% and is reduced to
6.1% with 1 kHz bandwidth. It is further reduced to 4.9% with
2 kHz bandwidth. The spectrum comparison with 1 and 2 kHz
bandwidths is shown in Fig. 16. It shows that amplitudes of
both line current harmonics are almost the same. The measured
THD value is larger than the value presented in Table I, which is
caused by the non-ideal condition in practical implementations.
The THD difference of 1 kHz and 2 kHz is 1.2%, which is
coincided with the performance tension of the dc link APF.
Our test result (4.9% THD) is better than 8.5% THD obtained
in [26].
The transient input currents and dc bus voltage under load
change were also tested. The results are shown in Fig. 17. The
current and voltage responses for the load R changing from
220 to 110 are shown in Fig. 17(a), and responses with
R increasing from 110 to 220 are shown in Fig. 17(b). It is
observed that the input currents move from one stable operation
state to another stable operation state. The dc bus voltage goes
back to the rated value after the transient stage. Results of
Fig. 17 were obtained from the 15 Hz voltage loop bandwidth,
which was selected to reduce the effect of the low frequency
voltage ripple from the dc bus voltage. These responses take
a few line cycles to settle down. The relative long transient
interval is due to the low voltage loop bandwidth.
Fig. 16. Spectrum comparison for different current loop bandwidth; the
purple bar is for 1 kHz and dark red bar for 2 kHz.
Fig. 17. Transient response under load change. (a) Step-up load. (b) Step-
down load.
VII. CONCLUSION
A novel harmonic reduction method, which uses the dc link
APF for three-phase diode rectier, has been presented. Aver-
age current control with input voltage feedforward is applied
to the control of this circuit. Voltage loop and current loop
models have been developed for control design. Evaluation
on the relationship between compensation performance and
current loop bandwidth has also been presented. The results
show that, under the same current loop bandwidth, the dc link
APF performs better than the ac side APF. Even though the
compensation performance of the dc link APF is inferior to that
of the three-phase PFC, it is still well above the requirements
set by the IEC 61000-3-2 Class A standard [40]. Results of
DU et al.: DC LINK ACTIVE POWER FILTER FOR THREE-PHASE DIODE RECTIFIER 1441
switching stress comparison reveal that the dc link APF has
the potential of high efciency and better silicon cost reduction
ability than the six-switch PFC. Therefore, the dc link APF and
the developed control scheme offer a high performance low cost
alternative for the harmonic elimination of three-phase diode
rectier. A major limitation of the proposed circuit is that, if
the galvanic isolation is required, the isolation transformer is
expensive and bulky due to the dc component in voltage and
current processed by the dc link APF.
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Xiong Du obtained the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees
in the electrical engineering from Chongqing Uni-
versity, Chongqing, China, in 2000, 2002, and 2005,
respectively.
He has been with Chongqing University, since
2002 and is currently a professor in the College
of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University. He
was a visiting scholar at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, NY, from July 2007 to July 2008.
His research interests include switching power con-
verters, power quality control, and renewable energy
power conversion.
Dr. Du is a recipient of the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China
in 2008.
1442 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 3, MARCH 2012
Luowei Zhou (M04SM04) received the B.S.,
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering at
Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 1982,
1988, and 2000, respectively.
Since 1982, he has been with the College of Elec-
trical Engineering, Chongqing University, China,
where he is now a full professor. He was a visiting
professor at the University of California, Irvine, be-
tween September 1998 and August 1999. He is the
administrative director of China Society of Power
Supply. His major elds of interest include the analy-
sis and control of power electronics circuits, realization of active power lters,
power factor correction techniques, and high frequency power conversion. He
has published more than 60 papers, holds one US patent and three China
patents, and has three patents pending.
Hao Lu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in
electrical engineering from Chongqing University,
Chongqing, China, in 2006 and 2009, respectively.
He has been with the Delta Energy System as a
senior electronic design engineer since 2009. His re-
search interests include switching power converters
and power quality control.
Heng-Ming Tai (M87SM93) received the B.S.
degree in electrical engineering fromNational Tsing-
Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, and the M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, in 1987.
He is a professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK.
His research interests are in the areas of signal and
image processing and industrial electronics.
Dr. Tai is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and a senior
member of IEEE.