Paper Reference(s)

6666/01
Edexcel GCE
Core Mathematics C4
Silver Level S4
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Materials reuired !or examination "tems included #ith uestion
$a$ers
Mathematical Formulae (Green) Nil
Candidates may use any calculator allowed by the regulations of the Joint
Council for Qualifications. Calculators must not have the facility for symbolic
algebra manipulation, differentiation and integration, or have retrievable
mathematical formulas stored in them.
"nstructions to Candidates
Write the name of the examining body (Edexcel) your centre number candidate number
the unit title (!ore Mathematics !") the paper reference (####) your surname initials
and signature$
"n!ormation !or Candidates
% boo&let 'Mathematical Formulae and (tatistical )ables* is pro+ided$
Full mar&s may be obtained for ans,ers to %-- .uestions$
)here are / .uestions in this .uestion paper$ )he total mar& for this paper is 01$
%dvice to Candidates
2ou must ensure that your ans,ers to parts of .uestions are clearly labelled$
2ou must sho, sufficient ,or&ing to ma&e your methods clear to the Examiner$ %ns,ers
,ithout ,or&ing may gain no credit$
Su&&ested &rade 'oundaries !or this $a$er:
%( % ) C * E
6+ +, +0 44 3- 31
Silver 4 )his publication may only be reproduced in accordance ,ith Edexcel -imited copyright policy$
3455064578 Edexcel -imited$
1. (a) Find the binomial expansion of
(7 6 /x) x /
/
7

in ascending po,ers of x up to and including the term in x

8
simplifying each term$
041
(b) (ho, that ,hen x 9
755
7
the exact +alue of (7 6 /x) is
1
48
$
021
(c) (ubstitute x 9
755
7
into the binomial expansion in part (a) and hence obtain an
approximation to 48$ Gi+e your ans,er to 1 decimal places$
031
3anuar4 2010
2. f (x) 9
) " : (
7
4
x +
x ;
4
8
$
Find the first three non<=ero terms of the binomial expansion of f(x) in ascending po,ers of x$
Gi+e each coefficient as a simplified fraction$
061
3une 2011
(il+er "> /?74 4
3.
5i&ure 1
% hollo, hemispherical bo,l is sho,n in Figure 7$ Water is flo,ing into the bo,l$
When the depth of the ,ater is h m the +olume V m
8
is gi+en by
V 9
74
7
h
4
(8 6 "h) 5 h 5$41$
(a) Find in terms of
h
V
d
d
,hen h 9 5$7$
041
Water flo,s into the bo,l at a rate of
/55

m
8
s
67
$
(b) Find the rate of change of h in m s
67
,hen h 9 5$7$
021
3une 2011
(il+er "> /?74 8
4.
5i&ure 1
Figure 7 sho,s the cur+e ,ith e.uation
y 9
,
_

+ " 8
4
4
x
x
x 5$
)he finite region S sho,n shaded in Figure 7 is bounded by the cur+e the x<axis and the
line x 9 4$
)he region S is rotated 8#5@ about the x<axis$
Ase integration to find the exact +alue of the +olume of the solid generated gi+ing your
ans,er in the form k ln a ,here k and a are constants$
0+1
3anuar4 2012
(il+er "> /?74 "
+.
5i&ure 2
Figure 4 sho,s a s&etch of part of the cur+e C ,ith parametric e.uations
x 9 7 6
4
7
t y 9 4
t
6 7$
)he cur+e crosses the y<axis at the point A and crosses the x<axis at the point B$
(a) (ho, that A has coordinates (5 8)$
021
(b) Find the x<coordinate of the point B$
021
(c) Find an e.uation of the normal to C at the point A$
0+1
)he region R as sho,n shaded in Figure 4 is bounded by the cur+e C the line x 9 67 and the
x<axis$
(d) Ase integration to find the exact area of R$
061
3anuar4 2013
(il+er "> /?74 1
6. % cur+e has parametric e.uations
x 9 tan
4
t y 9 sin t 5 ; t ;
4

