Can you remember

Which valves are found between the atria and ventricles? Where are the semi-lunar valves found? Define atrial systole Which valves open when the ventricles contract?

Can you remember

Which valves are found between the atria and ventricles? ATRIOVENTRICULAR Where are the semi-lunar valves found? AORTA AND P. ARTERY Define atrial systole CONTRACTION OF ATRIA Which valves open when the ventricles contract? SEMI-LUNAR

Coordinating the Heartbeat

Myogenic Stimulation

Cardiac output:

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute

Dependant upon: Heart Rate bpm Stroke Volume volume pumped with each beat

Cardiac = Heart x output rate

(dm-3min-1) (bpm)

Stroke volume

(volume ml of blood pumped out in each beat)

Calculate cardiac output if: Heart rate is 86 bpm Stroke volume 70ml

Myogenic
Means arising from muscle The heart can continue to contract and relax rhythmically without any nerve impulses from the brain. It is coordinated by the sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker cells They produce regular waves of electrical activity which start off atrial systole.

 Electrical wave spreads over the walls of both atria which contract and squeeze blood towards the ventricles.

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

The electrical activity cannot pass through to the atrial walls to the ventricles. This is due to the presence of insulating fibres. Instead, another group of specialised cells, AVN, conduct the electrical activity downwards after a slight delay.

Bundle of His
The bundle of His are specialised fibres that conduct the electrical activity further down into the walls of the ventricles. The ventricles contract rapidly and start ventricular systole.

Changing Heart Rate

Nerves from the brain to the SAN regulate the heart beat. The impulses alter the rate at which the SAN sends out waves of electrical activity. There are two separate nerves, one for speeding up and one for slowing down heart rate.

Draw a diagram
Draw a diagram/flow chart to show how the wave of electrical activity spreads out across the heart

Pathway summary
SAN Both atria (contraction) AVN Atrioventricular septum Short delay Bundle of His Base of ventricles (contract from bottom upwards)

When may heart rate alter?

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Waves of electrical activity created by the SAN & the hearts response to these Picked up by a cathode ray oscilloscope Doctors use this trace to provide a picture of the hearts electrical activity & health In a normal ECG there is a pattern of large peaks & small troughs repeated at regular intervals During a heart attack, ECG shows less pronounced peaks & larger troughs that are repeated in a similar but not identical way Fibrillation the heart contracts in a disorganised way , creating an irregular ECG

Task
Questions either text book or exam stryle Still to source

Answers