Sandri Carrozzo

Following the ratification of Regional Law no.15/96, the spelling standard devised by professor Xavier La !ela, which had been already approved by the provincial a!thorities of "din, #!ri$e and %ordenon, was adopted as the official spelling standard of the Fri!lian lang!age. &his decision was ta'en on the gro!nds that the La !ela spelling was ore consistent than its co petitor, the spelling adopted by the (ociet) Filologica Fri!lana, and wo!ld be easier to learn. *owever, the (ociet) Filologica appealed against the decision of the Region, aintaining that their spelling was ore widely e ployed by Fri!lian a!thors. &he two parties event!ally fo!nd an agree ent in late 199+, the La !ela spelling was partially odified to acco odate s!ggestions ade by the (ociet) Filologica Fri!lana, who withdrew their appeal. &he new spelling standard for Fri!lian co!ld now be effectively !sed by all. *ere is a short s! ary of the differences between the three spelling conventions.

New official spelling ducj cjase zovin b bs frut fruts piul nazion zucar

(FF
d!cc.ase

La !ela
d!c. c.ase

-$ovin $ovin b/$ b/$ fr!t fr!$ b/0 b/0s fr!t fr!ts

pi$$!l pi0!l na$ion natsion $!car ts!car

&here are two 'inds of accents

ar's in Fri!lian, grave 1)2 and circ! fle3 142.

The grave accent is used: 12 in polysyllabic words which are stressed on the last syllable and end in a vowel l!i al viodar 52 in polysyllabic words which are stressed on the last syllable and end in vowel followed by 6s patrs crodars fins bobors cats 72 in polysyllabic verb for s ending in 6in, when the 6in ending is stressed n8 o ang.n l8r a ang.in n8 o finn l8r a finissin 92 in so e onosyllabic words where the spelling witho!t an accent another word l!i al -he has- a 1preposition2 l 1adverb2 e la 1article2 The circumflex accent is used: 12 on long vowels when they occ!r in polysyllabic words onosyllabic words or in the last syllable of vocl frt in$ignr disegnadr br t 52 in infinitives 1and infinitives !sed as no!ns2 ending in accented vowels i par cap ar' represents

12 c is prono!nced soft 1as in -cherry-2 when followed by e and i

:place: -s;!are<t is prono!nced hard 1as in -car-2 when followed by a, o, ! 52 indicates a soft c before a, o, ! :pla4l: -s;!are72 cj indicates a pre6palatal so!nd which is inter ediate between the soft tch so!nd in -cherry- and the hard ' so!nd in -'ey:cjase: -ho!se92 g is always hard, as in the =nglish word -girl:!ote: -drop52 gj indicates a so!nd inter ediate between the soft g so!nd in -ge - and the hard g so!nd in -girl:!jat: -cat62 z can be prono!nced as a soft g so!nd, as in the word -ge - 1$enoli -'nee-2> or as a ts so!nd, li'e in the #er an word -na$ion-> or as the $ in the #er an word -$one+2 s ay indicate the voiceless s 1li'e in -rose-2, or the voiced s 1-s!n-, -star-2

&here are no do!ble consonants in Fri!lian, e3cept for the do!ble s which is !sed to indicate a voiceless s in intervocalic position.

12 Fri!lian has preserved a distinction between short and long vowels> a circ!nfle3 accent 1?2 indicates a long vowel :crot: -na'ed:o crt: -< believe52 . is !sed to represent the se i6vocalic i so!nd at the beginning of a word :jerbe: -grass-

"riulian is not a dialect of <talian. <t is an a!tono o!s lan!ua!e belonging to the Rhaeto6Ro anic fa ily, which developed aro!nd the year 1@@@ AB thro!gh the eeting of the Celtic, Latin and #er anic c!lt!res. *ere are a few e3a ples of the phonetic differences between the two lang!ages.

