i

.i
I

AdWritatem
Vol. 12,

No.

(October 2012)

COMMUNICATING THE GOSPEL IN A DIGITAL WORLD: CHALLENGES FOR NEST EVANGELIZATION

FMNZ.JOSEF EILERS, SVD

L43

THE ROLE OF DIALOGUE IN

ST:

THOMAS'S THOUGHT

.L59
L67

G. ROSARTO,lR.

[n Analysis oI Re$ional
llisRaritics in the Philinnines
Mario V. Perillal PhD, LaidaJ. Abatquez2 MM, and Joseph De la Pasion3 MS (Cand.)
,

HEIDEGGER'S PHENOMENOLOGY: ON D/S!'/ff AND THE ESSENCE OFTRUTH MARC OLIVER D. PASCO

RE.IMAGING A FILIPINA: SEEING A GENDER DICHOTOMY IN COLONIAL TEXTBOOKS DURING THE AMERICAN OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, 1898.1908
MARLON
S,

r87

DELUPrc

THE

NEI$T SOCIETY MOITMENT A RETRACING OF FILIPINO ROOTS

209
235

lntroduction
7,107 islbnds.vith a coastline totaling 36,289 km hugging 69 of 79 provinces ot 822 of 1,502 municipalities flVorld Bank' 2005)'
he Philippines is an archipelagic country composed

EMI/IANUEL U. LIM ANG HAI-IMUYAK NG ARAL AT ROMANTISISMO SA MGA PILING TELESERYE AT 35 PISONG NOBELANG PAG.IBIG SA ISTRIKTONG I'AGBABANTAYNG ESTADO
COP,AZON LALU.SANTO,S

of

The Philippines is abundant in natural wealth unequaled bv manl' is the countries. It has been tagged "The Pead of the orient sea". This rvhen aJesuit 1751 Philippines' most romantic name that dates back to hirtoriun FatherJuanJ. Delgado cailed Manila an empotium of rvealth'
..center

of the center of Marine shore Fish Biodiversity" is another tag fot the Philippines popuiarized by Dt' Itent Eduard Carpenter as one nrid Vi.ro, G. Springet in 2009. The Philippines is recognized species rnarine wherein of the countries located in t]}e coral Triangle

most abound. There is no doubt that the Philippines is one of the diverse, exceptional and unique country in all seas' Its geographical medium to configuration situated at the heart of Asia, having large to it politically small*size islands with bountiful natural fesoufces, makes Bradley Admjral Rear Retired us special and economically distinct. v'orth are islands a. riru. (1921) onc. -.ntioned that the Philippine
defending.

%;of
2 3

Agribusiness Management,

uP Los Baios

University Researchet, UP Los Bafros

Graduate Student

M.V. PERILI.A

LJ. ABARQUEZ / J. DE I.A PASION

AN ANALYSIS OF R.EGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Regional disparities caused by geogrhph icat space/distance. of all disparities in-connection to grovth and development. Economists rike-Myrdal (1957)., Hinchman (1958), Boudeville (1966), and Friedmann (.t973) introduced the concept of growth pole theory in "spatial p.rspeitive,,. Geographical space, or distance between economic and political centers and their peripheries, is a contributing factor and so,nehow a precondition for emergence of disparities. Friedman (1973) argued that economic progress never manifests simultaneously .rr.ry_h.r. ,, the same time; and once it does, it is concentrated and starts at a focal point that has the sttongest rink. The philippines with its morphoiogical fragmentation set the stage for regional disiarities. At presen^t, th.r. are 17 administrative regions in the philippines, from previo.rrly 11 ,irr.e "1972 wben President Ferdinand Marcos by presidential Decree No. f' introduced and orgarized the Integrated Reorganizati.n plan. since then regions in the philippines had:undergone 13 clustering changes ftom'1972 to 2005. It is said to be difEculr to auocate, *irug. maneuvef fesoufces if you are confronted with "rrd goal to integrai local' economies as one entire economy (Iable 1).
sfle can say that spatiar disparityis the perpetrator

ptoduction and commodities will eventually coffect regional imbalances in supply and demand which in turn promotes market

of

equilibdum through stable prices. Infrastructures like seapofts, airports, roads and bridges play an essential role in increasing the mobiJity of factors of production. It said thatg}o/o of commodities are transferted tfuough watef from poft to port. As of the most fecent poft inventofy, the Philippines has 2,035 pofts, of which 7,6t2'dte public and 423 arc private 6tsscn, 2000). Even though that number is quite impressive ,ti[ th.t. is a need for improvement of these ports in order to serve
local and international markets^ Bridges play a vital role between

in integtating and reducing the gap

Since the Philippines is archipelagic by nature and separated by various types of bodies of watet it is necessafy to constf uct brldg.s that connect separate islands. The Eastern Visayas region has

,.gioff.

the most number of bridges followed by Region vI - \Testern visayas region, Region III - Central Luzon and Region IV-A CALABAR:ZON

$able 3).