$
(a) Find an expression for
x
y
d
d
in terms of t. 2ou need not simplify your ans,er$
(3)
(b) Find an e.uation of the tangent to the cur+e at the point ,here t 9
"

.
Gi+e your ans,er in the form y 9 ax + b ,here a and b are constants to be determined$
(5)
(c) Find a cartesian e.uation of the cur+e in the form y
4
9 f(x)$
()
June !""#
-. % cur+e is described by the e.uation
x
4
B "xy B y
4
B 40 9 5
(a) Find
d
d
y
x
in terms of x and y.
0+1
% point Q lies on the cur+e$
)he tangent to the cur+e at Q is parallel to the y<axis$
Gi+en that the x-coordinate of Q is negati+e
(b) use your ans,er to part (a) to find the coordinates of Q$
0-1
June !"$3
(il+er "> /?74 #
,. (a) Asing the identity cos 4 9 7 6 4 sin
4
find
(

$ sin
4
d
021
5i&ure 4
Figure " sho,s part of the cur+e C ,ith parametric e.uations
x 9 tan y 9 4 sin 4 5 ;
4

$
)he finite shaded region S sho,n in Figure " is bounded by C the line x 9
8
7

and the x<

axis$ )his shaded region is rotated through 4 radians about the x<axis to form a solid of
re+olution$
(b) (ho, that the +olume of the solid of re+olution formed is gi+en by the integral
k
(

#
5
4
sin

,here k is a constant$
0+1
(c) Cence find the exact +alue for this +olume gi+ing your ans,er in the form p
4
B qD8
,here p and q are constants$
031
3une 2006
T7T%L 578 9%9E8: -+ M%8:S
E;*
(il+er "> /?74 0
Question
Number
Scheme Marks
Q1 (a)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
7
4
8 7 7 7 7
4 8
4 4 4 4 4
7
4
7 / 7 / / /
4 8E
x x x x

+ + + B F M1 A1

4 8
7 " / G 84 x x x F A1; A1 (4)
(b) ( )
/
7 / 7
755
x
_


,
M1

:4 48 48
755 41 1
cso A1 (2)
(c) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 8
4 8
7 " / 84 7 " 5$57 / 5$57 84 5$57 x x x

7 5$5" 5$555/ 5$555 584 5$:1:7#/
M1
48 1 5$:1:7#/ M1

"$0:1 /"

cao
A1 (3)
[9]
2.
( ) ( )
7
4
f $$$ $$$ x

+ M7
( )
7
4
$$$
: $$$ $$$

+
7
8

7
8
or 7
4
7
:
H7

( )
4 4
7 7 $$$
n
kx nkx + + + n not a natural number 7 k M7

( )
( ) ( )
( )
7
4
8 7
4
4 4 4 4
7 $$$
4
kx kx

+ + ft their 7 k %7 ft


7
4
4 4 "
" 4 4
7 7
: : 40
x x x

_
+ +

,
%7

( )
4 "
7 4 4
f
8 40 /7
x x x + %7 061
<6=
(il+er "> /?74 /
3. (a)
4
d 7
d 4
V
h h
h

or e.ui+alent M7 %7
%t 5$7 h
( ) ( )
4 d 7
5$7 5$7 5$5"
d 4
V
h


41

M7 %7 041

(b)
4
7
4
d d d 7
d d d /55
h V V
t t h h h

or their (a)
/55

M7

%t 5$7 h
d 41 7
d /55 84
h
t

a,rt 5$587 %7 021
<6=
4. Iolume
4
4
4
5
4
d
8 "
x
x
x

_
_



+
,
,

Ase of
4
d V y x

$ H7
( ) ( )
4
4
5
7
ln 8 "
8
x
1
+
1
]

( )
4
ln 8 " k x t +
M7
( )
4
7
ln 8 "
8
x + %7
( )
7 7
ln7# ln "
8 8
1 _ _

1
, , ]

