IntroductiontoDistributionSystemProtection

Source

50 51 50G 51G

50 51 50G 51G

50 51 50G 51G

Maria Silva and Luis Miguel Soria Engineering 458 San Francisco State University Spring 2013

Agenda
What is Distribution System Protection? System Protection Considerations. Why do we care? Commonly used Distribution Protective Devices. Distribution Protection Basic Concepts. Information/data required to perform a Study. Review of Hospital Case Study. Miscoordination Case Study. Conclusion/Questions?

WhatisDistributionSystemProtection?
Distribution System Protection involves the selection, arrangement, installation and programming of protective devices selectively coordinated to limit the effects of an overcurrent (short-circuit) situation to the smallest area by clearing a fault in the minimum amount of time possible, while minimizing the impact to customers and the electric distribution system.

SystemProtectionDesignCriteria
Reliability: System operates as designed. o Security: Dont trip when you shouldnt. o Dependability: Trip when you should. o Safety: Preventing hazards to the public by isolating and removing a faulted section from the system. Selectivity: Trip the minimal amount to clear the fault or abnormal operating condition. Speed: Usually the faster the better in terms of minimizing equipment damage and maintaining system integrity. Economics: Dont break the bank while maintaining ability to operate correctly under all predictable power system conditions.

What isthefirstconsiderationwhen designingSystemProtection?

FAULT CURRENT
Is what results from a short caused by low impedance and a three phase bolted, phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground connection. Passes through all the components in the affected circuit path. Is often several orders of magnitude greater than normal operating current. Needs to be interrupted or it can destroy insulation, melt metal, start fires, or cause explosion if arcing occurs.

What isthesecondconsiderationwhen designingSystemProtection?

TIME
High-speed fault clearance with correct selectivity. High Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to maximum load currents. The more time a protection scheme allows, the greater the flexibility, if a fuse blows instead of a circuit breaker opening, a lot fewer customers are affected.

Whatisthethirdconsiderationwhen designingSystemProtection?

COST
Selection of protective devices requires compromises: Protection is designed to be as inexpensive as possible. Maximum and Reliable protection at minimum equipment cost. Minimum standards vary. A circuit to a hospital needs greater reliability than a circuit to a shopping center. Cost of protective devices should be balanced against risks involved if protection is not sufficient and not enough redundancy is provided.

WhyisSystemProtectionImportant?
Without Selective Coordination With Selective Coordination

In a selectively coordinated system, only the protective device immediately on the line side of an overcurrent or short circuit should open. All upstream protective devices should remain closed.

WhatisaShortCircuit?
A short circuit or fault current is a path of low impedance which allows an abnormally high amount of current to flow. This fault current if not interrupted, can cause catastrophic damage to electrical equipment.

MostCommonFaultTypesonDistributionSystem
Three-phase
A C G B Z X Z X

Phase-to-ground

A C G B

Phase-to-phase

A C G B

CausesofShortCircuit

(Fault)Currents

Fallingtreelimbsduringastorm

Polesknockeddownduringastorm

Pole damagedby strong winds

MylarBalloonscaughtinPowerLines

WildlifemakingcontactwithEnergizedConductors

Groundsleft connected inside switchgear compartment atsubstation.

TypesofDistributionProtectiveDevices

MostCommonProtectiveDevicesusedon DistributionCircuits
Feeder Circuit Breaker Line Recloser Subsurface Fault Interrupter Fuses both Overhead and Underground

Substation12kVCircuitBreaker

Substation12kVCircuitBreaker

SubstationFeederRelay

ElectromechanicalRelays
Have moving parts. Can get out of adjustment. Can wear out. Have broad tripping ranges. Have Tap and Lever settings. Best approximation of protection.

MicroprocessorbasedRelays
Have multiple functions. Can be utilized for SCADA operating. Provide present and previous fault data. Provide fault locating capability. Can be accessed remotely to provide fault data/location and or change settings. Have very specific trip ranges. Easy to test. Easy to install settings and setting changes.

SubstationFeederRelays
Device 50/51- Three Single Phase Time/Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent Relays Device 50G/51G Time/Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay Device 79 Reclosing Relay

TypicalNumberofCBAutomaticReclosing
Two Tests (Three Shots to Lock-Out): Used for overhead and combination overhead / underground circuits. With reclosing interval times of 5 and 20 seconds. Zero or One Test (One or Two Shots to Lock-Out): Used for exclusively underground circuits. One test (two shots) should be considered on underground circuits with exposure due to risers. The reclose time can be between 10 and 20 seconds. Zero or one test is a very helpful way of reducing I2T since it is cumulative. With a generation facility located on the load side of a line recloser, the first reclosing time must be equal to or greater than 10 seconds.

LineRecloser
Reclosers are overhead pole mounted protective devices which combine: Three-phase oil or vacuum circuit breaker with capabilities for closing into or interrupting faults. Phase relay protection and ground relay protection. Reclosing capabilities. Typically set for two tests (three shots to lockout) at 5, 10 and 15 second intervals. A combination of slow and fast curves for fuse saving and other features.

PoleMountedAutomaticLineRecloser

PoleMountedAutomaticLineRecloser

LineRecloser& Controller

SubsurfaceFaultInterrupters
Three phase subsurface, underground vacuum or oil insulated device. Capabilities for testing into and interrupting faults. One shot to lock out. Three phase and ground protection.

SubsurfaceFaultInterrupter

SubsurfaceFaultInterrupter

SubsurfaceInterrupterinstalledinUndergroundVault

Fuses
Fuses are low cost automatic sectionalizing devices. They have fault sensing and interruption capability but, obviously, lack automatic reclosing capability. Two fundamental different types of fuses in distribution systems: Expulsion for Overhead Applications. Current limiting for Underground Applications.

OverheadFuseTypes
The two typical types of fuses commonly used on the overhead for line protection, are T Fuses and E fuses. The decision to use T or E fuses is based on the asymmetrical fault duty at the fuse location and coordination. If an E fuse will coordinate with the source side device where a T fuse will not, then an E fuse could be used. Other types of Fuses are used for fusing in fire danger areas, transformer fusing, and capacitor fusing.

65Evs.65TFuses

PoleMountedFusedCutoutsshowing1fuseblown

PoleMountedFusedCutoutsProtectingCapacitorBank

PoleMountedFusedCutoutsProtecting3single Transformers

NoteonUndergroundFuseApplication
There are typically two types of fuses used in the underground system: Current limiting fuses E fuses. Existing underground radial and looped taps should be fused to correct I2t and service reliability problems. Ground coordination is essential with these devices because most initial faults in the underground are line to ground faults. It is not a good practice to install fuses of any type on the load side of current limiting fuses. Although they may appear to coordinate per the fuse curves there may be miscoordination at the higher fault currents. If possible, current limiting fuses should be used to minimize cable damage. However, it is acceptable to use E fuses to obtain coordination or to accommodate loading.

SubsurfaceFusedSwitch

SubsurfaceFusedSwitchshowingFuseWells

DistributionProtection:BasicConcepts
Minimum Time Coordination Interval Minimum to Trip Current and Potential transformer ratio Time/Current Inverse Curves Zones of Protection Most Commonly used Relays

CoordinationTimeBetweenProtectiveDevices
A coordinating time should be allowed between characteristic curves of protective devices installed in series. This is to allow a margin for any of the following: Breaker time. Relay over-travel. Current transformer errors. Variation from published curves of devices due to manufacturing Tolerances or actual relay performance. Errors of short-circuit current due to small variations in voltage. Errors due to tolerance in system data.

Timeittakestoclearafault
1 second = 60 Cycles 1 cycle = 1/60 = 0.0167 sec Circuit Breakers take approx. 5 cycles (0.083 sec) from relay sensing to circuit interruption. Power Fuses typically require no more than 1 cycle (.016 sec) for circuit interruption.

CircuitBreakerTotalClearingTime

Minimumtimecoordinationinterval
A T B
Typical CB Opening Time = 5 Cycles (0.083 sec) + Induction Disc Overtravel of EM relays = 6 Cycles(0.1 sec) Minimum Safety margin = 12 Cycles(0.2 sec)

MinimumToTrip
The Minimum To Trip (MTT) is the minimum amount of current it takes a relay to trip. In the illustration below, the fuses on the three phases should trip before the Line Recloser (LR), and Circuit Breaker so the LRs and CBs relay MMT is set at a higher current.