Regional disparities caused by inadequate infrastructure

Social scientists have long argued that infrastructures are prerequisite for economic growth. infristructure has been defined as "basic public infrastructure, which forms the foundation for society an.l economics" (Snieska&Simkunaite). In addition, infrastructur. .orrrirt, of capital goods thar are not-d.irectly consumed by househoid and firm (Prud'homme,2004). There are two distinct types of infrastructure: economic infrastructure and social infrastructure wherein the former is a type of infrastructure that pfomotes economic activity and the latter promotes public welfare. Asceuer (1993) argues ,fr", p,rUfl. infrastructure improves and supports quality of life g"Ut. Z;. Richardson (197.3Lin his regional growth theory, emphasizes the importance of mobility of faciors of productioo g"rrj, hbor, technology) and commodities in narrowing the d"lsparities among. regions. According to Richardson, increase in mobiliry of the factors

Roads are crucial for the tfansfef of goods and setvices to inland terdtodes. Roads boost transhipment and allow goods and services to reach various, markets. As of the latest road inventory, NCR posted the highest city road density followed by CAR, Region I - Ilocos and Region vI - \ilestern visayas. As for the provincial road densiry Northern Mindanao region posted the highest provincial road density followed by Region VII - Central Visayas, Region I Region XI - Davao (fable a).

Ilocosand

Inadequate social infrastructure is also a ctitical issue for regional dispatities particularly in the health and educational sector' As of 2002, Philippine health workers wotking in government can be described as anaemic. The National capital Region exhibited rhe most number of health workers with spill over effect to Region

IV.A_cat-n.gnRzoNandRegionIV-B-MIMAROPA'lqhjiethe Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao has least number of health

wotkets (Iable 5)

Moteover,NationalCapitalRegion0JCR)receivedthebest of doctors' While Region IV-A - CALABARZON and Region IV-B - MiMAROPA have the6highest number of bed capacity and bot-ika sabatangay outlets (Iables andT).
bed to population ratio and number

//31

..

.1

I
I

M.V.

pERrLr,{ / LJ. ABARQUEZ

y'

J.

DE LA PASTON

AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAJ- DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

In terms of school infrastructure, Region IV_A has the most number of elementary and secondary schools for public and pdvate sector. whjle the cordillera Administrative Region andcaragan gi"r, has the least number of elementaty and secondary schools For public
most number of Highet'Education rnstitutions. while the cordillera Administrative Region and Caraga Region has the least number of Higher Education Institution (Iables 8 and 9).
and private schools. Furthermore, the National capital Region has the

Gonclusion

in the Philippines are to the gap between survival. Due for becoming a never ending battle regions, the people living in these regions are experiencing a burden caused not by their choice but by indecisive government decisions, unsound pdorities and poor government resource alloiation and management. The causes of regional disparities in the Philippines
The widening regional disparities
are the visible and perennial culpdts neglected by few and suffered by many. Regional disparities cari be solved in many ways; however, due

Regional disparities caused by armed conflicts/insurgencies

The incidences of armecl conflicts in the rural areas have a direct and indirect economic cost that eventually result in regional disparities particularly in Mindanao inflicted by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (NIILF), Moro National Liberation Front (a{NLF). and large part of visayas and Luzon inflicted by the National people,s Army (l\PA). Rural/local areas confronted with armed. conflicts, have unstable economic and political environment. This instability is manifest'ed thtough poverty incidence. As of the povety incidence statistics frorn by the NSCB, Bicol Regio n, Caraga iegio' and Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao reflected a.high poverty incidence. while the National capital Region with spill .rrr., .ff..t to Region IV--{ CALABARZON reflected a low poverty incidence for
the past eight years (Table 10).

to lack of source of ftinds and resoutces to cofrect these dispatities make the Philippine still a developing country. A uni$'ing and honest concerted effort from the govetnment, ptivate sector and citizens can resolve this long standing froblem. The change sho.id emanate from the govetnment then to the private sector. The govetnment should be the paragon of honesty, integdry and dignity in all its responsibilities and undertakings. The government must be able to remove the stigma that they arg corrupt and self-serving politicians. In order to bring this change; it should start from the Fil,ipino citizens by electing statesmen with high regard for values, fot knowledge and for the well-being of its
people.

