4.

MEMBRANE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATIONAL SHELLS

4.1 Governing Equations
Consider an infinitesimal element of shell having a rectangular horizontal projection as shown in Fig. 4.1.
N yx Ny

N xy
Nx

dx dy

Ny +

Ny y

dy

z
dp
Nx +
N xy + N xy x
y

Nx Nx + dx x N xy N xy + dx x

y
N yx + N yx y dy

dq

N x dx x

dx

Ny +

N y y

dy

N yx +

N yx

dy

Fig. 4.1

return

4.1 Governing Equations (2)

Load Components:

q x , q y , q z = F / (unit area of horizontal projection )

Geometry:

dx = dp cos
dy = dq cos

(4.1a) (4.1b)

In Fig. 4.1, the quantities N x , N y , N xy are the actual internal membrane forces, while the quantities N x , N y , N xy designate the corresponding fictitious inplane forces acting on the horizontally projected element. The two sets of forces can be related using the shell geometry as follows:
2

4.1 Governing Equations (3)

The horizontal components of forces N x dq , N y dp , N xy dq and N yx dp are given by

cos N x dq cos = N x cos cos cos N y dp = Ny cos

Nxydqcos = (Nxy )dy = Nxydy

N yxdpcos = (N yx )dx = N yxdx
Nxy = N yx = Nxy = N yx

dy = N x dy dx = N y dx

(4.2a) (4.2b) (4.2c) (4.2d) (4.2e)

go

4.1 Governing Equations (4)

The corresponding vertical force components are

z N x dy N x dq sin = sin = N x tan dy = N x dy x cos

z N y dp sin = N y dx y
N xy dq sin = N xy z dy y

Eq. (4.2a)

(4.3a)

(4.3b)

(4.3c)

z N yx dp sin = N yx dx x

(4.3d)

4.1 Governing Equations (5)

Equilibrium Equations Referring to the free body diagram of the projected rectangular element, by balancing the forces in the x and y directions, one obtains

N x N yx + + qx = 0 Fx = x y
N y N xy + + qy = 0 Fy = y x

(4.4a) (4.4b)

To write the equilibrium equation for forces in the z direction, we refer to the free body diagram of the actual shell element. We write the vertical equilibrium relation for the actual forces N x , N y , and N xy and then we express this equation in terms of the projected fictitious forces Nx , N y , and Nxy .

go

4.1 Governing Equations (6)

By so doing, we obtain

Fz =

z z z z + + + N N N N x y x xy y y yx x + q z = 0 x x y y

(4.4c)

in which z = z( x, y) is the geometry of the shell surface. Expanding Eq. (4.4c) leads to
N y N xy 2z 2z 2 z z N 2 N N + + + + xy y 2 x x 2 x x y y y y z N x N xy + x x + y + qz = 0

2 z z z 2 z 2 z + N y 2 qx q y + q z = 0 N x 2 + 2 N xy y x xy y x

(4.5)

Equations (4.4a), (4.4b) and (4.5) are the governing equilibrium equations for membrane shells of arbitrary geometry.

go

4.1 Governing Equations (7)

Solution of Membrane Equations by Stress Function Introducing the Airy stress function F = F ( x, y ) such that 2F (4.6a) = N x + q x dx 2 y 2F (4.6b) = N y + q y dy 2 x 2F (4.6c) = N xy = N yx xy which satisfies Eqs. (4.4a) and (4.4b). The substitution of Eq. (4.6) into Eq. (4.5) leads to
z z 2 z 2z 2z 2F 2z 2F 2z 2F + qx + 2 + = qz + q y q x dx + 2 q y dy x 2 y 2 xy xy y 2 x 2 y x x 2 y

(4.7)
7

4.1 Governing Equations (8)

Eq. (4.7) is the governing differential equation for the membrane theory of shells in the Cartesian coordinate system. The governing equation has variable coefficients which are dependent on shell geometry. For a shell with specified shape, they are known functions of x and y. The right hand side of the equation is a known forcing function which depends on the applied load as well as the shell geometrical configuration. The formulation of the problem is completed by the specification of the appropriate boundary conditions. The solution of the shell problem is thus reduced to the determination of the stress function F(x,y). Once F(x,y) is determined, Nx , N y , and Nxy are calculated by Eqs. (4.6a-c) and Nx and Ny from Eqs. (4.2a) and (4.2b), i.e.
8

4.1 Governing Equations (9)

cos 1 + tan 2 Nx = Nx = Nx = Nx 2 cos 1 + tan z 1+ x 2 z 1+ y
2

(4.8a)

Ny = Ny

cos = Ny cos

Note that tan =

z z and tan = y x

z 1+ y 2 z 1+ x

(4.8b)

We shall apply this method to analyse hyperbolic paraboloid shells and elliptic paraboloid shells.

