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TRUSSES
TRUSS
A truss is composed of triangles because of the structural stability of that shape and design. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed. In comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape.
Pantheon portico ( Rome) 126 AD2nd century Truss bridge by Villard de Honnecourt 13th century
TRUSSES
A truss in architectural and structural aspects can be defined as a systematic combination of interconnected tension and compression members that are freely and smoothly connected to each other by pins.
All the members in a truss are considered and practically connected in triangular or tetrahedral (in case of double grid space frames) geometry.
TOP CHORD: It is that member of the truss that undergoes compression and takes the thrust directly from the load above it. It may be flat or inclined depending upon the type of structure we want and also on the fact that how we want to utilize the truss. BOTTOM CHORD: It is that member of a truss that undergoes tension due to the load above it and it ties the compression members above it. WEB TIES: These are the diagonal members that share the load between the top chords and the bottom chord and ties the whole system together.
TERMINOLOGY
PANEL POINT: It is the point at which the webs are joined. These joints are considered to be smooth and are mostly free to move.
WEDGE: It is that triangular member that is fit onto the joint between the top chord and the bottom chord so as to avoid the breaking of the joint.
TRUSS PLATE: It is that steel plate that is joined at the joint between the top chord and the web or between the web or bottom chord.
BEARING: It is that wooden member that is situated on the inferior of the heel, simply to support the heel joint.
HEEL: It happens only in the case of trusses made out of wood and it is the point at which the top chord and the bottom chord are joined.
PEAK: It is the highest point of the truss and where two top chords confine to meet.
APPLICATION IN TRUSSES
As a result of the members undergoing tension and compression , the load gets distributed evenly on all the members of the truss and eventually finds the shortest possible way to transfer the load to ground. In addition to this, materials which are less bulky and highly tensile in comparison to the ethnic materials that have been used in the past are a lot cheap ,easy to install and highly mobile to use. Challenging the strength of materials and making use out of it is what vector structural system roams about.
We first basically need to know what drives us to mention Lamis theorem in the context of truss. As mentioned earlier in the definition of truss, a truss is a combination of interconnected compression and tension members. But it is highly noticeable a fact , that what exactly must be the geometry of such members that it may actually take that much of compression and tension. Why actually we do not take any form or shape to construct a truss. THE ANSWER RESTS WITHIN THIS
Consider this square framework for example, it would slacken if a force is applied in the direction of the pointer.
This is because force applied on the top bar doesnt get distributed equally on the side posts and eventually the weight of the system and the that of the load is not GROUNDED or EARTHED and eventually the shear force of the load will slacken the structure.
LAMIS THEOREM.
This happened due to the fact that the forces as per lamis theorem did not resolve at a point and a disbalance made the structure to collapse.
Now in this case we have simply added another member that undergoes diagonal compression that takes the load from one corner of the square directly to the ground.
THIS SHOWS THAT WE NEED THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE WAY TO GROUND THE LOAD , WHICH IS INDEED PROVIDED BY THE BODY DIAGONAL. THIS PHENOMENON OF LOAD TRANSFER BY ADDING A DIAGONAL MEMBER ON EITHER CORNERS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT WE KNOW AS BRACING.
TRIANGLE according to lamis theorem is the most rigid and stable of forms due to the fact that being a combination of three coplanar elements i.e. its arms.
Any 3 force that are applied at the three corners of the triangle be it a force of compression or tension, nullify at the centroid of the triangle.
1. When we apply a force at the junction of the two arms, they tend
to slacken due to shear action.
2.Now if I just add a tie chord to tie these ends together it just hold
onto the structure. This tie would take all the tension to overcome the shear.
Joints in a truss are the most requisite aspect of balance. The stability of a truss depends upon the no. of joints it possesses. More the no. of joints mean more are the shortcuts to load grounding and henceforth the structure becomes stable. PURLINS i.e. the connecting plates of these joints spread the load evenly above all the points.
KING POST
A king post is a central vertical supporting post used in architectural, bridge, or aircraft designs.
QUEEN POST
A Queen post is a supporting post designed to span longer openings than a king post.Qqueen post uses two central supporting post.
HOWE TRUSS Includes vertical members and diagonals that slope up towards the centere .The diagonal we web
PRATT TRUSS
The flat truss is used in roofs or floors. In pratt truss diagonal members on the bridge angled toward the bottom center of the bridge identify the Pratt configuration
ATTIC TRUSS
The attic truss provides useable area within the roof space. Bottom Chord in centre designed as a floor.
SCISSOR TRUSS
The scissor truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling along the entire span. The slope of the bottom chord is usually equal to 1/2 of the slope of the top chord. Scissor Truss.
WARREN TRUSS
The warren configuration is composed of diagonals that alternate their angle, forming a repeating v-shaped pattern. A Warren truss has no vertical members.
DUAL SLOPE
This truss provides an asymmetric roof slope.
CURVED SYSTEMS
load
Vector system:demerits
Number of complexity of joints can lead to longer erection time on site. Failure of trusses occurs due to fire in the structure rising the temperature to an extent due to which trusses melt down.
Steel truss bridges may require repeated painting to keep them from rusting.
The geometry is fixed regular to make trusses so it is difficult to make trusses for regularized shaped building.