Regional disparities caused by poor access to credit facilities

Poor access ,o .r.dit fu.ilities like banks and quasi-banks creare an atrnosphere of regional disparities in term of citizens not able to create and putsue their,desire business. Banks are concentrated mostly

in the National capital Region

and 12).

and gegion IV-A while Autonomous Regions in Muslim in Mindanao posted the least number of banks particulady Rural and cooperative Banks (rable 11

'CALABARZON.

I4l
I5t

iF1
l

ii
M,V.

PERILU. / I,J. ABARQUEZ / J. DE LA PASION

AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

.
,

Table 1. Seventeen (17) Administrative Regions of the Bepublic of the phitippines

Table 2. Types of lnfrastructure

i;iiiill,i{'s-oeiailtafi6si#1riitti,

llilr,rr#lnrnl#-fifi
Region I (llocos Region) Region ll (Cagayan Vailey) Region lll (Central Luzon) Region lV-A (CALABARZON) Region lV-B (MtMAROPA)
Region V (Bicol Region) Region Vl (Western Visayas)

ifiiiffiiilfi..i ;irtlB"f,ffi, i
llocosNorte, llocos Sur, La Union and panqasinan Batanes, lsabela, Cagayan and Nueva Viscaya

irili

Seaports
Highways

Airports
ElectricitY

Roads Sanitation Bridges

Hospitals

Libraries

Schools

furora, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Olongapo,

Railroads

Dams

Museums Universities ,...

Health Centers Conection Houses

Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Angeles City and Zambales Batangas, Laguna, Lucena City, Cavite, euezon and '

Telecommunication

Water SuPPIY

Courts, Playgrounds and Parks

Rizal

Marindue, Oriental Mindoro, puerto princesa City, Occidental Mindoro, Palawan and Romblon Albay, CamarinesNorte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate and Sorsogon Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, lloilo, lloilo Citv (Capital), Negros Occidental and Bacolod City (Cqpital) Bohol, Cebu, Cebu City (Capital), Negios Orrierttat, Lapu-lapu City (Opon), Mandaue City and Siquijor Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Tacloban City, Northern Samar, Southern Leyte, Samar (Western Samar) Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga City, ZamboangaSibugay and City of lsabela Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Ca$ayan de Oro City (Capital), Misamis Occidental, MisamisOrinetal and lligan City Davao del Norte, Davao City, Compostella Valley, Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental ' North Cotabato, Sarangani, South Cotabato, General Santos City (Dadiangas), Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato City Agusan del Norte, Butuan City (Capital), Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Suiand Dinagat lsland Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-tawi Abra, Apayad Benguet, Baguio City, lfugao, Kalinga and Mountain province Manila, Mandaluyong, Marikina, pasig, San Juan, Quezon City, Muntinlupa, paranaque, Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela, Las pinas, Makati, Pasay and Pateros

Table 3" Summary of Existing National Bridges (length and number) By Type, as of January 31,2011(in linear meterl
;.Go1gisig,|l
Region CAR -Cordillera

r;:rriqqbJ'ii'rtl
Number Lenglh

irii.,Fillay
Numb6r

i rrii

ltfi"'Uejii
Nunber Length Number Longth

Number

Length

Length

6,1 14

57

5,180

57

1j62

307

12,456

Administrative Region
NCR - Nalional Capital Regim

Region Vll (Central Visayas) Region Vlll (Eastern Visayas)

328
431

31,522 22.502
'19.4'13

1,'122

0 334 279

339

32,644 30,810 2s,004 32,500

17,619

Region

' llocos

17

7,974

17 18

0
55

523

Region ll CagayanValley Region lll - Contrai

Luzon

39'l 625 574 454

537

18

M6
673

Region lX (Zamboanga
Peninsula)

2A.274

4,138

21

67

Region IVACALABARZON Region IVB MIMAROPA Region V - Bicol Region Vl -Westem

16,050

35
86

1,001

35

544 2,733 524

1,839 20

24

639

Region lX (Zamboanga
Peninsula) Region Xl (Davao Region) Region Xll (SOCCSKARGEN)