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (1)

Surface Geometry This non-developable surface is defined by (from similar triangles)

x y z = c = kxy (4.9) a b
c where k = ab (4.10)
k is the torsion curvature of HP shell
a x x

y b

z
z

c
y

x a
10

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (2) The intersection of the shell described by Eq. (4.9) with a horizontal plane (i.e. z = constant) gives a hyperbola (negative curvature) and that with a vertical plane yields a parabola (positive curvature). However, the intersection with vertical planes parallel to the xz and yz planes are straight lines. The latter provide a convenient means in the fabrication of formwork for this type of shells.

11

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (3)

Since z = kxy, we have

z = ky x
2z =k yx
Eq. (4.7) becomes

(4.11a)

z = kx y

(4.11b)

(4.11c)

2z 2z = 2 =0 2 x y

(4.11d,e)

2F 2k = qz + kxqy + kyqx xy

(4.12)

z z 2 z 2z 2z 2F 2z 2F 2z 2F + qx + 2 + = qz + q y q x dx + 2 q y dy x 2 y 2 xy xy y 2 x 2 y x x 2 y

(4.7)
12

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (4)

In view of Eq. (4.6c),

1 2 F N xy = = ( qz + kxqy + kyqx ) xy 2k

(4.13)

Eq. (4.13) is the governing differential equation for the membrane theory of hyperbolic paraboloid shells (z=kxy). The general solution to Eq. (4.13) is (4.14) F x, y = Fc x, y + Fp x, y

where Fp is the particular solution and Fc the solution of the homogeneous equation 2F =0 (4.15) xy which takes the form Fc x, y = f ( x) + g( y) (4.16)

13

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (5)

In view of Eqs. (4.6) and (4.11), Eq. (4.16) does not contribute to any stress components and therefore is of no interest. Note that Fc(x,y)s contribution is that of a rigid body displacement. Hence Fp(x,y) will be referred to as the total solution. Imposed Load: p In this case, F/unit area of horizontal projection

qx = qy = 0; qz = p
p N xy = 2k

(4.17)

Eq. (4.13) becomes

(4.18)

go

14

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (6)

In view of Eqs. (4.17) and (4.18), Eqs. (4.4a) and (4.4b) give

N x = 0, x
Integrating Eq. (4.19) yields

N y =0 y

(4.19a,b)

Nx = g( y)
N y = f ( x)

(4.20a) (4.20b)

The constants (functions) of integration f ( x ), g ( y ) are determined from the boundary conditions.

15

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (7)

Example 1: Inverted umbrella shell
C b B c x A y
z

a x

E G

z = kxy k = c/(ab)

V
D, F G, H, I

A, B, C

View V

16

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (8)

Considering the element CBEF, the boundary conditions are: (4.21a) N =0
x x =0

Ny

y =0

=0

(4.21b)

Here we have assumed that the edge beams are provided to resist shear forces along the four edges. These members are taken to be incapable of resisting normal forces. In view of Eqs. (4.8a), (4.8b), (4.11a) and (4.11b), Eq. (4.21) can be expressed as Nx x=0 = 0 (4.22a)

Ny

=0 y =0

(4.22b)
17

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (9)

from which

g ( y) = 0

(4.23a) (4.23b) (4.24a) (4.24b)

f ( x) = 0
and finally

Nx = 0
Ny = 0

Under a uniform imposed load p, the shell is subjected to pure shear. The shear stress resultant is

N xy =

p 2k

(4.25)
18

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (10)

C y x z F y x I z

Reinforcement

x A z y D x z

y G

19

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (11)

Edge members ABC, CFI, IHG, GDA, BEH and DEF are usually provided to neutralize the shear forces along the edges of the shells through their axial actions. Edge members at the periphery, namely ABC, CFI, IHG and GDA will be in tension with the maximum values at midspan, i.e. at points B, F, H and D.

20

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (11)

a
C b B TBC c E CEB E CED J CJE CEF CEH CEF CEH TFC TFI F I

THI

CEB

Supporting Column

21

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (12)

Maximum forces in edge members Periphery TFC = N xya (tension) Adjoining edge

(4.26)

CEF = 2 N xy b2 + c2

(compression)

(4.27)

If N xy varies along the length, the forces in the edge member are obtained through integration along the length.

