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ReubenAronson ReubenAronson
LaurenGust
October26,2010
LaminarandTurbulentFlow
Laminarflow:
Capillaries,microfluidics,lowvelocities
Predictionoffluidmovementandstreamlines
T b l fl Turbulentflow:
Aerodynamics
Housepiping
Energystorage
Heatexchangers
MVanDyke,AnAlbumofFluidMotion
(ParabolicPress,Stanford,CA,1982),p.89.
VortexShedding
Majorlossofenergyinflyingobjects
Airplanes,flagwaving
USGeologicalSurveyWebsite,
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.go/earthasart/vortices.html
Objectives
Todeterminethevelocityprofileforlaminar,
turbulent,andtransitionflowregimes
Tostudyvortexsheddingfromcylindricalobjectsinair
flow flow
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ReynoldsNumber
=density(kg/m^3)
v=velocity(m/s)
D=diameter(m)
v
A
Av vD
Re

2
= =
D=diameter(m)
= viscosity (Pa-s)
D
A

Ratio ofviscous forcestoinertial forces

Low Re(<~2300)isthelaminar regime
High Re(>~2300)istheturbulent regime
LaminarFlow
Straightstreamlines
Minimallosses
MVanDyke,AnAlbumofFluidMotion
(ParabolicPress,Stanford,CA,1982),p.89.
LaminarVelocityDistribution
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
0
1 ) (
R
r
u r u
Smoothstreamlineslead
toparabolicdistribution
Canbesolvedanalytically
fromtheNavierStokes
equation
. \
A.J.Smits,APhysicalIntroductiontoFluidMechanics,
JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork,2000)
TurbulentFlow
Mixedstreamlineswithmanyvortices
Significantlosses
MVanDyke,AnAlbumofFluidMotion
(ParabolicPress,Stanford,CA,1982),p.89.
TurbulentVelocityDistribution
Changesovertime,sousetimeaveragedflow
Noanalyticformsousecorrelationsderivedfrom
experimentaldata
A.J.Smits,APhysicalIntroductiontoFluidMechanics,
JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork,2000)
TurbulentVelocityDistribution
( )( )
n
ave
R
r
n
n n
u r u
1
2
1
2
1 2 1
) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
| + +
=
Datadeterminedfromnumericalcorrelations
performedonexperimentaldata
. \
) ln( / 535 . 6 085 . 1
) ln(
Re
Re
n
+
=
MVZagarola,AEPerry,andAJSmits,Loglawsorpowerlaws:Thescalingintheoverlap
region,Phys.Fluids,9(7):20942100,July,1997.
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EntranceConsiderations
Assumethattheflowisfullydeveloped:the
measuringpositionisfarenoughfromtheentrance
ofthepipethatentranceeffectsareirrelevant
ForlaminarflowL /D 0 03Re Forlaminarflow,L
e
/D=0.03Re
Forturbulentflow,vorticesleadtomoremixing,
shorterentrylengths:L
e
=10D40D
VortexShedding
Bodiesinflowexhibitvortexshedding:astreamof
vorticestrailsbehindtheobject
Thesevorticeshaveaconstantfrequency,dependent
onflowandobjectproperties onflowandobjectproperties
B. J. Hughey and I. W. Hunter. Fluid Flow Experiment Prelab: 2.671 Course Material, MIT, Spring 2010 (unpublished).
Strouhal Number
Di i l t f th f f t
v
fd
Sr =
Dimensionlessparameterforthefrequencyofvortex
propagation
FindSr fromcorrelationswithRe
Tomeasurethefrequency,readthevelocitydatain
thewakeofadisturbancerodandtaketheFFT
Sincethedetectoroftenreadsbothvortexstreams,
expectpeaksatfand2f
Strouhal NumberCorrelations
B. J. Hughey and I. W. Hunter. Fluid Flow Experiment Prelab: 2.671 Course Material, MIT, Spring 2010 (unpublished).
Experiment Setup
Flowtube
Anemometer
Steppermotor
Potentiometer
andslide
DMMs
Pitot tubeholder
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LinearPotentiometerandMotor
Anemometerisdrivenonalinear
slideusingasteppermotor.
Distancemovediscorrelated
usingvoltageoutputfroma
linearpotentiometer.
Pitot Tube
FlowmeasurementbasedontheBernoulliequation
Neglectpipefriction
Thegasvelocityisgivenby:
( ) 1 2 1
2
P P u u
g
g =

