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CHAPTER 4: CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS

Lesson Outcome:

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

- Describe the construction and function of capacitor and
inductor.

- Explain the Current-Voltage characteristic of capacitor
and inductor.


- Determine the equivalent capacitance and inductance
for a group of capacitors and inductors.

- Describe and determine the power and energy for
capacitor and inductor.
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CAPACITORS

- A Capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
- Capacitors widely use in the tuning circuits of radio receivers and as dynamic
memory elements in computer systems.
- A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric). In many practical applications, the plates may be aluminium foil
while the dielectric may be air, ceramic, paper or mica.
- When a voltage source V is connected to the capacitor, the source deposits a
positive charge q on one plate and a negative charge q on the other.
- The capacitor is said to store the electric charge. The amount of charge stored,
represented by q, is directly proportional to the applied voltage v so that;

Cv q =













- C is constant proportionality, known as capacitance of the capacitor. The unit
for capacitance is Farad (F).


Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the voltage
difference between the two plates, measured in Farads (F)


- Although the capacitance C of a capacitor is the ratio of the charge q per plate
to the applied voltage v, it does not depend on q and v, but it depends on the
physical dimensions of the capacitor.

d
A
C
c
=

- A is the surface area of each plate, d is the distance between the plates and
c is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates.




- Three factors determine the value of capacitance;
o The surface area of the plates the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance
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o The spacing between the plates the smaller the spacing, the
greater the capacitance
o The permittivity of the material the higher the permittivity, the
greater the capacitance

- To obtain the current-voltage relationship of the capacitor, we do derivative;

dt
dq
i = Cv q =

dt
dv
C i =

- Capacitors that satisfy the equation is said to be linear. For a non-linear
capacitor, the plot of the current-voltage relationship is not a straight line.


- The voltage-current relationship of the capacitor can be obtained by
integrating;

}

=
t
idt
C
v
1


( )
o
t
t
t v idt
C
v
o
+ =
}
1


- The energy stored in the capacitor is;

2
2
1
Cv w =

- We should note the following important properties of a capacitor;
Note from
dt
dv
C i = , when the voltage across a capacitor is not
changing with time (i.e., d.c. voltage), the current through capacitor is
zero. Thus,

A capacitor is an open circuit to dc

However, if battery (dc voltage) is connected across a capacitor, the
capacitor charges.
The voltage on the capacitor must be continuous.

The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly

The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the
circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored
energy when delivering power to the circuit.



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SERIES AND PARALLEL CAPACITORS






















































The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitances.

N eq
C C C C C + + + + = ...
3 2 1


The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

N eq
C C C C C
1
...
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =
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INDUCTORS

- An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
- An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.
- If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that the voltage
across the inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the
current.

dt
di
L v =






- Where L is the constant of proportionality called the inductance of the inductor.
- The unit of inductance is Henry (H).


Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of
current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).


- The inductance of an inductor depends on its physical dimension and
construction. For example, for the inductor (solenoid);

A N
L

2
=

- Where N is the number of turns, is the length, A is the cross-sectional area,
and is the permeability of the core.
- From the equation, inductance can be increased by increasing the number of
turns of coil, using material with higher permeability as the core, increasing the
cross-sectional area, or reducing the length of the coil.
- The voltage-current relationship for an inductor is shown in the equation
below;

dt
di
L v =






- The graph shows this relationship graphically for an inductor whose inductance
is independent of current. This inductor is known as a linear inductor. For a
non-linear inductor, the plot will not be a straight line because its inductance
varies with current.


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- The current-voltage relationship is obtained from as;

vdt
L
di
1
=

- Integrating the equation gives;

}

=
t
dt t v
L
i ) (
1
or ( )
}
+ =
t
t
o
o
t i dt t v
L
i ) (
1


- The inductor is designed to store energy in its magnetic field. The power
delivered to the inductor is;

i
dt
di
L vi p
|
.
|

\
|
= =
- The energy stored is;

2
2
1
Li w =

- We should note the following important properties of an inductor:
From equation, the voltage across an inductor is zero when the
current is constant.

An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc

An important property of the inductor is its opposition to the change in
current flowing through it.

The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously

Like the ideal capacitor, the ideal inductor does not dissipate energy.
The energy stored in it can be retrieved at a later time. The inductor
takes power from the circuit when storing energy and delivers power
to the circuit when returning previously stored energy.

















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SERIES AND PARALLEL INDUCTORS






















































The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual inductances.

N eq
L L L L L
1
...
1 1 1 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =

The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors is the sum of the individual
inductances.

N eq
L L L L L + + + + = ...
3 2 1

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IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIC ELEMENTS


Relation Resistor (R) Capacitor (C) Inductor (L)
i v iR v = ( )
o
t
t
t v idt
C
v
o
+ =
}
1

dt
di
L v =
v i
R
v
i =
dt
dv
C i = ( )
}
+ =
t
t
o
o
t i dt t v
L
i ) (
1
p or w
R
v
R i p
2
2
= =
2
2
1
Cv w =
2
2
1
Li w =
Series
2 1
R R R
eq
+ =
2 1
2 1
C C
C C
C
eq
+
=
2 1
L L L
eq
+ =
Parallel
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R
eq
+
=
2 1
C C C
eq
+ =
2 1
2 1
L L
L L
L
eq
+
=
At dc Same Open Circuit Short Circuit