Fri!lian words drop the final vowel of the corresponding <talian word 6 e3cept that words which in <talian end in a, end in e in Fri!lian. #talian ano fine l!na poeta "riulian $an fin lune poete

*owever, the final a is altogether dropped if it is preceded by $$ or st. #talian progra artista "riulian a pro!ra$ artist

Following the loss of the final vowel, the last syllable often beco es longer when accented. #talian "riulian voc)le vocl Ca and !a in <talian words very often correspond to cja and !ja in Fri!lian words. #talian "riulian cane cjan gatto !jat Fri!lian words never end with the voiced consonants b% v% !% d .Dnly the voiceless consonants p% f% c% t can be fo!nd in final position in Fri!lian. =3a ples #talian stra bo drago cr!do sportivo do not e&ist stra b dr4g crEd sportFv "riulian stra$p drc cr t sportf

&here are no do!ble consonants in Fri!lian. #talian progra "riulian a pro!ra$e

Ss is !sed to represent the voiceless s occ!ring in intervocalic position. #talian "riulian rosa rose rossa rosse Fri!lian words have preserved the Latin consonant cl!sters bl, cl, fl, pl, !l which have beco e bi% c'i% fi% pi% !'i% in <talian. #talian biava chiodo fiasca piG ghiaccio "riulian blave claut flascje plui !lace ay differ in gra atical gender.

blawd cla!d! flasche pl!s glacie

Fri!lian and <talian words which are si ilar in for , #talian iele 1 2 estate 1f2 onte 1 2 sonno 1 2 &hey ay also have different eanings. "riulian $l 1f2 istt 1 2 $ont 1f2 siu$ 1f2

spac 1to sha'e2 spaccare 1to brea'2 buss 1to 'iss2 b!ssare 1to 'noc'2

Fri!lian ad.ectives and no!ns have two gra and two n! bers 1sing!lar and pl!ral2.

atical genders 1 asc!line and fe inine2

&he pl!ral of fe inine ad.ectives/no!ns always ends in (. <f the ad.ective/no!n ends with = in the sing!lar, it ends with <(.

an

ans

c.ase c.ases c.asis

Hasc!line ad.ectives/no!ns for the pl!ral in the sa e way 6 e3cept with words ending with L which change the L in < to for the pl!ral.

c.an c.ans poete poetes poetis g.al g.ai $enoli $enoi

A few asc!line ad.ective/no!ns display a prepalatal CI so!nd in the pl!ral.

artist artisc. trist trisc.

Jords which in <talian change their gender in the pl!ral 1e.g. ginocchio 1 sing26 ginocchia 1f pl2, braccio6braccia, orecchio6orecchie2 do not behave in the sa e way in Fri!lian.

$enoli $enoi bra0 bra0s orele orelis

Fri!lian s!rna es traditionally change according to gender and n! ber.

%ra par %ra pare 1fe

inine2

%ra pars 1pl!ral2

Articles
&here are two 'inds of articles in Fri!lian

definite articles 1the2, masculine feminine

singular il / lplural i indefinite articles 1a, an2

la / llis

masculine feminine singular !n !ne

Personal pronouns
&hey vary according to the person, the n! ber, and the logical f!nction, person subject stressed 1 e,yo!...2 e te l!i ./ n8 v8 l8r l8r direct object 1 e,yo!...2 i ti l! le n!s !s .! lis indirect object 1to e,to yo!...2 i ti i i n!s !s !r !r reflexive i ti si si si si si si

< .o yo! t! he/yo! for al l!i she/yo! for al ./ we n8 yo! v8 they 1 2 l8r they 1f2 l8r

(tressed prono!ns are !sed after prepositions, cun me, par te, in e3cla ations, puar me! 'poor me!', or for e phasis in preference to the !nstressed direct ob.ect prono!ns mi ti lu ... , ti clami te no lui 'I'm calling you, not him'.

Pleonastic pronouns
&he pleonastic prono!n is !sed between the s!b.ect and the verb as a re6enforce ent of the s!b.ect. <ts !se is obligatory, e3cept when the verb is preceded by another !nstressed prono!n.

Subject (leonastic
jo tu lui j o tu al e

n v lr

o o a !xample:

right: .o wrong: .o o

i i pari il F!rlan i i pari il F!rlan

Possessives
%ossessive ad.ectives/prono!ns (my, your... mine, yours...) always agree in gender and n! ber with the ob.ect possessed. &he for s are the sa e for ad.ectives and prono!ns. person 1st sing 5nd sing 7rd sing 1st pl!ral 5nd pl!ral 7rd pl!ral masculine "s# gno to so nestri v!estri l8r masculine "pl# iei tiei siei nestris v!estris l8r feminine "s# / t8 s8 nestre v!estre l8r feminine "pl# /s t8s s8s nestris v!estris l8r

$emonstratives
&here are two de onstrative ad.ectives/prono!ns in Fri!lian. %hest (this) and chel (that). %hel chi, chel ca have the sa e eaning as chest. masculine feminine masculine feminine singular chest cheste chel ch/ plural chesc. chestis chei ch/s

&ndefinites
&he indefinite ad.ectives/prono!ns alc ogni ognisei cualchi cualsisei , ... have only one for > ciert diviers putrop dut nissun p'c tant altri stes t(l ,change for according to gender and n! ber.