(ubstitutes limits of 4 and 5

and subtracts the correct ,ay
round$
dM7
(o Iolume
7
ln "
8


7
ln "
8

or
4
ln 4
8

%7 oe is,
<+=
0+ mar>s1
(il+er "> /?74 :
Juestion
Number
(cheme Mar&s
+. Working parametrically:
ln 4
7
7 4 7 or e 7
4
t t
x t y y
(a) { }
7
5 5 7 4
4
x t t %pplies
5 x
to obtain a +alue for t$ M7
When
4 t

4
4 7 8 y !orrect +alue for y$
%7
<2=
(b) { } 5 5 4 7 5
t
y t
%pplies
5 y
to obtain a +alue for t$
(Must be seen in part (b))$
M7
When
5 t

7
7 (5) 7
4
x
7 x
%7
<2=
(c)
d 7
d 4
x
t
and either
d
4 ln 4
d
t
y
t
or
ln 4
d
e ln 4
d
t
y
t

H7
d 4 ln 4
7
d
4
t
y
x

%ttempts their
d
d
y
t
di+ided by their
d
$
d
x
t

M7
%t A
K4K t
so
7
( ) /ln 4 ( )
/ln 4
m m T ;
%pplies
K4K t
and
7
( )
( )
m
m

;
T
M7
7
8 ( 5)
/ln 4
y x or
7
8
/ln 4
y x + or e.ui+alent$ M7 %7 oe
cso
<+=
(d) ( )
7
%rea( ) 4 7 $ d
4
t
R t
_


,

!omplete substitution for both

y
anddx M7
7 " and 7 5 x t x t
H7
7 4
4 ln 4
t
t
_


' )

,
Either
4
4
ln 4
t
t

or ( )
(4 )
4 7
(ln 4)
t
t
t

t

or ( )
4 7 (ln 4)(4 )
t t
t t
M7L
( )
4
4 7
ln 4
t
t
t %7
5
"
7 4 7 7 7#
"
4 ln 4 4 ln 4 ln 4
t
t

1 _ _ _

' )
1
, , , ]


*e$ends on the $revious method
mar>.
(ubstitutes their changed limits in t and
subtracts either ,ay round$
dM7L
71
4
4ln 4

71
4
4ln 4
or e.ui+alent$ %7
<6=
1+
(il+er "> /?74 75
Question
Number
Scheme Marks
6. (a)
2
tan , x t
sin y t

2
d
2(tan ) sec
d
x
t t
t

d
cos
d
y
t
t
!orrect
d
d
x
t
and
d
dt
y
H7
2
d cos
d 2tan sec
y t
x t t

4
cos
2sin
t
t
_

,
d
d
cos
their
x
t
t t
d
d
cos
their
x
t
t +

M7
%7
<3=
(b) When
4
, t

1
2
1, x y
(need +alues)
)he point ( )
1
2
1,
or
( ) 1, awrt 0.71
These coordinates can 'e im$lied.
H7 H7
( ( )
4
sin y

is not sufficient for

H7)
When ,
4
t

m(T) 9
4
2
4 4
cos d
d 2tan sec
y
x

( )
( ) 1
1
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
1
1
1 2
2.(1)(2) 8
4 2
2.(1)
2.(1)

any of the fi+e underlined
expressions or a,rt 5$7/
H7 aef
T>
( )
1 1
2 4 2
1 y x
Finding an e.uation of a tangent
,ith their point and their tangent
gradient or finds c by using
(their radient) ! ! y x c +
$
M7
aef
T:
" 1
4 2 4 2
y x +
or
2 " 2
8 8
y x +
!orrect simplified
EM%!) e.uation of tangent
%7 aef
cso
or
( )
" 1 1 1 1
2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2
1 c c +

Cence T:
" 1
4 2 4 2
y x +
or
2 " 2
8 8
y x +
<+=
(il+er "> /?74 77
?uestion
;um'er
Scheme Mar>s
-.
4 4
" 40 5 x xy y + + +
0a1
d
d d
4 " " 4 5
d d d
y
y y
x y x y
x x x
_

+ + +
' )


