INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENCE LINES

Influence lines describe the variation of an analysis variable (reaction, shear force, bending moment, twisting moment, deflection, etc.) at a point (say at C in Figure below)

Why do we need the influence lines? For instance, when loads pass over a structure, say a bridge, one needs to know when the maximum values of shear/reaction/bending-moment will occur at a point so that the section may be designed Notations: Normal Forces - +ve forces cause +ve displacements in +ve directions Shear Forces - +ve shear forces cause counter clockwise rotation & - ve shear force causes clockwise rotation Bending Moments: +ve bending moments cause cup holding water deformed shape

 Introduction - What is an influence line? Dead loads are fixed in positions ---- Live loads can change their positions Our objective is to establish how to position live loads (a truck or a train) to maximize the value of certain type of force (Shear or moment in a beam or axial force in a truss) at a designated section of a structure. To establish maximum design forces at critical sections produced by moving loads, we frequently construct influence lines. An influence line is a diagram whose ordinates, which are plotted as a function of distance along the span give the value of an influence an internal force, a reaction, or a displacement at a particular point in a structure as the unit load of 1 kN moves across the structure. We can use the influence lines as To determine where to place live load on a structure to maximize the force for which the influence line is drawn. To evaluate the magnitude of the force produced by the live load.

INFLUENCE LINES FOR BEAMS

Procedure: (1) Allow a unit load (1N, 1kN) to move over beam from left to right (2) Find the values of shear force or bending moment, at the point under consideration, as the unit load moves over the beam from left to right (3) Plot the values of the shear force or bending moment, over the length of the beam, computed for the point under consideration

MOVING CONCENTRATED LOAD

Variation of Reactions R A and RB as functions of load position
1 B C 3m 10 m MA =0 (RB)(10) (1)(x) = 0 R B = x/10 R A = 1-RB = 1-x/10 B R B = x/10 x A R A=1-x/10 C R B = x/10
3

x A

We want to draw I-line for the reaction at A of the simply supported beam.

x A R A=1-x/10

1 C

We can establish the ordinates of the I-lines for the reaction at A by computing the value of RA for the successive positions of a unit load as it moves across the span.

RA occurs only at A; RB occurs only at B

Influence line for RA x

1-x/10

10-x

Influence line for RB

x/10 x 10-x

1.0

The several points to remember can be summarized as follows 1 All ordinates of the I-lines represent values of RA 2 Each value of RA is plotted directly below the position of the unit load that produced it. 3 The maximum value of RA occurs when the unit load acts at A 4 Since all ordinates are positive, reaction at A directed upward. 5 Influence line is a straight line.

RA + RB = 1 ( Applied load )

Variation of Shear Force at C as a function of load position

0 < x < 3 m (unit load to the left of C)
x A 3m R A = 1-x/10 10 m R B = x/10 1.0 C B

C x/10

Shear force at C is + ve, SC =+x/10

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3 < x < 10 m (unit load to the right of C)

x A 3m R A = 1-x/10 R B = x/10 C B

R A = 1-x/10 1 0.7 +ve

Shear force at C is - ve = 1-x/10

-ve 0.3 1

Influence line for shear at C

Variation of Bending Moment at C as a function of load position

0 < x < 3.0 m (Unit load to the left of C)

x A 3m RA = 1-x/10 R A = x/10 10 m C B

x/10 (x/10)(7)

x/10

(x/10)(7)

C x/10

x/10

Bending moment is + ve at C
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3 < x < 10 m (Unit load to the right of C)

xm
A 3m R A = 1-x/10 10 m R A = x/10 C 1 kN B

1-x/10 (1-x/10)(3) 1-x/10

1-x/10
(1-x/10)(3)

(1-x/10)(3)

