INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p

Internal e a Forced o ce Convection

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Mean Velocity
. m = VmAc = V(r,x)dAc
Ac

For a circular pipe of radius

Vm =

V (r , x ) dA
Ac

A c

V ( r , x ) 2 rdr
0

2 = 2 R

V ( r , x )rdr
0

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The value of the mean temperature Tm is determined from f the requirement that the conservation of energy principle be satisfied. That is, the energy transported by the fluid through a cross section in actual flow must be equal to the energy that would be transported through the same cross section if the fluid were at a constant temperature Tm. Energy carried at mean temperature

Bulk Mean Temperature

. m Cp Tm

F a circular For i l pipe i with ith constant t t property t

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Hydraulic Diameter
For flow in a circular tube, the Re is defined as

Hydraulic Diameter

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Entrance length

The region from the tube inlet to the point at which the boundary layer merges at the centerline is called the hydrodynamic entrance region, and the length of this region is called the hydrodynamic entry length Lh.

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Thermal Entry Length

The region g of flow over which the thermal boundary y layer y develops and reaches the tube center is called the thermal entrance region, and the length of this region is called the thermal entry length Lt.

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Velocity Profile

The friction factor is constant for the fully developed region why?
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Temperature Profile

Heat transfer coefficient in the thermally fully developed region is constant

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Fully Developed Flow

Since

In fully developed region, both heat transfer coefficient and friction factor do not change with x
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Important Remark
Note that the temperature profile in the thermally fully developed region may vary with x in the flow direction. That is, unlike the velocity profile, the temperature profile can be different at different cross sections of the tube in the developed p region, g , and it usually y is. However, the dimensionless temperature profile defined earlier remains unchanged in the thermally developed region when the temperature or heat flux at the tube surface remains constant
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Effect of Pr
Pr (= /) >1

Variation V i ti of fthe th friction f i ti factorandtheconvection heattransfercoefficientin theflowdirectionforflow inatube(Pr>1).

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Entry length
For Re = 20, the hydrodynamic entry t length l th is i about b t th the size i of f the diameter, but increases linearly with the velocity. In the limiting case of Re = 2300, the hydrodynamic entry length is 115D. D
Thehydrodynamicentrylength isusuallytakentobethe distancefromthetubeentrance where h the th friction f i ti coefficient ffi i t reacheswithinabout2percent ofthefullydevelopedvalue

Kays and Crawford (1993), Shah and Bhatti (1987)

For turbulent flow, hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are almost similar and is independent of Pr

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Entry length in Turbulent flow

The hydrodynamic entry length is much shorter in turbulent flow flow, as expected, and its dependence on the Reynolds number is weaker. It is 11D at Re =10,000, and increases to 43D at Re =10 105. In practice, it is generally agreed that the entrance effects are confined within a tube length of 10 diameters, and the hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are approximately taken to be Lh,turbulent Lt, turbulent 10D
Bhatti and Shah ( (1987) ) and Zhi-qing g( (1982) )

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Distribution of Nusselt No. for Turbulent flow

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