,
M7 %7 H7

d
4 " (" 4 ) 5
d
y
x y x y
x
+ + + dM7

d 4 " 4
d " 4 4
y x y x y
x x y x y


' )
+ +

%7 cso oe
0+1
0'1
" 4 5 x y +
M7
4 y x
7
4
x y %7
4 4
" ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 40 5 x x x x + + +
4
4
7 7
" 40 5
4 4
y y y y
_ _
+ + +

, ,
M7L
4
8 40 5 x +
4
8
40 5
"
y +
4
: x
4
8# y dM7L
8 x # y
%7
When
8 x

4( 8) y
When
# y

7
(#)
4
x ddM7L
# y 8 x
%7 cso
0-1
<12=
(il+er "> /?74 74
,. (a) ( ) ( )
4
7 7 7
sin d 7 cos 4 d sin 4
4 4 "
C +

M7 %7 (4)

4
d
tan sec
d
x
x

(b)
( )
4
4 4 4
d
d d 4sin 4 sec d
d
x
y x y

M7 %7

( )
4
4
4 4sin cos
d
cos

M7

4
7# sin d

7# k %7

5 tan 5 5 x

7 7
tan
8 8 #
x




H7 (1)
(c)
#
4
5
7# sin d V


_


,

#
5
7 sin 4
7#
4 "
V

1

1
]
M7
( )
7
7# sin 5 5
74 " 8

1
_

1
, ]
Ase of correct limits M7

4
8 "
7# 4 8
74 / 8

_


,

"
8
p
4 q
%7 (8)
010 mar>s1
(il+er "> /?74 78
?uestion 1
)his pro+ed a suitable starting .uestion and there ,ere many completely correct solutions$
)he maNority of candidates could complete part (a) successfully$ On part (b) those ,ho
realised that ,or&ing in common (+ulgar) fractions ,as needed usually gained the method
mar& but as noted in the introduction the ,or&ing needed to establish the printed result ,as
fre.uently incomplete$ Ot is insufficient to ,rite do,n
/ 48
7
755 1
$ )he examiners
accepted for example
/ :4 48 48
7
755 755 41 1
$ On part (c) most candidates realised
that they had to e+aluate their ans,er to part (a) ,ith 5$57 x $ Co,e+er many failed to
recognise the implication of part (b) that this e+aluation needed to be multiplied by 1$ Ot ,as
not uncommon for candidates to confuse parts (b) and (c) ,ith the expansion and decimal
calculation appearing in (b) and fraction ,or& leading to 48 appearing in (c)$
?uestion 2
Many candidates got off to a +ery bad start to this .uestion by ,riting
( )
4
: " 8 4 x x + + or
( ) ( )
7
4
7
4
: " 8 4 x x

+ + $ (uch errors in algebra are hea+ily penalised as the resulting binomial
expansions are significantly simplified and in this case ga+e ans,ers in incorrect po,ers
of x$ )hose ,ho obtained
7
4
4
7 "
7
8 :
x

_
+

,
sho,ed that they understood the binomial theorem
but there ,ere many errors in signs often due to the failure to use brac&ets correctly$ (ome
candidates seemed to lose the thread of the .uestion and ha+ing expanded
7
4
4
"
7
:
x

_
+

,

correctly failed to multiply by
7
8
$ Ot ,as not unusual to see an often correct term in
#
x
pro+ided$ )he examiners ignore this but such additional ,or& does lose time$
?uestion 3
)his .uestion ,as ,ell done and full mar&s ,ere common$ !andidates ,ere roughly e.ually
di+ided bet,een those ,ho expanded and differentiated and those ,ho differentiated using
the product rule$ )he latter method ,as the more complicated and more subNect to error but
many correct solutions ,ere seen using both methods$ Of the differentiation ,as correct
nearly all completed part (a) correctly$ Rather oddly a number of cases ,ere seen ,here
( )
4
7
8 "
74
h h ,as misread as ( )
4
7
8 "
4
h h $ Part (b) ,as generally ,ell done although
there ,ere a minority of students ,ho made no attempt at it at all$ )he large maNority
correctly interpreted
/55