The relative pronoun

&here is only one relative prono!n in Fri!lian, che 1that, which, who, whom2. <ts f!nction in the sentence is clarified by the other prono!ns or prepositions by which it is acco panied.

!xamples: s!b.ect direct ob.ect indirect ob.ect with prepositions .o o ai !n a .o o ai !n a ier .o o ai !n a reg4l .o o ai !n a st!dii i che al K <ngl/s I have a friend who is nglish i che l! ai viodEt I have a friend whom I saw yesterday i che i ai fat !n I have a friend to whom I have given a present i che cun lui o I have a friend with whom I study

Ad.ectives change for according to the gender and n! ber of the no!ns they ;!alify, and to their logical f!nction. Host Fri!lian ad.ectives have fo!r endings, whether asc!line or fe inine, and sing!lar or pl!ral, l-o furlan> i o s furlans> la fe ine furlane> lis fe inis furlanis. Ad.ectives ay also be odified by s!ffi3es. &wo of the ost co on are )on and )onon, eaning very, a lot> they are !sed in alternative to the for une vore L ad.ective. bielonon biel (!eautiful) bielon une vore biel &wo other s!ffi3es, )ut and )in, are !sed as di in!tives, or to i ply affection or sy pathy. A third s!ffi3, )at, is !sed as a pe.orative. &hese s!ffi3es ay be !sed with no!ns as well as with ad.ectives. (very !eautiful)

c.asone (a !ig house) c.ase (house) c.asute (either a po"y house, or a small and pretty house) c.asate (an ugly house) Co paratives are for ed by preceding the ad.ectives by the adverbs plui (more) and mancul (less). plui alt (higher) mancul alt (less high). &he second ter of the co parison is introd!ced by di*che no al + plui "mancul# alt di te * che no te he's taller (less tall) than you &he for as ... as is e3pressed in a variety of ways,

al K alt compagn di te / compagn che te / tant che te / come te / sicu te he's as tall as you

n! bers cardinals ordinals

@ 1 !ne 1f2 doi 1 2 5 d8s 1f2 7 9 5 6 + M 9 1@ tr/ c!atri cinc sFs siet vot nEf dFs otave 1f2 novesi /e diesi !ndicesi diesi prin 1 2 tierce 1f2 c!art/e c!int/e sest/e seti /e ot4f 1 2 pri e 1f2 seont, secont 1 2 seonde, seconde 1f2 tier0 1 2 $ero !n 1 2 prin 1 2

n! bers
9@ 5@ 6@ +@ M@ 9@

cardinals ordinals
c!arante cinc!ante sessante setante otante nonante c!arantesi /e cinc!antesi /e sessantesi /e setantesi /e otantesi /e nonantesi /e novantesi /e centesi /e centediesi /e centevinc.esi /e d!sintesi /e tresintesi /e c!atricentesi /e cinccentesi /e sFscentesi /e sietcentesi /e votcententesi /e nEfcentesi /e ilesi /e il!enesi /e iledoiesi /e ilediesi /e doi ilesi /e tr/ ilesi /e dFs ilesi /e cent ilesi /e ilionesi /e iliardesi /e

11

!ndis

15 17 19 15 16 1+ 1M 19 5@ 51 55 7@

diesi e pri e 1f2 dodis dodicesi /e tredis tredicesi /e c!t!ardis c!t!ardicesi /e c!indis c!indicesi /e sedis sedicesi /e disesiet disesietesi /e disevot disevotesi /e disenEf disenEfesi /e vinc. vinc.esi /e vinc.e!n vinc.e!nesi /e vinc.edoi vinc.edoiesi /e trente trentesi /e

novante 1@@ cent 11@ centedFs 15@ centevinc. 5@@ d!sinte 7@@ tresinte 9@@ c!atricent 5@@ cinccent 6@@ sFscent +@@ sietcent M@@ votcent 9@@ nEfcent 1@@@ il 1@@1 ile!n 1@@5 iledoi 1@1@ iledFs 5@@@ doi il 7@@@ tr/ il 1@.@@@ dFs il 1@@.@@@ cent il 1.@@@.@@@ !n ilion 1.@@@.@@@.@@@ !n iliart