HotFilmAnemometer
Thinmetalfilmisheatedbyapowersupply
Increasedgasvelocityacrossthefilmrequiresmore
voltagetomaintainaconstanttemperature
A l i l d fl l i b Anemometervoltageisrelatedtoflowvelocityby:
g anem
u C C V
1 0
2
+ =
AnemometerCalibration
Lowspeed( 0.1 m/s) and high speed (2-4 m/s)
measurements were used to determine the calibration
constants C
0
and C
1
V
anem
V
press
8 V
N
2
Gas, velocity u
g
P
2
2
1
P
1
=?
u
g
Pa/mV
C
0
, C
1
) (
2
1 2 1 P P u
g
=

g anem u C C V 1 0
2
+ =
B. J. Hughey and I. W. Hunter. Fluid Flow Experiment Prelab: 2.671 Course Material, MIT, Spring 2010 (unpublished).
CalibrationConstants
C
0
= 4.791 V
2
/m/s
C
1
= 6.634 V
2 g anem
u C C V
1 0
2
+ =
MeasurementofVelocityProfiles
Measurementsweretakenat20 and75 SLPM
Usingthesteppermotor,theanemometerwasmoved
acrosstheflowtubeanddatawastaken
V l i fil h df hfl d Velocityprofilesweregraphedforeachflowrateand
theReynoldsnumberwascalculatedforeachprofile
Entrylengthwascalculatedtodeterminewhether
flowswerefullydeveloped.
78 . 40 =
D
L
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VortexSheddingMeasurements
Acontrolmeasurementwastakenat35 SLPMwithno
cylindricalobstruction.
Aseriesofcylinders(1.59mm 4.75mm)were
insertedintotheflowtubeandanoscilloscopewas insertedintotheflowtubeandanoscilloscopewas
usedtodetermineanemometerposition
DatawastakenandaFourier
transformwasperformedto
determinepeakfrequency
LaminarVelocityProfile
Avg.velocity=0.170.16 m/s
Re=470450
L
e
=1413D
Fullydeveloped
TurbulentVelocityProfile
Averagevelocity=13.82.8 m/s
Re=(3.930.79)x10
4
L
e
=(10-40)D
Fullydeveloped
VortexShedding
Peakfrequency
1.5mmcylinder
Doublingfrequency
Strouhal Numbers
Diameter (mm) Reynolds
Number
Predicted
Strouhal Number
Measured
Strouhal Number
1.59 70.53 0.254 0.0940.046
2.38 105.73 0.259 0.0900.044
3.15 140.05 0.261 0.1090.053
4.75 211.02 0.240 0.1360.066
Notanexactcorrelationbetweenpredictedand
measuredvalues,butcorrectorderofmagnitudeisas
goodascanbeexpected
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Conclusion
Laminarandturbulentprofilesfittheoreticalprofiles
Strouhal numberinvortexsheddinggaveorderof
magnitudeestimates
E i l k Experimentalweaknesses
Noiseindata
Anemometermotion
Aircurrentsinenvironment
Wecanuseourdatatodoanalysisoflaminarandturbulent
systems.
Futureexperiments
Acknowledgements
TheauthorswouldliketothankRobertTruax andDr.
BarbaraHughey fortheirassistanceincollectingand
analyzingdataandthegenerousdonorswhoprovided
fundingforthenewmechanicalengineeringstudent fundingforthenewmechanicalengineeringstudent
lounge.