A Project report On

Information Communication Technical Lab

Project on Excel Sheet

Submitted by :DEEPA GURNANI MBA 1ST Semester

Submitted To :NAVEEN SHARMA SIR

2013-2015

Engineering college, Bikaner

(An autonomous institute of Govt of Rajasthan)

CORRELATION
Correlation is a measure of the statistical relationship between two comparable time series. For investors, these series may be two commodities, two stocks, a stock and an index or even a stock and a commodity. The relationship, which can be causal, complementary, parallel or reciprocal, is stated as the correlation coefficient and always reflects the simultaneous change in value of the pairs of numerical values over time The standard deviation must be converted into a relative measure of dispersion for the purpose of Comparison measure is known as the COFFICIENT of variation.

The coefficient of variation is the ratio to the standard deviation to the mean expressed in Percentage and is denoted by c.v. symbolically: Coefficient of variation (c.v.)=/x*100 ACCORDING TO KARL PEARSON," coefficient of variation is the percentage variation In Mean, standard deviation being considered as the variation in the mean."

X 55 34 67 90 78 45 23 44 22

Y 23 66 55 89 99 46 33 22 11

CORRAL= 0.748643

PRICE IN CITY PRICE A IN CITY B 20 10 22 20 19 18 CORRAL= 23 12 16 15

-0.04428

REGRESSION
In statistics, regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'Criterion Variable') changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are fixed. Less commonly, the focus is on a quantile, or other location parameter of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given the independent variables. In all cases, the estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the regression function. In regression analysis, it is also of interest to characterize the variation of the dependent variable around the regression function which can be described by a probability distribution FOR EXAMPLE,IF one knows that the yield of rice and rainfall are closely related then one want to know the amount of rain required to achieve a certain production. DEPENDENT VARIABLE is the single variable being explained / predicted by the regression model. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE is the explanatory variable(S) used to predict the dependent variable. According to Blair," regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in term of the original units of the data.

70 80 90

78 98 99

SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.989584 R Square 0.979276 Adjusted R Square 0.976315 Standard Error 4.755949 Observations 9 ANOVA df Regression Residual Total SS MS F Significance F 1 7481.667 7481.667 330.7684 3.76E-07 7 158.3333 22.61905 8 7640

Intercept

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%Upper 95%Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% 1.833333 3.455117 0.530614 0.612097 -6.33672 10.00339 -6.33672 10.00339

STANDARD DEVIATION
The standard deviation concept was introduced by KARL PEARSON 1823. it is most important and widely used measure of studying dispersion. Standard deviation also knows as root mean square deviation.

1. A measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean. The more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. Standard deviation is calculated as the square root of variance.

2. In finance, standard deviation is applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investment's volatility. Standard deviation is also known as historical volatility and is used by investors as a gauge for the amount of expected volatility

STANDARD DEVIATION item 1 2 3 4 5 N=15 X= 82 no. 7 9 16 24 26

Standers Deviation 9.141481

STANDARD DEVIATION MARKS 10 20 30 40 50 60 X= 210 No. Of Student fx 8 80 12 240 20 600 10 400 7 350 3 180 f=60 fx=1850

standard dav. 18.56438

Quartile
In descriptive statistics, the quartiles of a ranked set of data values are the three points that divide the data set into four equal groups, each group comprising a quarter of the data. A quartile is a type of quantile. The first quartile (Q1) is defined as the middle number between the smallest number and the median of the data set. The second quartile (Q2) is the median of the data. The third quartile (Q3) is the middle value between the median and the highest value of the data set. In applications of statistics such as epidemiology, sociology and finance, the quartiles of a ranked set of data values are the four subsets whose boundaries are the three quartile points. Thus an individual item might be described as being "in the upper quartile".

QUARTILES X 22 25 26 28 30 31 34 F 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 10

QRT.

28

QUARTILES X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 F 1 1 1 2 3 1 1

QRT.

Percentile

A percentile (or a centile) is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall. For example, the 20th percentile is the value (or score) below which 20 percent of the observations may be found. The term percentile and the related term percentile rank are often used in the reporting of scores from norm-referenced tests. For example, if a score is in the 86th percentile, it is higher than 86% of the other scores. The 25th percentile is also known as the first quartile (Q1), the 50th percentile as the median or second quartile (Q2), and the 75th percentile as the third quartile (Q3). In general, percentiles and quartiles are specific types of quantiles.
PERCENTAILE NO. OF PERSONS 15 30 50 75 100 110 115 125

AGE 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PER.

75

AGE 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88

PERCENTAILE NO. OF PERSONS 15 30 50 75 100 110 115 125

PER.

85

Decile
A method of splitting up a set of ranked data into 10 equally large subsections. This type of data ranking is performed as part of many academic and statistical studies in the finance field. The data may be ranked from largest to smallest values, or vice versa.
DECILES X 70 80 90 60 50 40 95

DEC.

2521.429

X 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

DECILES F 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

DEC.

9002

MEDIAN
If a group of n observation is arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, then the middle value is called median of these observation and is denoted by M or ME.
SERIAL NUMBER MONTHLY EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) 1 132 2 140 3 144 4 136 5 148 N=5 X= 700

MEDIAN R.NOS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N=10

140 MARKS(X) 40 50 55 78 58 60 73 35 43 48

MEDIAN

31.5

MODE
The word mode is made from the FRENCH LANGUAGE LA MODE which means fashion of system. The value of the variation for which the frequency is maximum is called mode or modal value and is denoted by z or mo.
St. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Marks Obtained 10 27 24 12 27 27 20 18 15

MODE

27

value of item frequency 8 5 9 6 10 8 11 7 12 9 13 8 14 9 15 6

mode

BAR CHART

PIE CHART

LINE CHARAT

SCATTER CHART
product item salt sugar oil colgate pepsodent BAJAJ OIL producte sales 10 20 50 40 30 20

producte sales
60 50 40
30

producte sales 20
10

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7