22

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (13)

Edge members Overflow pipe Fill for a) drainage b) provide space for splices & embedment B B Hypar footing A-A

Elevation

B-B

23

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (14)

Design of Column EJ Design load in column = total vertical load Column should also be designed to resist bending moment resulting from the unsymmetrically applied imposed loads in the most unfavourable combination. Drainage pipe is usually buried in the column.

24

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (15)

Reinforcement for an Umbrella Shell (Courtesy Dr. A. Monsey)

25

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (16)

Example The hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof shown in the figure below is subjected to a uniformly distributed load qz of 4 kN/m2 of horizontal projection. Half dimension of the shell on the horizontal plan a is 20 m and the rise or drop c is 3.2 m. Determine a) b) c) d) the membrane stress resultants the maximum axial force in the edge member ABC the vertical component of the reaction at point C, and the axial force in the tie rod neglecting the horizontal reaction component at supports.

26

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (18)

a a H a A O B D x G a F E

Tie Rod y

c = ka 2
C

A O

G, C

27

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (19)

a a F H A A
y

y O

x x

D B c C
a = 20 m, c = 3.2 m, k = Nx = Ny = 0
28

B NCBA C

c 3.2 = 2 = 8 103 / m, q = 4 kN / m 2 2 a 20

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (20)

(a)

N xy =

q 4 = = 250 kN / m 3 2k 2 8 10

Constant value of membrane shear force field

LAB = LBC = a2 + c2 = 20.254 m

(b)

N CBA = LABC N xy = 20.254 2 ( 250 ) = 10127 kN or 10127 kN in compression

(c) Vertical component of reaction at C = 2 20 20 4 = 3200 kN (d) Horizontal component of NCBA = 10127

20 = 10000 kN 20.254

) Force in the tie rod CG = 2(10000

1 = 14142kN 2
29

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (21)

Dead Load: q F/unit area of middle surface q qx = q y = 0; qz = In this case, cos cos
cos = 1 = 2 1 + tan
cos =

(4.28)
2

1 z 1+ x 1
2

1 1 + (ky )

(4.29)

q z = q 1 + (ky ) 1 + (kx )
2 2

1 + (kx )

(4.30)
2

][

]
2 2

= q 1 + (ky ) + (kx ) + (k xy )

neglected since k <<1

2 2 1 q 1 + (ky ) + (kx ) 2 2 F q q 1 2 2 = z = 1 + (ky) + (kx) N xy = xy 2k 2k 2

(4.31) (4.32)
30

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (22)

Integrating Eq. (4.32) yields
k2 3 q F = xy + ( y x + x3 y) + f ( x) + g( y) 2k 6
d 2 g( y) 2 F q N x = 2 = kxy + dy 2 y 2 d 2 f (x) 2 F q N y = 2 = kxy + dy 2 x 2

(4.33) (4.34) (4.35)

The boundary conditions are Nx x=0 = N y y=0 = 0 Thus Eqs. (4.8a) and (4.8b) become cos q cos Nx = Nx = kxy cos 2 cos
Ny = Ny cos q cos = kxy cos 2 cos

(4.36)

(4.37)

(4.38)
31

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (23)

Note that for most practical cases, k is small (k < 0.01). In these cases, Nx and Ny become insignificant compared to Nxy; and the value of Nxy due to dead load approaches that for imposed load. Therefore, the dead load may be treated more conveniently as an equivalent imposed load. In design

p total= p imposedload+ q deadload

total dead load q deadload = projected area on horizontal plane

(4.39) (4.40)

32

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (24)

Example to show that Nx and Ny are small compared to Nxy when k is small. Consider the Hypar Shell with a = b = 20 m and c = 4 m Now k = c/(ab) = 4/(20 x 20) = 1/100

Eq. (4.32) gives N xy

N xy max

max

at x = a and y = b

q 1 2 2 = 1 + (ky ) + (kx ) 2k 2
2 2 q 1 20 20 = 1 + + 2k 2 100 100

q [1 + 0.04] 2k Note that 0.04 may be neglected 4% error =

33

4.2 Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells (25)

q = N xy max 2k cos qk ; Nx Nx = xy 2 cos
max

N xy

max 2

at x = a , y = b

Nx

q 42 q q c q 2 (0.04 ) = = = ab k ab = 2 2k 2 k ab 2 k 20 2k which is 4% of N xy
max

Similarly , N y

q (0.04 ) 2k
34

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (1)

hx x z hy y a b hx a
2 2

hy b

Surface Geometry

y x z ( x, y ) = hy + hx b a

(4.41)

The intersection of Eq. (4.41) with vertical planes gives a parabola and that horizontal planes with an ellipse. They are usually designed as shallow shells and dead loads of the shell structures are usually treated as equivalent imposed load over the projected area on the horizontal plane.
35

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (2)

Imposed Load: p F/unit area of horizontal projection qx = q y = 0; qz = p In this case, In view of Eq. (4.41), we have (4.42) (4.43a) (4.43b) (4.43c)

hx 2z = 2 x 2 a2 hy 2z =2 2 2 y b 2 z =0 yx

Recall that the governing equation is given by 2z 2F 2z 2F 2z 2F 2 + 2 2 2 x y xy xy y x 2

z z 2 z 2z (4.44) = qz + q y + qx + 2 q x dx + 2 q y dy y x x y
36

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (3)

Thus the substitution of Eqs. (4.42) and (4.43) into Eq. (4.44) yields
2 hy 2 F hx 2 F a2 p 2 F hy a 2 F 2 2 +2 2 = p = + 2 2 2 2 2 a y b x hxb x 2hx y

(4.45)

The general solution to Eq. (4.45) is F ( x, y) = Fc ( x, y) + Fp ( x, y) where a possible particular solution is given by a2 p 2 Fp ( x, y ) = y 4hx and Fc ( x, y) is the complimentary solution of
2 2 F hy a 2 F + =0 2 2 2 y hxb x

(4.46) (4.47)

(4.48)

37

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (4)

and may take the form

Fc ( x, y) =
where

n n = 2b
2 n

n=1,3,...

fn ( x)cosn y

(4.49) (4.50)

go

The substitution of Eq. (4.49) into Eq. (4.48) leads to

hy a 2 d 2 f n ( x ) cos n y = 0 f n ( x ) cos n y + 2 2 hxb n =1,3,... dx n =1, 3,...

(4.51)

Applying orthogonality condition and introducing 2 2 h b h n x x = n2 = 2 n 2

hy a hy 2 a

(4.52)

Eq. (4.51) gives

d 2 fn (x) 2 fn (x) = 0 n 2 dx

(4.53)
38

return
39

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (5)

Since n2 is always positive, the solution to Eq. (4.53) is

fn ( x) = An coshn x + Bn sinhn x

(4.54)

go

As the solution has to be symmetric in x, the coefficient Bn of the odd function sinhn x must vanish. Thus Eq. (4.49) becomes (4.55) F ( x, y) = A cosh x cos y
c n=1,3,... n x n

Eq. (4.55) must satisfy the force boundary conditions:

N x x= a

2 F N y y = b = 2 x

2 F = 2 =0 y x= a

(4.56a) (4.56b)

=0
y = b

40

return

41

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (6)

F ( x, y) = Fc ( x, y) + Fp ( x, y)
a2 p 2 Fp ( x, y ) = y 4hx

(4.46) (4.47) (4.55)

Fc ( x, y) =

n=1,3,...

An coshx x cosn y

Observe that Eq. (4.46) in view of Eq. (4.55) satisfies Eq. (4.56).
a2 p 2F Nx = 2 = An 2 n cosh n x cos n y 2hx n =1,3,... y

4 a2 p ( 1)(n1) / 2 An2 cosh x = n n cos n y n =1, 3,... n 2hx

(4.57)

Substituting Eq. (4.57) into Eq. (4.56a), and in view of the orthogonality condition, leads to 2a 2 p ( n 1) / 2 ( ) 1 An = (4.58) nhx2 n cosh n a

42

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (7)

Thus,
( n 1) / 2 a 2 p 1 2 ( 1) cosh n x Nx = cos n y hx 2 n=1,3,... n cosh n a ( n 1) / 2 cosh n x a 2 p 2 ( 1) = 1 cos n y hx n=1,3,... n cosh n a

(4.59)

2F Ny = 2 x b2 p 2 ( 1) = hy n=1,3,... n
( n 1) / 2

cosh n x cos y 1 n cosh a n

(4.60)
43

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (8)

2F N xy = xy abp = hx hy 2 ( 1)( n 1) / 2 sinh n x sin y n n cosh a n = 1 , 3 ,... n

(4.61)

The quantities in square brackets [*] in Eqs. (4.59) to (4.61) are tabulated in Table 1 against arguments of x/a and y/b for various values of hx / hy .

Nx = Nx ,
Note that

Ny =

Ny

2 2

(4.63, 4.62)

2hx x z 1 1 + + 2 cos 1 + tan 2 a x = = = where = 2 2 cos 1 + tan 2 2 h y y z 1+ 1+ 2 b y

(4.64)
44

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (9)

N xy at the boundary and corner

At the boundary x = a , the convergence of the series for the evaluation of N xy is slow. It is advantageous to restate Eq. (4.61) in ( n1) / 2 the form sinhn x abp 2 (1) + Nxy x=a = 1 1 sin y n hx hy n=1,3,... n cosh a n (4.65) Since

n=1,3,...

(1)(n1) / 2 sin y = 1 ln secy + tan y 2,

n
n

2b

2b

N xy x =a

2 1 y y + ln sec tan 2b abp 2 2b = ( ) n 1 / 2 hx hy 2 ( 1) ( ) 1 tanh a sin y n n n n=1,3,...

(4.66)

45

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (10)

If the coordinate axes are set such that hx / hy 1, tanhna 1 and Eq. 2 (4.66) becomes y abp 1 y N xy x=a ln sec + tan (4.67) hx hy 2 2b 2b Observe that N xy x=a is singular at y = b. In practice, infinite values of N xy is excluded from the shell domain by supporting ribs or diaphragms. For practical purposes, (Nxy )max is assumed to occur at (4.68) y = b 0.4 rh, x = a where h is the thickness of the shell and r the radius of curvature at rx + ry r = the support given by 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 z z 1 + 1 + x y rx = , r = y 2 z 2 z y 2 x 2
46

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (11)

hx x D z hy y a b hx a b hy

(N )

xy max

= N xy at D

0.4 rh

47

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (12)

Example: Elliptic paraboloid shell Thickness = 75 mm p = 3 kN / m 2 of horizontal projection

x z 15m hy = 3.0 y 15m 15m 15m hx = 3.0

48

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (13)

a) Estimate N xy max for design b) Calculate Nx , N y & Nxy at various points shown on the sketch
1.0

x/a

y/b

c) Determine the magnitude and direction of the principal stress resultants where N1, N2 & 2 (A) Nx + N y Nx N y 2 N
N1, 2 = 2 2

tan =

2 N xy Nx N y

+ Nxy

Nx

(B)
2

Ny N xy

d) Find As if fs = 140 N / mm e) Show a sketch of the reinforcing plan

49

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (14)

Solution: ( a )

abp (coefficien t ) N xy = hx h y x y 0.4 rh Nxy is maximumat = 1.0 and = 1.0

3 2

Note that r = (rx + ry)/2

z 2 1 + y ; ry = 2 z y 2

x y z = hy + hx a b

z 2 z 2hy 6 6 y = 2hy 2 = 2 y; = = y y 2 b 2 152 b 15

At the corner, y = b,
6 1 + 15 ry = = 46.85 m 6 152
2
50

3 2

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (15)

By symmetry, at x = a, rx = 46.85
N xy maxis
At
thickness

at

y 0.4 46.85 0.075 = 1 = 0.95 b 15

x h y = 1.0, = 0.95, x = 1.0, Table 2 gives a b hy

Nxy max =
(b)

31515 (0.9777) = 220 kN / m 3 3

N xy = abp (coefficien t) hx hy

a 2 p b2 p (coefficien t) (coefficient ) N x = Ny = h hy x

2hx x 1+ 2 a = 2 2 h y y 1+ 2 b
51

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (16)

The values of at grid points shown on the sketch are tabulated in x/a Table a.
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0
0 0.25
y b

1.000

1.005 1.000

1.020 1.015 1.000

1.045 1.040 1.024 1.000

1.078 1.073 1.056 1.032 1.006

0.50 0.75 1.0

Multipliers

pb2 3 152 pa2 pab = 225 kN / m = = = hy hx hx hy 3

Using the values of coefficients from Table 1 and the values of in Table a, the membrane forces are tabulated in Table b.
52

53

54

55

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (17)

(c) Principal stresses N1, N2 and are determined from Eqs. (A) and (B) respectively. The results are summarized in Table b.
Table b

