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Kalman filter and semi-blind technique-based channel estimation for coded STBC multi-antenna set-ups in faded wireless channels Parismita Gogoi* and Kandarpa Kumar Sarma
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India E-mail: parismita.ect@gmail.com E-mail: kandarpaks@gmail.com *Corresponding author
Abstract: Alamoutis space-time block coding (STBC) with diversity gains provide improved performance in faded channels. Alamoutis transmit diversity scheme, however, relies on the availability of accurate channel state information (CSI). If the assistance of channel estimation is considered, the overall performance can be further enhanced. In this work, we report the performance of three separate approaches to deal with coded multi-antenna setups. These are STBC Coded MISO-MIMO Set-up with BPSK and QPSK, pilot assisted channel estimation with Walsh-Hadamard code and semi-blind channel estimation using Kalman filter (KF). The first two proposed techniques are able to obtain an error performance closer to a known CSI in severely faded channel. The semi-blind estimation technique using KF with Walsh-Hadamard coded pilot symbols incorporates orthogonality to facilitate decoupling of multiple data blocks after STBC decoding. The simulated results prove the effectiveness of the channel estimators in time varying Rayleigh faded channel. Keywords: multi-input multi-output; space-time block coding; STBC; estimation; communication. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Gogoi, P. and Sarma, K.K. (xxxx) Kalman filter and semi-blind technique-based channel estimation for coded STBC multi-antenna set-ups in faded wireless channels, Int. J. Information and Communication Technology, Vol. X, No. Y, pp.000000. Biographical notes: Parismita Gogoi is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DUIET, Dibrugarh University, India. She completed her MTech in Electronics and Communication Technology from Gauhati University, India, in 2012. Her areas of interest include wireless communication and soft computing. Kandarpa Kumar Sarma is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electronics and Communication Technology, Gauhati University, India. He completed his MTech in Signal Processing from IIT Guwahati, India, in 2005 and later completed his PhD programme from the same institution. His areas of interest include applications of soft-computational tools in mobile communication and pattern recognition. He is a member of IETE (India), IEEE (USA) and has authored four books and several research papers.
Introduction
Providing a reliable link in high speed communication is a highly challenging task in a wireless environment. This is because of the fact that transmitted signals are received through multiple paths which add constructively and destructively to result in serious performance variations. The medium is normally shared by many different users, increasing the possibility of interference as well. The scarcity of available bandwidth, highly constrained transmits powers, as well as hardware complexity and cost requirements also considered to be a few more challenges for high-data rate mobile applications (Rappaport, 2003). Higher order modulation scheme is a way to improve the bandwidth efficiency. However, poor reliability associated with it distracts from a range of applications. Diversity techniques are known to be efficient in fighting the ill-effects of multi-path wireless propagation. Spatial diversity, also referred to as transmit and/or receive antenna diversity, represents a powerful means of combating the deleterious effects of fading. The system of using multiple antennas at both transmitter (TX) and one receiver (RX) is referred to as multiple-input single-output (MISO) and with multiple antennas is called multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. One of the major advantages of these systems is the substantial increase in the channel capacity, which immediately translates to higher data throughput. Another advantage of MISO/MIMO systems is the significant improvement in data transmission reliability, i.e., very low bit error rates (BERs). These advantages are achievable without any expansion in the required bandwidth or increase in the transmit power (Rappaport, 2003; Cho et al., 2000). The combination of coding with spatial diversity opens up new dimensions in wireless communications, and can offer effective solutions to the challenges faced in realising reliable high speed wireless communication links (Cho et al., 2000; Duman and Ghrayeb, 2007). The use of MIMO with diversity gains derived from multiple antenna configurations provide improved performance in faded wireless channels (Sarma and Mitra, 2012a, 2012b). These works propose a method with STBC codes and multiple antenna systems, MISO and MIMO for use in frequency-selective fading channels. A comparison is made between the diversity gain of transmit diversity methods, i.e., MISO-MIMO and receive diversity technique, i.e., maximal ratio combining (MRC) systems for two specific modulation schemes, namely binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). The obtained results demonstrate that variations of spatial diversity along with the power of Alamouti STBC significantly improve the error performance in frequency selective wireless fading channels. Moreover, Alamoutis transmit diversity space-time coding scheme relies on the availability of accurate channel state information (CSI) at the receiver. The overall performance can be further enhanced if the assistance of channel estimation is considered. A pilot-based channel estimation technique has been proposed for both MISO and MIMO systems coded with Alamouti STBC in fading channel environment. The proposed technique obtains an error performance closer to that of a known channel information case in severely faded channel considerations. Further, a pilot symbol assisted semi-blind type channel estimation technique using KF is used to estimate the channel. KF, together with orthogonally assigned known pilot symbol placement, promises to raise the BER performance with insignificant loss in the data transmission rate (Al Naffouri and Quadeer, 2008; Mahmoud, 2004). In this work, a linear maximum
likelihood (ML) decoder that works under the assumption of time-invariance over one STBC code is used for KF and in symbol decoding. Simulation results obtained illustrate an error performance closer to that of a known CSI case in Rayleigh faded channel considered for both BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes respectively. Here, we propose three separate approaches to deal with coded multi-antenna set-ups. These are STBC coded MISO-MIMO set-up with BPSK and QPSK, pilot assisted channel estimation with Walsh-Hadamard code and semi-blind channel estimation using Kalman filter (KF) for MISO-MIMO systems. The proposed techniques are able to obtain an error performance closer to that of a known channel information case in severely faded channel considerations. The technique is further improvised by incorporating KF estimation which shows a better result in terms of BER over a specified range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The semi-blind estimation technique proposed later deals with the estimation done using KF with Walsh-Hadamard coded pilot symbols which incorporates orthogonality to facilitate decoupling of multiple data blocks after STBC decoding. The simulated results prove the effectiveness of the KF aided and pilot assisted channel estimator in time varying Rayleigh faded channel. This paper is organised into the following sections. Section 2 presents an insight into STBC MIMO system and fading channel characteristics considered for the proposed work. Section 3 describes the system model for STBC coded MISO and MIMO set-up with BPSK and QPSK modulation. Section 4 describes the proposed pilot assisted channel estimation technique with Walsh-Hadamard code. Proposed semi-blind channel estimation technique using KF for MISO-MIMO systems has been discussed in Section 5. Experimental details and related results are included in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 concludes the paper.
Theoretical background
This section provides a brief description of STBC, multiple antenna systems and related channel aspects considered for the work.
(1)
where each entry hij denotes the attenuation and phase shift (transfer function) between the ith transmitter and the jth receiver (Gogoi and Sarma, 2012a). The MIMO signal model