Arithmetical s,mbols

- pl!i, e ) anc!l, g.ave x par, voltis : dividEt . al ven, av!4l, venast4i, al f4s

The infinitive
to be to 'ave )st conju!ation *nd conju!ation +rd conju!ation .essi, sei v/ scolt plas% crodi fin

The past participle

to be to 'ave )st conju!ation *nd conju!ation +rd conju!ation st4t vEt scolt4t plasEt, crodEt finFt/finEt

The present tense "active#

.o o t! t! l!i al ./ e n8 o v8 o l8r a

to be soi s/s K .e sin s/s son

to 'ave ai 4s ) ) vin v/s an

)st conju!ation scolti scoltis scolte scolte scoltn scoltais scoltin

*nd conju!ation pl4s, cr8t plasis% crodis pl4s, cr8t pl4s, cr8t plasn, crodn plass, crods plasin, crodin

+rd conju!ation fins finissis fins fins finin fins finissin

The present tense "passive#

Nerb jessi L past participle .o o soi t! t! s/s l!i al K ./ e K n8 o sin v8 o s/s l8r a son scolt4t scolt4t scolt4t scoltade scoltats scoltats scoltats crodEt crodEt crodEt crod!de crodEts crodEts crodEts finFt finFt finFt finide finFts finFts finFts

<rreg!lar verbs
table ) d doi d4s da din dais dan dt f f4s fasis f4s fasOn fas/s fasin fat l voi v4s va lin lais van lt st stoi st4s sta stin stais stan stt pod p!Ks p!edis po, p!Ks podin pod/s p!edin pod t sav sai s4s sa savOn sav/s san sav t vol v!ei vEs vEl volOn vol/s v!elin vol t cir cFr ciris cFr cirOn cirFs cirin cir t% cirt cus cEs c!sis cEs c!sOn c!sFs c!sin cust d dFs disis dFs disOn dis/s disin dit

table * dur$ $ur scu!n sint ti!n va vi!n

d!ar Er d!ar is !eris d!ar Er d!r On !rOn d!r Fs !rFs d!ar in !erin dur$t $uart

sc!en, sc!gni sc!gnis sc!en, sc!gne sc!gnOn sc!gnFs sc!gnin scu!n t

sint sintis sint sintOn sintFs sintin sint t% sintt

ten tegnis ten tignOn tignFs tegnin ti!n t

vai vais vai vaOn vaFs vain vat% vai t

ven vegnis ven vignOn vignFs vegnin vi!n t

P!estions

ay be phrased in two ways in Fri!lian, either following the C, #S-./

odel

or the

odel C, C0, -. ,1 /

<n the first, the interrogative ad.ective/prono!n is followed by the verb s!ffi3ed by the personal prono!n. <n the second, the interrogative ad.ective/prono!n is followed by %/! and by the verb in its positive for . 0ummar, of verb-pronoun modifications .essi/sei soio s/stu isal ise sino s/so sono v/ l4 pod/ aio p!edio 4stu aial vadial p!edial aie vadie p!edie vino v/so ano vol/ d!r F v!elio d!ar io v!elial d!ar ial v!elie d!ar ie !rF tignF sc!gnF !erio tegnio sc!egnio !erial tegnial sc!egnial !erie tegnie sc!egnie

1asistu and disistu are !s!ally shortened in fastu and distu2.