Moment at C is + ve Influence line for bending Moment at C

+ve (1-7/10)(3)=2.1 kNm

MULLER-BRESLAUS PRINCIPLE
This principle provides a simple procedure for establishing the shape of influence lines (I.L.) for reactions or the shear and moment in beams. The procedure does not produce numerical values of I.L. ordinates. Quickly sketched I. Lines can be used in following three ways: 1- To verify that the shape of an I. L., produced by moving a unit load across the structure, is correct 2- To establish where to position the live load on a structure to maximize a particular force. Once the critical position of the load is established, it is simpler to analyze certain types of structures directly for the specified live load than to draw the I.L. 3- To determine the location of the maximum and minimum ordinates of an I.L. so that only a few positions of the unit load must be considered when the I.L. ordinates are computed. The Muller-Breslau principle states: The ordinates of an I.L. for any force are proportional to the deflected shape of the structure produced by removing the capacity of the structure to carry the force and than introducing into the released structure a displacement that corresponds to the restraint removed.

A
RA

B B B

Remove the vertical restraint supplied by reaction at A

A
A

Released structure Displace the left end of the beam upward in the direction of RA an arbitrary amount

This deflected shape is proportional to the I.L. for RA . A simple way to produce the deflected shape is to imagine the force, associated with the restraint that has been removed, is applied to the released structure and displaces the member into its deflected position.

Place a unit load on the actual beam over support A and compute RA = 1 kN

Influence line for RA

Influence Line for a Determinate Beam by Muller-Breslaus Method

Influence line for Reaction at A

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Influence Lines for a Determinate Beam by Muller-Breslaus Method

Influence Line for Shear at C

Influence Line for Bending Moment at C

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USE OF INFLUENCE LINES How to use an influence line to compute the maximum value of a function when the live load can act anywhere on the structure is either a single concentrated load or a uniformly distributed load of variable length. Example: The beam in figure is to be designed to support its deadweight of 15 kN/m and a live load that consists of a 130 kN concentrated load and a variable length, uniformly distributed load of 40 kN/m . The live load can act anywhere on the span. Draw the I.L. for moment at point C Compute the maximum positive and negative values of the live load moment at section C and The moment at C produced by the beams weight.

A 1.6

B 3m

C 3m

D 1.6

Deflected shape

Hinge

Released structure 1 kN

130

q=40 kN/m Variable

1.5

A 1.6

B 3m

C 3m

D 1.6

-0.8

-0.8

Mc

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A 1.6

B 3m

C 3m

D 1.6

A
1.5 -0.8 130 kN q=40 kN/m -0.8

B 3m

C 3m

D 1.6

Mc

1.6

15 kN/m

max positive moment M = 130*1.5 + 40*(6*1.5* 1 2 ) = 375 kNm

deadweigth moment
130 40 kN/m 40 kN/m

1.6*0.8 1.5*6 Mc = 2* *15 = 48.3 kNm 2 2

max negative moment M = 130*0.8 + 2* 40*(1.6*0.8* 1 2 ) = 155.2 kNm

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INFLUENCE LINES FOR TRUSSES

The unit load is positioned at successive points and the corresponding bar forces are plotted directly below the position of the load.

Example: Compute the ordinates of the influence lines for the reaction at A, and for bar forces BK, CK, and CD of the given truss. Assume that the loading is applied by the bottom chord members.

F
6m

J
6 X 4.5 m

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F
6 m

J
6 X 4 .5 m

RA

[ kN ] [ kN ] [ kN ] [ kN ]
15

20

24

FBK
21.6 m

24 2 1 6 1 2 6

FCK FCD

9 8 6 8

INCREASE-DECREASE METHOD
This method is used to maximize a function when the live load consists a set of concentrated loads whose relative position is fixed. For example the forces exerted by the wheels of a truck or a train.

A
1

B
m1

y
F1

y
x1
F2

m2
1

Position the set of loads on the structure so that the leading load is located at the maximum ordinate of the influence line. Now shift the entire set of loads forward a distance x1 so that the second wheel is located at the maximum ordinate of the I.L. As a result of this shift the value of the function changes The contribution of the first wheel F1 to the function decreases the contribution of the F2 , F3 , F4 increases because they have moved to a position where the ordinates are larger.

F2

F3

F4

position 1

x2
F3

x3
F4

F1

x1
F1 F2

x2
F3

x3
F4

position 2

x1

x2

x3

position 3

If the net change is a decrease in the value of the function, the first position of the loads is more critical than the second position. The change in value of the function produced by the movement of a particular wheel equals the difference between the product of the wheel load and the ordinate of the I.L. in the two positions.

f = F1 y F1 y = F1 ( y y ) = F1 y = F1 m1 x1
Using similar triangles
y m1 = x1 1

Let m1 is the slope of the influence line in the region of the shift.

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Example: The 24 m bridge in figure must be designed to support the wheel loads shown below. Using the increase-decrease method determine the maximum value of the moment at panel point B. The wheels can move in either direction.

1 kN B

Case I : The 45 kN load moves from right to left

3 4
45 kN
3m
1

4 * 6 m = 24
90 90

1 4

4.5 kNm

Influence line for moment at B

1 4

135 135
3m

1.5
2
3

1.5
4

3 4
45 kN
3m

1
90 90

The change in moment as all the loads shift left 3 meters Decrease in moment: Increase in moment:

Position 1

1 35 1 3 5
3m
1 .5
4

45*( 3 4 ) *3 = 101.25
(135 + 135 + 90 + 90) * 1 4 *3 = 337.5
Net change

1 .5
2 3

45 kN
3m

90

90
3m

1 35 1 3 5
1 .5 4
Position 2

= 236.25

1 .5
2 3

4 5 kN
3m

90

90 3m 3

Position 2 is more critical then position 1

1 3 5 1 35
1 .5
4
Position 3

1 .5
2

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Shift the loads again to determine if the moment continues to increase. Load 3 moves up to point B. Decrease in moment: Increase in moment:

Case II : The 135 kN load moves from right to left

Begin with a 135 kN load at B

(45 + 90)*( 3 4 ) *1.5 = 151.875

(135 + 135 + 90) * 1 4 *1.5 = 135
Net change

4.5 kNm

= 16.875

Position 2 is more critical then position 3

M B = 45*2.25 + (90*18 + 90*16.5 + 135*13.5 + 135*12)* = 1738.125 kNm 4.5 = 18

1
Position 1

3 4
135
1 .5

1 4

1
1 35
3m

90

9 0 kN 3m

45

1 .5
9 0 kN
3m

1 35
1 .5

135
3m

90

45
Position 2

1 .5

Decrease in moment: Increase in moment:

135*( 3 4 )*1.5 = 151.875 (135 + 90 + 90 + 45) * 1 4 *1.5 = 135

Net change

= 16.875

Position 1 is more critical then position 2

MB = 4.5 *(135*18 + 135*16.5 + 90*13.5 + 90*12 + 45*9) = 18 18 = 1839.375 kNm

MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT UNDER A SERIES OF CONCENTRATED LOADS
P1

a1

P2

a2

P3

a3

P4

x
PR= resultant load
P1 P2

a1
B L/2

a2
C

x
C.L.

P3

P4

a3
D E

RA

x PR= resultant load

RE

Taking moment about A, RE L = PR [L/2 - ( x x )]

RE = PR ( L / 2 x + x) L
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Taking moment about E,

R A L = PR [ L / 2 + ( x x )] RA = PR (L / 2 + x x) L
The maximum value of shear (simply supported or continuous) typically occurs adjacent to a support. In a simply supported beam the shear at the end of a beam will be equal to the reaction; therefore, to maximize the shear, we position loads to maximize the reaction. The influence line for the for the reaction indicates that load should be placed as close to the support as possible and that the entire span should be loaded. If a simple beam carries a set of moving loads, the increase-decrease method can be used to establish the position of the loads on member to maximize the reaction. Leet & Uang, Fundamentals of structural

M D = R A ( L / 2 + x ) P1 ( a1 + a 2 ) P2 a 2 = PR ( L / 2 + x x )( L / 2 + x ) P1 ( a1 + a 2 ) P2 ( a 2 ) L

dM D =0 dx P P 0 = R ( L / 2 + x x ) + R ( L / 2 + x )( 1) L L P = R [( L / 2 ) + x x ( L / 2 ) x ] L i .e., x 2 x = 0 x = 2x x x= 2

analysis, Mc Graw Hill 2002

The centerline must divide the distance between the resultant of all the loads in the moving series of loads and the load considered under which maximum bending moment occurs.