as
d
d
V
t
and realised they had to di+ide
/55

by
d
d
V
h
$ On+erting
d
d
V
h

did cause difficulty for some candidates$ For example
4 4
7 7 7
5$1 5$1 h h h h

,as seen
(il+er "> /?74 7"
from time to time and
41
7
41

leading to the ans,er
4
84

instead of the correct

7
84
,as
relati+ely common$
?uestion 4
%t least :5P of the candidature ,as able to apply the +olume of re+olution formula correctly$
Qnly a fe, candidates did not include

in their +olume formula or did not s.uare the

expression for y$

)he integration ,as ,ell attempted and the maNority of candidates recognised that the integral
could be manipulated into the form
f ( )
d
f ( )
x
x
x

and integrated to gi+e their result in the form

k ln (8x
4
B ") usually ,ith
7
8
k $ % +ariety of incorrect +alues of k ,ere seen ,ith the most
common being either 8 or 7$ % significant number of candidates integrated incorrectly to gi+e
ans,ers such as x
4
ln (8x
4
B ") or 4x ln (8x
4
B ")$
)hose candidates ,ho applied the substitution
4
8 " u x + proceeded to achie+e
7
ln
8
u and
changed their x<limits of 5 and 4 to gi+e correct u<limits of " and 7#$ Qther substitutions of
4
8 u x or
4
u x ,ere also used usually successfully$
Anproducti+e attempts ,ere seen by a minority of candidates such as integration by parts or
simplifying
4
4
8 "
x
x +
to gi+e
4
4 4

8 "
x x
x
+ or integrating 4x and 8x
4
B " separately and then
multiplying or di+iding the t,o results together$
)he maNority of candidates ,ere able to apply the limits correctly and examiners obser+ed the
correct ans,er in a +ariety of different forms$
?uestion +
)his .uestion and in particular the final J1(d) pro+ed challenging for a large number of
candidates ,ith about 7/P of the candidature scoring at least 74 of the 71 mar&s a+ailable
and only about 0P scoring all 71 mar&s$
J1(a) and J1(b) ,ere almost in+ariably completed correctly the main source of error in
J1(b) being that a +ery small number of candidates did not realise that
5 t
follo,s from
4 7$
t

Many correct solutions to J1(c) ,ere seen$ )he principal reason for loss of mar&s came from
candidates being unable to find the deri+ati+e of 4 7$
t
Ri+iding
d
d
y
t
by
d
d
x
t

7
i$e$ di+iding by
4
_

,
pro+ed challenging for a number of candidates$ (ome candidates
(il+er "> /?74 71
ha+ing correctly established
d
d
y
x
as being ( 4)4 ln 4
t
then proceeded incorrectly to e.uate this
to " ln 4
t
$ Most &ne, ho, to obtain the gradient of the normal and could ,rite do,n the
e.uation of a straight line$

J1(d) ,as ans,ered ,ell by small number of candidates and although a significant number
could ,rite the area as
( )
5
"
7
4 7 $ d
4
t
t
_


,

many ,ere unable to perform the integration of

4
t
,ith respect to t$ (ome ,rote
4
t
as 4t thus simplifying the problem ,hilst attempts such
as
7
4
7
t
t
+
+
,ere not uncommon$ !andidates ,ho ,ere unable to ma&e an attempt at the
integration of
4
t
,ere unable to access the final " mar&s in this part$ %pproaches that
facilitated integration included re<,riting
4
t
as
ln 4
e
t
or substituting 4
t
u leading to
d
4 ln 4 ln 4
d
t
u
u
t
and thereby circum+enting a direct integration of 4 $
t
Qther candidates used a cartesian approach gi+ing the area as
( )
7
4 4
7
4 7 d
x
x