'1,814

86

250

616

21,521 19,522
30.12u

7,010

38 66

1,966

3B

18

626

586 479 765 235

24.021
18,857

4,189 2,321
29

725
543

Visayas Rgim Vll - Central Visayas

Region Vlll

29

485 688
35

5B

21,721 33.898 9

27.',115

38

5,751

38

344
20

906

Easlem Visayas
Region

Region Xlll (Caraga)

lX,

9,713

2,035

51

284

11,81

Zamboanga Peninsbla
Region X - Northem Mindanao Region Xl - Davao Region Xll

307

11.990

13

2,819 't,444
1,200

13

299 675 499

777

30

376

5.1

38

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

228
240 303 NA

10.616 s.472 12.105 NA

18 20

18 20

0 0

0 0 606 NA

270
293

12.735 t1,171
16,419

SOCCSKSARGEN
Region Xlll "

46

2,931

46 NA

50

458 NA

Naiional Capital Region

(NCR)

Caaga
ARMM

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

- Aulonoms
region
in Mustin

Mihdanao Tohl

Source: National Statistical Coordination

Bord

6,656

281.498

486

51,142

486

10,864

126

1,552

8,024

345,056

,14

M,V. PERILI..A.

/ LJ. ABARQUEZ / J. DE I.A PASION

AhI ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Table 4. Summary of provincial and City Roads lnventory

February 2011

Table 5. Number of Local Government Health Practitioner bY Region, PhiliPPines, 2002

:ir 'r.,fti:liifledd"i

i,irriiiliii+:1,ftliF,i.,1:ifl]lirll1;ri#ii]iill i'Hri,i,.l.litllll1::,tIi:i!,t,i;iiiitltttr

NCR - National CaPital Region

CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region

658
85

540

745
59

1,165 579 1,033

801

0.0s4 0.143
0.063 0.119 0.100 0.094 0.093

2.571

Region
.Region

lll

CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region Region Region

33 96 58
161

llocos

0.922
0.177
0.421

lll

llocos - CagaYan ValleY

158 175 297 350

190

203
267

- Cagayan Valley

Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABARZON Region IVB

Region V Region Region

Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABAMON.&. Region IVB - MIMAROPA Region V

382 648 338 433 379

1,573

0.315 0.099 0.349 0.860 0.468

0.568 0.117

256
85 112
115

2,282 1,026
1,791

MIMAROPA

Bicol

Bicoi

Vl - Western Visayas Vll - Central Visayas

Region Vl - Western Visayas Region Vll - Central VisaYas Region Vlll

226

0j02
0.156 0.069 0.093
0.1 64

229
153

1,473
887 675 803 791 671 613 371 16,534

Region VIll

Eastern Visayas

Eastern VisaYas

109 55
71

233
196 189
161

Region lX - Zamboanga peninsula

Region X - Northern Mindanao

Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl

90
99 79 84

0.204 0.656 0.502 0:295 0.104 5.326

- Davao Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao
NGR - National Capital Re$ion
Source: Department

Region Xl

0.128
0.108 0.078 0.093

Davao

71

Region Xll SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll

32 54 23 1,871

158 130

Caraga

79
69 3,021

ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Philippines

99"
4,720

of public Works and Highway

Source: National Demogtaphic and Health Survey, NSC)

t
il

t8l

[e]

ir \*Eg"ARQUEZ
ril

J.

DE LA pASroN

AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAI DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Tabh

0' Number

' r$iiliiil$,]*r..=-

and Bed Gapacity of Government Hospitals by Region, philippines, 2004

Table

7. Number of Rural Health Units and Barangay

Health Stations by Region, Philippines
BC1inggy
nop13s1q

rrff#ffil#f'$t'tfffi
lrfi:iilti:6ur
24 36
37.

,,1:

li'i

:E"e'clp"*ed;$
9,965 1:807
1:9',l6

-*ffilffi
NCR

Heagi,
$tationp

l,

Blrln::aY

1,670 2,100
1,720 3,385 6,295

- National Capital Region

407

17

28 130

1:2,109
1'.1,V54

CAR - Cordillera Administrative Regi6n Region I - llocos

88 105
93

559
9'11

258
215 874

34 45 93 50 53

1:2,452 1:2,206 1:2,260 1:2,466 1:2,054

Region

ll

- Cagayan Valley

827

Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA - CALABARZON & Region IVB - MIMAROPA Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western Visayas Region Vll - Central Visayas

