Chemical kinetics (enzyme)

Factors for reaction rate: concentration of substrate, amount of enzymes, physical and chemical
properties, presence of effectors.
E + S --> ES (unstable) --> P + E
v = Δ[S]/Δt = Δ[P]/Δt
If the amount of substrate is constant the velocity will raise in a linear fashion until stopped when
substrate ends.
If the concentration of enzyme is constant velocity raises until a certain maximal velocity. Km – point
where enzyme concentration resolves in half of maximal velocity.
Henten equation: V = Vmax[S]/Km+[S]
Double reciprocal equation: 1/v = Km/Vmax * 1/[S] + 1/Vmax
In competitive inhibition Km increases and max velocity is reached later.
In noncompetitive Km is the same.

Co-enzymes structure and function

Mostly derivatives of water soluble vitamins, usually from group B. Co-enzymes are classified to redox
co-enzymes and chemical group transferring co-enzymes. Redox co-enzymes insures the process of
oxidation and reduction.
Nicotinamide – adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (vit. PP). Adds or remove 2 atoms of hydrogen.
Oxidation: NAD+, NADP+
Reduction: NADH + H+, NADPH + H+
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (vit. B2)
Oxidation: FAD
Reduction: FADH2
Tetrahydrobiopterin, Dihydrobiopterin
Occurs mainly in bacterial cells.
Ubiquinos (co-enzyme Q)
Lipoic Acid
Disulfidic compound, in oxidative state no H is present. Cannot be present freely from apo-enzyme.
Enzymes containing hem group as co-enzyme are present in respiratory system.
First co-enzyme participating in group transfer is ATP, it functions as a donor of phosphoric group. This
transfer is important for modification of other enzymes.
Active sulphate – PAPS, detoxification, removes toxic compounds by increasing their solubility in
water.
Active methyl – derivative of methyanine. Methyl group is easily removed and bound to substrate.
Methylation of enzymes of activation or deactivation.
Folic acid – pteridine + PABA +
Can bind different kinds of one carbon compounds.
Coenzyme A – acyl transfe
Biotin (vit H) – carboxylation.
Pyridoxal phosphate (vit. B6) – group transfer, transamination. Binding via schieff base formation
reaction.
Coenzyme B12 – intracellular arrangment of chemical groups – isomerization. And methylation.

Metal ions can function as helper molecules.

Fe – Cytochrome oxidase - redox
Cu – Ascorbic acid oxidase - redox
Zn – Alcohol dehydrogenase - helps bind NAD+
Mn – Aids catalysis by electron withdraw
Co – part of cobalamin coenzyme
Ni
Mo
V
Se
Enzymes cannot be applied by injection, but by digestion.
The diagnostic function of enzymes – when enzymes leak from organs into the blood. A large amount
of CPK in the blood indicates an upcoming heart attack due to an infraction.