Time Current Coordination Curve A curve for a coordination study is always stated at a reference voltage. If the device drawn is used at a different voltage then the current axis is shifted by the voltage ratio. Horizontal scale is in amperes on coordination study; Curves and scale can vary depending on the size of the devices that are being considered. Device curves that are published by the manufacturer are often stated in multiples of the devices basic rating. Vertical scale is time and curves almost always reflect 0.01s to 1000s. Manufacturers draw the device curves up to the devices short circuit rating. A curve from a study draws the foot up to the short circuit current available at that point in the circuit.

Time/CurrentInverseCurve
Time

A
lower Minimum To Trip (MTT) higher MTT Current

A = Higher current and B = Lower current and

MTT is the minimum current it takes to trip protection based on a time / current inverse curve. The higher the current, the faster the tripping needs to be because the more current, the more possible damage from it.

TimeCurrentCurves(TCC)

Current (Multiples of pick-up)

ZonesofProtection
Are based on protective device timing. The closer the fault occurs to a Circuit Breaker or Line Recloser, the more likely the protection will trip instantaneously.

Zones of Protection
Fuses

Phase A

CB

LR

Phase B

Phase C

3,000 Customers Lost

1,500 Customers Lost

150 Customers Lost

CommonlyUsedRelays
Device 25 Device 27 Device 32 Device 50 Device 50G Device 51 Device 51G Device 59 Device 67 Device 79 Device 81U Device 81O Device 87 Synchronizing or Synch Check Relay Undervoltage Relay Directional or Reverse Power Relay AC Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay AC Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay AC Phase Time Overcurrent Relay AC Ground Time Overcurrent Relay Overvoltage Relay AC Directional Overcurrent Relay AC Reclosing Relay Underfrequency Relay Overfrequency Relay Differential Relay

AdditionalCoordinationCriteria
Cold load pick-up. The phase instantaneous should be set at least 6 times maximum load current. I2T (Thermal protection of conductor). The phase minimum to trip should be set above the maximum emergency load.

Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to step down primary system currents to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, etc. CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5, 800:5, 600:5, 400:5, 200:5, etc. A 1200:5 CT has a CT Ratio of 240. CT Saturation: Select the CT ratio and burden so the CT will not be saturated because of high currents and/or high secondary voltage.

Standard IEEE CT Relay Accuracy

IEEE relay class is defined in terms of the voltage a CT can deliver at 20 times the nominal current rating without exceeding a 10% composite ratio error. For example, a relay class of C100 on a 1200:5 CT means that the CT can develop 100 volts at 24,000 primary amps (1200*20) without exceeding a 10% ratio error. Maximum burden = 1 ohm. 100 V = 20 * 5 * (1ohm) 200 V = 20 * 5 * (2 ohms) 400 V = 20 * 5 * (4 ohms) 800 V = 20 * 5 * (8 ohms)

CT Excitation Curve

CT Excitation Curve
3 1 10

EXCITATION CURVE 60Hz (780R-122) 1200:5

EXCITING VOLTAGE (60 Hz)

100

10

0.01

0.1 EXCITING CURRENT (60 Hz)

10

CT SaturationCalculationExample
I Asymmetrical 3: I Line-Ground: 8630 Amps 4490 Amps CT Class: C200 CT Ratio: 1200:5 = 240

CT Burden: Wiring Burden: Relay Burden:

0.421Ohms 0.024 Ohms 0.0108 Ohms

Total Burden=Relay Burden + Wiring Burden + CT Burden Total Burden: 0.421 + 0.024 + 0.0108 = 0.4558 Ohms Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Current = Maximum Fault Duty/CT Ratio Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Current: 8630/ 240 = 35.96 Amps Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Voltage Produced = Maximum Sym. Secondary Current x Total Burden Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Voltage Produced: 35.96 x 0.4558 = 16.39 Volts

CT Will Not Saturate

CT SaturationCalculationExample
I Asymmetrical 3: I Line-Ground: CT Burden: Wiring Burden: Relay Burden: 8630 Amps 4490 Amps 0.285 Ohms 0.024 Ohms 0.0108 Ohms CT Class: C20 CT Ratio: 600:5 = 120

Total Burden=Relay Burden + Wiring Burden + CT Burden Total Burden: 0.285 + 0.024 + 0.0108 = 0.3198 Ohms Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Current = Maximum Fault Duty/CT Ratio Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Current: 8630/ 120 = 71.92 Amps Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Voltage Produced = Maximum Sym. Secondary Current x Total Burden Maximum Symmetrical Secondary Voltage Produced: 71.92 x 0.3198 = 23.00 Volts

CT Will Saturate

CT SaturationCalculationExample AdditionalInformation
CT Burden value can usually be found on CT excitation curve or on manufacturer's cut sheet. Wiring Burden can be calculated if size and length of wire is known. Example: 20 ft of #10AWG wire in CT circuit (1.21 ohm/1000 ft per NEC) = 0.024 ohm Relay burden value can usually be found on manufacturer's cut sheet or relay manual. If Relay burden value is given in VA's convert to Ohms. Example: SEL-351 relay burden per SEL Manual (0.27VA@5A) = 0.27/5^2 = 0.0108 ohms.

Voltage Transformers
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective device or relay. PT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary; 7200:120, 4160:120. A 7200:120 V PT has a PT Ratio of 60.

VP VS
Relay

HospitalCaseStudy

Information/DataRequiredtoPerformStudy
1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved. 2. Impedances and connections of power equipment, system frequency and voltage levels. 3. Existing schemes. 4. Operating procedures and practices affecting protection. 5. Importance of protection required and maximum allowed clearance times. 6. System Short Circuit studies. 7. Maximum and Minimum load limits. 8. CTs and PTs locations, connections and ratios. 9. Future expansion plans. 10. Any special considerations for application.

ShortCircuitStudy

Transmission 115kV

Provides fault duty information required for properly setting overcurrent devices. Ensures adequately sized protection prevents exceeding the Ampere Interrupting Capacity or (AIC) rating of electrical equipment which refers to the maximum level at which the equipment can safely interrupt or withstand fault or short circuit" currents in order to prevent catastrophic damage to the equipment. Performed when utilitys available fault duty is increased. Performed when substantial system modifications are planned i.e. new feeder or generation is installed. Assists in conceptual design.

Bus 12.47kV BUS7 12.47kV BUS6 12.47kV

BUS0 12.47kV

ProtectiveDeviceCoordinationStudy
Analyzes Overcurrent protection devices ability to protect equipment. Provides overcurrent device settings for relays, breakers, determines fuse sizes etc. (using short circuit study results). Isolates system faults minimizing power interruption to Utility customers and limiting damage to equipment.

Phase Protective Device Coordination

51 50 1200:5

Ground Protective Device Coordination

51N 50N 1200:5

MiscoordinationCaseStudy
Electric service interruption to 4,881 customers due to miscoordination between protective devices. Had devices been selectively coordinated, outage could have been limited to only 420 customers. Minimum time coordination interval between fuses may have extended outage to 1,005 customers. Relatively low fault duty magnitude of 1,596 Amps Line-to-Ground contributed to miscoordination.

Location of section of underground cable that failed. Line to ground fault with magnitude of 1,596 Amps.

50T Fuse failed to blow and interrupt fault. 420 customers past this point in circuit.

Automatic Line Recloser Operated interrupting service to 4,881 customers.

65T Fuse failed to blow and interrupt fault. 1.005 customers past this point in circuit.

TCC Showing Miscoordination between Fuses and Line Recloser. Given the fault duty magnitude of 1,596 Amps Line to Ground, the Line Recloser was operating before allowing the 50T or 65T fuses to blow. Notice the overlap between the two fuses. Removing the Line Recloser from the equation, the possibility exists that both fuses could have blown during the fault.

Conclusions
The use of TCC Curves as a graphical technique to illustrate proactive device coordination makes it easy to demonstrate whether or not coordination has been obtained by the device settings and whether they adequately protect the distribution equipment. Once you become accustomed to reading these curves, the system evaluation can be done relatively quickly.

Questions?
Thanks for your time!