(or
e.ui+alent) but again a number ,ere unable to carry out the integration$
(il+er "> /?74 7#
Question 7
)his .uestion discriminated ,ell bet,een candidates of all abilities ,ith about /5P of
candidates gaining at least 1 mar&s of the 74 mar&s a+ailable and about "1P gaining at least /
mar&s$ Qnly about 71P of candidates gained all 74 mar&s$ Part (a) ,as ans,ered ,ell ,ith
full mar&s commonly a,arded$ Part (b) ,as far more challenging ,ith only a small minority
presenting a complete and correct solution$
On part (a) many candidates ,ere able to differentiate correctly factorise out
d
d
y
x
and
rearrange their e.uation to arri+e at a correct expression for the gradient function$ % minority
did not apply the product rule correctly ,hen differentiating
" xy
,hilst a small number left
the constant term of 40 in their differentiated e.uation$

On part (b) those small proportion of candidates ,ho realised they needed to set the
denominator of their
d
d
y
x
expression e.ual to =ero usually ,ent on to ans,er this part
correctly$ (ome ho,e+er did not attempt this part ,hile a maNority attempted to sol+e
d
5
d
y
x
and many proceeded to obtain coordinates of
( # 8)
for the point Q despite a
number of them initially s&etching a cur+e ,ith a +ertical tangent$ % smaller proportion
sol+ed
d
7
d
y
x
presumably because the digit 7 is ,ritten as a +ertical lineG ,hilst others either
substituted
5 y
or
5 x
into their
d
d
y
x
expression$ Manipulation and brac&eting errors
sometimes led to candidates ,riting e.uations such as
4
y A or
4
x A ,here A ,as
(il+er "> /?74 70
negati+e$ Examiners ,ere surprised that a fair number of candidates ha+ing obtained their
+alue of x (or y) then proceeded to substitute this into
4 4
" 40 5 x xy y + + + rather than
using the much simpler
y kx
or
$ x ky
Question 8
)he responses to this .uestion ,ere +ery +ariable and many lost mar&s through errors in
manipulation or notation possibly through mental tiredness$ For examples many made errors
in manipulation and could not proceed correctly from the printed
4
cos 4 7 4sin to
4
7 7
sin cos 4
4 4
and the ans,er
7
sin 4
4 "
x
,as often seen instead of
7
sin 4
4 "

$ On
part (b) many ne+er found
d
d
x

or realised that the appropriate form for the +olume ,as

4
d
d
d
x
y

$
Co,e+er the maNority did find a correct integral in terms of although some ,ere unable to
use the identity sin 4 4sin cos to simplify their integral$ )he incorrect +alue / k
,as +ery common resulting from a failure to s.uare the factor 4 in sin 4 4sin cos $
!andidates ,ere expected to demonstrate the correct change of limits$ Minimally a reference
to the result
7
tan
# 8

or an e.ui+alent ,as re.uired$ )hose ,ho had complete solutions

usually gained the t,o method mar&s in part (c) but earlier errors often led to incorrect
ans,ers$
(il+er "> /?74 7/
Statistics !or C4 9ractice 9a$er Silver Level S4
Mean score for students achieving grade:
Qu
Max
score
Modal
score
Mean
%
ALL A* A B C D E U
# 78 7.0" 7.#$ 7.01 $."" %.78 %.20 ".$8
! $ $# 4.14 %.%4 4.%% 4.1% ".7" ".2" 2.%# 1.$$
" $ $$ ".#4 %.78 %.11 4.12 2.#" 1.#0 1.17 0.%8
# % $1 ".07 4.7$ ".7$ 2.72 1.#" 1.1% 0.7" 0.22
$ 1% 11 $0 8.#8 1".00 10.01 8.%0 7.11 %.8# 4.77 2.8$
% 12 %7 $.87 #.42 $.87 %.1$ ".%$ 2.1% 0.#8
7 12 8 %4 $.%1 10.%7 7.## $.48 %.2 4.08 2.#" 1.47
& 10 "# ".#" $.21 "."$ 1.## 1.0$ 0.%4 0.1#
7$ $' ##(#7 $$() #"(! "#("& !%(%$ !)()& (%#
(il+er "> /?74 7: