STM103

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Structureofclass
I I.

Majoralternativeconceptsofdemocratic governance
Electoraldemocracy:JosephSchumpeter/Przeworski Liberaldemocracy:RobertDahl/PolityIV Goodgovernance:WorldBank/IbrahimIndex

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ClassResources
Geraldo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen. 2002. Conceptualizing and measuring democracy - Evaluating alternative indices indices. Comparative Political Studies. 35 (1): 55 34. LeDuc, Niemi and Norris Comparing p g Democracies 3 Haerpfer Democratization Ch 2 Supplementary optional readings by Dahl, Schumpeter, Dryzek, and Held.

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Alternativeconceptsof democraticgovernance

Electoraldemocracy

Liberaldemocracy

Goodgovernance

Przeworski/Cheibub

PolityIV/ FreedomHouse

IbrahimIndex/ WorldBank

MinimalistMaximalist
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1 Electoraldemocracy 1.Electoral

Josep Sc Joseph Schumpeter, u pete ,Cap Capitalism, ta s ,soc socialism a s and a d democracy Proceduralminimalistdefinition "Th d "The democratic i method h di isthat h institutional i i i l arrangementforarrivingatpoliticaldecisionsinwhich individualsacquirethepowertodecidebymeansofa competitivestruggleforthepeople'svote Multipartyelectionsatregularintervals Citizensselectleaders Prosandconsofthisnotion? Howwouldyoumeasureit?
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Prosandcons?

Validity?
Reflectsbasiccommonsensenotionsofdemocracy Excludestoomuch? Nonotionoffreedomofspeech p orassembly, y,civilliberties, ,p political rights,humanrights,commongood,regimestructure,qualityof governance,policyoutputs?

Reliability?
Institutionalcriteria(elections)canbeobservedandverified Aretheremultipartycompetitiveelectionsfornationaloffice? Yetwhatcountsasagenuinecompetitive competitivestruggle? struggle ?
Electoralautocracy?

Potentialmeasurementerrorthroughmisclassification

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M db P ki/Ch ib b Measured byPrzworski/Cheibub

AdamPrzeworski etalDemocracy yanddevelopment p (CUP2000) JoseCheibub Presidentialism,Parliamentarism and Democracy (CUP2007) Minimalist

Dichotomousclassificationdemocraticv.autocraticregime,not acontinuous i scale l Criteria

Contestation
Regimesthatallowsomeregularizedcompetitionamongconflicting visionsandinterests Regimesinwhichsomevaluesorinterestsenjoyamonopolybuttressed bythreatortheactualuseofforce

Operationalization

Democracy yisaregime g inwhichg governmentoffices arefilledbycontestedelections.p19 Democracyisasysteminwhichincumbentslose electionsandleaveofficewhentherulesdictate. p54. Allotherregimesarenotdemocratic.

Rules
1. 2. 3. 4.

Chiefexecutivemustbeelecteddirectly yorindirectly y Thelowerhouseofthelegislaturemustbeelected Theremustbemorethanoneparty (Ifpassabove)andifincumbentssubsequentlyheld,but neverlostelections,regimesareauthoritarian.

CasesofSingapore,Botswana,Japan,Kenya,Mexico??

Contestationrules:
Exanteuncertainty (probabilitythatatleastonememberof ) incumbentcoalitionwilllose) Expostirreversibility (whoeverwinselectionwillbeallowedto assumeoffice) p y( (temporary p youtcomes) ) Repeatability

Figure 3.1: Trends in Cheibub and Gandhis classification of regime types, 1945-2002

120

Cheibub Type of Regime Democracy Dictatorship

100

80

Cou unt
60 40 20

Source: Jos Cheibub and Jennifer Gandhi. 2004. A six-fold measure of democracies and dictatorships. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com Association.

2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 1978 1976 1974 1972 1970 1968 1966 1964 1962 1960 1958 1956 1954 1952 1950 1948 1946

Year

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Minimalistexclusions

Nosocialoreconomicaspectsincluded Nomeasureofaccountability,responsibility, responsivenessorrepresentation Nomeasureoffreedom,libertiesorhumanrights Nomeasureof fparticipation i i i eg franchise f hi Noreferencetocivilmilitaryrelations Advantagesanddisadvantagesofthisapproach?