&he i perfect tense

&he only verbs to behave irreg!larly in the i perfect are f( (to do, to ma"e) and d3 (to say, to tell) which for the i perfect on the e3tended ste s fas) and dis) 1fasevi disevi etc2 and act as if they belonged to the 5nd con.!gation 1fasevi disevi etc2. .essi, sei .eri .o o t! t! .eris l!i a .ere ./ e .ere n8 o .erin v8 o .eris l8r a .erin &he i perfect is !sed, 1 to describe habit!al actions in the past, in the sa e way as the =nglish -!sed to- for di frut o lavi al m(r il m4s di 5ui as a child I used to go the seaside in #uly 5 to describe inco plete actions in the past, si ilarly to the =nglish past contin!o!s alis d3s o spietavi ancjem6 l7autobus at ten o'cloc" I was still waiting for the !us 7 to describe past states and sit!ations al ploveve e la strade e jere bagnade it was raining and the road was wet al someave strac he loo"ed tired v/ vevi vevis veve veve vevin vevis vevin scolt4 scoltavi scoltavis scoltave scoltave scoltavin scoltavis scoltavin plas/, crodi plasevi, crodevi plasevis, crodevis plaseve, crodeve plaseve, crodeve plasevin% crodevin plasevis, crodevis plasevin, crodevin finF finivi finivis finive finive finivin finivis finivin

&he perfect tense

<t is for ed by adding the past participle of the verb to the present of the a!3iliary verbs jessi*sei or v4. <f the verb is transitive, the participle agrees in gender and n! ber with the ob.ect> if the verb is intransitive, the participle agrees in gender and n! ber with the s!b.ect. =3a ples, Io lis ai scoltadis2 <l dise!n !r ) plas t.

Bifferently fro <talian, v4 ay be !sed to for the perfect tense of intransitive verbs and i personal verbs, as well as with the verb jessi*sei. =3a ples, #l dise!n ur plas t2 -l plot2 -l nevet2 &he perfect is !sed to describe co plete actions in the past, and translates the =nglish perfect and past tenses. 3r o vin bal(t dute la gnot yesterday we danced all night astu compr(t il pan8 have you !ought the !read$

The simple past

&he !se of the si ple past is nowadays very li ited, being restricted to for al written lang!age and very for al oral lang!age. .essi, sei foi foris fo fo forin foris forin v/ vei veris ve ve verin veris verin scolt4 scoltai scoltaris scolt scolt scoltarin scoltaris scoltarin plas/, crodi plasei, crodei plaseris, croderis plas, crod plas, crod plaserin, croderin plaseris, croderis plaserin, croderin finF finii finiris fin fin finirin finiris finirin

.o o t! t! l!i al ./ e n8 o v8 o l8r a

Qeside the perfect tense, Fri!lian also feat!res other co po!nd past tenses s!ch as the pl!perfect 1o vevi st(t 'I had !een', o vevi v9t 'I had had', o vevi scolt(t 'I had heard' etc2 and the past anterior 1o foi st(t, o vei v%t, o vei scolt(t etc2. A characteristic of Fri!lian are the bi6co po!nd past tenses, for ed by adding the past participle of the verb to the perfect tense of 'to have' 1o ai v9t st(t o ai v9t scolt(t etc2 or to the pl!perfect tense of 'to have' 1o vevi v9t st(t o vevi v9t scolt(t etc2.

<rreg!lar si ple pasts

d dei deris dK derin deris derin f fasei faseris fasK faserin faseris faserin l lei leris lK lerin leris lerin st stei steris stK sterin steris sterin d disei diseris disK diserin diseris diserin

The future tense

.o o t! t! l!i al ./ e n8 o v8 o l8r a sarai sar4s sar) sar) sarOn sar/s saran varai var4s var) var) varOn var/s varan scoltarai scoltars sclotar scoltar scoltarn sclotars scoltaran plasarai, crodarai plasars, crodars plasar, crodar plasar, crodar plasarn, crodarn plasars, crodars plasaran, crodaran finirai finirs finir finir finirn finirs finiran

Qeside the si ple f!t!re tense 1I will !e etc2, Fri!lian also feat!res a f!t!re perfect tense 1o varai st(t 'I will have !een', o varai scolt(t 'I will have heard' etc2 and a bi6 co po!nd f!t!re tense 1o varai v9t st(t o varai v9t scolt(t etc2.