176
168

1,786

2,545 1,026
'1,536

376
173
60 eo
BB

2,250 2,750 2,910 2,195 1,975

1,150 1,615 1,195 1,255 870

67 69
121 147

45
53

1,717 800 650 795 655 654 506 359 't5,343

1:1,851

29
24

1:1,749 1:1,264
1:3,575 1:2,176 1:1,910 1:2,836 1:1,860

Region Vlll

Eastern Visayas

Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl - Davao Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlil - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Philippines,
Source: National Statistics Office

100 67 64
51

121 195 30 75 60 0

#ffi W
o*.u,Gil
sqtistics

32
21

u
24

79 77

634

43,330

1,879

2722

il;

Fol

F1l

,Y
i

M.V. PERILLA

LJ, ABARQUEZ

J. DE I-A PASION

AN ANAIYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Table

8. Distribution of Elementary and Secondary Schools

by Region and Sector (As of August 2010)

Table

9. Distribution of Higher Education Institutions by Region and Sector (As of August 2010)

ffif,tfrli$iffi###lli1ft,i

NCR - National CaPital Region NCR - National Capital Region GAR - Cordillera Administrative Region 514 1,497 2,380

34
19

278
33 78 47 168

312
52
108

225
257 471 354 527 600

1,642 226 520

333 1,313 2,211

2,381
1,980
3,371

CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region Region I - llocos Region

30 22 59
74

ll

- Cagayan ValleY

69 227

Region Region
Valley

l- llocos
ll
- Cagayan

Region lll - Ceniral Luzon Region IVA-CALABARZON Region IVB - MIMAROPA Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western VisaYas

2,174
2,936 2,V06

2,861" 4,776
5,517

202
41 100

276
86

Region lll - Central Luzon Region lV-ACALABARZON Region lV-B Region V

45 45 72
35

145 152
161

80 126 58 52
64
7B

MIMAROPA

1,805

u1
601 611

238
463
609 592

2,384 4,193
4,610

Region Vll - Central'VisaYas Region Vlll

Bicol

3,129
3,390 2,918 3,620 2,068
na

Eastern VisaYas

42 49
19 17 16 14 15

100
101 B3

Region Vl - Western

Visayas
Region Vll - Centrai 684 418 353
Na

Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl - Davao

Visayas
Region Vlll

4.194
4,272 2,586 431

o(
91

Eastern

234
165 431

Visayas Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula

Region X - Northern

Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Philippines
Source: Commission on Highet Education

75

43 50 1,573

57 65 2,180

Mindanao
Region Xl

Region .SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll

- Davao XllCaraga

1,625 1,644
1,611

293
366 359

607

410
347 188 55

2,328
2,357 2,158

ARMM - Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

Total
Source Deprtrnent of Education

2,091

270

2,416

36,108

6,730

9,977

52,815

TI2I

I13t

M.V. PERILLA
a

ABARQUEZ

,/ J.

DE LA PASTON

AN ANAIYSIS OF REGIONAI- DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Table 10. Poverty lncidence l\mong Families (percent)

Table 11. Philippine Banking System 'Nirmber of Banks

"ffi#i!ffiiii!,:iffiitr,i li,
Philippines NCR - National Capital Region

:,,1i?p,ffi
20.00 2.10 16.10 17.80 15.20 9.40 9.20 29.80 38.00 23.50 32.10 30.20 40.50 32.40 25.40 27.20 37.60
25.0O

,:,itifl$

21lA
3.40 18.60 20.40 15.50 12.00 9.40 34.30 36.10 22.10 33.50
3'1.'10

20.90

2.60
17.10
17.8A

iffi
Overall Total NCR - National CaPital Region
GAR - Cordillera Administrative Region

hijltiifiil
,t Hei

'Offi6 $fi ,Flf,fi

730
B9

8,965

8,235

CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region Region I - llocos

Region

2,874

2,785
124 346

.{43
396

19 50

ll

- Cagayan VBltey

14.50 12.00 10.30 27.60 36.00 23.80 30.20 33.20 36,60 32.80 25.60 28.10 39.80
38.1 0

Region Region

lll

llocos - CagaYan ValleY

Region lll - Central Luzon

270 929 1,334

185

35 96 135 25
34

235
833
1

Region IVA- CALABARZON Region lVB. MIMAROPA

Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western Visayas Region Vll - Central Visayas Region

Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABARZON Region IVB Region V

,199
160

MIMAROPA

Bicol

281 524

247 456 535 144

Region Vl - Western VisaYas Region Vll - Central VisaYas Region Vlll

68'
47

Vlll,-

Eastern Visayas

582
170 178

Region lX - Zamboanga peninsula

Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl
:

34.20 32.70 26.20 27.10 36.90 36.50

Eastern VisaYas

zo
16

Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl

162 286
320 175 176
17

Region Xll Region

- SOCCSKSARGEN Xlll - Caraga

Davao

325
335 190
195 19

39

t:

ARMM - Autonornous Region

in Muslim Mindanao

il

ll
!:

- Davao Resion Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN Region Xlll - Caraga ARMM - Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao

't5
15 19

Source: National Statistical Coordination Boatd

i
E
lir

Soutce: BangkoSenffal ng PiliPinas

4i ,s

1l

# il t'; ii

il

t
M.V. PERILLA

/ LJ. ABARQUEZ / J, DE IJ,

AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL PASION

DISP@

References
Table 12. P.hilippine Banking System - Rural and Cooperatives Banks
productive? Journal Aschauet, D. A. (1989). Is public expenditure

of Monetary Economics

Q3),177-2O0.
Boudwile,J.li.

'e:

BankingStatistics.(2011).RetdevedMarch02'2012'ftomhttp://www'bsp'gov'ph/banking

/bsPsuP-Pbs'asP Univetsity 1f'*|. l."Utt"ts of Regional Economic Planning'Edinburgh

Press, Edinbutgh

fltift'iiiiiii4lifi,ti
Overall Total NCR - National Capital Region CAR - Cordillera Administtative Region

if,
2,758
100 74 187

622
21

2,136
79 55
138

Curp"rr*r,f.n. gttlttgt', V'C'

of madne shore fish of Fishes' Vol' 72' No' 4' Biology biodiversity: the Philippine Isiands' Environmental and. Sector.(2011). Retrieved Match Region by trrrtitotio.rs Educ"io., Disttibution of Higher
(2005)' The center

of

the center

19

Region I - llocos Region

02, 2012 from httP://ched'govPh Philippines' The North American Revievr' VoL Fiske, A. Bradley. (1921)' The'Defe"t"-of http://www'lstor'org/stable/25121745' 213, No. 187,pp.721-724'Retrieved from

ti"

49 34 86 123 23 33 63
41

ll

- Cagayan Valley

162 375
568 114 141 207

128 289

Friedmann,J'(1973).AGenetalTheoryofPolarizedDevelopment'Urbanzation'Planning Bwetly Hills' and. National Development'Sage Publications' Notton & Company' Development'\l:.S0' oi Ecot'o-ic dtrategy (1958)' The
Hirschmann, A.O. Masterlist

Region lll - Central Luzon Region IVA- CALABAMON Region lvB - MTMAROPA
Region V - Bicol Region Vl - Western Visayas Region Vll - Central Visayas Region Vlll

New York'

445
91

of

pchools. (2011). Retrieved March O2'201'2'ftomhttp://www:deped'gov'phl

factsand6gutes /default'asP

Myrdal, G. (1957). Economic

Theoi

and Underdeveloped Regions'Methuen.& Co'

Ltd"

108 144 121

162
69

- Eastern

London. Inventory of Ports' National Statistical coordination Boatd.(1999)' 2000 Quinquennial NSO (2004)' Yearbook' Statistical Philippine of Experience' Procee{ings Prud'homme, R. (2005). Inftasttoctore and Detelopment'I'rssons Economics'153-181 ' Development on conference Bank Arinual 2004 the of London' Theory'MacMillan' H.\fl (1973)'Regional Gtovth
Richardson

Visayas

26
15

43
62

Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula

Region X - Northern Mindanao Region Xl - Davao Region

77 164
138
71

39
15 14 19 2

125 123
57

SnieskaV.&Simkunatet.B"ool;.Socio.Economiclmpactoflnffastfucturelnvestments. Economics of Engineeting Decisions Q)' 16-25' and Madne Resource \ilorld Bank, Philippine Envion-""Id Mottitot 2005: Coastai hitP://web'worldbank'org ftom tni*"g;""r' (2005)' Reuieved http://www'nscb'gov' 200g official Poverty statistics. (2009). Retrieved March a22o12,from
povettY 2009/tables'asP ph 2010 DP\UH Atlas. (2010). Retriwed March

xil - soccsKsARcEN

02,2012,from http://www'dpwh'gov'ph/

infrastructure/ infra- stat/index'htm

Region Xlll - Caraga

147 2
1

128

ARMM -

Autonomous Region id Muslim

Mindanao

Soutce Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

114