Democraticgovernance

Electoraldemocracy

Liberaldemocracy

Goodgovernance

Przeworski/Cheibub

PolityIV/ FreedomHouse

IbrahimIndex/ WorldBank

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2 LiberalDemocracy 2.
RobertDahl1956.APreface f toDemocraticTheory y Moderndemocraticstatescanbeunderstoodinpractice aspolyarchies Twoconceptsareimportant:Contestationand participation Polyarchiescanbeidentifiedbythepresenceofcertain keypoliticalinstitutions:

1)electedofficials; 2)freeandfairelections; )inclusivesuffrage; g 3) 4)therighttorunforoffice; 5)freedomofexpression; 6)alternativeinformation;and 7)associationalautonomy
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Dahl's Dahl sConceptualLogic

Liberal Democracy Contestation Righttoform parties Associational autonomy
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Participation Fairnessof election

Freedomof thepress

Righttovote Extentof suffrage

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Measurement:PolityIV

MontyG.Marshall,andKeithJaggers.2006.PolityIV Project:PoliticalRegimeCharacteristicsand Transitions,18002006:DatasetUsersManual. Maryland:UniversityofMaryland. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/polity/ Longtimeseries(18002006)annualobservations Academicstandardespecially p yinIR

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PolityIVConcepts

Democracyreflectsthreeessentialelements: Thepresenceofinstitutionsandproceduresthrough whichcitizenscanexpresspreferencesabout alternativepoliciesandleaders; Theexistenceofinstitutionalizedconstraintsonthe poweroftheexecutive;and Theguaranteeofcivillibertiestoallcitizens (althoughnotactuallymeasured).

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PolityIVmeasurement

Thedatasetconstructsatenpointdemocracyscale bycoding Thecompetitivenessofpoliticalparticipation(13), Thecompetitivenessofexecutiverecruitment(12), Theopennessofexecutiverecruitment(1),and Th constraints The t i t onthe th chief hi fexecutive ti (14). 4) Autocracyismeasuredbynegativeversionsofthe sameindices indices. Thetwoscalesarecombinedintoasingle democracy yautocracy yscorevarying y gfrom10to+10.
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PolityIVclassification

Theexistenceorabsenceofinstitutionalfeaturesofthe nationstate. Competitiveexecutiverecruitmentismeasuredby leadershipselectionthroughpopularelectionscontestedby twoormorepartiesorcandidates. candidates Theopennessofrecruitmentforthechiefexecutiveis measuredbytheopportunityforallcitizenstohavethe opportunity oppo tu tytoatta attaint the epos position t o t through oug aregularized egu a ed process,excludinghereditarysuccession,forcefulseizureof power,ormilitarycoups. Bycontrast,autocracies areseenasregimeswhichrestrictor suppresscompetitive i i political li i lparticipation, i i i i inwhich hi hthe h chief hi f executiveischosenfromwithinthepoliticalelite,and,once inoffice,leadersfacefewinstitutionalconstraintsontheir power. power
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Figure 3.4: Trends in Polity IV measure of Constitutional Democracy, 1800-2000

4

PolityIV

Mean Polity Combined 20 0-pt score

-2

-4

-6

-8
2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1945 1940 1935 1930 1925 1920 1915 1910 1905 1900 1895 1890 1885 1880 1875 1870 1865 1860 1855 1850 1845 1840 1835 1830 1825 1820 1815 1810 1805 1800

Year
Source: Monty Marshall and Keith Jaggers. 2003. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2003. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/; 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 21

PolityIV

Prosandcons? Validity? Reliability?

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Democraticgovernance

Electoraldemocracy

Liberaldemocracy

Goodgovernance

Przeworski/Cheibub

PolityIV/ FreedomHouse

IbrahimIndex/ WorldBank

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Goodgovernanceindices

Increasingly g ycommonly yusedinthelastdecade WorldBankInstitute:KaufmannKray

Goodgovernanceindicators1996date
Ruleoflaw Governmenteffectiveness Transparency Voice Stability

WilldiscussinClass11

IbrahimIndexofAfricanGovernance

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http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/index p // g/ 2008/ /
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IbrahimIndex

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e g IbrahimIndex e.g.
All citizens of all countries desire to be governed well. That is what h citizens ii want from f the h nation-states i i which in hi h they h live. li Thus, nation-states in the modern world are responsible for the y of essential political p goods to their inhabitants. The g delivery essential political goods can be summarized and gathered under five categories: Safety and Security; Rule of Law, Transparency, and Corruption; Participation and Human Rights; Sustainable S i bl Economic E i Opportunity; O i and d Human Development. g these five categories g of political p goods g epitomize p the Together, performance of any government, at any level.
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E g IbrahimIndex E.g.

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EgIbrahimIndex

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Ibrahimindex

Advantages? Disadvantages?

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Keyquestions?
Howwouldyouassessthestrengthsandweaknessesof thenormativeconceptsofelectoraldemocracy,liberal democracy,deliberativedemocracyandgood governance? Whichoftheseconceptswouldyouusetomeasurethe qualityofgovernanceinyourhomeregion,forexample, workinginaUNagency,anationalNGO,asajournalist, asanofficialforabilateraldonor,orasanacademic analyst? Howwouldyoujustifyyourchoiceofconceptsand measurestoadiplomaticofficialfrom,say, ASEAN,the AfricanUnion,ortheUN?

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Nextclass

Note:MeetnextonWednesday18th Feb IntroductiontotheQoG dataset

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