<rreg!lar f!t!res
f vol d scu!n sint ti!n va vi!n

fasarai fasar4s fasar) fasarOn fasar/s fasaran

v!elarai v!elar4s v!elar) v!elarOn v!elar/s v!elaran

disarai disar4s disar) disarOn disar/s disaran

sc!gnarai sc!gnar4s sc!gnar) sc!gnarOn sc!gnar/s sc!gnaran

sintarai sintar4s sintar) sintarOn sintar/s sintaran

tignarai tignar4s tignar) tignarOn tignar/s tignaran

vaiarai vaiar4s vaiar) vaiarOn vaiar/s vaiaran

vignarai vignar4s vignar) vignarOn vignar/s vignaran

The present subjunctive

.o o t! t! l!i al n8 o v8 o l8r a jessi 3 sei sedi sedis sedi sedin sedis sedin v vedi vedis vedi vedin vedis vedin scolt scolti scoltis scolti scoltn scoltais scoltin plas crodi plasi, crodi plasis, crodis plasi, crodi plasn, crodn plass% crods plasin, crodin fin finissi finissis finissi finn fins finissin

&rregular present subjunctives

4able ) f fasi fasis fasi fasOn fas/s fasin d disi disis disi disOn dis/s disin d dedi dedis dedi dedin dedis dedin l ledi ledis ledi ledin ledis ledin st stedi stedis stedi stedin stedis stedin pod p!edi p!edis p!edi podOn pod/s p!edin vol v!eli v!elis v!eli volOn vol/s v!elin cir ciri ciris ciri cirOn cirFs cirin

4able * dur$ $ur d!ar i !eri d!ar is !eris d!ar i !eri d!r On !rOn d!r Fs !rFs d!ar in !erin scu!n sc!gni sc!gnis sc!gni sc!gnOn sc!gnFs sc!gnin sint sinti sintis sinti sintOn sinFs sintin va vai vais vai vaOn vaFs vain ti!n tegni tegnis tegni tignOn tignFs tegnin vi!n vegni vegnis vegni vignOn vignFs vegnin

4'e i$perfect subjunctive

.o o t! t! l!i al n8 o v8 o l8r a j essi 3 sei fos fossis fos fossin v ves vessis ves vessin scolt scolts scoltassis scolts scoltassin plas% crodi plass, crods plasessis% crodessis plass, crods plasessin, crodessin fin fins finissis fins finissin

fossis fossin

vessis scoltassis plasessis, crodessis finissis vessin scoltassin plasessin, crodessin finissin

&rregular imperfect subjunctives

f fasKs fasessis fasKs fasessin fasessis fasessin d disKs disessis disKs disessin disessin disessin

Qeside the present and i perfect, there are also a perfect and a pl!perfect s!b.!nctives, for ed by adding the past participle of the verb respectively to the present and i perfect s!b.!nctives of the a!3iliary verbs. Rote that the present s!b.!nctive is also !sed to for a polite i perative with the second person for al.

Present conditional
.o o t! t! l!i al 1./ e2 n8 o v8 o l8r a sarKs saressis sares saressin saressis saressin varKs varessis varKs varessin varessis varessin scoltars scoltaressis scoltars scoltaressin scoltaressis scoltaressin plasars, crodars plasaressis, crodaressis plasars, crodars plasaressin, crodaressin plasaressis, crodaressis plasaressin, crodaressin finirs finiressis finirs finiressin finiressis finiressin

&here is also a past conditional for ed by adding the past participle of the verb to the present conditional of the a!3iliary verb.

&rregular conditionals
f fasarKs fasaressis fasarKs vol vorKs voressis vorKs d disarKs disaressis disarKs scu!n sc!gnarKs sc!gnaressis sc!gnarKs sint sintarKs sintaressis sintarKs ti!n tignarKs tignaressis tignarKs va vaiarKs vaiaressis vaiarKs vi!n vignarKs vignaressis vignarKs

fasaressin voressin disaressin sc!gnaressin sintaressin tignaressin vaiaressin vignaressin faseressis voressis disaressis sc!gnaressis sintaressis tignaressis vaiaressis vignaressis fasaressin voressin disaressin sc!gnaressin sintaressin tignaressin vaiaressin vignaressin

The gerund
tense jessi3sei v scolt plas% crodi fin present sint vint scolt4nt plasint, crodint finFnt past sint st4t,1vint st4t2 vint vEt vint scolt4t vint plasEt, vint crodEt vint finEt/finFt

The imperative
t! n8 v8 scolte pl4s, cr8t finOs scoltOn plasOn, crodOn finOn scoltait plas/t, crod/t finFt

&o for a polite i perative with the second person for al, Fri!lian !ses the present s!b.!nctive preceded by che, che al scolti 1 asc!line2, che e scolti 1fe inine2. &he negative of the i perative is e3pressed by the periphrases, 1t!2 no st4 a 1n82 no stin a L the infinitive 1v82 no stait a