Compressive stresses in concrete kN to N 3 x y 282.9 10 At = 1.0, = 0.95 : f c = = 3.77 N / mm2

a b 1000 75

Reinforcement 3 2 Minimum requirement (IASS: 1979): As = 0.00310 75 = 225 mm / m

International Association of Shell and Spatial Structures

thickness

Outside tension zone, use BRC D6 weld mesh (T6-100: As=283 mm2/m) In tension zone,

N1 2 As = mm /m 2 2 f s (tan sin + cos )

56

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (18)

0.25 0 0.50 0.75 1.00 x/a

0.25

0.50

Tension zone

0.75 Direction of tensile stress y/b

57

1.00

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (19)

At
x y = 1.0, = 0.75 : N1 = 66.5 kN / m from Table b a b 66 .5 10 3
As =
o 2 o
2

140 (tan 31 .6 sin 31 .6 + cos 31 .6

2

= 531 mm 2 / (m run )
= 31.6o from table b

Use BRC D9 Weldmesh: (T9-100: As = 636mm / m ) Near the corner, x = 1.0, y = 0.95 : N1 = 171.1 kN / m
a b

As required = 1334 mm 2 / (m run )

Provide extra diagonal reinforcement 30 T12 @ 0.125 near the corner. Note: Splice lengths should be at least 600 mm in tension zone Enough embedment of shell reinforcement in supporting members Allowable f s
( a ) mild steel , f s = 100 N / mm 2 , (b) deformed bar , f s = 140 N / mm 2
fc

Allowable

(compressive) in concrete: fc 2 N / mm2

58

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (20)

Compressive stresses in concrete At x = 0.75, y = 0.75, N 2 = 136.4 kN / m
a b

fc = 1.82 N / mm2
x y

OK

At a = 1.00, b = 0.75, N2 = 175.5 kN / m

fc = 2.34 N / mm2
x y = 1.00, = 0.95, N 2 = 282.9 kN / m a b

At

fc = 3.77 N / mm2

Increase the shell thickness gradually from 75 mm at about 3 m from edge members to 120 mm at the supporting members and to 150 mm at the corner.
59

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (21) e) Sketch of reinforcing quarter plan

x BRC D8 Weldmesh

15.0 m 2 layers of BRC D8 Weldmesh

T12-0.125 (additional) 3.75 m y 15.0 m

60

4.3 Elliptic Paraboloid Shells (22)

If we impose the requirement of strain compatibility, we obtain the following relation between the reinforcing bars:

f s 2 = f s1 tan

(A3)

Therefore, for an orthogonal mesh reinforcement, one has

N1 = f s1 As1 cos 2 + As 2 sin 2 tan

(A4)

This relation can be effectively used in designing reinforcement, i.e. in determining the area of reinforcing bars.

61

Assignment No. 4.1 (1.1)

1. The reinforced concrete, hyperbolic paraboloid gable roof shown in Fig. 1 is subjected to a uniformly distributed load qz of 5 kN/m2 of horizontal projection. For the shell with length dimensions a = 20 m, b = 16 m and drop c = 3.2 m, a) Determine the membrane stress resultants with a sketch indicating the directions on a quarter of the shell. b) Evaluate the maximum axial forces in the edge members BC and CF and indicate the directions on the sketch. c) Calculate the axial forces in the tie rods AC and CI, neglecting the horizontal reaction components at the supports. d) If the allowable compressive stress for concrete and the permissible tensile stress for steel are specified as 3 MPa and 140 MPa, respectively, propose the appropriate shell thickness and the reinforcement required in the shell. Neglect the bending stresses.
62

Assignment No. 4.1 (1.2)

1.
G H I b D E x y A a D A, G B, E, H B a F c Elevation C, I C b Plan F

Fig. 1
63

Assignment No. 4.1 (2.1)

2. A footing in the form of a mushroom-type hyperbolic paraboloid shell is used to carry a column load of 1500 kN as shown in Fig. 2. The footing has a square plan of 5 m by 5 m and a rise of 0.5 m. Assume that the vertical component of the soil pressure is uniformly distributed over the projected area. Neglecting the horizontal components of the soil pressure and ignoring the shell dead weight, a) Establish the membrane forces in the shell, b) Determine the maximum forces in the edge beam AB and the ridge beam CD as indicated in Fig. 2, and c) Design the shell using the allowable fs = 150 N/mm2

64

Assignment No. 4.1 (2.2)

2.
P = 1500 kN

C B 0.5 m

2.5 m

2.5 m

D 2.5 m 2.5 m

Fig. 2

65