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Example Determine the absolute maximum moment and shear produced in the simply supported beam with a span of 20 m. by the wheel loads.

M B = 0 22i11.93 + 24i5.93 + 8i2.93 = 20 A A = 22.604 kN absolute max M = 22.604*8.07 = 182.41 kNm

24 kN

24

6m

3
24

20 m
56 kN
3 .8 6
24

F = 24 + 24 + 8 = 56 kN M = 0 About left end 24*6 + 8*9 = Ri x x = 3.86 m

2.14 m

Assume that the maximum moment occurs under the middle 24 kN force. Position the loads as the centerline of the beam is located halfway between the middle 24 kN load and the resultant.

6 m

24

56 kN
3 .8 6

24

2.14 m

Assume that the maximum moment occurs under the left end force. Position the loads as the beams centerline divides the distance between the 24 kN load and the resultant.
24

20 m
31
B
M B = 0 24i14.93 + 24i8.93 + 8i5.93 = 20 A A = 31.004 kN absolute max M = 31*11.07 24*6 = 224.89 kNm
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56 kN
3 .8 6

24

2.14 m

8 .0 7 m 22.604

Leet & Uang, Fundamentals of structural analysis, Mc Graw Hill 2002. pages 289-290 -Compute the absolute maximum shear and moment produced in the simply supported beam by two concentrated live loads of 16 kips spaced 12 ft apart. The beam spans 24 ft. Answer : S(max)=24 kips; M(max)=108 kip-ft -Compute the absolute maximum value of live load shear and moment produced in a simply supported beam spanning 40 ft by the wheel loads shown below. Answer : S(max)=43.2 kips; M(max)=365.4 kip-ft

6 kips

24 kips

24 kips

12

12

22

23

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MHENDSLK MMARLIK FAKLTES naat Mhendislii Blm Lisans Program N 313: Structural Analysis I (Yap Statii I) (ECTS:5 Ders yk:3+0)

Genel Ama: Dersin amac, izostatik yaplarn d ykler etkisinde mesnet reaksiyonlar, kesit zorlar ve belirli noktalarndaki eim ve yer deitirme gibi performans karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesidir. renme ktlar ve Alt Beceriler Ders sonunda renci, 1- Basit ve kmal kirilerle erevelerde mesnet reaksiyonlarn hesaplayabilir. Bu yap tiplerinin kesit zorlarna ait fonksiyonlar belirleyerek diyagramlarn izebilir. 1.1. Denge denklemlerini kolaylkla yazar, el ve/veya bilgisayar program yardmyla zer. 1.2. Kesim yntemini kullanr. 1.3. ntegrasyon yntemini kullanr. 1.4. Diferansiyel denge denklemlerinin fiziksel anlamndan hareketle diyagram izer. 2- mafsall kemerlerin kesit zorlarn hesaplayabilir. 2.1 Kesit zorlarn formlize eder el ve/veya bilgisayar yardmyla sonulara ular. 3- Kafes kirilerin ubuk kuvvetlerini hesaplayabilir. 3.1 Kafes kirileri snflandrr. 3.2 Basit, bileik ve karmak kafes kirilerde ubuk kuvvetlerini hesaplar. 3.3 Basit kafes kirilerde deplasman diyagram izer. 3.4 -enerji yntemi ile yer deitirme bulur. 4- Tesir izgileri izebilir. 4.1. Basit ve kmal kirilerle kafes kirilerde tesir izgisi izer. 4.2 Mller-Breslau ilkesini kullanr. 5- Kirilerde eim ve yer deitirme hesaplayabilir. 5.1. Moment-Area yntemini kullanr. 5.2. Elenik kiri yntemini kullanr.

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